墙的英文-bce
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定语从句用法总结
一. 定义:定语由一个句子来充当,那么这个句子就叫做定语从句。
eg: The old town has narrow streets and small
houses that are built close to each
other.其中
划线部分为定语从句。
二.
分类:分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,还有间隔性定语从句。
eg: is the
school (thatwhich)we visited last year. (限制性定语从句)
weather turned out to be very good,which
was more than we could expect. (非限
制性定语从句)
days are gone when physical strength was all you
needed to make a living.( 间隔
性定语从句)
注:定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句无逗号隔开、不可缺少、起修饰限制
作用;而非限制性定语从句有逗号
隔开、可有可无、起补充说明作用。
三.
构成:定语从句有
先行词、引导词和从句
构成。
先行词
是定语从句所修饰限制的名词或代词。
引导词
是用来引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词。
eg: The old
town has narrow streets and small houses that are
built close to each other.
此句中先行词为:narrow
streets and small houses,
引导词为:that,
定语从句为:that are built close to each other
四.基本原则
定语从句中不能出现与先行词在意义上相一致的词
is the
book that I like it best .(it 与book指同一物,所以要去掉。)
五.定语从句中常见考点:
考点一
.关系代词和关系副词的辨别
1.
关系代词that(人、物),which(物)、who(m)(人)、whose(某人的,某物的)、as
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2.
关系副词when(表时间)、where(表地点)、why(表原因)
注:关系副词可变为“介词+关系代词”结构(即:关系副词=介词+关系代词)。
eg:This is the mountain village where(=in
which)I stayed last month.
3. 怎样选择正确的关系代词或关系副词
方法一:找出先行词和定语从句中动词,看定从中动词与先行词能否构成习惯搭配。能,
用关系
代词;不能,用关系副词.
Eg.I will never forget the day
that I spent with my parents.(定从中动词spent
与先行词
the day 构成spent the day
,所以用关系代词that或which或省略)
方法二:找出先行词和定语从句,看定语从句是否
缺少主语、宾语或表语,如缺少,用关
系代词。如不缺少,定语从句所表达意思相对完整,用关系副词。
eg:①.This is the factory ____ made cars .
(缺少主语,所以用关系代词that 或which,作主
语不能省略)
②.This is the reason _______ he was late for
school.(定语从句he was late for school
表
达意思相对完整,所以用关系副词why 或介词+关系代词for which)
注意:
当先行词为case、position、point、situation、society、activit
y等抽象意义的名词时,
常用关系副词where引导定语从句.
eg:He got
himself into a dangerous situation where he may
lose control of the plane .
考点二
.
定从中that 与which的区别
1. 关系代词只用that的情况。
(1)当先行
词为不定代词(all、much、little、few、some、any、none、one、somet
hing、
anything、everything等)或先行词被不定形容词(all、many、
some、few、little等)修饰
时。
eg:Do you have
anything that you want to say for yourself?
(2)当先行词既有人又有物时。
eg:Do you know the things
and persons that you are talking about.
(3)当先行词含有序数词或最高级时。
eg: ①This bus is the
first that will go to Beijing.
②This is
the best movie that I have ever seen.
(4)当先行词被only、very、next、last等修饰时。
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eg:This is the
very book that I’m looking for.
(5)在who或which引导的特殊疑问句中。
eg:Which is the
bike that you lost?
(6)当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。
eg:Zhengzhou is no longer the city that it
used to be.
2.关系代词只用which的情况。
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时。
eg:He turned to be a very
successful man,which was more than we expected.
(2)在“介词+关系代词”结构中,关系代词只用which。
eg:This is
the question about which they have so much
discussion in the past few weeks.
(3)当关系代词后有插入成分时。
eg: Mary was much kinder
to Jack than she was to the others, which, of
course, made all
the others upset.
3.指人时,关系代词只用who(m)的情况。
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时。
eg:She has a daughter,who is a doctor in the
famous hospital.
(2)当“介词+关系代词(宾格形式)”结构引导定语从句时。
eg: The gentleman about whom you told me
proved to be a thief.
(3)当关系代词后有插入成分时。
eg:This is my friend who,I think,is the best
in our class. .
(4)在There be句型结构中,先行词指人时。
eg:There is a young lady who asks for you.
考点三
:as的用法及as与which的区别
1.
as引导的定语从句
(1)as常用于固定搭配中:the same. . .
as,such…as,asso…as
eg:①.Zhengzhou is such a
wonderful city as everyone likes to visit.
比较
:Zhengzhou is such a wonderful city that
everyone likes to visit it.
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注意
:第一句是定语从句,所以定从中没有出现与先行词city
意义上一致的词,
第二句是状语从句,that 后应为完整句子,所以it 不能省略。
②.Today I bought the same bike as Tom did last
week .(同样的但不是同一辆)
比较
:Today he wears the
same coat that he did yesterday .(同一件衣服)
(2)as常用于固定句型中:as we all everyboby know(s),
,as is often the case,as we expect
等。
eg:As we all know,Zhengzhou is an attractive city.
2.在非限制性定语从句中,as与which的区别
⑴指代整句话内容时,as
可位于主句前面、中间或后面;而which一般位于主句后。另
外,which还可指代一个名词或一
个短语。
eg①: As we all know,Tom is a good boy.
②:China,which was founded in 1949,is becoming
more and more powerful.
③:She doesn't think
she is wrong,which makes her teacher
angry.(which指代上文
整个句子)
⑵.as在句中有正如之意,而which没有,
eg: ①He succeeded
this time,as had been expected.
②She has
made great progress,which makes her parents very
happy.
③As we all know,knowledge changes
life.
考点四
.
定从中所属关系的表达
whose引导定语从句时必须和名词放在一起。whose+n(s)
=the+n(s)+of whichwhom
=of
+whichwhom+the+n(s)
eg:The house whose roof
was damaged has now been repaired.
= The house
the roof of which was damaged has now been
repaired.
= The house of which the roof was
damaged has now been repaired.
考点五
.定从中动词形式与先行词的一致
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eg: ①He is one of the students who
fail the exam.
②He is the only one of the
students who fails the exam.
③Those who
are fond of studying do well in exams.
考点六
. the way作先行词引导定从时,关系词可用in
whichthat省略。
eg:I don’t like the way thatin
which省略he spoke to me.
考点七. 介词+关系代词
在这种结构中,关系代词表示人,只能用whom ;关系代词表示物,只能用which 。
*怎样选择正确的介词
1.根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。如:
①
This is the pen on which I spent 10 yuan. (spend
money on sth.为固定搭配)
② This is the pen for
which I paid 10 yuan. (pay money for sth.为固定搭配)
2.根据先行词的搭配习惯来决定。如:
① I remember the day on
which I graduated from high school.
(强调在具体某一天要用介词on)
② I remember the days
during which I lived in Russia.
(强调在某几天时间内要用介词during)
③ I remember the
month in which I got along with Tom(在month前介词要用in)
3. 根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系。
Is that the
newspaper for which you often write articles?
(write ...for the article)
4.
根据从句中形容词的习惯搭配。
①The secretary with whom the
boss is not happy will be fired for her
carelessness .
( be happy with
对…表示满意
老板对其不满意的那个秘书将由于她粗心而被解雇。
②He is a
learned man with whom we are familiar .
( be
familiar with 对...熟悉)他是一位我们熟悉的有学识的人。
5.
有些“动词+介词”的固定词组不可拆开用
常见的动词词组有:look for,look
after, care for,send for,hear of,hear from, deal
with,
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get
through,pay attention to等。
Eg .This is the
watch (whichthat) I am looking for.这是我正在找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am
looking.(错误)
6.
“不定代词both,some,any,many,(a)few,none,neither…等 +of
whom 或of which,
表示整体与部分的关系或所属关系
eg: ①I have
many apples,some of which are bad.(很多苹果中有一些是红色)
比较:I have many apples and some of them are bad
.
②He has three children, none of whom is
kind to him.
比较:He has three children but none
of them is kind to him .
7.“介词+which+to
do”作定语的情况
介词+which+to do作定语相当于介词+which引导定语从句。其
中定语从句主语与主句主
语一致,且从句含有情态动词。
eg:①Frank’s
dream was to have a shop in which to produce the
workings of his own hands.
(=Frank’s dream was
to have a shop in which he could produce the
workings of his own
hands.)
②He has no
house in which to live.(=He has no house in which
he can live.)
8.“介词+where”引导的定语从句的情况
有时候,我
们可以见到“介词+where”引导定语从句的情况。此时,where代替的是表
示地点的介词短语
。
eg:You can look out of the window,from where
you get a good view.(其中where=out of the
window)
考点八:定从句与短语的转化
1. The
girl (who is )dancing now just returned from
Beijing.正在跳舞的女孩刚从
北京回来
2. I love the
stories (which were) written by Mary .我喜欢玛丽写的故事。
3.