外祖母英语怎么读-口译笔记
专四语法(虚拟语气)
概念
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,所说的是一个条件,不一定
是事实,或与事实相反。
在条件句中的应用
条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真
实条
件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。
真实条件句—主将从现
eg. If he comes, he will bring his violin.
典型例题
The volleyball match will be put off
if it ___.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained
D. is rained
答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时,从句用一般现在时。
注意:
1) 在真实条件句中,主句不能用be going to表示将来,该用shall,
will.
(错) If you leave now, you are never
going to regret it.
(对) If you leave now, you
will never regret it.
2)表示真理时,主句谓语动词便不用shall
(will) +动词原形,而直接用一般
现在时的动词形式。
非真实条件句
从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件,主句会产生的
一种不可能获得的结
果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形
式。
时间
if从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式
与现在动词过去式(be 用 werewould
should might could + 动词原形
事实相不分人称)
反
与过去had +动词过去分词 would should might could
have + 动词过
事实相去分词
反
与将来动词过去式(be用were)
事实相should + 动词原形 would should might could +
动词原形
反 were to + 动词原形
eg. If I were you, I
would not go there.
? If I had time, I would
do it again.
? If I had known of your arrival,
I should have met you at the station.
? If she
had further considered the problem, she might have
come to the correct
conclusion.
真题举例:
1
1. All of us would have enjoyed
the party much more if there _____ quite such a
crowd people there.(00, 49) [C]
A. weren’t
B. hasn’t been C. hadn’t been D. wouldn’t
be
2. If your car _____ during the first 12
months,take it to an authorized dealer.
(98,
43)[B]
A. shall need B. should need C.
would need D. will need
3. If there were
no subjunctive mood, English _____ much easier to
learn.
(09, 52) [B]
A. could have been
B. would be C. will be D. would have been
4. _____ for the fact that she broke her leg,
she might have passed the exam.
(02, 60)
[A]
A. Had it not been B. Hadn’t it been
C. Was it not D. Were it not
5. If you
explained the situation to your solicitor, he
_____ able to advise you much
better than I
can. (05, 51) [A]
A. would be B. will have
been C. was D. were
6. I was to have
made a speech if _____. (97, 51) [C]
A. I
was not called away B. nobody would have
called me away
C. I had not been called away
D. nobody called me away
错综时间条件句
当条件状语从句表示
的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,被称
为:错综时间条件句,动词的形式要根据它所表示
的时间做出相应的调整。
? Had it not been for the timely
investment from the general public, our
company would not be so thriving as it is.
? (主句与现在事实相反,从句与过去事实相反)
? Had Paul
received six more votes in the last election, he
would be our
chairman now.
?
(主句与现在事实相反,从句与过去事实相反)
真题举例:
1. Had Judy
been more careful on the maths exam, she _____
much better results now.
(08, 52) [D]
A.
would be getting B. could have got C. must
get D. would get
2. _____ if I had arrived
yesterday without letting you know beforehand ?
(04,54) [A]
A. Would you be surprised
B. Were you surprised
C. Had you been
surprised D. Would you have been surprised
识别事实和假设混合句
? Your math instructor would
have been happy to give you a make-up
examination had you gone and explained that
your parents were ill at the time.
(句子前半部分为假设情况,而“父母病了”是事实)
? I would have
gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at
all possible, but I
was fully occupied the
whole of last week.
(前半部分为假设,后半部分是事实)
2
真题举例:
1. He would have
finished his college education, but he _____ to
quit and find a
job to support his family.
(07, 60) [C]
A. had had B. has C. had
D. would have
2. _____ you ____ further
problems with your printer, contact your dealer
for
advice. (05, 63) [C]
A. If, had
B. Have, had C. Should, have D. In case,
had
3. If your car _____ any attention during
the first 12 months, take it to an
authorized
dealer. (98, 43 ) [B]
A. shall need B.
should need C. would need D. will need
含蓄虚拟条件句
有时句中并未出现条件句,其假设情况是由上下文含蓄地提供的,这种句子
称为含蓄条件句。
eg. A more careful student wouldn’t have made
such glaring mistakes.
With his aid you would
have succeeded in it.
But for the rain, we
should have had a pleasant journey.
She must
have been ill, otherwise she would have come to
school.
? (1) 连词but, but that, or, or
else;副词otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折
假设。如:
? A safety analysis would have identified the
target as a potential danger.
Unfortunately,
it was never done.
? Victor obviously doesn’t
know what’s happened; otherwise he wouldn’t have
made such a stupid remark.
? I used my
calculator; otherwise I’d have taken much longer.
? (2)介词短语暗含假设条件,常用的有:without, but for, under
more favorable
conditions等。如:
? But for
your timely advice, I would never have known how
to go about the
work.(94年)
? The storm
delayed us. But for the storm we would have been
in time.
? Supposing I accepted this offer,
what would you say?
? Without your timely
help, my daughter would have drowned.
?
(3)intendedmeanthopedwishedplanned 或waswere
+不定式完成式或
had intended meant planned hoped
wished +不定式一般式暗示虚拟语
气。
? 如:I intended to
have called on you, but I was busy at that time.
? (4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如:
? I should have
called to make an airline reservation, but I
didn’t.
真题举例:
1. You ___ Jim anything
about it. It was none of his business. (00, 48)
[A]
A. needn’t have told B. needn’t tell C.
mustn’t have told D. mustn’t tell
2.
Aren't you tired? I ____ you had done enough for
today. (09,61) [A]
A. should have thought
B. must have thought
C. might have thought
D. could have thought
3
3. You
_____ Mark anything. It was none of his business.
(98, 52) [A]
A. needn’t have told B.
needn’t tell
C. mustn’t have told D.
mustn’t tell
虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were,
should, 或had, 可将if省略,再把
were, should或had
移到从句句首,实行倒装。
Were they here now, they could
help us.
=If they were here now, they could
help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have
met him
=If you had come earlier, you would
have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would
be saved.
=Were it to rain, the crops would be
saved.
注意:
在虚拟语气的从句中,动词'be'的过去时态一律用
“were”,不用was, 即在
从句中be用were代替。
If I were
you, I would go to look for him.如果我是你,就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all
right.如果他在这儿,一切都会好的。
典型例题:_____ to do the
work, I should do it some other day.
A. If
were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
答案C.
在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词,通常将if省略,
主语提前, 变成 were, should, had
+主语的形式。但要注意,在虚拟条件状语从
句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I
not to do, 而不能说 Weren't I to do.
例1:
______ for the fact that she broke her leg,she
might have passed the exam.
(2002:50)
A.
Had it not been B. Hadn’t it been C. Was it not
D. Were it not
例2: ______, he would not have
recovered so quickly.(1995-65)
A. Hadn’t he
been taken good care of B. Had he not been
taken good care of
C. Had not he been taken
good care of D. Had he been not taken good care
of
例3: ______ their help, we would not have
succeeded。 (1992:55)
A.Hadn’t been for
B. Had it not been for
C. It hadn’t been for
D. Had not it been for
例4: ______ you were
busy, I wouldn’t have bothered you with my
questions.
(1994-62)
A. if I realized B.
Had I realized C. I realized that D. As I
realized
例5: ______ you ______ further
problems with your printer, contact your dealer
for
advice. (2005-63)
A. If, had B.
Have, had C. Should, have D. in case, had
名词性从句中的虚拟语气
名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句
的谓语
动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。
(1)下列表示建议、提议、命令、惊奇、不满等动词做谓语时,that宾语从句中的
4
动词用虚拟形式:advise, ask, beg,
command, decide, demand, desire, insist, move,
order, prefer, propose, recommend, request,
require, suggest, urge, vote...
eg. I move
that he be discharged for his serious mistake.
? She demanded that we attack at once.
?
The job would require that he be at the factory at
7 o’clock every morning
注意: 如suggest, insist不表
示建议或坚持要某人做某事时,即它们用于其
本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时,宾语从句用陈述语气。如:
The guard at gate
insisted that everybody obey
the rules.
判断改错:
(错)You pale face
suggests that you (should) be ill.
(对) Your
pale face suggests that you are ill.
(错) I
insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(对) I
insisted that you were wrong.
(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时,that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式:
advisable, best, better, crucial, desirable,
essential, imperative, important, insistent,
natural, necessary, preferable, strange,
urgent, vital...
advised, arranged, commanded,
demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended,
requested, required, suggested, surprised...
eg. The board deem it urgent that these files
should be printed right away.
? It is
essential that all these figures be checked twice.
? It is best that workers have a pleasant
place to relax.
? It is desirable that the
meeting be held as soon as possible.
真题举例:
1. It is absolutely essential that William
____ his study in spite of some learning
difficulties.(07,65) [C]
A. will continue
B. continued C. continue D. continues
2. It is imperative that the government _____
more investment into the shipbuilding
industry.(06.59) [C]
A. attracts B.
shall attract C. attract D. has to attract
3. It is imperative that students _____ their
term papers on time. (o4, 56)[A]
A. hand in
B. would hand in C. have to hand in D.
handed in
4. It is necessary that he _____ the
assignment without delay. (10, 60) [A]
A. hand
in B. hands in C. must hand in D. has to
hand in
5. I am surprised ____ this city is a
dull place to live in. ( 2006, 57) [A]
A. that
you should think B. by what you are thinking
C. that you would think D. with what you were
thinking
辨析:The opening ceremony is a great
occasion. It is essential ____ for that.
(
2003,57)
A. for us to be prepared B. that
we are prepared
C. of us to be prepared D.
our being prepared
【详解】在It is essentialimpor
tant等结构中,可以用不定式结构或从句,但从句
必须用虚拟语气,因此四个选项中只有[A]符合
要求。[B]项的谓语动词如改为“be
prepared”或“should be
prepared”则正确。
(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句中动词用虚拟形式:
5
advice, decision, desire,
importance, insistence, instruction, motion,
necessity,
preference, proposal, order,
recommendation, request, requirement, resolution,
suggestion...
eg. The professor gave
orders that the test be finished before 10:30.
? Father’s advice that John wait until next
week is quite reasonable.
? They keep telling
us it is of utmost importance that our
representative be sent
to the conference on
schedule.
例子:He left orders that nothing ___
touched until the police arrived here.(97, 43) [A]
A. should be B. ought to be C. must be
D. would be
虚拟语气的其他表示法
1. I wish + that
句型 用于wish后面的从句,表示与事实相反的情况,或表示
将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语
从句的动词形式为:
真实状况 Wish后
从句动作与主句动现在时
过去时(be的过去式为 were)
作同时发生
从句动作先于主句过去时
过去完成时(had + 过去分词)
动作发生
将来不大可能实现将来时 would
could might should +
的愿望 原形动词
例子:I wish
I were as tall as you.
I wish I knew the
answer to your question.
He wished he hadn’t
said that.
She wished that she could have
been there yesterday.
I wish it would rain
tomorrow.
2. would rather (sooner)
1)
would rather (sooner)+不带to
的不定式,表示个人的选择,或谈论别人的选择,
它可以指现在: eg. I would
rather have coffee than tea.
He’d rather not
go by car.
也可以指过去:
eg. John would rather
not have gone to class yesterday.
2)would
rather (sooner) that...,从句部分要求用虚拟语气。
i)would
raher (sooner ) that + 主语+动词过去式,表示与现在事实相反
eg.
He would rather that it were winter now.
I’d
rather she sat next to me.
ii) would rather
(sooner ) that + 主语+动词过去完成式,表示与过去事实相反
eg. Jim
would rather that Jill had gone to class
yesterday.
I’d rather he had told me about it.
I would just as soon you didn't drive the car
while I’m gone
3. If it were not for…
(与现在事实相反)
If it had not been for… (与过去事实相反)
相当于but for。如:
If it had not been for his help
(= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.
例子:_____ for the fact that she broke her leg,
she might have passed the exam. (02,
60)[A]
6
A. Had it not been B.
Hadn’t it been C. Was it not D. Were it not
4. 以as ifas though引出的状语从句,有时要用虚拟语气。
eg. He
smiled, as if he were reading my thoughts.
?
他会心地笑了,仿佛猜透了我的想法。
? He smiled, as if he had
read my thoughts.
? 他会心地笑了,仿佛早已猜透了我的想法。
*
如果as ifas though用在连系动词look, seem, taste,
smell等后面表示某种可能
性,从句常常采用陈述语气。
eg. It looks
as if it is going to rain.
? It sounds as if
it is raining.
? as ifas though
后面还可接动词不定式或分词,实际上是从句的省略形式。
? eg. He opened his
lips as if to say something. (=as if he were going
to say
something.)
5. If
only…(要是...就好了)谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。
eg. If only the
committee would approve the regulations and put
them into effect
as soon as possible.
?
If only it would stop raining.
? If only the
explosion had not happened!
6. It’s (highabout
) time + 主语+动词过去式
eg. It’s time (that) we got
up.
? It’s high time he was taught a lesson
真题举例:
1. If only the patient _____ a
different treatment instead of using the
antibiotics, he
might still be alive now. (07,
54) [A]
A. had received B. received C.
should receive D. were receiving
2. If only
I _____ play the guitar as well as you! (06, 52)
[B]
A. would B. could C. should D. might
3. It’s high time we _____ cutting down the
rainforests.(06,54) [A]
A. stopped B. had
to stop C. shall stop D. stop
4. That
was not the first time he _____ us. I think it’s
high time we _____ strong
actions against him.
(05, 60) [B]
A. betrayed … take B.
had betrayed … took
C. has betrayed … took
D. has betrayed … take
5. --- What courses are
you going to do next semester?
--- I don’t
know. But it’s about time ____ on something. (02,
61) [B]
A. I’d decide B. I decided C.
I decide D. I’m deciding
6. If you have
really been studying English for so long, it’s
about time you _____ able
to write letters in
English. (99, 49)[B]
A. should be B. were
C. must be D. are
7. It’s getting late.
I’d rather you _____ now. (11, 61) [A]
A. left
B. leave C. are leaving D. will leave
7. lestfor fear thatin case
从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。
eg. Here’s some money in
case you need it.
7
比较:In case
he comes, let me know.
He is working hard for
fear that he fall behind.
The driver looked
over the engine carefully lest it go wrong on the
way.
8.
whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形,引导让步虚拟从句,这种用法经常采用
倒装结构。如:
Whether my brother _____ right or wrong, he
will have my unwavering support. (01,
62) [C]
A. is B. were C. be D. would
be
hing around us, be it air, water or stone,
is matter.
business of each day, be it
selling goods or shipping them, went quite
smoothly.
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