专四常考语法点汇总

语法与词汇专项
语法核心考点一：从属分句

复合句= 主句+从句（1个或1个以上）
要点1 从属分句是复合句必不可少的组成部分，以语法功能作为分类 标准，从
属分句可以分为状语从句、关系从句（即定语从句）和名词性从句。其中状语从
句可分 为时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、目的、条件、让步和方式等；名词性
从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句 、表语从句、同位语从句。
要点2 状语从句的考点集中在方式、条件、让步、方式和时间状语从句上 ；关
系从句的考点集中在关系代词的选择，限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区
别；名词性 从句的考点集中在宾语从句和同位语从句。

一 状语从句
状语从句真题剖析：

1 Nine is to three _____ three is to one. (2008, 53)
A. when B. that C. which D. what
2 ______ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to
stay behind to finish his assignment. (2008, 55)
A. Much though B. Much as C. As much D. Thouth much
3 Men differ from animals ____ they can think and speak. (2008, 54)
A. for which B. for that C. in that D. in which
4 They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as ____. (2008,
60)
A. it could be B. could be C. it was D. was
5 The couple had no sooner got to the station ______ the coach left. (2009，
60)
A. when B. as C. until D. than
6 ____ the boss says, it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without

pay. （2010，55）
A. Whatever B. Whenever C. Whichever D. However
7 Fool ____ Jerry is, he could not have done such a thing.
A. who B. as C. like D. that
8 He asked me to lend him some money, which I agreed to do, ___ that he
paid me back the following week. (2005)
A. on occasion B. on purpose C. on condition D. only if
9 Which of the following contains an adverbial clause of cause
A. I got a job as soon as I left university.
B. As there was on answer, I wrote again.
C. You must do the exercise as I show you.
D. Wealthy as he is, Mark is not a happy man.

状语从句重点总结：
（一）条件状语从句：表示条件或假设，通常由以下连词或结构引导：
If 如果
as long as 只要
on condition that 条件是
unless 如果不；除非
so long as 只要
in the event that 如果，在……的情
况下
providedproviding that 假如
supposesupposing that 假如
say 假如
★特别提醒
几种不常用的条件状语从句举例：
In the event that she can not arrive on time, we will go first.
Suppose it snowed, we would still go.
Say what he said were true, what would you do about it
given that 如果
assuming (that ) 假如

（二）让步状语从句：含有“虽然，尽管，即使”之意，主要引导词有：
thoughalthough 虽然
no matter + 疑问词 无论
in spite of the fact that 尽管
much as 不管…… 尽管……
asthough
even ifeven though 即使
疑问词+ever 无论
while 尽管
for all that 尽管
grantedgranting (that ) 虽然，尽
管

★特别提醒
1. 几种不常用的让步状语从句举例：
In spite of the fact that he was deaf and dumb, he had a genius for music.
While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.
Much as she needed the job, she had to refuse.
For all that there were a lot of difficulties, he finally entered the final
competition and won.
Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited.
2. 用了although或though ，就一定不能再后面的从句中同时用but，但是
though可以和yet 连用。
Although they were very tired, but they still working. (truefalse )
Though they were very tired, yet they still working. (truefalse )
3. no matter +疑问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句，可用疑问词+ever来引导
主语从句和宾语从句。
No matter what he says has nothing to do withme. (truefalse )
Whatever he says has nothing to do withme. (truefalse )
The old man believes no matter what his son tells him (truefalse )
The old man believes whatever his son tells him (truefalse )

4. asthough引导的让步状语从句如果有强调的部分，通常将强调的部分置于
句首。
Young as he was Child as he was, he could do some housework for his mother.
＝ Young though he was Child though he was, he could do some housework
for his mother.
＝ Though he was young Though he was a child, he could do some housework
for his mother.
注意：as 引导的让步状语从句必须倒装，though引导的可以倒装也可以不倒装。
5. for all (that)表示让步概念，“that”可以省略，相当于“in spite of”
或“in spite of the fact that”,其后可接短语或从句。
For all the fine words he may say to your face, he does not like you at
heart.
For all (that) you say, he will not change his mind.
（三）时间状语从句：表示时间关系，引导词主要有以下：
表示“当…的时候” when, while, as, just as, nest time,
the last time, each time, every
time, whenever
表示时间先后
表示“一……就……”
before, after
As soon as, once, hardly…
whenbefore…,
scarecely…whenbefore,
sooner…than,
immediately,
no
directly,
instantly, the
momentsecondminute,
其他时间 By the time (到……的时候), it is
the firstsecond time…, not …

until(直到……才……), ever since
（自从）
★特别提醒
1 几种不常用的时间状语从句
They went into action directlyimmediatelyinstantlythe moment they
heard the alarm.
2 几种需要用完成时态的时间状语从句
By the time I got there, they had left for the airport.
It is the first time that I have visited China.
It was the second time that I had visited China.
He had hardly escaped whenbefore he was captured.
I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.
I have been living there all the time since I moved there in 1992.
3 否定词置于句首时注意倒装
Hardly had he escaped when he was capured.
No sooner had I reached there than it began to rain.
4 when 引导时间状语从句，如果出现在后半句，可以表示“这时突然”之意。
I was almost hurt when the bus came to a sudden stop.
5 表示时间先后的连词before可表示条件意义，译作“只有必须……才能……”
New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.
（四）比较状语从句：可分为同级比较和不同级比较，同级 比较通常由as引导，
不同级比较通常由than引导。
注意几种特殊引导形式：
the moreless…the moreless 越……，越……
just as…, so… 正如……，也……
A is to B whatas C is to D A之于B就如C之于D一样

As A is to B, (so) C is to D 正如A之于B，C也之于D
no(not any) more… than ……与……都不
no (not any) less… than ……与……一样都
not so much…as… 与其说……不如说
★特别提醒
1 几种不常用比较状语从句
You were on time and so was I. (注意用倒装结构)
Food is to men whatas oil is to machine.
As food is important to men, so oil is to machine.
He is no more a teacher than we are.
He is no less a teacher than we are.
It is not so much the actual population of the world as its rate of increase
that catches my attention.
The secret of success is not so much money as a strong will.
2 注意比较状语从句中的省略结构，尤其需要注意根据省略的主语来选择谓语动
词的单复数及动词时态。
He has paid more money than has been estimated before.
（五）原因状语从句
主要引导词有：
as
since
considering (that) 鉴于，顾及到
in asso much as
in that…因为，在于
★特别提醒
1 几种不常用的时间状语从句
because
now that
seeing that 鉴于
not because…but because

Considering that the shoes are hand- made, the price is reasonable.
Seeing that he was really upset, we decided to leave him alone.
A thorough physical examination is important in asso much as it serves
to reassure the patient.
Critism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps people to find
and correct their mistakes.
2 because，since，as和for的区别：
Because表示原因语气最强，通常用来回答why引导的特殊疑问句。
Since语气 不如because，而as语气不如since。它们表达的往往是显而易见的
原因或已经为人们所知 的原因，强调的往往是主句而不是原因状语从句。
For通常作并列连词，是一种解释说明，不表示原因。
（六）方式状语从句：表示以……的方式
as 像，正如
as if 好像，仿佛
the way 以……的方式
★特别提醒
1 几种不常用的方式状语从句
Just as water is to fish, so air is to man
Treat others the way you want others treat you.
(七)结果状语从句
So…that… 如此……以至于……
With the result that… 结果是……
Such…that…如此……以至于……
So much so that…如此……以至于……
(just) as…so… 正如……，也……
as though 好像，仿佛

To the degree that… 到了……程度，To the extent that…到了……程度，
以至于
★特别提醒
1几种不常用的结果状语从句
以至于

Alan likes hamburgers so much so that he eats them almost every day.
The bad news upset me to the degree that I could not fall into sleep last
night.
2 so…that 结构中的so置于句首时，句子要用倒装语序。
So absorbed was he in the novel that he did not realize it was eight
o’clock already.
3 注意结果状语从句与目的状语从句的区别。
目的状语从句的引导词，主要有that (以便), so that (以便)；in order that
（以便）；for the purpose that （以便）；lest （以免）；for fear that （以
免）；in case （以防）；in the hope that （以望）。其中lest引导的目的状
语从句中使用虚拟语气。
A strict supervision during the period is kept lest the patient (should)
develop any physical and emotional effects.

(八)地点状语从句
表示地点，主要由where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere 来引导。
Where there is a will, there is a way.
Wherever he goes, he will bear what his mother says in his mind.
Everywhere he showed us around, we saw gren lawns and beautiful flower
beds.
(九)对比状语从句
表示对比，主要由while或whereas来引导。
The soles are leather, while the uppers are canvas. (鞋跟是皮的，而鞋
面是帆布的)

二 关系从句（定语从句）

定语从句真题剖析

1 I was very interested in ____ she told me. (2009)
A. all that B. all which C. all what D. that
2 The party, ___ I was the guest of honor, was extremely enjoyable. (2006)
A. by which B. for which C. to which D. at which
定语从句重点小结：
1 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
名称 意义 结构特点 功能 引导词
限制性定语对先行词起紧跟先行修饰先行词 所有关系代
从句 限定作用；词，同先行
指特定的人词之间没有
或物；不可逗号隔开
省略，否则
影响句子的
完整性
非限制性定对先行词作跟在先行词修饰先行词Which,
语从句 补充性的说后，用逗号或整个句子 who, whom,
明；如果省与主句隔开
略，不影响
句子的完整
性
2 关系代词和关系副词的用法
关系代词是用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词：
作用功能 用于限制性或非限制性定语从句 只用于限制性定语从
句

主语
代替人
who
代替物
which
代替人或物
that
as, 介词
+which (不
能用that)
词或关系副
词

宾语
定语
whom which that
(of

whose (= of whom) whose
whom)
关系副词在定语从句中表示时间、地点或原因：
关系副词 被替代的先行词 在从句中的作用
时间状语 When (= at, in, on, 表示时间的名词
during which)
Where (= in, at which) 表示地点的名词
Why (= for which ) 只有reason
地点状语
原因状语
3不用that只用which的情况
(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.
(b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land thatwhich we get our food from.
限制性定语从句只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(1)当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few,
all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no,
little, few, much，each等修饰时
Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said
There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the
world.
All that can be done has been done.
There is little (that) I can do for you.
注意1：部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将that用括号括住。
注意2：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

Any man has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
(2) 当先行词被序数词修饰
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
(3) 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best film that I have seen.
(4) 当形容词被the very, the only，the same, the last 修饰时
This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he
owned.
(5) 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
Who is the man that is standing there
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most
(6) 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned
(7) 当关系代词在定语从句中做表语
The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago.
(8) 当在there be句型中，通常情况下用that，不用which
4 关系代词和关系副词的省略
（1）关系代词which, that, who, whom在定语从句中作直接宾语时可以
省略。
This is the novel (thatwhich) I read last night.
He is the collegue (whoshom) I met in the supermarket.
（2）关系代词that在定语从句中作表语时可省略。
He is not the man (that) he used to be.
（3）当先行词是reason且关系词在句中作状语时，关系词why可以省略。
This is the reason (why) I like her so much.
（4）当先行词是way且关系代词在句中作方式状语时，关系代词in which

或that可以省略。
That was the way he found out the solution to this problem.

三 名词性从句

真题解析
1. After ____ seemed an endless wait, it was his turn to enter the
personnel manager’s office.
A. that B. it C. what D. there
名词性从句重点小结
1 名词性从句的引导词：
分类
连接词
关系代词
引导词
that, whether, if
功能
只起连接作用，不作句子成分
who, whom, whose, 既起连接作用，又担任主语、宾
what,
whatever,
whichever, whoever
which, 语、定语、表语等成分
关系副词 when, where, how, 既起连接作用，又作状语
who
★特别提醒
（1）关系代词what有时保留其原有的疑问意义，作疑问代 词表示“什么”；
有时作双重关系代词，相当于“the thing thatwhich”。
I can recognize his face but I can not remember what his name is.
His remarks reminded me of what I saw last night.
（2）whether 与if在引导名词性从句时的区别
主语从句只能用whether引导
Whether or not可以连在一起使用，而if or not不可以连在一起，需

分开使用，且or not要放在句末。
Whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if不能。
在question，ask后面一般只用whether来引导。
后接不定式时只能用whether。
当宾语从句提至谓语前面时只能用whether引导。

（一） 主语从句
1. 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词 that，whether，
if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，wh oever以及连接副词how，
when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只 起连接作用；连接代
词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充
当 从句的成分。
That he will come
is certain.
Whether it will please them
is not easy to say.
What he wants to tell us
is not clear.

Who will win the match
is still unknown.
Where the English evening will be held
has not yet been announced.
Which team will win the match
is still unknown.
Whoever comes to the party
will received a present.
注意：上述例句中的主语从句全都是放在句首，但有时为避免句子头重
脚 轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句
置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动 词一般用单数形式。
It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.
It depends on the climate whether they are going shopping today.
常用句型如下：
（1） It + be + 名词 + that从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识

It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 众所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
It appearsseems that… 似乎……
It happened that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
2. 引导词what 与that
What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that
则不然。而that只起连 接作用，本身无实际意义，在从句中也不充当任何
成分。That引导的主语从句放在句首时不能省略。
What you said yesterday is right.
That a new teacher will come to teach us is true.
3. 语气
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，
谓语动词要用虚 拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
（二）宾语从句

（1）宾语从句在句中作宾语。在 带复合宾语的句子中，it也常被用作形式
宾语放在真正宾语that从句的前面。
We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to
the outside world.
（2）如果主 句的谓语动词表示的是“认为、相信、猜测”概念时，如think，
believe，conside r，suppose，expect，fancy，guess，reckon，imagine
等，其 后的宾语从句若含有否定含义，一般要把否定词前移到主句的谓语
上，宾语从句中的谓语用肯定形式。
I don’t think I can do it myself.
（3）在表示命令 、请求、建议、希望等意义的动词后面的宾语从句中要使
用虚拟语气，通常使用should+动词原形 ，should通常可以省略，常见的
此类动词有：
表示命令
表示请求
表示建议
表示希望
order, command, demand, instruct, ask
ask, request, require
suggest, advise, propose, recommend
desire, insist
（4）宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语，且介词宾语不能用which引导，要用
what。
She was deeply moved by what he said.
(三)表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基
本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。
需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不 是because。
例如：

The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute
this morning.
【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表
语从句。
（四）同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，
可用于同位语从句的名词 有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、
informatio n、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、requ est、
suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：
The news that we won the game is exciting.
I have no idea when he will come back home.
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.
专项考点练习：
1. ________that they found an unusual plant in the forest.
A. It is said B. They are said C. It said D. It says
2. _____ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B. That C. How D. Where
3. _____ helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. The person
4. Eat _____ you like and leave the others for _____ comes in late.
A. any; who B. every; whoever C. whichever; whoever D. either;
whoever
5. ____ she couldn’t understand was _____ fewer and fewer students
showed interest in her lessons.
A. What; why B. That; why C. What; because D. Why; that
6. It was ____ he said ___ disappointed me.
A. What; that B. That; that C. What; what D. That;what

语法核心考点二：句子成分分析
真题剖析
1 Which of the following prepositional phrases is an adverbial of
concession (2012)
A. They used the box for keeping treasures.
B. I stepped aside for her to get in first.
C. For all that he seems to dislike me, I still like him.
D. The parents bought a birthday cake for their son.
2. Which of the following prepositional phrases can function as an
adverbial(2012)
A. Are you sure of Simon’s disappearance.
B. The man with a beard is talking to the manager.
C. Every precaution was taken against the failure of the plan.
D. Despite the rain, everyone enjoyed the trip.
3. All the following sentences have an appositive EXCEPT (2012)
A. She bought herself a pair of new shoes.
B. Only one problem still remains—— the food.
C. My friends all understand and support me.
D. She liked her current job, teaching English.
4. Which of the italicized parts functions as an object (2012)
A. He doesn’t like the idea of
my speaking at the meeting
.
B. It is no use
your pretending not to know the matter
.
C. My parents strongly object to
my going out alone at night
.
D.
Her falling into the river
was the climax of the whole trip.
5. Which of the italicized parts functions as a subject (2012)

A. We never doubt
that her brother is honest
.
B. The problem is not
who will go but who will stay
.
C. You must give it back to
whoever it belongs to
.
D. It is clear
that the crime was done deliberately
.
6. Which of the following reflexive pronouns is used as an appositive
(2012)
A. He promised
himself
rapid progress.
B. The manager
herself
will interview Mary.
C. I have nothing to say for
myself
.
D. They quarreled
themselves
red in the face.
7. In the sentence “The manager interviewed Jim
himself
in the morning”,
the italicized word is used to modify (2011)
A. the object B. the verb C. the subject D. the prepositional
phrase
8. Which of the italicized parts is used as an object (2011)
A.
What
do you think has happened to her
B.
Who
do you think the visiting professor is
C.
How much
do you think he earns every month.
D.
How quickly
would you say he would come
9. Xinchun returned from abroad
a different man
. The italicized part
function as a(n) ____ in the sentence.
A. appositive B. object C. adverbial D. complement
10. Which “of” in the following sentences indicates a subject- predicate
relationship
A. the occupation
of
the island B. the law
of
Newton C. the arrival
of
the tourists
D. the plays
of
Oscar Wilde

11. Which of the following italicized parts serves as an appositive
A. He is not the man
to

draw back
.
B. Larry has a large family
to support
.
C. Tony hit back the urge
to tell a lie
.
D. There is really nothing
to fear
.

重点总结：
句子的主要成分是：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、补语、同位语。 < br>主语（subject）:一般由名词性的成分充当，如名词、代词、名词性从句、动名
词和不定 式；要注意形式主语it与真正主语的辨析。
1 In the following sentence “
It
’s no use waiting for me”, the italicized
phrase is _____. (2010)
A. the object B. an adverbial C. a complement D. the subject
答案：D
谓语（predicator）：由动词来充当，主要考察时态、语态。
宾语（Object ）：位于及物动词或介词之后，也是由名词性成分的词、短语或从
句充当；动名词和不定式也可充当宾语 ；注意形式宾语it和真正宾语的辨析。
2 In “How much do you think he earns” how much is _____ of the sentence.
(2009)
A. the subject B. the adverbial C. the object D. the complement
特别提醒：
双宾语和复合宾语的区别：
双宾语是有的动词后面跟直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语指的是动 词所涉及的
物；间接宾语是受益于动词动作的人。
复合宾语：在英语中，有些动词接了一个宾 语后句子意思仍不完整，还需要
再加上一个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做 的
动作，这种“宾语+宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语（object complement）.

注意：宾语和宾补之间存在逻辑主谓关系，间接宾语和直接宾语之间不存在。
3. Which of the following sentence has an object complement (2010)
A. The director appointed John manager.
B. I gave Mary a Christmas present.
C. You have done Peter a favor.
D. She is teaching Children English.
答案：A
定语（attribute）：一般修饰名词，由形容词性质的词、短语或从句充当。
状语（ adverbial）:一般修饰动词或整个句子，一般由副词性质的词、短语
或从句充当；介词短语也 可以充当句子状语；状语可用于表示时间、地点、
原因、结果、方式、目的、让步、条件等。
4. Which of the following italicized phrases indicates CAUSE (2010)
A. Why don’t you do it
for the sake of your friends

B. I wish I could write
as well as you
.
C.
For all his efforts
, he didn’t get an A.
D. Her eyes were red
from excessive reading
.
表语（subject complement）：用于联系动词后面， 用于解释、说明、描述
主语，一般由形容词、名词性质的词、短语或从句充当。


语法核心考点三：虚拟语气
真题解析：
1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English ______ much easier to learn.
（2009，52）
A. could have been B. would be C. will be D. would have been
答案：B
2. It is necessary that he ____ the assignment without delay.（2010，

60）
A. hand in B. hands in C. must hand in D. has to hand in
答案：A
3. It’s getting late. I’d rather you _____ now.（2011，61）
A. left B. leave C. are leaving D. will leave
答案：A
4. My boss ordered that the legal documents ______ to him before lunch.
（2012，54）
A. be sent B. were sent C. were to be sent D. must be sent
答案: A
5. Whichh of the following sentences contains subjunctive mood（2013，
54）
A. Lucy insisted that her son get home before 5 o’clock.
B. She used to drive to work, but now she takes the city metro.
C. Walk straight ahead, and don’t turn till the second traffic lights.
D. Paul will cancel his flight if he can not get his visa by Friday.
答案：A
6. If it ____ tomorrow, the match would be put off.（2013，63）
A. was to rain B. were to rain C. was raining D. had rained
答案：B
概念：虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望、 假设、怀疑、猜测、
建议等含义，用于强调怀疑或不可能，而不是客观存在的事实。
虚拟语气重点小结：
1 普通虚拟条件句
普通虚拟条件句叙述与事实相反的情况，不强调推测意味。
虚拟情况 条件从句 结果主句

与现在事实相反 If + 主语+ 过去时（be主
动词通常用were）
语
+wouldcouldmight do
主语+would have done 与过去事实相反
与将来事实相反
If + 主语+ had done
(1) If + 主语+ 过去时主语+wouldshould do
（be动词通常用were）
(2) If + 主语+ should
do
(3) If + 主语+ were to
do
注意：should do 比were
to do 实现的可能性大

2 推测虚拟条件句
用来推 测未来事件，即讲话人认为实现的可能性极小。所以与将来事实相反的虚
拟形式适用于推测虚拟条件句。
虚拟情况
与将来事实相反
条件从句 结果主句
(1) If + 主语+ 过去时主语+would do
（be动词通常用were）
(2) If + 主语+ should
do
(3) If + 主语+ were to
do
注意：should do 比were
to do 实现的可能性大
3 错综时间条件句
错综时间条件句即虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此主句和从句
时态的选择上不能拘泥于上表所列的时态构成，需视具体情况而定。

If I were you, I wouldn’t have gone out with him last night. （现在-
过去）
If I had had breakfast this morning, I wouldn’t be so hungry now. （过
去-现在）
4 含蓄条件句
含蓄条件句指句中没有出现明显表示虚拟语气的条件句，而是使用一些词、短 语、
从句或其它结构来表示条件，但句中仍然使用了虚拟语气。短语通常有：but for
（要不是），without, with, or（否则），otherwise（否则），in case of（在…..
的情况下），what if （如果……将会怎样）等。
But for his father’s encouragement, he wouldn’t have won the first
prize.
With better equipment, we would have succeeded.
5 名词性从句中若含有表示“命令、建议、请求、意愿、主张、 目的”等意义的
词时，需使用虚拟语气，通常用should+动词原形，should可以省略。详见 名词
性从句 部分。
6. 由wish引导的从句需要用虚拟语气。通常用过去时表示对现在 的虚拟。用过
去完成时表示对过去的虚拟，用would+动词原形表示对将来的虚拟。
I wish I could fly like a bird.
I wish I hadn’t lent him my computer.
I wish I would afford to travel the whole world.
7 在would rather，had rather，would sooner和would prefer引导的从句中< br>要使用虚拟语气,即用过去时表示现在或将来的情况，用完成时表示过去的情况，
希望或委婉的责 备。
I’d rather you told me about it right away.
8 在固定句型it is (high) time…中，谓语动词要用过去时。
It is high time you told me about it.
9. If only …引导的从句表示没有实现的愿望或遗憾，要使用虚拟语气。用过去

时表示现在没有实现 的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。
If only I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.
If only I had known it earlier and I could have stopped it.
10 在让步状语从句中，whether…or…结构通常用倒装语序，谓语动词用be的
原形来表示。
Be it fine or not, I will inspect the factory myself tomorrow.
= Whether it is fine or not, I will inspect the factory myself tomorrow.
11 在for fear that，in order that，so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语
动词通常使用shouldmightcould+ 动词原形。
He tiptoed for fear that he might disturb his father.
12 在lest引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词通常用should+动词原形。
She didn’t allow her little daughter go out lest she should catch flu.
定义：虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，
所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。
应用条件：在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气，
表示主观愿望或 某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强
调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，愿望，假 想，猜测，怀疑或建议，
而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气。
虚拟语气误区
1.混合条件句的主从句时态不会灵活变化；
2.省略if时，句子调整不正确；
3.不会去找意思中的“应该”含义；
4.陷在虚拟中出不来，把真实条件句当成虚拟条件句

语法核心考点五 非谓语动词
真题解析

1. What a nice day! How about the three of us ____ a walk in the park nearby
（2009，51）
A. to talk B. take C. taking D. to be taking
答案：C
2. _____ should not become a serious disadvantage in life and work.（2010，
65）
A. To be not tall B. Not being tall C. Being not tall D. Not to be
tall
答案：B
（一）不定式（infinitive）
I. 基本形式：“to+动词原形”。有时to可省略。不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变
化。既具有动词的特 征----可以有自己的宾语和状语，又具有名词，形容词和副
词的句法功能。
不定式可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，同位语和宾语补足语
式 态
一般式
完成式
进行式
完成进行式
主动语态
to write
to have written
to be writing
to have been writing
被动语态
to be written
to have been written


不定式的否定式为：not+to do
II.不定式的主动语态与被动语态：
a. 一般式：表示谓语动词的动作与不定式的动作几乎同时发生，或发生在谓语
动作之后。
We must learn to speak English
I want to be a scientist when I grow up.
b. 完成式： 表示不定式的动作早于谓语动词的动作发生。

I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
It’s a good thing for him to have been criticized.
c.进行式：表示谓语动词的动作发生的时候，不定式的动作正在进行。
He seems to be waiting for somebody.
He pretended to be listening attentively.
注：在某些结构中（尤其做宾语时， 不定式虽然表被动，但是用主动形式表示。
1）在的there be句式中，不定式的主动式可表被动的意思。
There is no matter to drink here.
2)当不定式与前面的名词构成动宾关系，又与 另一代词或名词构成主谓
关系，这时不定式的主动可以表被动。
We have many difficulties to overcome.
The next thing for them to do is to sweep the floor.
He has no one to take care of.
3) 当不定式做表语形容词的状语，又和句中的主语构 成动宾关系，这时
不定式的主动形式表被动意味。常可这样用的形容词一般
有以下几个：
easy ,difficult , afraid, hard ,heavy ,pleasant, nice, dangerous,
important, interesting, bitter, light 等。
They found the report was hard to understand.
4) to let（出租）,blame用主动代替被动形式表被动意味。
The car is to let.
III.句法功能：
1) 做主语：当主语是个动宾结构时，或动状结构时，这时用不定式做主语。
To learn English well is not easy.
不定式短语做主语时，为了保持句子的平衡， 往往以先行词做形式主语，而
把不定式短语置于谓语动词之后。
It’s so nice to hear your voice.

It cost us 5 0000 yuan to build the house.
2) 作表语：
a. 当表语是动宾结构或动状结构时，用不定式做表语。
My job is to raise pigs.
b. 当主语是不定式时，表语也要用不定式。
To see is to believe.
c. 主语是由动词转化或派生而来的名词，如果原动词要求接不定式，则表
语也应当用不定式。
My wishhope ideaplanpurposeintention is to visit Africa.
3) 作宾语：某些动词后，只能用不定式作宾语。如：
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视afford负担得起 demand要求
long渴望
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 begin开始 expect期望
omit忽略，漏
appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法cease停止 hate憎恨，
厌恶
pretend假装ask问 dread害怕 need需要agree同意 desire愿望 love
爱
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望bear承受 endeavor努力 offer
提供
beg请求 fail不能 plan计划bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer
喜欢，宁愿
care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备decide决定 learn学习
regret抱歉，遗憾
choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明claim要求 hope希望 promise
承诺，允许
start开始 undertake承接 want想要consent同意，赞同 intend想要

refuse拒绝
decide决定 learn学习 vow起contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向
propose提议
seek找，寻觅 try试图
有些动词既可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语， 如：want,
begin ,start, remember, need, forget, like, learn等，含义稍有不同。
区别将在非谓语用法区别中讲解。
特别提醒：
a. 如果作宾语的不定式有自己的补语，则一般用先行词it做形式宾语，而
将真正的宾语不定式后置。
Do you think it better to translate in this way
They found it impossible to get there everything ready in time.
b. 不定式一般不做介词宾语，只有在极少数介词如：but, except ,besieds
等后才行 。此时不定式可带to或不带to。But前无动词do时，其后
接带to的不定式：but前有动词d o时，其后的不定式to常省略。
In very cold winter weather a cold-blooded creature has no choice but to
lie down and sleep.
There was clearly nothing left to do but sit down on the little coach and
weep.
What do you like to do besides swim.
但 “疑问词+不定式” 结构可以用做介词宾语.
I have no idea about what to do next.
The first was the question of what to call it
4) 宾语补足语: 常带有不定式做宾语补足语的动词有：
下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式
（1）ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer
喜欢，宁愿

announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求
assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励
pray请求
authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐bear容忍 implore
恳求
remind提醒beg请求 induce引诱 report报告compel强迫 invite吸引，邀
请，
summon传唤command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示
drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练cause引起 instruct指示 require
要求
deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱
entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，
力说
encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使
得 teach教
entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望
(2). see, watch, notice, observe let, make, have listen to hear feel
这些动词后的不定式宾补,要省略 “to”. 但要变为被动语态时,要加上to
She had the pupils work out the problem.
5). 定语: 放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后.不定式与它所修饰的名词或名词
词组之间的关系为 A: 名词或名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语; B:
名词或名词词组为不定式的逻辑主语. C:名词或名词词组与不定
式既无动宾关系又无主谓关系
A: He gave me something to eat.
B: He needs someone to help him with his work..
C: I have no time to do it.
注: 带疑问词的不定式不直接做定语:

That’s the only way how to solve the problem.(wrong)
That’s the only way to solve the problem.
不定式做定语时可带逻辑主语,而且常用for引出.
I have a letter for you to read.
不定式一般作定语时,往往含有将来,必须等附加意味,相当一个定语从句.
6） 状语:
目的状语：Yesterday I went to the station to meet my old brother.
常用的强调目的的短语in order to; so as to
结果状语：He returned home to hear that his con has just join the army.
常用的短语：so (such… as to +v.) too….to enough to +v.
原因状语：（常表示喜怒哀乐等情绪）
We were very excited to hear the news.
表语形容词状语：结构为 be +adj. +to do sth.
The article is easy to read.
7)“疑问词+不定式”结构：
主语： How to get rid of these things is a big question.
宾语：I hardly knew how to write.
表语：The question is where to find the answer.
8）不定式的省略：
A: 当两个 或两个以上的不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不
定式往往把to省去。Eg:I wished to finish my task and (to) get away.
但是如果在对照的场合，则不可以省去：It is better to laugh than to cry.
B: 在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice observe, listen to , look
at 和使役动词let, make have的复合宾语中，不定式须省去to被动语态中要
加上to.
C: 在why引起的句子中省去to: Why not do it right now
Why quarrel with him

D: 在一些固定搭配后面，如：had better; wouldhad rather; but等，不
用to
E: help sb. (to) do sth.此句式中，可用to也可不用to.
（二）现在分词：
1) 用做谓语的一部分，和助动词一起够成进行时态
What are you doing here now
2) 作表语：表示主语的特征和性质。
They situation is encouraging.
The story is interesting.
3) 作定语：相当于一个定语从句。分词单独作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词前。
若是分词短语作定语，放在 被修饰的名词后。表示：a. 所修饰名词正在进行的
动作；b. 所修饰名词的特征和性质。
Don’t read in a moving car or bus.
There was an old man standing beside me.
This is an interesting book.
分词作定语时有下面几个特点：
（1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。
(2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
4）作状语：相当于一个状语从句。
a. 时间状语：Working in factory, we learnt a lot from the workers.
有时前面可加 while, when, as.
He took notes while listening to report.
b. 原因状语： Having worked with him for many years, I know him very well.
Not having received his answer I decided to write another
letter to him.
c. 条件状语：(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.(分

词前有时可加连词if,unless)
d. 方式状语（伴随状语）：Holding the note in his hand, he stood there
dumfound.(常用的动词有：sit, stand, go, come, enter, walk, say.)
e.结果状语：He dropped the plate, breaking it into a hundred pieces.
f. 宾语补足语：分词在复合宾语中可做宾补。可带这种复合宾语的动词有
see, set, want, start , watch, feel, hear, find, get, keep, notice, have,
leave, catch,
look at,
eg.: We hear her sing in her room.
We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.
This news started me thinking.
分词的名词化： 和形容词的名词化情况一样，一些分词前面加上定冠词the
可表一类人。
She worked hard to help the sick and the dying.
The wounded were soon taken to hospital.
（三）动名词（gerund）：
1).主语： 当主语是动宾，动状结构时，用动名词来做主语。
Discussing it is waste of time.
Reading aloud is very important in learning English.
当作主语的动名词结构复杂而又长时，为了保持句子的平衡，须 后置，而用先行
词作句子的主语。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
It is no good reading such books.
It is a waste of time reading such bad books.
It is fun playing with snow.
It is worth while discussing the question again.
在 there+be+no 句式中用动名词来做主语。

There is no telling what will happen.
不定式和动名词作主语的区别：
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不
好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。
(经验)
(3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2)表语：当主语是动宾或动状结构时，用动名词来作表语。
Her job is washing, leaning and taking care of the children.
What he hated most was resting at home and doing nothing.
注：(1) 句子的主语常是无生命名词或引导的名词性从句。(2) 表语动名词与主
语是对等关系，表示主语的内容。回答what或dong what的问题。
3) 宾语：动名词可作动词宾语，介词宾语和形容词具有状语性质的宾语。
a. 动宾：有些动词后必须用动名词作宾语。如：
acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到
admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌
advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕appreciate 感激，欣赏
confess坦白 endure忍受avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱bear
忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
can't help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避can't stand受不了 deny否认
excuse借口

consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意
repent悔悟
figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，
饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复imagine设想
postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险
involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议hate讨厌 prevent阻
止 save营救，储蓄keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受loathe非常讨
厌，厌恶 recall回想
.: He suggested spending the evening with the workers.
I enjoy working with you.
b. 介词宾语：I have been looking forward to coming Beijing for a long time.
He is afraid of falling behind the others.
c. 作形容词 worth, busy, like的具有状语性质的宾语。
be worth doing sth.: This book is worth reading.
be busy doing sth.: He is busy preparing his lesson.
feel like doing sth.: I don’t feel like going there again.
注：如果作宾语的动名词有自己的补语，习惯上要将动名词后置，而用先行词
it作它的宾语。 .: I found it pleasant walking along the river.
4）定语：放在所修饰的名词前，与所修饰的名词没有主谓关系，而是表示所
修饰名词的用途。 a sleeping car a fishing pole
5) 同位语：That was her desire, going on to college after finishing
senior middle school.
★动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合 结构的形式为：物主代词（或名词所有格）+动名词。其中物主代
词或名词所有格为动名词的逻辑主语。 动名词的复合结构在句中做主语，宾语和
表语。
.: Mary’s coming late made her teacher very angry.

Do you mind my opening the window.
在口语中，如果这种结构作宾语 时，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格来代替，
用名词的普通格来代替名词所有格。如：Do you mind (me) opening the window
注：不过动名词的逻辑主语在遇有下列情况时，必须用名词的普通格（或人称
代词的宾格）。
（1） 无生命词：
The boys were alarmed by the door suddenly shutting.
Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.
(2) 有生命名词但表示 泛指意义。
Have you ever heard of women playing football
(3) 两个以上的有生命名词并列：
Do you remember my brother and me coming to see you the other
day
（四）过去分词(past participle)
I.形式：v.+ed （或特殊形式）表示动作已完成（不及物动词），被动意味和状
态。
the exploited class 被剥削阶级 boiled water 开水
II.句法功能：
1.用做谓语的一部分，和助动词一起构成完成时态及被动语态。
We have been friends for many years.
2表语：表示主语所处的状态
The door remained locked. 3.定语：单个过去分词作定语，通常放在所修饰的名词前，若是短语作定语放在
所修饰的名词之后 。
We enjoyed the play put on by the first years students.(=We enjoyed the
play which was put on
by the first year students.

the fallen leaves the excited people
4.状语：时间状语
When heated, ice will be changed into water.(=When it is heated,…)
条件状语
Given better instructions, the plants could have grown better.(=If they
had been given…,)
原因状语
Given an apple, the child stopped crying.
5. 宾补：She had his bike repaired yesterday.
在英语中，有些动词即可接不定式作宾语，也可接-ing form（动名词）作宾语。
有些意义区别不大，有些区别较大。如：
1．remember：
remember +to do 记住要作某事
remember + doing 记得过去曾经作过某事
Please remember to post the letter for me.
I remember posting the letter.
2. forget +to do 忘记要作的事
forget + doing 忘记了过去作过的事
He forgot to write to me.
He forgot ever having written to me.
3. regret + to do 对现在要发生的事或要做而又不能做的事感到遗憾
regret + doing 对已发生的事表示后悔
I regret to say (that) I cannot go with you.
She regretted missing (or having missed =to have missed )the report.
4. mean +to do 打算…; 想要……;有…的意图
mean + doing 意味着…; 意思是…; 就是…
I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings.

Revolution means liberating the productive forces.
5. stop + to do 停下正在做的事而去做由不定式表示的另一件事
stop + doing 停止正在做的事
They stopped to talk.
They stopped talking.
6. try + to do 设法…; 想法….;
try + doing 试一试…; 试试看
He tried hard to pretend to share in the pleasure of his officials.
If the tears don’t remove the speak, try washing the eyes with boiled,
cooled water.
7. want + to do 想要…
want + sb. or sth. + to do 想要某人做…; 希望某人…
want + doing 需要…; 该…(动名词的主动式含有被动意味)
Somebody wants to see you.
I want you to show me with your hearts that here we are all part of
one big family.
The matter wants thinking over.
8. need + to do 需要…
need + doing 需要…;该…
You don’t need to leave so early.
His shoes need mending.
9. require + sb. or sth. + to do 要求(需要) 某人(某事) 做
require + doing 需要…; 该…
One of his orders required all the people to bow before him.
These young trees will require looking after.
10. learn + to do 学会做某事
learn + doing 学习(过)

She has learned typing.
She has learned the type.
注意：分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语， 这
两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，
in terest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、
“使高兴”，因而 现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则
是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所 以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形
式，凡是表示“感到……”都用- ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是
somebody is interested in...,若人物本身有兴趣时，就是说. is
interesting.这类词常见的有：
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的 --puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的--- satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果
要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。
补充：主动形式表示被动意义

（1）用某些不及物动词表示被动意义，如carry,cut,drive,iron,keep,lock,open,pick,read,se ll,shut,tear,wash,wea
r,write等等。这类动词既能作及物动词，也能作 不及物动词。作不及物动词时，
形式上虽为主动，却表示被动意义。例如：
Meat cuts easily.肉容易切。
His novel sells well.他的小说畅销。
The car drove easily.这车很容易开。
Your pen writes quite smoothly.你的笔写起来很滑。
（2）在need(want, require, deserve, etc.)doing句型中，动名词(doing)
相当于动词不定式的被动式(to be done)，在意思上没有多大差别。例如：
The garden needs garden needs to be watered.
用法相似的结构还有bear doing, stand doing, be worth doing,习惯不用动
词不定式。
（3）用法相似的结构还有bear doing, stand doing, be worth doing,习惯不
用动词不定式。
That book is difficult to understand.那本书难懂。
在这种句型结构中，动词不定式和主语的关系实际上是一种逻辑 上的动宾关系，
可以说是动词不定式作主语变换来的，相当于It's difficult to understand
that book.

语法核心考点六：情态动词
真题剖析：
1. She ____ or so when I first met her at a conference. （2009，
53）
A. had been B. must be C. has been D. must have been
2. Are you tired I ____ you had done enough for today.（2009，61）
A. should have thought B. must have thought

C. might have thought D. could have thought
3. Nancy’s gone to work but her car’s still there. She ____ by bus.
（2010，52）
A. must have gone there B. should have gone there
C. ought to have gone there D. could have gone
4. Which of the following sentences express WILLINGNESS
A. By now she will be eating dinner.
B. I shall never do that again.
C. My brother will help you with the luggage.
D. You shall get a promotion.
5. Which of the following sentences express a fact
A. Mary and her son must be home by now.
B. Careless reading must give poor results.
C. He must be working late at the office.
D. It’s getting late and I must leave now.
概念：情态动词本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动
词，不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
特点：情态动词无人称和数的变化；情态动词 后面跟的动词需用原形；否
定式直接在情态动词后加“not”。
考点：maymightm ust+不定式完成时；can’tcouldn’t+不定式完成时；
needn’t+完成时结构； 情态动词表可能性时语气又弱到强依次为might,
may, could, can, should, ought to, would, must
真题：
情态动词重点小结：
情态动词的完成时主要表示：（1）推测已经发生的情况；（2）表示虚拟
语气。
（1）推测已经发生的情况

表示对已经发生的情况作肯定推测时：must have done
表示对已经发生的情况作否定推测时：can’tcouldn’t have done
表示对已经发生的情况语气不太肯定的推测时：maymight have done
（2）表示虚拟语气
表示做了不必要做的事时：needn’t have done
表示应该做但实际上没做：should have done
表示本不该做但实际上做了：shouldn’t have done
表示按理该做但实际未做：ought to have done
表示本来可以做或能够做但实际上没有做：could have done
2. ought to, should, must与have to 的区别
Ought to强调因义务或责任而“应该干”
Should 语气没有ought to强，表示说话人主观认为应该干
Must 强调说话人的主观愿望
Have to 因客观原因所迫
3. 情态动词shall的特殊用法
shall在法律、条约、协定、条例等中表示义务与规定。
4. 情态动词will的特殊用法
will可以表示习惯或走向、推测、命令或强迫、意愿，还有“难免”之意。
Nobody is allowed to be absent and all will be here before 7 o’clock.
（命令）
She won’t talk to me any more.（意愿）
Accident will happen.（难免）

专四核心考点七 限定词
真题剖析：
1. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT （2010，62）
A．All his lectures are very interesting.

B. Half their savings are gone.
C. Many his friends came to the party.
D. Both his sisters are nurses.
2. The additional work will take ______ weeks.（2011，59）
A. the other B. another two C. other two D. the more
3. Which of the following determiners can be put before singular count
nouns and plural count nouns （2012，59）
A. many a B. few C. such D. the next
4. The following determiners can be used with both plural and
uncountable nouns EXCEPT
A. many B. enough C. more D. such
限定词重点小结：
1. 限定词是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类脂、以及表示确定数量
和非确定数量等限定作用的词类。
英语的限定词包括：冠词、物主代词、名词所有格、指示代词、关系代词、
疑问代词、不定代词 、数词和量词。
2. 限定词的选择
（1）单个限定词的选择：
单个限定词的选择决定于后面的名词是单数名词、复数名词还是不可数名
词。
特别提醒：
either, neither, many a 只能与单数名词搭配。
a little of, a bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, (a) little,
much等只能与不可数名词搭配。
a lot of, lots of, enough, more, most, such, other等既可以与复数
名词又可以与不可数名词搭配。
★（2）多个限定词的搭配

限定词可分为：前位、中位、后位限定词。
限定词的相互搭配关系为:前位+中位+后位
前位限定词：all, both, half; double, twice, three times; one-third,
two-fifths; what, such aan等
中位限定词：aan, the, zero; this, that, these, those; my, your, etc;
Merry’s, my friend’s; some, any, no, every, each, neither, enough;
what(ever), which(ever), whose等。
后位限定词：one, two, three; first, second, third; next, last, other,
another; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less,
(the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a
great number of, a great deal of, a large amount of；such等。
特别提醒：
①前位限定词、中位限定词相互排斥，不可 以出现在同一个名词短语中；
而后位限定词之间不存在相互排斥性。
all both students (TF)
the my coat (TF)
another two pens (TF)
my several hundred students (TF)
②such在such aan+单数名词中为前位限定词；而在
allmanyfewoth eranothersomeanynoonetwo such结构中则为后位
限定词。


语法核心考点八 代词
真题剖析：
1. Our association, which has consistently pressed for greater
employment opportunities for the disabled, will publish ____

proposals in the near future.（2008，51）
A. their B. our C. his D. its
2. When one has good health, ____ should feel fortunate.（2010，
59）
A. you B. they C. he D. we
3. Which of the following reflexive pronouns is used as an appositive
（2012，53）
A. He promised
himself
rapid progress.
B. The manager
herself
will interview Mary.
C. I have nothing to say for
myself
.
D. They quarreled
themselves
red in the face.
4. Facing the board of directors, he didn’t deny____ breaking the
agreement.（2013，51）
A. him B. his C. it D. its
代词重点小结：
代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词根据其意思和用法可分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、相互代词、反身代词、疑问代
词、连接代词、关系代词、 不定代词。
1．人称代词有主格和宾格之分：主语用主格，宾语用宾格。单独使用的人
称代词 通常用宾格，即使它代表主语也是如此。
I like China. Me too.
2 ．物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。前者在句子中只用作
定语；后者则不能用作定语，但 可以用作主语、宾语、表语、连用of做定
语等。
如：Here is my coat. Its color is red.
Is that coat yours or hers.
可以说a friend of mine, 但是不能说a friend of me

3. 指示代词主要有四个，（this, that, these, those）。它们在句中可
作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
特别提醒
（1）为避免重复，可以用that和those代替前面提到的名词。
Our grain output is now 5 times that of 1980.
（2）用来回指上文提 到的事情时，可用this或that，但若指下文叙述的
事情通常只用this。
The followings are all correct responses to “Who told the news to
the teacher” EXCEPT_____（2008）
A. Jim did this B. Jim did so C. Jim did that D. Jim did
this 多用于下文所指。
（3）打电话时，通常用this指自己，用that指对方。
Hello. This is Jim. Is that John
（4）除了用作代词，this和that还可用作副词 ，用来修饰形容词或副词，
相当于so。
My daughter has walked eight miles today. We never thought she could
walked ____ far. （2006）
A. B. such C. that D. as
4．疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what等在句中可用作主语、宾语、
表语、定语等。
注意：
（1）who和whom只用作主语、宾语和表语，不用作定语；whose, which, what
既可以用作主语、宾语、表语也可以用作定语。
（2）what和which的用法 区别：当选择的范围较明确时用which，当选择
的范围不明确时用what。
Which color do you like, red or green
What color is you car

5. other, the other, another, others的用法
指单数时，泛指用another，特指用the other；指复数时，泛指用other+复数
名词或others（其后不接名词），特指用the others。

专四核心考点九 动词时态语态
真题剖析：
1. All the following sentences definitely indicate future time EXCEPT
（2013，58）
A. Mother is to have tea with Aunt Betty at four.
B. The school pupils will be home by now.
C. The presient is coming to the UN next week.
D. He is going to e-mail me the necessary information.
动词时态语态重点小结
（一）现在完成进行时
1）表示从过去开始的某个动作持续到现在，这个动作可能刚停止，也可能
还在进行。
①For some time now, world leaders____ out the necessity for
agreement on arms reduction. (2002, 43)
A. had been pointing B. have been pointing C. were pointing D.
Pointed
★常用的引导词有how long, long, since, for, all the time等。
How long have you been wearing glasses
Have you been waiting long
They have been quarrelling ever since they got married.
It has been raining for two hours now.
She has been teaching English all the time.
现在完成时与现在完成进行时

（1）现在完成时表示动作业已完成，而完成进行时却不一定如此。
They’ve built a bridge.（已建成）
They’ve been building a bridge.（可能还在建）
（2）许多静态动词只能用于完成时而不能用于完成进行时。
know, last, see, have, own, think
（3）强调时间长时用完成进行时比较好。
（二）过去完成时
1）表示过去某时间之前业已发生（过去的过去）。
The student said there were a few points in the essay he__ impossible
to comprehend. (2007, 59)
A. had found B. finds C. has found D. would fine
2）过去时间有时由一时间状语表示出来，但在更多情况下由上下文表示出
来：
（三）表示将来的一般时态和进行时态
将来时除了可用“willshall+动词原形”来表达外，还可用其它方式来表
达。
★be going to do
be going to do：表示决定、打算和意图，还指有迹象表明即将发生或肯
定会发生，而will do表示说话人主观认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的
事情。
★进行时表示将来时
表示按照计划或安排将要进行的动作。常用的动词有：go, come, leave,
arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, give, have等
位移性动词。
When are you leaving
She is coming to school tomorrow.
★be to do: 表示安排、计划、决定或注定要发生的事

★be about to do:表示即将做某事。
★一般现在时表示将来时
①在时间及条件状语从句中代替一般将来时
②在make sure，make certain，see to it引起的从句中用现在时表示将
来时
练习：
James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he ____ until yesterday.
A. will come B. was coming C. had been coming D. came

专四核心考点十 主谓一致考点分析
真题剖析：
1. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT（2012，51）
A. Twenty miles seems like a long walk to him.
B. No one except his supportors agree with him.
C. Neither Julia nor I were going to the party.
D. Few students in my class are really lazy.
2. Which of the following sentences is grammatically INCORRECT（2013，
59）
A. Politics are the art or science of government.
B. Ten miles seems like a long walk to me.
C. Mumps is a kind of infectious desease.
D. All the furnitune has arrived undamaged.
3. The statistics _____ that living standards in the area have
improved drastically in recent times.
A. proves B. is proving C. are proving D. prove

概念：语法形式上要一致,即用作主 语的名词中心词和谓语动词在单、复数
形式上一致 2) 意义上要一致,即主语和谓语的一致关系取决于主语的
单、复数意义.
1． 并列结构作主语时当意义为复数时谓语用复数
注意: 当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人
或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠
词.
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the
meeting.
B. was C. are D. were
2． 主谓一致中的靠近原则
（1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持
一致.
（2）总的来说，在由not only…but also…, not just…but…, or,
either…or…, neither…nor…连接主语的句子中及在there be 句型中，
谓语动词的单复数按就近原则处理，即按与谓语动词最靠近的那个主语来
确定谓语动词 的单复数形式。如：
Not only John but also I am going to Shanghai next week.
3．谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less
than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致.
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating.
4．代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主
语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数.

Each of us has a tape-recorder.
There is something wrong with my watch.
当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数.
表示金钱,时间.距离.价格或度量衡的 复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词
看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数.(用复数也可,意思不变.)
5．在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词
的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定.
All is right.
All are present.
集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定.如family,
audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式
时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体.
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽).militia(民
兵).vermin等在任何情况下都用复数形式
难点：主谓一致中的表里不一现象
1, 名词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:
More than one teacher gets the flowers.
2, 名词作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数.例
如:
Many a student has been sent to plant trees.
3, 及百分数或分数+of 等后接
名词作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.例如:
Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.
4, all指人时,动词用复数;all指物时,动词用单数.例如:
所有人全部到场了,一
切进展顺利

5, what引导的主语从 句,谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时,动词
用单数,相反,则用复数.例如:
What they want to get is the number of good books.
6, and连接的两个单数名词前若用each,every,no修饰,该名词短语作主语
时,谓语动词用单数形式.例如:
No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.
7,当主语后面有as well as, with, along with, together with, but, like,
rather than, except等引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一
致.例如:
My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing.
8, each作主语的同位语时, 谓语动词由主语来决定,与each无关.例如:
They each have a bike.
9,动词不定式,动词-ing形式短语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:
Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.
10, the following作主语时,谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.
例如:
The following are good examples.
11,以-ics结尾的学科名词,如 politics,physics,mathematics等作主语时,
谓语动词用单数.以-s结 尾的名词news, works, plastics等同属此类.例
如:
Politics is now taught in all schools.
当以-ics 结尾的学科名词表示学科以外的意义时，用作复数，如：
mathematics（运算能力）poli tics(政治观点)economics（经济意义）等
12,有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数(trousers, glasses,
shoes. shorts. scissors. scales等)作主语时,前面若有一条一副
一把之类的单位词,动词用单数;若没有单位词或单位词是复数,则谓语动
词用复数.例如:

The shoes are all right.
还有一些以- s结尾的名词通常用复数：arms（武器）.（记录）.remains
（遗体）.thanks等
13, half +名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数.例如:
One and a half apples is left on the table.
14,复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数.例如:
One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work.
15,复数名词+ 定语从句结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数;
而在复数名词+定语从句 的结构中,定语从句的谓语动
词要用单数.例如:
He is one of the students who get there on time.
16,表示时间,距离,金钱等 的复数名词作主语表达一个整体概念时,谓语动
词常用单数,但若强调数量,谓语动词可用复数.例如:
One million dollars is a lot of money.
专四核心考点十一 英语倒装句(Inversion)考点分析
真题剖析：
1. Little ____ about her own safety, though she herself was in great
danger.（2009，59）
A. she cared B. she may care C. may she care D. did she care
主语和谓语是句子的核心，它们之间有两种语序：
一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序（Natural Order）；
二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序（Inverted Order）。
而倒装语序中又有完全倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial
Inversion）
完全倒装（Full Inversion）:又称全部倒装是指将句 子中的谓语动词
全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。

部分倒装（Partial Inversion）:指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态 动词
倒装至主语之前,而谓语动词无变化。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动
词，则需添加助 动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
一、 表示强调:
倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下:
+状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装
。

Only in this way can you solve this problem
Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a
big mistake.
2. hardly, in no way, little, scarcely, seldom, never, no more, no
longer, not, not only, no sooner, not only … (but also), not until…
等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
Seldom do I go to work by bus.
Not until twelve o'clock did she go to bed last night .
3. so such...that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,
表示强调so such和that之间的部分。
So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.
To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked
out.
二、 承上启下
为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用动词（助动词、情态动
词）+主语或+ be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语的倒装
句式。
其中第一个句式表示与前面所述的肯定情况相同，第二个句式表示
与前面所述的否定情况相同。
A: His brother is（not） a college student;

B: so is mine.(nor is mine .)

专四核心考点十二 反义疑问句
真题剖析：
1. When you have finished with the book, don’t forget to return it to
Tim, _____（2011，54）
A. do you B. will you C. don’t you D. won’t you
反义疑问句(Tag Question) 即附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法,没有把
握,需要对方证实。 反义疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分 是一个陈述句，
后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。疑问句的
主语和 陈述句的主语保持一致，都用主格形式。
速记方法：前肯后否，前否后肯，前be后be，前无be后加助,时态一致
1.附加疑问句主语的选择：
当陈述部分的主语是
（1）用one时，后面的疑问句可用onehe.
（2）用no one时，后面附加疑问句中主语用they。
（3）用everything, anything, nothing, something等指物的合成词时，
附加疑问句中主语只能用it， 不用they
（4）this, that,或those, these时，附加疑问句中主语用it或they.
（5）用everyone，everybody，someone，no one, somebod y，anyone，nobody
等指人的合成词时，附加疑问句中主语在正式语体中常用he，在非正
式语体中一般用they.
（6）用不定式，动名词，其他短语，附加疑问句中主语一般用it。
（7）在there be句型中，附加疑问句中主语一般用be情态动词助动词
+there。
2. 反义疑问句的特殊句型
否定意义的词

(1)当陈述部分有never，seldom, hardly，few，little，barely,
scarcely, nothing，none,rarely ，no, not, no one, nobody, neither
等否定意义的词汇时，后面的反意疑问句则为肯定形式：
There are few apples in the basket, are there
(4)当陈述部分含有否定意思的词是unhappy,dislike,unfriendly,等 含
有否定词缀的派生词，也就是有un,dis,no-前缀、less- 后缀等含有词缀而
意思否定的词，当做肯定句处理，疑问部分要用否定形式。如：
The girl dislikes history,doesn’t she
3. 表示主语主观意愿的词
含有think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等动词后接宾语从句构
成的主从复合句在构成反意疑问句时，视情况不同有两种不同的构成 方式。
（即当主句是I think，I believe，I suppose，I imagine，I expect时
要反问从句，其余句式均反问主句。）
(1)当主句的主语为第一人称时，其后的简短问句应与从句相一致。例如
I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, won't shehe
We suppose you have finished the project, haven't you
值得注意的是，当这些动词后接的宾语从句的否定转移到 主句时，其仍属
否定句，故其后的简短问句应用肯定式，而非否定式。
I don't believe that he can translate this book, can he (2)当主句的主语为第二、三人称时，其后的简短问句则应与主句相一致（此
时，否定只看主句， 与从句无关）。
Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesn't she
4. had better或have
陈述部分有had better,或其中的had表示完成时态时，疑问句应用hadn’
t等开头： You’d better get up early, had’t you
其他情况句中有have时疑问句应用don't等开头

如have表示“有”的时候，有两种形式：（have 表示有可用do或have来
改写）
-He has two sisters, doesn’t she =He has two sisters, hasn’t she
-He doesn't have any sisters, does he
5. 祈使句
当陈述部分是祈使句时，疑问句要根据语气来表达，分三种情况：
1）一般情况下用will you 或won't you。
Give me a hand, will you
Leave all the things as they are, won’t you
2)以Let's（听者包括在内）开头的祈使句，前肯后可肯可否，疑问句必须
用shall we（shall只用于第一人称）;只有以Let us（听话人不被包括在
“us”里面）或Let me开头的祈使句，问句才用will you。
Let us know the time of your arrival, will you
Let's try again, shall we
Let me help you, will you
Let’s have a look on your book，shall we
3)当陈述句是否定的祈使句时，问句用will you。
. don’t make much noise, will you

专四词汇部分
专四的词汇题包含的题型和考点
1. 近义词辨析题。
如表示真实的的形容词可以有true, genuine, real, 等等，不一而足，
但含义上彼此有差异，用法也不尽相同。比如true强调符合真理的，正
确的，genuine强调非 人造的，货真价实的，比如genuine leather纯
牛皮，real则强调事件的真实性，可 理解为显示的，并非虚假的，此时
就要注意结合考题的上下文，选择符合要求的词汇。
66. Our office has recently ___ to a new computer system. (2011)
A. altered B. converted C. transformed D. modified
68. Our school library is __ closed for repairs.
A. shortly B. quickly C. temporiarily D. rapidly
74. You can go to a travel agency and ask for a holiday___.
A. introduction B. advertisement C. book D. brochure
75. The city government is building more roads to the increasing
number of cars.
A. accommodate B. receive C. accept D. hold
76. They’ve lifted a two-year-long economic on the country.
A. enclosure B. restriction C. blockade D. prohibition
67．Mary and John are busy looking for a hotel for their wedding _____．
A．meal B．snack C．refreshment D．banquet
72．Most Chinese people went to work by bike within living _____．
A．mind B．knowledge C．memory D．scope
75．Slavery was ____ in America in the 19th century．
A．abolished B．cancelled C．abandoned D．terminated
77．The boys in the dorm ____ a coin to decide who would clean the
floor．

A．held B．tossed C．put D．collected
79．A(n)____ shape has four straight sides at 90°to each other, two
of which are much longer than the other two．
A．square B．oval C．oblong D．circular
2．词根词缀辨析题：
英语单词的构成可包含三个成分：前缀（p refix）+词根（root）+后缀
（suffix）。如respectable（体面的，高尚 的，值得尊敬的）这个词，re-
是前缀，表示重复做某动作；spect是词根，意思是一个动作-- 看；而
-able是后缀，它首先揭示了该单词的词性是形容词(adjective)，另外，
这个形容词后缀的意思是能够。。。的，值得。。。的。而英语中，很多单
词互相之间含有相同的词根 ，即含义上有一定的联系性，此时就比较难判
断词义用法。如respectable的同根词有res pectful（态度恭敬的）和
respective（各自的）。这三个单词的低跟都是spect ，拼写也有一定的雷
同，但词义相去甚远。这类含有相同词根的词汇，是考生应当重点积累的，
并且背单词的时候要学会掌握常见词根、前缀、后缀的含义，从而在做这
类辨析题时善于运用构词法知识 判断。
3. 词组题：
动词词组永远是考试中的重点，尤其要注意同一个动词与不同介词 组合，
可结合成含义各不相同的词组。以动词give为例，give out表示分发物
品、give off表示散发出光芒或气味、give up表示放弃；give in
表示屈服，投降，让步。考题中常给出一个动词，而后面用什么介词与
之搭配，则需要考生 在选项中选词填空。因此，考生在背单词时，需要专
门花时间积累动词+介词词组。
69. John is up to his eyes in work at the moment. The underlined part
means ___.
A. very excited B. very busy C. very tired D. very efficient
68．Mini-skirts first _____ in the 1960s．

A．caught out B．caught in C．caught on D．caught up
70．The earthquake refugees are ____ for food and blankets．
A．desirous B．ambitious C．seriously off D．badly off
71．When Linda heard the good news she tried to sound casual，but
her excitement was obvious．The underlined part means _____．
A．uncaring B．disinterested C．without plan D．without warning
73．The speaker was very good at ____ his ideas during the discussion．
A．putting aside B．putting across C．putting back D．putting off
74．The food is good at this hotel，but the ____ is poor；the waiters
don’t seem to be well
trained．
A．maintenance B．repair C．charge D．service
4. 从句引导词题：
英语的 从句包括主语从句、表语从句、状语从句、定语从句、同位语从句、
宾语从句等，而根据从句部分在句子 里不同的表情达意作用，又可细分为
更多类型，如状语从句包含表示原因的原因状语从句、表示时间概念 的时
间状语从句、表示假设的条件状语从句；根据从句的性质的语义重要性、
语气强弱又可进一 步细分，比如定语从句可细分为限定性定于从句，此时
从句含义与主句紧密相关；以及非限定性定于从句 ，此时从句含义与主句
联系不紧密，仅起到补充说明作用。综上所述，各种从句都有各自常用的
引导词。如限定性定于从句常用that引导，非限定性定语从句常用which
引导，条件状语从句常 用if引导，主语从句常用what引导，等等。考生
应该根据上述从句分类，搞清常用引导词。
5. 逻辑连词题：
这类题目通常在选项中出现表示不同逻辑关系的连词，如表示转折关系的
but, 表示递进关系的then，表示并列关系的and, or, 表示因果关系的
because, since, therefore等，要求考生理解上下文的逻辑关系，再选择

符合要 求的连词。应对这类题目，考生要把上述常考逻辑关系涉及到的连
词反复熟悉。
6. 形近词、副词辨析题：
指在选项种故意安插拼写形式相近，具有混淆功能的单词，让考生辨别。
如virtual与visual，前者表示实质上的，后者表示视觉的。这类题
目需要考生有扎实的 词汇背记基本功，才能做到对单词的拼写形式有清晰
的判断力。
67. The crowd went ___ as soon as the singer stepped onto the stage.
A. wild B. emotional C. uncontrolled D. unrestricted
73. It was really of you to remember my birthday.
A. grateful B. thoughtful C. considerable D. generous
78. His plan is carefully prepared and full of details, so it is a
very one.
A. elaborate B. refined C. ambitious D. complex
79. The girl’s voice was so low that we could hear her.
A. seldom B. almost C. only D. barely
80. She must have been pretty ____ to fall for such an old trick.
A. interested B. gullible C. enthusiastic D. shrewd
69．That outburst at the meeting was ____ of his bad temper．
A．illustrative B．explanatory C．expository D．revealing
78．The patterns of spoken language are ____ from those of writing．
A．distinct B．distinctive C．distinguished D．distinguishing
80．I’d like to have a ____ word with his parents．
A．peaceful B．quiet C．silent D．personal
7.词义、词组或句子理解题
70. Victoria bumped into her brother quite by chance in the
supermarket. The underlined part means ___.

A. risk B. opportunity C. possibility D. luck
71. “Look at those pretty girls’ skirts” is , because it is not
clear whether the girls or the skirts are “pretty’.
A. ambiguous B. hidden C. indirect D. indistinct
77. Everyone is surprised that she has fallen out with her boy friend.
The underlined part means___.
A. left B. quarreled C. attacked D. defeated
66．The girl cannot come to school today on account of the flu．The
underlined part means
_____.
A．concerning B．because of C．as to D．for
76．Mercifully，I was able to complete all I had to do within a few
days．The underlined part means _____.
A．efficiently B．surprisingly C．fortunately D．shortly




英语语法专业术语
句子 sentence
从句 clause
词组 phrase
词类 part of speech
单词 word
实词 notional word
虚词 structural word
单纯词simple word
派生词derivative
非限定动词 infinite verb
使役动词 causative verb
感官动词 verb of senses
动态动词 event verb
静态动词 state verb
感叹词 exclamation
形容词 adjective
副词 adverb
方式副词 adverb of manner

复合词compound
词性part of speech
名词 noun
专有名词 proper noun
普通名词 common noun
可数名词 countable noun
不可数名词 uncountable noun
抽象名词 abstract noun
具体名词 concrete noun
物质名词 material noun
集体名词 collective noun
个体名词 individual noun
介词 preposition
连词 conjunction
动词 verb
主动词 main verb
及物动词 transitive verb
不及物动词 intransitive verb
系动词 link verb
助动词 auxiliary verb
情态动词 modal verb
规则动词 regular verb
不规则动词 irregular verb
短语动词 phrasal verb
限定动词 finite verb
分数词 fractional numeral
程度副词 adverb of degree
时间副词 adverb of time
地点副词 adverb of place
修饰性副词 adjunct
连接性副词 conjunct
疑问副词 interrogative adverb
关系副词 relative adverb
代词 pronoun
人称代词 personal pronoun
物主代词 possessive pronoun
反身代词 reflexive pronoun
相互代词 reciprocal pronoun
指示代词 demonstrative pronoun
疑问代词 interrogative pronoun
关系代词 relative pronoun
不定代词 indefinite pronoun
物主代词 possessive pronoun
名词性物主代词 nominal
possessive pronoun
形容词性物主代词 adjectival
possessive pronoun
冠词 article
定冠词 definite article
不定冠词 indefinite article
数词 numeral
基数词 cardinal numeral

形式 form
单数形式 singular form
复数形式 plural form
限定动词 finite verb form
非限定动词 non-finite verb
form
原形 base form
从句 clause
从属句 subordinate clause
并列句 coordinate clause
名词从句 nominal clause
定语从句 attributive clause
状语从句 adverbial clause
宾语从句 object clause
主语从句 subject clause
同位语从句 appositive clause
时间状语从句 adverbial clause
of time
地点状语从句 adverbial clause
of place
方式状语从句
adverbial clause of manner
让步状语从句
adverbial clause of concession
原因状语从句
adverbial clause of cause
序数词 ordinal numeral
一般疑问句 general question
特殊疑问句 special question
选择疑问句 alternative
question
附加疑问句 tag question
反义疑问句 disjunctive
question
修辞疑问句 rhetorical question
感叹疑问句 exclamatory
question
存在句 existential sentence
肯定句 positive sentence
基本句型 basic sentence
pattern
否定句 negative sentence
祈使句 imperative sentence
省略句 elliptical sentence
感叹句 exclamatory sentence
句子成分 members of sentences
主语 subject
谓语 predicate
宾语 object
双宾语 dual object
直接宾语 direct object
间接宾语 indirect object

结果状语从句
adverbial clause of result
目的状语从句
adverbial clause of purpose
条件状语从句
adverbial clause of condition
真实条件状语从句
adverbial clause of real
condition
非真实条件状语从句
adverbial clause of unreal
condition
含蓄条件句
adverbial clause of implied
condition
错综条件句
adverbial clause of mixed
condition
简单句 simple sentence
并列句 compound sentence
复合句 complex sentence
并列复合句
compound complex sentence
陈述句 declarative sentence
时态 tense
过去将来时 past future tense
复合宾语 complex object
同源宾语 cognate object
补语 complement
主补 subject complement
宾补 object complement
表语 predicative
定语 attribute
同位语 appositive
状语 adverbial
句法关系 syntactic
relationship
并列 coordinate
从属 subordination
修饰 modification
前置修饰 pre- modification
后置修饰 post-modification
限制 restriction
双重限制 double-restriction
非限制 non-restriction
数 number
单数形式 singular form
复数形式 plural form
规则形式 regular form
不规则形式 irregular form
格 case
普通格 common case

过去将来进行时
past future continuous tense
过去将来完成时
past future perfect tense
一般现在时 present simple
tense
一般过去时 past simple tense
一般将来时 future simple tense
现在完成时 past perfect tense
过去完成时 present perfect
tense
将来完成时 future perfect
tense
现在进行时 present continuous
tense
过去进行时 past continuous
tense
将来进行时 future continuous
tense
过去将来进行时
past future continuous tense
现在完成进行时
present perfect continuous
tense
过去完成进行时
past perfect continuous tense
所有格 possessive case
主格 nominative case
宾格 objective case
性 gender
阳性 masculine
阴性 feminine
通性 common
中性 neuter
人称 person
第一人称 the first person
第二人称 the second person
第三人称the third person
语气 mood
陈述语气 indicative mood
祈使语气 imperative mood
虚拟语气 subjunctive mood
否定 negation
否定范围 scope of negation
全部否定 full negation
局部否定 partial negation
转移否定 shift of negation
语序 order
就近原则 principle of
proximity
强调 emphasis
重复 repetition

语态 voice
主动语态 active voice
被动语态 passive voice
自然语序 natural order
倒装语序 inversion
全部倒装 full inversion
部分倒装 partial inversion
直接引语 direct speech
间接引语 indirect speech
自由直接引语 free direct
speech
自由间接引语 free indirect
speech
一致 agreement


主谓一致 subject- predicate
agreement
语法一致 grammatical agreement
概念一致 notional agreement
不规则动词表
1）A---A---A型（现在式、过去式和过去分词同形，保持不变，除进行式外）
动词原形

过去式

过去分词

意思

cost
cut
hit
put
read #
hurt
let
cost
cut
hit
put
read
hurt
let
cost
cut
hit
put
read
hurt
let
花费
割，切
打
放下
读
受伤
让

2） A--- A---B型（
现在式和过去式同形
）
动词原型 过去式 过去分词 意思
beat beat beaten 打
3） A---B--- A型（
现在式和过去分词同形
）
动词原形 过去式 过去分词 意思
come came come 来到
become became become 变
run ran run 跑
overcome overcame overcome 征服，打败
4）A---B---B型（
过去式与过去分词同形
）
① 在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d或t。
动词原形 过去式 过去分词 意思
burn burnt burnt 燃烧
learn learned learnt learned learnt 学习
mean meant meant 含义是
hear heard heard 听见
②
把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t”。

动词原形 过去式 过去分词 意思
build built built 建筑
lend lent lent 借
send sent sent 传送
spend spent spent 花费
③ 其他不规则的各种变化。
动词原形 过去式 过去分词 意思 动词原过去式 过去分词意

pay paid
say said
buy bought
think thought
feel felt
sweep swept
understand understood
catch caught
find found
hold held
make made
shoot shot
smelt
smell
smelled
sit sat
paid
said
bought
thought
felt
swept
understood
caught
found
held
made
shot
smelt
smelled
sat
形
付钱 lay laid
说 bring brought
买 fight fought
思考 sleep slept
觉得 keep kept
扫 stand stood
理解 win won
抓住 teach taught
发现 get got
握 leave left
制造 meet met
射击 dig dug
嗅，shone
shine
闻 shined
坐下 have had
laid
brought
fought
slept
kept
stood
won
taught
got
left
met
dug
shone
shined
had
思
下
蛋
带
来
战
斗
睡
觉
保
持
站
胜
利
教
得
到
离
开
遇
见
挖
发
光
有

5）A---B--- C型（
三词不同形
）
① 在动词原形后加-n或-en 构成过去分词 。
动词原形 过去式 过去分词 意思 动词原形 过去式 过去分词 意思
eat
give
see
ride
throw
grow
show
ate
gave
saw
rode
eaten
given
seen
ridden
吃
给
看见
骑
fall
take
write
drive
fell fallen 落下
拿，记录，拍摄 took taken
wrote written 写
drove driven
blew blown
knew
drew
known
drawn
驾驶
吹
知道
拉，绘画，抽签
threw thrown
grew grown
抛，扔 blow
生长
展示
know
draw showed shown
② 过去式加-n或-en构成过去分词。
动词原形 过去式 过去分词 意思
speak
break
spoke spoken
broke broken
说话
破碎
选择 choose chose chosen
forget forgot forgotten 忘记
freeze froze frozen 凝固
③ 把单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”变成“a”（过去式）和“u”（过去
分词）。
动词原形 过去式 过去分词 意思
begin
ring
sing
sink
began begun
rang
sang
sank
rung
sung
sunk
开始
按铃
唱
沉

swim
drink
swam swum 游泳
喝 drank drunk
④ 其他不规则动词的变化。
动词原形 过去式 过去分词 意思
been 是 be (am, is) was
be (are)
do
go
lie
wear

were been
did done
went gone
lay lain
wore worn
是
做
去
躺
穿