清零是什么意思-really什么意思中文翻译
九大状语从句总复习 (1)
状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、
形容词或副词等,按意义可以分为时间、地点、
原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等状语从句
。
一.时间状语从句。
通常由从属连词when,
whenever, as, while, before, after, as soon as,
till, until, since, once (一旦),
hardly??when?,
no sooner??.than?; 等引导。例如:
The cyclist started
just as the lights changed to green.
Whenever we met with difficulties, they came
to help us.
He didn’t leave his office
until he had finished the day’s work.
应注意的问题
1.在时间状语从句中,通常要用动词的一般现在时态表示一般将来
时态,用一般过去时态
表示过去将来时态。但when
引导一般疑问句或名词性从句时不受上述语法规则的限制,因
此,应该加以区分。例如:
When China will enter WTO depends on the
bilateral (双边的)joint efforts.
Once you
understand the rules of the game, you’ll enjoy it.
, while, as
的不同用法。一般说来,当主、从句的动作是同时发生的事,三者可以换
用。when 既可以引导一个
持续动作,也可以引导一个短暂动作,可用于主句和从句动作同
时发生或从句动作先于主句动作;whi
le
引导的动作必须是持续性的,强调主句和从句的动
作同时发生,往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比;as
用于引导“在某行为的继续中发生某事”
的“继续之行为”,所以多与过去进行时连用,翻译成“一边?
?一边??”或者表示动作
的变化,翻译成“随着??”。
例如:
I hope
you’ll think of my words aswhenwhile you drive on
the busy roads.
When he realized it, the
chance had been lost.
When he came home,
I was cooking dinner.
I was fat when I
was a child.
He took a bath while I was
preparing dinner.
As I was walking down
the street, an American asked me for the
directions to the nearest station.
He
sang songs as he was taking a bath.
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As he gets older he gets more
optimistic.
另外还必须注意 when和while
的特殊用法。when 可以表示“就在这时,突然”之意;
而while
则可以表示对比的含义,常可译作“而”。例如:
She thought I was
talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was
talking about my
daughter.(NMET95)
A.
whom B. where C. which D. while
答案:D. 本句的意思是“她认为我在谈论她女儿,然而,实际上,我在谈论我女儿。”
再如:
I was about to go to bed when the phone
rang a second time.
我正准备去睡觉,就在这时电话铃又响了。
3.since 和before 的用法区别。两者都可用于 “It + be + since
before-从句”的句型,区别
在于 since 表示“自从??
以来”,所在主、从句的谓语动词的时态关系是:It ishas been
some time
since sb did something. 而before
的含义则是“(过了多久)才??”,主、从句的
时态关系是:It was had been
some time before sb did sth。
表示过去和将来时,两者相应的
句型分别是:It was some time since sb
had done something. 和It will be some time before
sb
does something. 例如:
It was had been
years before I came back from abroad.
It
will be five years before we meet again.
4.一些表示时间的名词词组如: the first time, the second
time, last time, the moment, the
minute,the
year, every time, each time , next time,
或副词immediately, instantly,
directly等也
可以引导时间状语从句。例如:
I’ll tell you
about it the moment you come.
I
recognized her the minute I saw her.
I’m
going to see him next time he comes to Shanghai.
He left Europe the year World War II
broke out.
I got in touch with him
immediately I received his letter.
My
sister came directly( = as soon as ) she got my
message.
和until
till 和until
意义相同,多数情况下可以换用,但用以强调,句首多用until; 在强调结构或
与not
连用时多用until. 例如:
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Nothing can
be done tilluntil the boss returns.
We
waited tilluntil they came back.
Until we
know the facts, we can’t do anything about it.
Not until midnight did the noise of the
street stop.
??when和no sooner??than相当于as
soon as
之意,也可引导时间状语从句。从
句谓语动词用一般过去时,主句谓语动词用过去完成时。hardly
及no sooner 置于句首时,
语气较强,主句的谓语要部分倒装。例如:
We
had hardly begun when we were told to stop.
= Hardly had we begun when we were told to
stop.
The spy had no sooner returned home
than he was told to go to another country.
= No sooner had the spy returned home than he
was told to go to another country.
二.地点状语从句。
地点状语从句由 where和wherever
引导, 在主句前、后都可。where 表示特指,wherever
则表示泛指。但不少学生易将
其和定语从句混淆,再者有的同学对地点状语从句不太注意,
所以往往做错。例如:
You
should make it a rule to leave things ___ you can
find them again. (NMET99)
答案:B. 注意它引导的不是定语从句。
After living in
Paris for fifty years he returned to the small
town ____ he grew up as a
child.(NMET 96)
B. where C. that D.
when
答案:B. 这是一个由where 引导的定语从句,修饰先行词the
small town.。再如:
Where there is a will, there’s
a way.
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三.原因状语从句。
1.原因状语从句多由because, since,
as 引导。because 引导的从句一般放在句末,表示直接
的原因,语气最强,回答why提出
的问题,重点在从句;since
引导的从句一般放在句首,
表已知的原因,全句重在交代结果,比because
语气弱,常译作“既然”; as 引导的从句
放在句首或句末,表示比较明显的原因,说明因果关系,
语气较弱,重点在主句,译作“由
于”。例如:
_____ you have seen
both fighters,_____ will win ?(上海 95)
;
do you think who who you think
;
whoever who do you think
答案:D. since 表示“既然”,所传达的信息是显而易见的。再如:
As
all the seats are full, he had to stand waiting.
---“Why aren’t you coming with us to the
concert ?”
---“Because I have got a bad
headache.”
此外,for 也可表示原因,
但它是并列连词,引出并列分句,表示间接原因,用来补充
说明内容,或据此而作出某种推断。例如:
She must have wept, for there are tear trails
on her cheeks.
that也可引导原因状语从句,意思是“既然”,与since 同义,但更突出事实本身。
四.目的状语从句。
通常由so that, in order that,
so, in case“以防、以免”等连词引导。例如:
He took the
medicine on time so that he might get well again.
The teacher must speak clearly so that
his students canmay understand well.
She
has bought the book in order that she can follow
the TV lessons.
1.目的状语从句中的谓语常含有maymight,
cancould, should ,
willwould等情态动词,通常
主句在前,从句在后,主句与从句之间没有逗号。
2.in order that 引导的目的状语从句和so that
引导的状语从句可以换用,但in order that多
用于正式文体中, 而so
可用于口语或非正式文体中。例如:
We’ll sit nearer the front so
(that) we can hear better.
3. in case
在非正式文体中,常引导目的状语从句,表示“以防、以免”等含义。例如:
He
left early in case he should miss the train.
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Take your raincoat in case
it rains should rain.
五.结果状语从句。
通常由连词so that, so?that, such? that等引导。例如:
He had overslept, so that he was late for
work.
He was so angry that he left the
room without saying a word.
He made such
an excellent speech that everyone admired him.
?that和such?that
引导的结果状语从句都表示主句的动作或状态达到一定的程度而引
起的结果。
so
是副词,用来修饰形容词、副词、分词或其它结构,such
是形容词,用来修饰名词或名
词短语。例如:
There were so many
people in the room that we couldn’t get in.
So badly was he injured that he had to go to
the hospital. (so短语位于句首时,主句须倒装)
The book
is so written that it gives a quite wrong idea of
facts.
He told us such a funny story that
we all laughed.
such修饰单数可数名词且名词前有形容词时,可用so替换such,
冠词与形容词交换位置,
构成“so+ adj. +a(an) +名词”。上面的句子可以写成:
He told us so funny a story that we all
laughed.
又如:This is such a beautiful
chair that I’m thinking of buying it.
(= This is so beautiful a chair that I’m thinking
of buying it.)
2.如何区别so that 引导的目的状语从句和结果状语从句?
(1).根据上下文及句子所表达的意思判断。
(2).根据句子的结构来判断。从句之前有
逗号的常是结果状语从句;从句前有情态动词的
多半是目的状语从句。例如:
She
hurried , so that she caught the bus.(结果)
She hurried so that she might catch the
bus.(目的)
I went to the lecture early, so
that I got a good seat.(结果)
I’m going to
the lecture early so that I may get a good seat.(
目的)
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六.让步状语从句。
1.由however, whatever, whenever,
whoever等引导,相当于no matter howwhatwhenwho
等。例如:
We’ll have to finish the job,_____. (NMET99)
A. long it takes however B. it takes
however long
C. long however it takes D.
however long it takes
答案: D. however
是副词性引导词,必须直接位于所修饰的形容词long之前,并放在
句首引导状语从句。
应该注意:however, whatever, whenever, wherever
等还可以引导名词性从句,而no matter
how, no matter what, no
matter when, no matter where等只能引导状语从句。例如:
Whatever I said couldn’t cause his interest in
the topic.
2.由though, although, as, even
thoughif 等引导让步状语从句,不能与 but 连用,但可于
yet连用。
(1
).由as引导的让步状语从句,必须倒装表语形容词、名词(前面不用冠词)或者副词状语
或者动词原
形,though
引导的让步状语从句可以倒装,也可以不倒装,而although引导的
不能倒装。例如:
He didn’t light the fire thoughalthough it was
cold.
Although he is very old, (yet) he still
jogs every day.
Rich asthough he is(=Although
he is rich), I don’t envy him.
Difficult that
task was, they managed to finish it in time.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
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Much as I love it, I’ll not buy it.
Try as they may, they won’t succeed.
(2).even if, even though
表示“即使,纵然”,有退一步设想的意味,多用于书面语中。
例如:
I’ll do
it, even if it takes me all the afternoon.
Even if he did say so, we can not be sure that
he was telling the truth.
(3).whether(?or)引导让步
状语从句,提供两个或两个以上供选择的条件。注意此时的
whether不能换成if. 例如:
Whether he drives or (whether he) takes the
train, he’ll be there on time.
七.条件状语从句
条件状语从句用if, unless, asso long as, on condition
that, provided, providing, now that, in
that 等
引导。除了应注意这些词的语义差别之外,还需注意,在条件状语从句中不能用将
来时,只能用一般现在
时表示一般将来时。例如:
If China becomes strong and
powerful, we’ll never bully other countries.
As long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll turn our
dreams into realities.
He won’t believe
anything unless he sees it with his own eyes.
I will lend you the money on condition that
you pay it back in one month.
有时if 条件句中也用will,
但此时用来表示主语的意愿。例如:
If you will come to work in
our city, I’ll try my best to meet your
demands.(如果你愿意来我市
工作,我将尽力满足你的要求。)
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八.方式状语从句
1.方式状语从句用 as, just as, as
if, as though 引导。
2.关于方式状语从句值得注意两点:
(1).as
表示行为方式;
(2).在打比方与事实相反或不可能实现时,as if though
引导的从句用虚拟语气。但当句
子谓语为过去时态时,特别是当句子谓语为look, seem,
taste, smell等感官动词时,从句谓
语动词不用虚拟语气。例如:
I have
changed the plan as you suggested.
When at
Rome do as the Romans do.(入乡随俗)
I have loved
you as if you were my own son.
It looks as if
it is going to rain.
九.比较状语从句
比较状语从句常由than, as?as , not soas?as, the more?,
the more ?等引导。例如:
He didn’t do as much as he
had promised.
I know you as well as any member
of your family.
Now we can produce much more
steel than Japan.
The longer you stay with
him, the better you will know him.
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