necropsy-focus什么意思中文
状语(adverbial)是
句子
的重要修饰成分。状语是
谓语里的另一个附加成分,它附
加在谓
语
中心语
的前面,从情况、时间、处所、方式、条件、对象、肯定、否定、
范围和程度等
方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制。 在英语中,状语修饰动词、形容
词、副词等的句子成分。
状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴
随状况
等。
状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。
其位
置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。
副词是一种用来修饰动词
,
形容词
,
副词或全句的词
,
说明时间
,
地点
,程度
,
方式等概念。
1. 副词一般在 句子中做状语.
He
speaks English very well.
very
well是修饰speak的程度状语。
2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。
I
come specially to see you. 我专门来看你 .
3. 介词短语
Ten years ago, She bega n to live in Dalia n.
十年前
,
她开始住在大连。
The boy was praised
for his bravery.
4. 从句作状语
When she was 12
years old, she bega n to live in Dalia n.
If I
am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with
you.
5. 分词作状语
Havi ng had a quarrel with
his wife, he left home in a bad temper 。
他英语说得非常好.中的very是程度副词,用来修饰well
。
In
hibited in one direct ion, it now seems that the
Mississippi is about to take ano ther.
状语简介
概述
状语与定语相同的地方是
,
都是前者附加成分
;
不同
的地方是
,
它是谓语里的附加成分
,
而 定
语是主语或宾语里的附加
成分.从句子的层次上看
,
状语是在第二个层次和第三个层次里
的成分
,
有
时甚至是更低层次的成分.
状语的构成
状语的构成经常充当状语的有形容词
方位
短
语
,
介词短语
,
动宾短语
,
谓词性联合短语
,谓词性偏正短语
,
谓词性主谓短语等?
含有动量词的 数量短语
以及重叠式的数量短语
(
不论动量
,
物量)也可以充当状语?
此外,少数名词带上表比况的助词也可以作状语
状语的书面标志一一”地”
状语的书面标志是结构助词
地状语后面带或者是不带地
,
情况比较复杂?一般讲来
,
数 量
短语
,
主谓短语
,
动宾短语等作状语时
,
大都带地”;而介词短
语
,
方位短语
,
能愿动词
,
时间处
所
名词作状语时不能带哋
,
副词
,
单音节形容词作状语一般也不带地
多层状语
如果一个中心语前面有好几个状语
(
多层状语)
,
那就应当注意它们的语序.多层状语的状 语个
数一般比多层定语的定语个数要少些
多层状语的一般语序
:
a.
表时间的名词或方位短语
,
介词短语
;
b. 副词.
c?表处所的介词短语或名词
,
方位短语
;
d.
表情态的形容词或谓词短语
;
e. 表对象的介词短语.
其中副词的位置较为灵活
,
也可放置在第三项之后.
一般状语和句首状语
状语在句子中有两种位置
:
一种是在主语之后
,
谓语中心之前
,
如上文所举各例
,
这是状语 的
一般位置
;
另一种是放
在主语的前面的
,
这是状语的特殊位置
,
这种状语可称句首状语
状语的分类
状语按其修饰的功能不同可分为八大类:
时间状语,地点状语,条件状语,原因状语,目的状语,结果状语,让步状语和比较状 语
?
,
副词
,
时间处所名词
,
能愿动词
,
指示
代词
,
以及
,
其语序也比多层定语的语序要灵活一些 ?
时间状语从句
要点
:
时间状语从句,由以下连词引导:
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when , while , as, after ,
before , as soon as , since , till until by the
time 在 时间状语从句
中,要注意时态一致。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,
1.
when当.....的时候
Mozart started writi ng music
whe n he was four years old.
2. while 当.....时
He visited a lot of places while he was
traveli ng.
3. as 在.....的同时;一边....一边.....
He smiled as he stood up.
4. after 在....之后
He left the classroom after he had fini shed
his homework the other day.
5. before 在 .. 之前
Mr. Brow n had worked in a bank for a year
before he came here.
6. as soon as 一 .....就
(scarcelyhardly...when,no sooner than,the
从句要用一般现在时。
mi nutemome nt,onupo n,
directly 等等)
We bega n to work as soon as we
got there.
I will write to you as soon as I
get home.
7. si nee 自 ... 以来到现在
表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前
完
成时,从句用一般过去时。
Mr
Green has taught in that school since he came to
China three years ago.
(还可以用作介词,本句从句还可以用短语:since three years
ago(自三年前以来
)
表示。
)
8 till un til
都可以作连词,连接时间状语,也可以作介词,与其它词构成介词短语,
They
walked till un til it was dark.
Xiao Ming didn
' t leave home till until his father came back.
9. by the time 到 .... 为止
(
所在句子的主句应用现在或
By the time he gets there , his father has
already gone.
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(
说话时间
)
为止的一段持续时间。 主句一般用
现在
在句中作状语。
过去完成时
)
By
the time I got to school, the class had already
began.
一. 由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如:
When you thi nk you know nothing, the n you
beg in to know someth ing.
一无所知的时候,你就是在开始知道一些事物了。
When truth is
buried un der the ground it grows, it chokes, it
gathers such an explosive force
that on the
day it bursts out , it blows up everythi ng with
it. 当真理被埋在地下的时候,
它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁
。
我游泳的时候,请你照看一下我的衣
当你以为自己
Will you watch
my clothes while I have a swim.
服。
You can
feel the air moving as your hand pushes through
it.
时候,你就能感觉到空气在流动。
Our headmaster laughed
as she spoke.
a .when, while 和 as 的区别
当你的手在空气中挥动的
我们的校长边谈边笑。
when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且
tryside, I used to carry some water for him.
(延续性的动词)
when有
时表示就在那时”。 When she came in,
I was eat in g.(瞬时动词)When I lived in the coun
While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或
者相对
应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如:
While my wife
was readi ng the n ewspaper, I was watch ing TV.
(was readi ng
的动词,was reading 禾口 was watching
同时发生)
I like play ing football while you like
play ing basketball. (对比)
一般用于主句和从句动
(
as表示“一
是延续性
b,
As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,
作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。例如: We always sing as we
walk.
发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)
c, as whe n while
的辨析
as when while 都表示主、从句动作同时发生,三者差异如下:
表示“一边。。。一边的意思
as强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时
边 ..
一边”) As we was going out, it began to snow.
(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后
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用于发生时间较段时
d when
1、
还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作 之前或之后发生。
2、 when=and
then; at that moment ( 正在那个时候 )
3、 常用于常见搭配中
e while
1、 用于时间较长时
2、
强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时
有时这三个连词可以互换,有时不可以。
lt
was raining hard when (as) I got there.( 动作同时发生,
when 可换为 as,但不能换
为while,因为get是点动词.)
When I
had read the article, he called me.(
只能用when )
When I got to the cin ema, the film had begu
n.(
when,并要注意时态
)
He was about to
leave, whe n the teleph one ran g.(
表达“正在”
“即将”.
while, as不能代替
She thought I was talk
ing about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talk
ing about my daughter.
(表转折,对比,when,
as都不能代替它
)
While the alie n was buying a
souve nir, the girl called the police.( 表示主句,从句的动
此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般
从句的动作发生在主句之后,只能用
从句动作发生在主句之前,注意时态表达,
作同时发生,while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词,因为它表示较
长时间)
Mother was worried because little Alice
was ill, especially as (when while) father was
away.(此
时 as ,when, while 可通用)
二.
由before和after引导的时间状语从句。
注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语, 并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,
当主句用将来时,从句总是用 有时译成“就,才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。
现在时;如果 before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以
便体现动
作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时
间关系正好与
before弓I导的从句相反。例如:
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It will be four days before they come
back.
Ein stei n almost kno cked me dow n
before he saw me.
My father had left for Can
ada just before the letter arrived.
They had
not bee n married four mon ths before they were
divorced. After you think it over,
please let
me know what you decide.
After we had fin
ished the work, we went home.
三.
由till或until引导的时间状语从句。
till和until
一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用
如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,
until。并且要注意的是:
(从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时)
必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动
词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。例如:
I did n't go
to bed un til ( till) my father came back.
直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
It was not un til the meeti ng
was over that he bega n to teach me En glish.
后
他才开始教我英语。
I worked un til he came
back. 我工作到他回来为止。
I did n't work un til he came
back. 他回来我这才开始工作。
Please wait un til I
arrived. 在我到达之前请等我。
四. 由since引导的时间状语从句。
since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,
从句谓语
动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在
的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。例如:
I have bee n in Beiji
ng since you left.
Where have you bee n since
I last saw you?
It is four years since my
sister lived in Beiji ng.
It is five mon ths
since our boss was in Beiji ng.
五知识扩展
1.
It is since从。。。以来多长时间了
(
因为since
+从句或名词,表示一段时间
It is five years si nee we met
last time. 从我们上次见面已经五年了。
我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。
我们老板离开北京有五个月了。
It is +时间+since从句
直至
U散会之
)
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2. It is
+before …(。。。才
)
It was a long time before
I went to sleep again.
It was an hour
before(=until) the police arrived.
3. 由 as
soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the
moment, the instant, the minute,
等引导
的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如:
I will go
there directly I have fi ni shed my breakfast.
吃完早饭,我立即到那里去。
The mome nt I heard the n ews, I
haste ned to the spot. 我一听至叶肖息,马上赶至 U了出事
地点。
As soon as I reach Can ada, I will ring you
up. 我一到加拿大,就给你来电话。
【注意】 hardly(scarcely,
rarely) …when before, no sooner …than 相当于 as soon
as 之意。
主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。当
于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。例如:
He had no sooner arrived
home tha n he was asked to start on ano ther journ
ey.
到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程。
No sooner had the sun
shown itself above the horizon than he got out of
bed to comme nee
work.太阳刚从地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了。
Hardly had I sat dow n whe n he stepped in.
我刚坐下,他就进来了。
这个阿拉伯人冈U
他刚
hardly,
scarcely, rarely 和no sooner位
He had hardly
falle n asleep whe n he felt a soft touch on his
shoulder.
要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。
六.由by the
time引导的时间状语从句。
注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,
主句的谓语动词
用过去完成时;如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如:
By the time you came back, I had fini shed
this book.
了。
By the time you come here
tomorrow, I will have fini shed this work.
时候,我将已经完成此工作了。
七 由each time, every time
和whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如:
Each time he came to
Harbi n, he would call on me.
When ever that
man says
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到你回来时,我已经写完这本书
你明天来这儿的
他每次来哈尔滨,总是来看我。
“ To tell the truth ” , I
suspect that he's about to tell a lie. 每
7
当那个人说“说实在话”的时候,我猜想他就要说谎了。
You
grow youn ger every time I see you. 每次遇至
M尔,见你更年轻了。
这两个连词表示“有多久 ... 就 八.由as long as和so
long as引导的时间状语从句。
多久”。例如:
You can go where
you like as long as you get back before dark.
去,只要在天黑以前回来就行。
你可以随意至 U哪里
I will fight
aga inst these con diti ons as long as there is a
breath in my body!
息尚存,我就要反对这种境况。
地点状语从句
一 地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place)
地点状语从句一般由连接副词
只要我一
where,
wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型,
要点
:
由连词
where禾口复合关系词 wherever (=no matter where ) 引导.
例如:
句型1: Where+地点从句,(there) +主句。
【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在从句后面时,
不用;如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用 there。例如:
在没有雨水的地方,耕作是困
there可用可
Where there is
no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.
难的,或根本不可能的。
They were good pers ons. Where
they went, there they were warmly welcomed.
都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。
You should have put
the book where you fou nd it.
他们
你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。
哪里有了 Where the Communist
Party of China goes, there the people are
liberated.
中国共产党,哪里人民得解放。
句型2: Any where
wherever+ 地点从句,+主句。
【注意】any
where本身是个副词,但是,常可以引导从句,相当于连词,意思相似于
wherever,
any where 引导的从句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。
身就是个连词,表示“在何处,无论何处”。例如:
Wherever the sea
is , you will find seame n. 有海就有海员。
而wherever
本
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二知识扩展
1. Where
there is a will , there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
(
谚语
)
1. It will be
mixed school where not all the childre n are
disabled.
他将是一所混合式学校,那里的儿童并不都是残疾。
(
在限定性定语从句中对先行词起
着限定作用。
)
2.
Wherever you go , I go too.
无论你到什么地方,我都去。
(wherever= no matter where) 无论何处,多用于句首。
3.
Wherever there is smoke , there is fire.
无风不起浪。
(
谚语
)
4. While she was
wondering where to go , she met a policeman.
疑问副词where后跟不定式
,
构成不定式短语.
条件状语从句
要点: 表示状语从句由连词if, unl ess (=if not)
意思为除非引导。
(
让步
)
it doesn ' t rain
tomorrow, we will go hiking.
如果明天不下雨
,
我们就去远足.
2. You will get
good grades if you study hard.
如果你努力学习
,
就会取得好成绩.
3.1 won't will
not go to the party unl ess he goes there too.
我不会去参加聚会的
,
除非他也去.(如果他不去
,
我也不去.)
4. You will be late unl ess you leave
immediately.
如果你不马上走
,
你将会迟到的.(=If you
don ' t leave immediately, you will be late.)
难点提示:用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用
,
当主句是将来时的时候
,
从句要用
,般现在时.
lHe
will not leave if it isn ' t fine tomorrow.
一般将来时,一般现在时
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lThey are going to have a picnic if it
doesn
一般将来时
,
一般现在时
原因状语从句
' t
rain next week.
要点
:
由连词 because, si
nee, as 引导
,
也可由for, now that 等词引导
目的、结果状语从句
要点: 目的状语从句由连词 that, so that, so
…that , in order that 引导。
结果状语从句由连词
(
so )that, so…that, such…that, so muchmany
…that引导。
1. so…that如此…以至于
2. so that
以至于
,
以便于
I opened the window so that
fresh air might come in.( 目的)
我把窗户打开以便于使新鲜空气可以进来。
3. such…that如此。。。以至
It' s such nice weather that all of us want to
go to the park.
天气是如此的好,我们大家都想去公园玩。
4. in
order that=so that: 为了
We shall let you know
the details soon in order that you canmay make
your arran geme nts.
不久我们将会让你知道详情
,
以便你们
能够做出安排。
(
目的
)
5. 比较:so 禾口 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,
副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。
形成固定搭配。
so foolish such
a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many few flowers such n ice flowers
so
much little mon ey. such rapid progress
so
many people such a lot of people
(so many
已成固定搭配,a lot of虽相当于 many,但a lot of 为名词性的,只能
用such搭
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so是
so还可与表示数量的形容词 many,
few, much, little 连用,
配。)
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
The
boy is so young that he can ' t go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can ' t go to
school
难点
+形容词或副词
+形+a(a n)+单数可数名词
so +many 或few+复数可数名词 +that
+much或little+不可数名词
so that ,such…that都可以in
order that两者皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从 句,
当他们引导目的状语从句时,从句的谓语里常常有
等次。
so
+adj或adv.+ that, such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果
,
其中so为副词
,
后接 形容
词,副词原型,当可数名词前有
many, few 不可数名词前有 much, little修饰时,应采
用句型:so
many (few, much, little )+n.
。such为形容词
,
后只能接名词。这名词既可以
地可数的,
也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数的
见的形式是 :such a
(beautiful)garden, such(nice)people.
1
。
I' ve had so many falls that I ' m
black and blue all over.
2
。
there are
so few notebooks that I can ' t give you any.
3
。
It is such nice weather that I ' d
like to take a walk.
4
。
Mike is so
honest a man that we all believe him.
(=Mike
is such an hon est man that we all believe him.)
5
。
The weather is so nice that I ' d
like to take a walk.
让步状语从句
要点
:
表示让步的状语从句由连词
难点:
though,
although 当虽然讲
,
都不能和but连用.Although,(though)
…but的格式是不对 的.但是
他们都可以同 yet (still)连用.所以thought
(although)…yet(still)的格式是正确的.
Wrong: Although
he is rich but he is not happy.
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can, could, may, might, will, would
,
则必须在名词前加不定冠词 a(an).常
though,
although引导.
Right : Although he is
rich, yet he is not happy.
虽然他很富有
,
然而他并不快乐.
although, though
辨析
although不能though那样用作副词
,
放在句末表示强调时要用
1。He is looking fit, though.
2。 Even
though I did not understand a word, I kept
smiling.
3
。
He is quite experieneed,
he is young, though.
2) as, though 引导的倒装句
as though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提 前)。
Child as though he was, he knew what was the
right thing to do.
=Though he was a small
child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
【注意】a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b.句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动
词一起放在
主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he n ever
seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
=Though he tries hard, he n ever seems …
even though.
虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
e
ever if, even though. 即使
We ' ll make a trip
even though the weather is bad.
d whether…or-
不管 ...... 都
Whether you believe it or no t, it
is true.
e 疑问词”或”疑问词+后缀ever
No matter what
happe ned, he would not mind.
Whatever happe
ned, he would not mind.
替换:no matter what =
whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter
whe n = whe never
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no
matter where = wherever
no matter which =
whichever
no matter how = however
注意:no
matter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
(错)No matter what you say
is of no use now.
(对)Whatever you say is of no
use now.
你现在说什么也没用了。 (Whatever you say
是主语从句
)
(错) Prisoners have to eat no matter
what they ' re given,
(对)Prisoners have to eat
whatever they ' re given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
比较状语从句
要点:比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级,比较级及最高级的句子之中。
原级
1. as …as 和。。。一样
Jack is as tall as Bob.
捷克和汤姆一样高。
2. not so(as)…as…和不一样
She is
not so(as)outgo ing as her sister.
她不如她姐姐外向。
比较级
more …than (更)
This book is more
in structive tha n that one.
这本书比那本书由教育意义。
最高级
1. The most …inof
This book is the
most in terest ing of the three.
这本书是三本中最有趣的。
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2. the + 形容词 +est
…ofin
This road is the busiest street in our
city.
知识扩展
no more than
只不过
(
嫌少的意思
)
1。 I have no more than
two pens.
2
。
It' s no more than a mile
to the shops.
not more than
不如。。。;
(
前者不如后者)
1
。
Jack is not
more diligent than John.
2
。
one of the
+ 名词(复数)….之一(用于最高级
)
She is one of the best
stude nts in our school.
方式状语从句
1)
方式状语从句通常由 as, (just) as…so…,as if, as though 引导。
as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后, 但在(just)
as…so…结构中位
于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是
正如…,就像,多用于正式文体,例如:
1
。
Always do to the
others as you would be done by.
2
。
As
water is to fish, so air is to man.
3
。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep
backward ideas from our min ds.
2) as if, as
though
两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,
表示与事实相反,有时也
用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作
”仿佛……似的”,”好
像……似的,例如:
1
。
They
completely ignore these facts as if (as though)
they never existed.
2
。
He looks as if
(as though) he had been hit by lighting.
3
。
It looks as if the weather may pick
up very soon.
[说明]as if as though
也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语,例如:
1
。
He
stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
2
。
He cleared his throat as if to say
something.
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14
3。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in an ger.
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