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状语从句的类别和用法举例

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2020-10-25 03:51
tags:时间状语从句

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2020年10月25日发(作者:黎遇航)


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状语从句

一、时间状语从句
1、定义:用表示时间的连词连接一个句子作状语,这样的主从 复合句就是时间状语从句。
连接时间状语从句的连接词有:when, before, after, while, as soon as, until, since...... 这里要注
意一点的是,如果主句是一般将来时,从句只能用一般现在时表示将来意义。
2、时态:主过从过;主将从现;主句为一般现在时,从句不受影响。

3、主要引导词:when, while, as,after, before, since, until
1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无
所知的时候,你就是在开始知道一些事物了。
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force
that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生
长,它感到压抑,它 蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!
注意:when, while和a s的区别:when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,
又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时 表示“就在那时”。
When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我在吃饭。
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时,我常
常为他担水。
We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。
Whil e引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或
者相对应)。并且wh ile有时还可以表示对比。
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词,
was reading和was watching同时发生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。
As表示“一边… …一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时
发生;as也可以强调“一先 一后。
We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。
As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时 ,开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动
作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)
2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时
间关系。当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,
则主句 动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从
句动作之后。主 句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。如:
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我们回家了。(从句用过去
完成时,主句用一般过去时)
3 .由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定
形式 ;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不
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I didn't go to bed until(till) my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才
开始教我英语。
Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。
4.由since引导的时间状语从句。 since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,
又可 以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完
成时。但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了。
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后,你到哪里去了?
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。
5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引
导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭,我立即到那里去。
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息,马上赶到了出事地点。
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就给你来电话。
注意:hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主
句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时,主
句应用倒装语序。
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家,
就被邀请开始另一旅程。
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence
work.太阳刚从地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了。
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下,他就进来了。
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入
睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。
6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓
语 动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时,
主句的谓语动词 用将来完成时。如:
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时,我已经写完这本书了。
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候,
我将已经完成此工作了。
7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨,总是来看我。
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人
说“说实在话”的时候,我猜想他就要说谎了。
You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你,见你更年轻了。
8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”。
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去,只要
在天黑以前回来就行

二、地点状语从句
1、定义:地点状语从句表示地点、 方位, 这类从句通常由where引导。
2、引导词及运用:
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(1)地点状语从句由where,wherever,引导,
e.g. We must camp where we can get water.
我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者, 事竟成。
They will go where they are happy. 他们想到他们觉得快乐的地方去。
(2)地点状语从句的省略,
e.g. Fill in the blanks with articles necessary.(necessary前省略了where it is)
(3)地点状语从句与定语从句的区别 :
在于分句在句中作什么成分。作状语,则是状语从句;作定语修饰名词,则是定语从句
where引导定语从句时,从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词;而状语从句前则无
需先行词。
e.g. Go back where you came from.(where引导地点状语从句)
你从何处来到何处去。
Go back to the village where you came from.(where引导定语从句,修饰village) 回
到你来的那个村子里去。

三、原因状语从句
1、引导原因状语从句的从属连词:
主要的有because, as, since, for,seeing (that), now (that), considering (that),in that等:
The woolly shrank because it was washed badly. 毛衣因洗得不得法而缩水。
I can’t get to sleep because of the noise outside. 由于外面声音嘈杂我睡不着。
Since *As+ we’ve no money, we can’t buy it. 由于我们没钱,我们无法购买它。
Seeing that it’s raining, we’d better stay indoors. 既然外边在下雨,我们最好待在室内。
Now that you are here, you’d better stay. 你既然来了,最好还是留下吧(既来之,则安之)。
【注】除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导原 因状语从句的从属连词外,when有时也可
引导原因状语从句(when表示“既然”)
I won’t tell you when you won’t listen. 既然你不想听,我就不告诉你了。
2、比较:because, since, as和for
1. because引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后, because表示直接原因, 语气最强,
最适合回答 why引导的疑问句。例如: I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。
注意: “not ... because”结构中的not否定的是because引导的整个从句, 例如: The
country is not strong because it is large. 国强不在大。
2. since引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、 显然的理由(通常被翻译
成“既然”), 较为正式, 语气比because弱。例如: Since you are free today, you had better
help me with my mathematics. 既然今天你休息, 你最好帮我补习数学。
注意: seeing (that), now (that), considering (that), in that这几个词汇与since引导
的原因状语从句意思相近, 都表示“既然”。例如: Seeing (that) he refused to help us, there’s
no reason that we should now help him. 他既然曾经拒绝帮助我们, 我们现在没有理由要来
帮助他。 Now (that) you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents. 既然你长大了,
就不应该依靠你的父母了。 Considering (that) everybody is here, let’s begin our discussion.
既然大家都到了, 我们就开始讨论吧。 In that he is ill, he feels unable to do it. 因为有病,
他觉得做不了那件事。
3. as 引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”, 语气比since弱, 较为
正式, 位置较为灵活(常放于主句之前)。例如: As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi. 既然
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在下雨, 你最好乘出租汽车。 As you are tired, you had better rest. 既然累了, 你最好休
息一下。 I went to bed early, as I was exhausted. 我睡得早, 因为我筋疲力尽了。
4. for引导的原因状语从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因, 只提供一些辅助性的补
充说明, for引导的原因状语从句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。例如:
He could not have seen me, for I was not there. 他不可能见过我, 因为我不在那里。

一、条件状语从句
1、 定义:由连接 词if或unless引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。在英文中,
条件是指某一件事情实现之后(状 语从句中的动作),其它事情(主句中的动作)
才能发生,通常译作“假如”。
2、引导词及用法:连接词主要有 if, unless, asso long as, on condition that,
provided, suppose, supposing 等。.
主句用一般将来时,if或unless引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时。
语法引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是if,由if引导的条件状语从句表示在某种
条件下某事很可能 发生。如:
1) If you ask him, he will help you.如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的。
2) If you fail in the exam, you will let him down.如果你考试不及格,你会让他失
望的。
另外,if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件,也就是一种虚
拟的条件或 假设,从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时。如:
If I were you, I would invite him to the party.如果我是你,我会邀请他参加聚会。
I would have arrived much earlier if I had not been caught in the traffic.如果没
有堵车,我会到的早一点儿。
那么,除了if之外,是否还有 其他连词也可以引导条件状语从句呢?回答是肯
定的,不仅有,还有很多。这些词由于出现的频率较小, 且用法较复杂一些,所以不如
if为大家所熟知罢了。下面就这些词的用法以例句的形式进行一下简单总 结。
1、unless conj.除非,若不,除非在??的时候
You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.如果你不早点动身,你
就不能及时赶到那儿。
Unless it rains, the game will be played.除非下雨,比赛将照常进行。
2、on condition(that)...在??条件下,如果 on condition (that)...引导的条件从
句是主句事件发生的前提条件或唯一条件。
I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.我可以告
诉你真相,条件是你答应保守秘密。
You can go swimming on condition (that) you don't go too far from the river
bank.你只有在不远离河岸的条件下才可以下水游泳。
3、supposing conj.如果,假如 supposing引导的条件从句表示一种假设条件。
Supposing it rains, shall we continue the sports meeting? 倘若下雨,我们的运
动会还要继续举行吗?
Supposing anything should go wrong, what would you do then? 假如出了什么
问题,你准备怎么对付?
4、provided conj.假如,除非,以??为条件 provided (that) +从句表示一种假
设条件。
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He will sign the contract provided we offer more favorable terms.如果我们提出
更优惠的条件,他就会在合同上签字。
He won't be against us in the meeting provided that we ask for his advice in
advance.如果我们提前征求一下他的意见,他就不会在会上反对我们。
从上述例句可以看出if, unless, on condition (that), supposing, provided等词引
导的条件状语从句,主从句条件关系分明,结构清晰。
但有些句子,虽没有含条件关系的连词,却也隐含着条件关系,这些句子常用
一些词,如but for, without等引出一个介词结构来表示条件,条件常常是虚拟的,或
与事实相反的假设。
如:but for若非,要不是
But for the rain, we should have a pleasant journey.要不是下雨,我们的旅行肯
定会很愉快。
But for your help, we should not have finished in time.要不是你帮忙,我们肯定
不能及时完成任务

二、目的状语从句
1、 定义:目的状语从句:从句部分是用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的
的。
2、 引导词及用法:
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in
case等词引导;
目的状语从句的谓语常含有may, might, can, could, should, would等情态动词。
例如:
You must speak louder so that in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
You’d better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
引导目的状语从句常用的连词有: that(以便),so that(以便), in order that
(为了;以便),Lest(免得;唯恐), for fear that(生怕;以免)。
Say it louder(so)that everyone can hear you.
大声说,以便大家都能听到你。
I am telling you that lest you should make a mistake.
我告诉你这一点,以免你搞错。
学习目的状语从句应注意以下两点:
(1)目的状语从句中常含有can, could, may, might, should等情态动词。
I got up early so that I could catch the first bus.
我起得很早,目的是为了赶上头班公共汽车。
(2)在口语中so可以引导目的状语从句。
We'll sit nearer the front so we can hear better.
我们坐的靠前一点,因此,我们听得清楚一点。
【注意】in order that与in order to的区别:
in order that+从句
in order to+动词原形 ( in order to后面加的那个不叫目的状语从句,叫目
的状语)

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三、让步状语从句
1、定义:让步状语从句是状语从句中的一种,其本身也是状语从句。一般 翻译
为“尽管??”或“即使??”,就是我们日常生活中用的“退一步说??”的
感觉。
2、引导词及用法:引导让步状语从句的连词主要有以下这些:though, although,
while, as; even if, even though; whether...or...; no matter+疑问词,疑问词- ever,
regardless of+名词名词短语名词从句,despite,in spite of。切记although,though
不可与but连用。

(1)though, although表示“虽然,纵然”之意。
这两个连词意思 大致相同,在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中,though
较常使用,although比tho ugh正式,二者都可与yet, still或nevertheless连用,
但不能与but连用。例如:
AlthoughThough he was exhausted, (still) he kept on working. 虽然他已经精
疲力竭了,但仍然继续工作。
AlthoughThough he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了,身体
还很健壮。
值得注意的是,although 引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多,
though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句 之后。例如:
She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard. 她虽然不用
功学习,考试却及格了。
(2)as, though表示“虽然??但是”,“纵使??”之意。
as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分 倒装的形式出现,被倒装的部分可以是
表语、状语或动词原形,though也可用于这样的结构中,但 although不可以这
样用。例如:
Object as you may, I’ll go.(=ThoughAlthough you may object, I’ll go.) 纵使你反
对,我也要去。
Hard as though he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he
makes little progress.)尽管他学习很努力,但几乎没取得什么进步。
Child asthough he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.(=Though he
was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do.)虽然他是一个孩子,但他知道
该做什么。
Fast as you read, you can’t finish the book so soon. 纵然你读得快,你也不能这
么快读完这本书。

(3)even if, even though 表示“即使??”,“纵使??”之意,含有一种
假设。
这两个复合连词的意思基本相同。它们常互换使用,但意义有细微差别。even
if引导的让步从句 含有强烈的假定性,可用来表示与事实相反的假设,但不能用
来描述已经发生的事实。而even th ough引导让步状语从句时,是以从句的内容
为先决条件的,即说话人肯定了从句的事实,表示已经发 生了的事。例如:
We’ll make a trip even ifthough the weather is bad. 即使天气不好,我们也要
作一次旅行。
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Even if he is poor, she loves him. (=He may be poor, yet she loves him.)即使他很
穷,但她还是爱他。
Even though he is poor, she loves him. (=He is poor, yet she loves him.)尽管他很
穷,但她还是爱他。
(4)whether...or...表示“不论是否??”,“不管是??还是??”之意。
由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不
会影响主句的意向或结果。例如 :
You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy. 不管你忙不忙,
都要参加这个典礼。
Whether you believe it or not, it's true.无论你是否相信,这都是真的。
(5)“no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“??都??;不管??
都??”
它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。例如:
No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, he
would not mind.) 无论发生了什么事情,他都不会介意的。
No matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are, you must
keep the law. 不管你是谁,你都需要遵纪守法。
但“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句,而“疑问词- ever”还
可以引导名词性从句。例如:
Whatever (=No matter what) you say, I won’t believe you. (Whatever 引导让步
状语句) 无论你说什么,我都不会相信你。
I'll eat whatever (≠no matter what) you give me. (whatever引导宾语从句)你
给我吃什么,我就吃什么。
Whoever comes will be welcome. (Whoever 引导主语从句) 不管谁来都受到
欢迎。
此外,有时while也可以引导让步状语从句,但一般要位于句首。例如:
While I like the color, I don't like the shape.我虽然喜欢那颜色,但不喜欢那形
状。

一、比较状语从句(Adverbial Clause of Comparison)
状语从句指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。
比较状语从句是其中的一种,主要运用于形容词和副词的原级、比较级及最
高级的句子之中。
常用引导词:than, as...as,the more …the more 等
例子:
I can run faster than you can. 我比你跑得快。
He is as tall as you are. 他和你一样高。
Music is not so difficult as English. 音乐没有英语难。
We must grow trees; the more, the better. 我们必须植树,越多越好。
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They usually have less money at the end of the month than they do at the
beginning. 通常到了月底,他们的钱就比月初少了。
The work is not so difficult as you imagine. 这工作不像你想像的那么困难。
You look younger than you are. 你看上去比你的实际年龄要年轻。
The more you study, the more knowledge you can get.
你学的知识越多,你的知识越丰富。
He doesn’t work as hard as she (does). 他工作不像她那样努力

二、方式状语从句 (Adverbial Clause of Manner)

由as, as if, as though, (in)the way等引导。如

例子:
1、When at Rome do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗
2、I have made the change as you suggested. 我已按照你的建议做了修改。
3、I remember the whole thing as if it happened only yesterday.
整个事情的经过我记得清楚,就好像昨天刚发生过一样。
4、The old man looked at the picture; he felt as though he had gone back to time
20 years ago. 老人看着照片,他感觉到自己似乎回到了20年前的日子。
5、Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take
drugs as (they are) directed.
周密的调查已经表明:多达百分之五十的病人没有按照医嘱服药。
6、Do as I told you. 按我告诉你的那样做。
7、As a man lives, so he dies. 正如人能活,也能死。
8、I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
整个这件事我记得很清楚,就仿佛是昨天发生似的。


课堂练习: I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week.
A. However the story is amusing
B. No matter amusing the story is
C. However amusing the story is
D. No matter how the story is amusing 答案: C

三、结果状语从句(Adverbial Clause of Result)
由so that, so…that…, such…that…, that 等引导。如:

1、 He made such a big noise that everybody was surprised.
他发出很响的一阵声音,让大家都很惊讶。
2、We had walked nearly 20 kilometres, so that we began to feel tired and hungry.
我们已走了近20千米,结果开始感到又累又饿。
3、What have I said(so) that he should be so angry with me?
我到底说了什么使他对我那么生气?
4、He has made very rapid progress in English, such that it pleases his parents quite
well.
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他在英语方面取得了如此大的进步,以至于他的父母都很满意。

☆ So 和 such 在这一结构中的用法比较:
a. 如果中心词是 形容词或 副词,则用so, 如果中心词是名词, 则一般
用such.例:
I stayed up so late last night that I’m feeling sleepy now.
我昨天熬夜,结果现在很困。
I had such nice friends that my problems are readily solved while I was
there.我在那儿时,有几位好朋友,结果我的问题都迎刃而解了。
b. 当中心词是可数名词的单数,名词前的形容词又没有省略时,既可用
“so+形容词+aan+名词中心 词”的结构,又可用“such+aan +形容
词+名词中心词”的结构。如:
I have such a good experience so good an experience that I would never
forget it.
我有过很棒的经历,永远都忘不了。
c. 当中心名词是不可数名词或复数名词时,一般用such, 但当修饰中心
名词的形容词是表示“数量”,即many, much, little(少),few时,不用
such, 只用so。如
There were so many people in the room that I couldn’t get in.
房间里有那么多人,我进不去。
She received so little education that she could hardly read or write.
她受过的教育太少了,几乎不认字,也不会写。
They were such little children that they hardly know how to behave
themselves.
这些孩子还太小,不懂规矩。















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