状语从句和独立主格

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语法复习专题（13）状语从
1、时间状语从句
（1）as、when、while用法一览表。
类别 作 用 例 句
as表示“当……的时候”，往往和when She came up as I was cooking.(同时)
as while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的
动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。
(at or during the time that )既可以表示在
when
某一点的时候，又可 表示在某一段时间
内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发
生也可以先后发生。
wh ile意思是“当……的时候”或“在某
一段时间里”。主句中的动作或事情在从
while
句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生，从
句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在
when 表示a period of time时，两者可以
互换。
（2）引导时间状语从句的连接词除上述外还有：
①till, not … until …, until, before, since
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
He waited for his father until(till)it was twelve o’
clock.
It will be five years before he returns from England.
②hardly scarcely … when, no sooner … than, as soon
as once
表示“一……就”
As soon as I have finished it , I’ll give yu a call.
Once you show any fear, he will attack you.
We had hardly got Hardly had we got into the country
when it
began to rain.
No sooner had he arrived He had no sooner arrived than
she started complaining.
③directly, immediately, the moment, the minute that…
一……就
He made for the door directly he heard the knock.
④each time, every time, by the time
Each time he came to my city, he would call on me.
注意：表示未来情况，主句用将来时，从句用现在时。
2、让步状语从句
（1）a lthough与though可以引导让步状语从句，不能与but
连用，但可以与yet连用。
Although they are poor,(yet)they are warm- hearted.
（2）even if或even though引导让步状语从句，表示“即
使”，“纵然”，用来使人注意下文所强调内容的性质。
I’ll get there even if(though)I have to sell my house
to get enough money to go by air.
（3）no matter后接上who、what、where、how等疑问词，
也可以在 这类疑问词后面加上ever构成whoever、whatever、
The runners started as the gun went off.(几乎
同时)
It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)
When we were at school, we went to the
library every day.(在一段时间内)
Please don’t talk so loud while others are
working.
He fell asleep whilewhen reading. Strike
while the iron is hot.(用as或when不可，这
里的while意思是“趁……”)
wherever、however等。
Don’t trust him, no matter what whatever he says.
Whoever breaks the law will be published.
No matter how hard the work is, you’d better try to do
it well.
（4）as也可以引导让步状语从句。要用倒装。
Child as(though)he is, he knows a lot.
Much as I like it, I won’t buy.
Try as he would, he couldn’t lift the heavy box.
3、原因状语从句：because, for, as, since, now that
（1）表示不知道的原因时用because,即说话人认为听话人不
知道 ，因此because从句是全句最重要的部分，通常它被置于主句
之后。
You want to know why I’m leaving? I’m leaving because
I’m full.
for虽然表示不知道的原因，但其语气较because要弱得多，< br>是可说可不说的话，它只能置于主句之后，这时，for是并列连词。
如果不是因果关系，而是对 前面主句的内容加以解释或推断时，只
能用for。如：It’s morning now, for the birds are singing.
（很显然，鸟叫不可能是“现在已是早上”的原因。）
（2）表示已经知道的原因时用as或since,即某种原因在说
话人看来已经很明显，或已 为听话人所熟悉，因此它是句中不很重
要的部分。since要比as正式一些，它们通常被置于语句之 前，
但有时却相反。
Seeing all of the children already seated, he said,
“Since everyone is here, let’s start.”
(3)下列情况下只能使用because:
①在回答why的问句时；
②在用于强调句型时；
③被not所否定时。
4、地点状语从句：where, wherever
Make a mark wherever you have any questions.

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We will go where the Party directs us.
5、目的状语从句：that, so that, in order that
注意：目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词连用，否则可
能是结果状语从句。不可置于句首。
6、结果状语从句：that, so that, so … that, such …
that …
注意：so + 形容词副词 + that从句；such + 名词 + that
从句。
7、方式状语从句：as, as if(though)
I’ll do as I am told to.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
8、比较状语从句：than, as
9、条件状语从句：if, unless, so (as) long as, in case,
once, a far as, on condition that.
注意if与unless的区别：不能用and连接两个unless从句，
即不能有… unless …,and unless … 。但if … not and if …
not却不受此限。
You won’t lose your weight unless you eat less and unless
you exercise more.(×)
但可以说 … unless you eat less and exercise more.
10、注意状语从句中从句的省略现象
（1）连接词 + 过去分词
Don’t speak until spoken to.
Pressure can be incrased when needed.
Unless repaired, the washing machine is no use.
（2）连词 + 现在分词
Look out while crossing the street.
（3）连词 + 形容词其他
常见的有it necessary、if possible、when necessary、if
any等。
选择填空
1. I don’t think I’ll need any money but I’ll bring some
____________.
(NMET 2000)
last case again
time
解析：答案为B。句意为“带些钱以防万一”，只能选择in case。
引导的条件状语从句，后面省略了I should need it。
2. The WTO can’t live up to its name _________ it doesn’t
include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.（NMET 2000）
long as
though
解析：答案为C。本题考查状语从句的用法。句意为“假如
世贸组织不 包括占世界人口五分之一的中国的话，那它就名不副
实”。as long as语气过于强烈，while和even though不符合句意。
3、Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they
hung up_________I could answer the phone.(NMET 2000)

解析：答案为C 。题意为：半夜里有人打来电话，我没来得
及就挂了。but暗示在接话前就挂了。
should try to get a good night’s sleep much work
you have to do.
A. however B. no matter C. although D.
whatever
解析：答案为A。此题考查连词用法，依据结构However +
形副+主语+谓语。故选A。
speaks English well indeed, but of course not a
native speaker.
A. as fluent as B. more fluent than
C. so fluently as D. much fluently than
解析：答案为C。此题考查So . As和as adj. adv. As 用
法，前者主要用于否定句，在这里要修饰谓语动词，故选C。
独立主格结构的基本概念
由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、< br>动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构，这种结构在形式上与主句
没有关系,通常被称为独立主格 结构。
II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能
独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于 一个状语从句,多用来表示行
为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情
况。
1、名词或代词主格 + 分词
①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes
in the experiment report.
实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。
②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the
playground after supper.
如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。
2、名词或代词主格 + 形容词
①Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,
我们却能广泛地利用它们。
② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly.
衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!
3 、名词或代词主格 + 不定式
The last guest to arrive, our party was started.
最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。
4、名词或代词主格 + 介词短语
① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in
hand.
我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。
② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks.
山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。
5、名词或代词主格 + 副词
① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the
meeting-room.
散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
② The lights off, we could not go on with the work.

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灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
III. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同
1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为 状语从句。但是,独立主
格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一
致 (例①)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语
一致(例②)。
① If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
转换为:Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at
weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
② When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more
beautiful.转换为:Seeing from the hilltop, we can find
the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更
美了。
Living in the country, we had few amusements.
Being unable to help in any other way, I gave her some money.
2. Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.
Our teacher being unable to come, we’d better put off the
meeting.
3. With the old man leading, the soldiers walked towards the
forest.
She felt very nervous with so many people looking at her.
IV. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上
已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有:Generally speaking 总的说
来,Frankly speaking 坦率地说,Judging from 从……判
断,Supposing 假设,等等。
① Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。
②Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由
他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
2、有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句
中作独立成分。这些短语有: to be honest老实说,to be sure 确
实,to tell you the truth 说实话,to cut a long story short 长话
短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make matters things worse 更
糟糕的是,等等。
① To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word
spelling. 说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。
② To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to
cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby
villages to carry on with the work. 情况更糟的是,许多男人都去
城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继 续承担修复工
作
独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)
由一名（代）词和另一成分构成的复合结构作状语
称为独立主格结构( Absolute Construction)，有
下面几类：
１）名词（或代词）＋分词
The storm having destroyed their hut, they
had to live in a cave.
He lay on his back, his hands crossed under
his head.
2)名词（或代词）＋形容词
He entered the room, his nose red with cold.
3)名词（或代词）＋不定式
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out
next month.
这儿是头两卷，第三卷下月出．
4)名词（或代词）＋介词短语
After killing the Japanese soldier, the two
partisans ran away, rifle in hand.
杀死了那两个日本兵之后，两个游击队员提着枪跑了．
5)名词（或代词）＋副词
He put on his socks wrong side out.
他袜子穿反了．
这样的结构多用来表示行为方式或伴随的情况：
1. I stood at his left , my finger on the button , waiting for the
order.
2. He entered the dark room, gun in hand.
3. He fell to the floor, blood streaming from his nose.
有时也用来表示时间
1. The meeting over, everyone tried to do something for the
school.
2. Spring coming on , the trees turned green.
3. The question ( being ) settled, they went back to their
posts.
4. This done, he locked the door and went to bed.
有时也用来表示条件
1. Weather permitting, we’ll go to the Western Hills
tomorrow.
2. Everything taken into consideration, the plan Xiao Yu put
forward seems to be more workable.
从各方面考虑一下，小余提的计划似乎更可行一些．
有时也用来表示原因
1. John being away, Henry had to do the work.
2. No further discussion arising , the meeting was brought to
a close.
再也没有什么讨论的事，会议就结束了．
3. When she was fifty she retired, her health having been
impaired by years of overwork.
她五十岁时退休了，（因为）多年的劳累把她的身体搞坏了．
With+复合结构和独立主格结构差不多
1. Sometimes many people spoke at once, with
nobody stopping them.
2. With the old man leading, the two started toward the
mountains.
3. Now he could walk only with Xiao Huang
supporting him.
4. He felt more uneasy with the whole class

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staring at him.
5. Tien An Men looks grander than ever with all
the lights on.