纺织英语 第三版 课文翻译lesson four Wool

Lesson Four
Wool
The early history of wool is lost in antiquity. Sheepskin, including the
hair, was probably used long before it was discovered that the fibers could be spun
into yarns or even felted into fabric. There is no evidence to support the theory that
wool was the first fiber to be processed into fabric, but it seems certain that, as a part
of the skin, wool was used for covering and protection by prehistoric peoples long
before yarns and fabrics were made.
The earliest fragments of wool fabric have been found in Egypt, probably
because of the preserving qualities of the climate. These have been dated from 4000
to 3500 B C. The earliest example of wool fabric found in Europe has been dated
about 1500 B C; it was unearthed in archeological digs in Germany. Danish sites
have yielded excellent fragments of early wool fabrics dated about 1300 to 1000 BC.
These fabrics are rough and coarse and contain considerable wild sheep hair.
Wool is a natural fiber of animal origin. Though vegetable fibers were
probably the first to be used for spinning and weaving into cloth, animal fibers in the
form of skins were the earliest type of clothing worn by man.
There are indications that, as early as the seventh century BC, people began
to sell and buy woolen goods. The supply of wool available to the world every year
amounts to about 5000 million pounds. After scouring, this is reduced to about
3000 million pounds of pure wool. The wool crop is insufficient to meet the world
needs. Pure wool is often mixed with other type fibers and recovered wool to meet
the demand.
The qualities of different wools vary greatly. The merino sheep of Australia,
South America and South Africa produce very free and soft wool. The quality of
wool from these sources depends upon the conditions and heritage of the sheep. Port
Philip wool is the finest in Australia and is used to produce the highest quality
woolen and worsted fabrics.
Wool from South Africa is very wavy with a good white color and is used
for good quality worsted and woolen goods. South American wool is usually of lower
quality than wool from Australia or South Africa. Merino wool has been successfully
raised in Germany, France, Spain and the United States and is of high quality.
To provide the freest-quality wool, production is scientifically controlled.
Sheep are inoculated against disease, dipped in chemicals to protect them against
insects, and unless on rangeland, fed diet designed to produce healthy animals.
Wool can be sheared from the living animal or pulled from the hide after
the animal has been slaughtered for its meat. Sheared wool is called fleece or clip
wool and is quality to pulled wool, which is taken from the hides of slaughtered

sheep Wool considered superior
Shearing is currently done very rapidly with power shears. A good worker
can completely shear a sheep in less than one minute, sometimes as short as 20
seconds. Recent developments in Australia have led to a process called chemical or
biological shearing. The animal is fed a chemical similar to that used in the treatment
of cancer, which cause the hair to fall out within two weeks. Within very short time
following the loss of the hair, it starts to grow again, and the sheep suffer no damage.
Fibers obtained in this way are slightly longer than those sheared from the animal,
and there appears to be less physical damage to the fibers.
Usually shearing is done once a year in the early spring, and the fleece is
removed in one piece, rolled, packed into bags, and shipped to the nearest processing
center. Pulled wool is removed from the hide by one of two methods. It may be
treated with a depilatory that loosens the fiber and permits it to be pulled away from
the skin without damaging the hide, or it Can be loosened by the action of bacteria on
the root end of the fiber. Pulled wool is usually mixed with fleece or clip wool
before processing into yarns and fabrics.
Preliminary grading of wool fibers is done while they are still in the fleece,
because this step is important in determining cost. Factors used in determining the
grade of wool include fiber fineness or diameter and length, the age of the animal, the
natural color, the breed of the sheep, and the condition under which the animal lived.
After grading, fleeces are shipped to the mill, where they are prepared for further
processing into yarns and fabrics.
Wool is attacked by hot sulfuric acid and decomposes completely. most other
mineral acids of all strengths. Wool will dissolve in caustic soda solutions that
would have little effect on cotton.

第三课

羊毛

羊毛的早期历史失传了。羊皮，包括头发，可能 很久以前发现的纤维可纺成纱线或织成织物
毡。没有证据支持，羊毛被加工成的织物的第一光纤的理论， 但似乎肯定的是，作为皮肤的
一部分，羊毛被用于覆盖和保护的史前人类早在纱线和织物进行了。

毛织物最早的碎片已经被发现在埃及，可能是因为保鲜品质的气候。这些已经从公元前400 0
到公元前3500 。最早的羊毛织物的发现在欧洲已经于约公元前1500 ；这是出土的考古发< br>掘，在德国。丹麦的网站已经取得了优良的片段的早期的羊毛织物约公元前1300至公元前
10 00年。这些织物粗糙，含有大量的野生绵羊毛。

羊毛是来自于动物的天然纤维。尽管植物 纤维可能被用于纺纱和织布的第一，在动物毛皮纤

维最早的人穿的服装类型。

有迹象表明，早在公元前七世纪，人们开始买卖毛织品。羊毛每年向世界供应量的大约
5千 万磅。冲刷后，这是减少到大约3千万磅的纯羊毛。羊毛的产量不能满足世界的需要。
纯羊毛通常与其它 纤维的混合和再生毛满足需求。

不同品种的羊毛在质量上存在较大的差异。澳大利亚细毛羊 ，南美国和南非产生非常自由和
柔软的羊毛。从这些来源的羊毛的质量取决于羊的饲养条件和品种。菲利 普港羊毛是澳大利
亚最好的，被用于生产粗纺和精纺毛织物质量最高的。

南非产的 羊毛是一个好的白色非常波浪和用于优质的精纺呢绒。南美洲羊毛通常是低质量比
从澳大利亚或南非羊毛 。美利奴羊毛已在德国，成功地提高了法国，西班牙和美国是高质量
的。

提供最优 质的羊毛，生产的科学控制。绵羊接种抵抗疾病，浸泡在化学物质来保护他们免受
昆虫，除非在草地，设 计生产出健康的动物饲料。

剪羊毛可以从活的动物或从隐藏拉后，动物被屠宰后的肉。剪羊 毛是羊毛或羊毛和质量夹毛
被，这是从宰羊羊毛被认为是优越的隐藏

剪切当前功率 迅速完成剪。一个好的工人可以完全剪力在不到一分钟，一只羊，有时短为
20秒。澳大利亚最近的事态 发展导致的过程被称为化学或生物剪。动物喂食化学相似，用
于癌症的治疗，导致头发脱落两周内。头发 的损失后，在很短的时间内，它又开始生长，和
羊不受损害。以这种方式得到的纤维比剪切从动物稍长， 似乎有对纤维的物理伤害少。

通常剪切是一年做一次在早春，和羊毛是一块，删除卷，包装 成袋，并运到最近的加工中心。
拔毛是由两种方法中的一种从隐藏删除。它可以用脱毛，松开纤维和允许 它被拉离皮肤无损
伤隐藏处理，或者可以通过细菌对纤维的根端动作放松。拔毛通常与羊毛或羊毛混合前 夹加
工成纱线和织物。

初步的羊毛纤维的分级是还在羊毛做的，因为这一步确定成 本是很重要的。用于测定棉纤维
细度和品位的因素包括直径和长度，年龄的动物，自然的色彩，羊的品种 ，和的情况下，动
物的生活。评分后，羊毛被运送到工厂，在那里他们准备进一步加工成纱线和织物。

羊毛是由热硫酸袭击并完全分解。大多数其它不同浓度的无机酸。羊毛会溶解在烧碱的解决< br>方案，将对棉花的影响不大。