华氏温度计-养老院英文
从 句
从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类:
即名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从句(即状语从
句)。
引导从句的词称作关联句.
一、名词性从句
引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括:
从属连词that, if, whether;
连接代词
who,whoever,who
m,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,wh
ose
;
连接副词where, when, why, how。
其中,
从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分,
而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用,
在从句中又充当一定的成分.
That Owen should have married
his cousin is not at all surprising.
The fact
is that he didn't go to the dinner party.
I
don't know if he will attend the meeting.
Have
you heard the news that Mary is going to marry
Tom?
你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句)
[提示]
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1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中, 为保持句子平衡,
常用it作形式主语,
而将真正的主语从句置于句末.
It's well-known
that water is indispensable to life.(形式主语)
2.
为保持句子平衡, that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替,
而将真正的
宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补
足语的情况下。
He made it quite clear that he preferred to
live here.
3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解,
但if不可引导主语从句和
表语
从句。whether可与or(not)连用,
而if不可以。
I don't know whether (if) she is at
home.
Whether she comes or not makes no
difference.
4. that和what引导名词性从句的区别:
that在从句中不充当成分,而
what在从句中充当一定的成分,
如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略,
what则不可省。
He always
means what he says.
She suggested (that) he do
it at once.
5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导, 常跟在下列名词后面,
如
fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等,
that不可省。同位语从句
一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。
We are
familiar with the idea that all matter consists of
atoms.
The news that we are invited to the
conference is very encouraging.
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二、定语从句
引导定语从句的关联词包括:
(1)关系代词:that, which, whose, who, whom, as;
(2)关系副词:when, where, why。
关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法成分,
关系代词在句中充当动词的宾语时, 一般可省去。
关系代词的选用比较复杂,
它受下列条件的制约:
(1)先行词是指人还是指物;
(2)关系代词在从句中的句法功能;
(3)定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。
关系代词的选用情况见下表:
先行词在从句中的句法功能
用于限定性或非限定性定语从句 只用
于限定性定语从句
指人或指物
指人 指物
主语 who which
that
宾语 whom which
that
定语 whose whose(of
which)
I know that he is a man who (that)
means what be says.
The gentleman whom (that)
she met addressed her with
courtesy(礼貌)。
The watch which (that) was lost has been
found.
Here is the meterial which (that) you
need.
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You're the only one whose
advice he might listen to.
关系副词的选用相对来说较简单。如先行词为表示时间的名词, 如
time, day等,
则用when; 如先行词为表示地点的名词, 如place,
house,
area等,则用where; 如先行词为reason, 则用why。
I'll never
forget the mountain village where (in which) I
spent my
childhood.
I don't know the
reason why (for which) he did that.
[提示]
1. 当先行词是all, something,
nothing等不定代词时;或先行词前有
first,last, only, few,
much, some, any, no等修饰时;或先行词前有形
容词最高级修时,
一般只用that而不用which来引导定语从句。
I've explained
everything (that) I can to you.
This is the
most beautiful compus (that) I've ever been to.
2. 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句, 限定性定语
从句与主句关系紧密,
为句中不可缺少的部分, 如去掉, 主句意思不
完整。非限定性定语从句与主句关系松散, 如去掉,
主句内容仍完整。
在书面语中, 非限定性定语从句一般被逗句隔开。非限定性定语从句
一般不
用that引导。引导非限定性定语从句的关系词不可省略。
His speech, which
bored everyone, went on and on.
The general's
daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet
smile.
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3. 先行词也可以是整个句子。这时,
一般用which或as来引导定语
从句。 which在从句中可充当主语、宾语等,
as在从句中一般只充
当主语。which与as引导此类定语从句的区别在于:
which只能置于
句中或句末, 而as的位置比较灵活, 可置于句中、句末,
又可置于句
首。
Water consists of hydrogen and
oxygen, which (as) is known to all.
He was
awarded a gold medal, which the whole family
considered
a great honor.
As had been
expected, he finished first in decathlon(十项全能) at
that Olympic Games.
4.
关系代词在定语从句中有时也做介词的宾语。如果介词被置于关
系代词前,
一般只用介词+which或介词+whom,
而不用介词+that来
此导定语从句。如果介词被置于从句句末,
则可用that代替which或
whom,且that这时可省去。
This is
the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.
One
of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with
will come
today.
三、状语从句
在复合句中,
起状语作用的从句称作状语从句。
根据语义, 状语从句分为:
时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状误从句、原因状语从句、
让步状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、
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方式状语从句。
状语从句可放在句首或句末。如状语从句位于主语前,一般用逗号将
其与主句隔开。
(一)时间状语从句
When you cross a main road, you
must be very careful.
Until we learn the
facts, we can't do anything about it.
[提示]
1. when, as,
while引导时间状语从句时都可以表示主句的动作与从
句的动作同时发生,
即同时性。它们的区别在于:
when和as引导的状语从句中的动作既可以是延续性的,
也可以是
非延续性的, 即瞬时性的;
while引导的状语从句中的动作只能是延续的动作或状态。
当主句和从句中的动作均为延续动作时, 一般用while,
而不用when
或as。当表示两个同时发展、变化的情况时, 一般用as,
作“随着…”
解。
When she comes, I shall tell her
to wait for you.
As she got older, she got
wiser.
While Peter was reading, his wife was
cooking.
2.
有些副词和一些表示时间的名词词组也可用作从属连词,引导时间
状语从句。如instantly,
immediately, directly, the day, every time, the
minute, the second, the moment等。
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Immediately he arrived, he started
describing us what had
happened.
The day
he returned home, his grandpa was alrady dead.
(二)条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:
if, unless,
as (so) long as, only if(只要)。
If you don't
come on time, we'll start out without you.
As
(so) long as you keep on trying, you'll certainly
succeed.
[提示]
除了以上提到的从属连词外,
还有其它的一些词或词组也可引导条
件状语从句。
如: providing that,
provided, supposing that, suppose that, on
condition that, in case等。
Provided (that)
he wins the support of the minority groups,he will
be
able to win the electrion.
I will go
providing that my expenses are
paid.要是我的费用有人代
付我就去
Supposing he is not at
home, what then?假如他不在家,那怎么办?
You can use the
bicycle on condition that you return it
tomorrow.只
要你明天归还,自行车你可以拿去用。
In case she
comes back, let me know
immediately.假使她回来了,立
刻告诉我
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Take the raincoat in case it
rains.带着雨衣,以防下雨。
(三)原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句从句的从属连词有: becasue, since, as,
now(that),
in that, considering that等。
Since the speaker can't come, we'll have to
cancel the meeting.
Considering he's only been
learning English a year he speaks it
very
well.考虑到他只学了一年英语,他讲得算是很流利了。
We didn't know
what to do as we were just visiting
there.我们不知
道该怎么办,因为当时我们仅仅在那里作访问。
Since it
is so hot, let's go swimming.既然天气这么热,我们去游泳吧。
[提示]
in that和now(that)的用法: in
that引导的从句对主句进行解释和说明,
意思是: 在…方面, 在于…;
因为。now(that)表示既然。
Theory is valuable in that
it can provide a direction for practice.
理论所以有价值,就在于它能给实践指出方向。
Now (that) the
weather has improved, let's go out for a picnic.
既然天气已转好, 我们就出去野餐吧。
(四)让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的从属连词有: though, although, even if
(even
though), as, no matter…despite the
fact that, in spite of the fact
that, while。
Tom always enjoys swimming, even though the
weather is rough.
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Despite the
fact that there exists national
differences,certain funny
situations have a
universal appeal.
Tired as he was, he sat up
late.他虽然疲倦,可仍然很晚才睡。
No matter how they slander
us, we will never give in.不管他们怎样
诽谤我们,我们决不让步。
While I like the color of the hat, I do not
like its shape.虽然我喜欢这
顶帽子的颜色,但我不喜欢它的形状。
[提示]
一些疑问词在词尾加上ever后, 也可引导让步状语从句,相当于no
matter+疑问词。这些词包括: whatever, wherever,
whenever,
whoever, however。
Whatever he
says, don't beleve him.
Whoever you are, you
must obey the traffic regulations.
(五)目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的从属连词有: so that, in order that, lest,
in case,
for fear that。
They climbed to
the top of the building in order that they could
get a
bird's-eye view of the city.
Ask her
to hurry up with these letters so that I can sign
them.
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
We dare not play jokes on him lest he should
become angry.我们不
敢开他玩笑生怕他动气。
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[提示]
so that和in order that的区别: so
that更常用, in order that更正式。
so
that引导的从句一般置于句末,而in order that引导的从句既可置
于句首,
又可置于句末。
In order that the grass and flowers
could bloom again,it was
necessary that the
rocks should be removed.
She got up early so
that she could catch the first bus.
(六)结果状语从句
结果状语从句一般由下列连词引导: so that, so…that, such…that。
He overslept, (so) that he was late for work.
They got such a fright that they dropped the
bag and ran away.
[提示]
1.
so…that和such…that的区别。so后接形容词或副词, such后接
名词。
It was so cold that we had to cancel the game.
It's such a good chance that we mustn't miss
it.
2. so that既可引导目的状语从句, 也可引导结果状语从句。so
that
引导目的状语从句时, 一般从句动词前会出现
can(could),may(mi
ght),shall(should),而so that引导的结果状语从句
表示客观事实,
不会出现上述词语。
引导结果状语从句的so that前常有逗号, 表示强调。so
that引导的
目的状语可置于句首,而so that引导的结果状语从句只能置于句末。
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He left early so that he could catch
the train.
他早早动身, 以便能赶上车。(目的)
He left
early, so that he caught the train.
他早早动身,
赶上了火车。(结果)
(七)方式状语从句
引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as, as
if(though), the way, how。
He made some changes
as you had suggested.
She was behaving as if
(though) she hadn't grown up.
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