英语词类及五大基本句型

英语词类及五大基本句型

I.词类（共10类）

词类
1. 名词
2. 动词
3. 形容词
4. 副词
5. 代词
6. 连词
7. 介词
8. 数词
9. 冠词
10. 感叹词

II. 五大基本句型
缩写
n.
v.
adj
adv.
pron.
conj.
prep.
num.
art.
interj.
例词
John， room
stand ，be
good，interesting
almost ，bravely
them，everything
and ，but，because, that, while
near， from, in, on, at
nine， first
a， an， the
hello ，oh, well
用法
主，宾，表
谓
定
状
主，宾，表
不做成分
不做成分
定，表
不作成分
不作成分
英语句子看上去纷繁庞 杂，但不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。
换言之，绝大多数英语句 子都是由以下五个基本句式生成的：
1. S十V主谓结构
Liu Xiaoqing married again.
主语 谓语 状语

2. S十V十P主系表结构
Liu Xiaoqing is an actress.

主语 系动词 表语

3. S十V十O主谓宾结构
I love Liu Xiaoqing，but she doesn’t love me.
主语 谓语 宾语 主语 谓语 宾语

4. S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构
Wang Xiaoyu sent Liu Xiaoqing two big houses.

主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语

5. S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构
You should keep the room clean and tidy.
主语 谓语 宾语 宾补

说明：S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语

但常用的英语句子并不都像基本句型这样简短。这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是 在这些
成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主 要是形容词、副
词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）或句 子（状语从句、
定语从句和名词性从句）。下面重点介绍两种修饰成分：定语和状语。

一、
定语
：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘ ……的’表示。定语通
常位于被修饰的成分之前。但是，不定式、分词短语或从句作定语时，则后置。副 词用作定语时须
放在名词之后。

形容词 名词 代词作定语
：
Then she handed me a small ring box.
Here's my own suggestion.
介词短语作定语
：
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
副词作定语
：
The boy there needs a pen.
The lovely students here are mainly learning art and music.
不定式作定语
：
The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.
分词（短语）作定语
：
Mum noticed my questioning look.
The pen bought by her was made in China.
There is a girl called Xiaofang in the village.
定语从句作定语
The boy who is reading is the one whom I admire.
Hefei is the place where I was born.

二、
状语
：
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方 式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目
的等，在句子中的位置很灵活。

副词（短语）作状语：
Thank you very much.

分词（短语）作状语：
My son stood by the roadside, waiting for me.
Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.

不定式作状语：
To make his dream come true,Tom keeps working without stop.

状语从句作状语：（详见状语从句）
When we arrived at his house, he made us sandwiches.

三、同位语
：同位语是对前面名次或代词加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We Chinese should love our motherland.

四、分词独立结构
：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立
结构。
错句：Studying hard,your score will go up.
正确：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up.
或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.
Game (being) over, he went home.
He stands there,book (being) in hand. 独立结构还可用with、without引导， 作状语或定语。这种结构不但可
以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。

如：
With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon.
The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose.
句子成分练习题( 一 )
(一). 挑出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(二) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
⑦ They made him monitor of the class.
⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑩ They didn't know who
(四) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
(五) 挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.
② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
(七) 挑出下列句中的状语
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
句子成分练习题( 二 )
指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：
r we’ll go depend on the weather .
2. People’s standards of living are going up steadily .
3. That was how they were defeated.
nursery takes good care of our children .
5.I’ll return the book to you tomorrow .
are sure that we shall succeed .

woman with a baby in her arms is his other .
are many film that I’d like to see.
you met the person about whom he was speaking ?
10.I have a lot of work to do .
11. Anyway I won’t stop you from doing it .
12. I said it in fun .
13. We can send a car over to fetch you .
14. She had to work standing up .
15. Seeing this ,some comrades became very worried .
16. Much interested , he agreed to give it a try .
17. The bus arrived ten minutes late .
18. We should serve the people heart and soul.
19. Spring coming on , the tree turned green .
20. Some farmers saw something strange in the sky .
21. We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting .
22. It’s strange that she does n’t come today .
23. It was in the library that I come today .
24. He likes drawing at times when he isn’t working .
25. We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.