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大学英语四、六级考试口语考试大纲
一、评分标准
CET-SET 主考在评分时使用以下标准：
a. 准确性 指考生的语音、语调以及所使用的语法和词汇的准确程度
b. 语言范围 指考生使用的词汇和语法结构的复杂程度和范围
c. 话语的长短 指考生对整个考试中的交际所作的贡献、讲话的多少
d. 连贯性 指考生有能力进行较长时间的、语言连贯的发言
e. 灵活性 指考生应付不同情景和话题的能力
f. 适切性 指考生根据不同场合选用适当确切的语言的能力
二、语言功能
CET-SET 考试要求考生参与不同形式的口头交际，其语言能力将根据其在考试
中的表现 予以测量。考生需要掌握的语言功能和意念在《大学英语教学大纲》
中已明确列出。以下仅列举其中部分 的语言功能和意念。
友好往来
问候，介绍，告别和告辞，祝愿和祝贺，感谢和应答，道歉和应答，提议、邀
请和应答。
相互交流
开始交谈，继续交谈，改变话题，停止交谈。
态度
愿意，希望，意向，决心，责任，能力，允许，禁止，同意和不同意， 否定，
喜欢和不喜欢，偏爱，责怪和抱怨，判断、决定和意见。
劝说
命令，劝告和建议，承诺，提醒。
感情
焦虑，惊奇，兴趣，加重感情色彩。
存在
存在和不存在，有和没有。
空间描述
位置，方向，运动，距离。
时间
时刻，时段，时间关系，频度，时序。
发表意见和看法
询问意见和看法，发表意见和看法，对意见和看法的反应，同意，不同意， 要
求澄清，澄清意见和看法。
争辩
讨论，讨论观点，反驳论点，提出进一步论证，劝说和对劝说的反应。
三、考试形式
CET-SET 考试分三部分：
第一部分是考生和 CET 授权的主考进行交谈，采用问答的形式。时间约 5 分
钟。
第二部分包括 1.5 分钟的考生个人发言和 4.5 分钟的小组讨论。时间共约 10
分钟。
第三部分由主考再次提问以进一步确定考生的口头交际能力。时间约 5 分钟。
四、输入信息
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CET-SET 考试运用以下两种形式的输入信息来产生信息差：
1 ）画面提示（如图片、图表、照片等）；
2 ）文字提示。
Part 1 (5 minutes)
Examiner:
Good morning (Good afternoon), everybody. Could you please tell me your name
and the number of your admission ticket? Your name, please. And your
number? … Your name? … And your number? ... Thank you.

Now would you please briefly introduce yourselves to each other? Remember,
you should not mention the name of your university. (1.5 minutes)

OK, now that we know each other we can do some group work. First of all, I'd
like to ask each of you to say something about life in the city.
[ C1, C2, C3 ]
1) How do you like living in Beijing ( Shanghai , Nanjing …)?
2) What do you think is the most serious challenge of living in a city like Beijing
( Shanghai , Nanjing …)?
3) How do you like shopping in a supermarket?
4) Where would you like to live, downtown or in the suburbs, and why?
5) What measures do you think we should take to reduce air pollution in Beijing
( Shanghai , Nanjing …)?
6) Can you say something about the entertainment available in your city?
7) Where would you like to find a job after graduation, in a big city like Beijing
or Shanghai or in a small town and why?
8) What's your impression of the people in Beijing ( Shanghai , Nanjing …)?
Part 2 (10 minutes)
Examiner:
Now let's move on to something more specific. The topic for our discussion today
is “City Traffic”. You'll have a picture (some pictures) showing two different
types of transport. I'd like each of to give a brief
description of each type and then compare the two types. You'll have one minute
to prepare and each of you will have one and a half minutes to talk about the
picture(s). Don't worry if I interrupt you at the end of the time limit. Now here
are your pictures.
[1 minute later]
Now, [ C1 ], would you please start first? [ C2 ] and [ C3 ], please put your
pictures aside and listen to what [ C1 ] has to say.
[1.5 minutes later] OK. [ C2 ], now it's your turn.
[1.5 minutes later] OK, [ C3 ], and now it's your turn.

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Right. Now we all have some idea of various kinds of city transport. I'd like you
to discuss this topic further and see if you can agree on which is the best type of
transport for a big city like Beijing ( Shanghai , Nanjing …). During the
discussion you may argue with each other or ask each other questions to clarify a
point. You will have about four and a half minutes for the discussion. Your
performance will be judged according to your contributions to the discussion.
[If one candidate talks too long]
Sorry, I'll have to stop you now. Let's listen to what [ C? ] has to say.
[If one candidate keeps silent for a long time] [If the group is silent for some
time, then ask one of the candidates to start the discussion.]
Now, [ C? ], could you please say something about your view of …?
[4.5 minutes later]
All right, that's the end of the discussion.
Part 3 (5 minutes)
Examiner:
Now I'd like to ask you just one last question on the topic of “City Traffic”.
[Select a question from the following list to ask each of the candidates.]
[ C1 or C2 or C3 ]
? During the discussion, why did you say that ... ?
? What kind of transport do you usually use in your city?
? Do you have any suggestions as to how traffic conditions can be improved in
big cities?
? Do you think private cars should be encouraged?
? Why do you think some Western countries encourage people to ride bicycles?
Now, that's the end of the test. Thank you, everybody.
体例说明：
内容 体例 举例
? 主考用语 : 黑体 Good morning.
? 对主考的提示 : [ 白体 ] [Interrupt himher if …]
? 变量（考生姓名） : [
斜体
] [ C1 ]
? 时间提示 : ( 白体 ) (5 minutes)
? 过程说明 :
斜体
Part 1
? 可变换的内容 : ( ) Good morning (Good afternoon)
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Human vision like that of other primates has evolved in an arboreal
environment. In the dense complex world of a tropical forest, it is more
important to see well that to develop an acute sense of smell. In the course of
evolution members of the primate line have acquired large eyes while the snout
has shrunk to give the eye an unimpeded view. Of mammals only humans and
some primates enjoy color vision. The red flag is black to the bull. Horses live in
a monochrome world .light visible to human eyes however occupies only a very
narrow band in the whole electromagnetic spectrum. Ultraviolet rays are
invisible to humans though ants and honeybees are sensitive to them. Humans
though ants and honeybees are sensitive to them. Humans have no direct
perception of infrared rays unlike the rattlesnake which has receptors tuned into
wavelengths longer than 0.7 micron. The world would look eerily different if
human eyes were sensitive to infrared radiation. Then instead of the darkness of
night, we would be able to move easily in a strange shadowless world where
objects glowed with varying degrees of intensity. But human eyes excel in other
ways. They are in fact remarkably discerning in color gradation. The color
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sensitivity of normal human vision is rarely surpassed even by sophisticated
technical devices.

47 Folk Cultures

A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly
self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strong family
or clan structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through
sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonal. Relationships are
strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly.
There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each
person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ
between the sexes. Most goods are handmade and subsistence economy prevails.
Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as are social classes. Unaltered
folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States
and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo America is the
Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products
and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn
buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not
permitted to own automobiles. The Amish’s central religious concept of Demut
“humility”, clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so
typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group
identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of
the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order.

By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group often
highly individualistic and a pronounced many specialized professions. Secular
institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and
family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails. Because of
these contrasts, “popular” may be viewed as clearly different from “folk”. The
popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing
nations. Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because
the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to
use or leads more prestige to the owner.

48 Bacteria

Bacteria are extremely small living things. While we measure our own
sizes in inches or centimeters, bacterial size is measured in microns. One micron
is a thousandth of a millimeter: a pinhead is about a millimeter across.
Rod-shaped bacteria are usually from two to four microns long, while rounded
ones are generally one micron in diameter. Thus if you enlarged a rounded
bacterium a thousand times, it would be just about the size of a pinhead. An
adult human magnified by the same amount would be over a mile(1.6 kilometer)
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tall.

Even with an ordinary microscope, you must look closely to see
bacteria. Using a magnification of 100 times, one finds that bacteria are barely
visible as tiny rods or dots. One cannot make out anything of their structure.
Using special stains, one can see that some bacteria have attached to them
wavy-looking “hairs” called flagella. Others have only one flagellum. The flagella
rotate, pushing the bacteria through the water. Many bacteria lack flagella and
cannot move about by their own power, while others can glide along over
surfaces by some little-understood mechanism.

From the bacteria point of view, the world is a very different place from
what it is to humans. To a bacterium water is as thick as molasses is to us.
Bacteria are so small that they are influenced by the movements of the chemical
molecules around them. Bacteria under the microscope, even those with no
flagella, often bounce about in the water. This is because they collide with the
watery molecules and are pushed this way and that. Molecules move so rapidly
that within a tenth of a second the molecules around a bacteria have all been
replaced by new ones; even bacteria without flagella are thus constantly exposed
to a changing environment.

49 Sleep

Sleet is part of a person’s daily activity cycle. There are several
different stages of sleep, and they too occur in cycles. If you are an average
sleeper, your sleep cycle is as follows. When you fist drift off into slumber, your
eyes will roll about a bit, you temperature will drop slightly, your muscles will
relax, and your breathing well slow and become quite regular. Your brain waves
slow and become quite regular. Your brain waves slow down a bit too, with the
alpha rhythm of rather fast waves 1 sleep. For the next half hour or so, as you
relax more and more, you will drift down through stage 2 and stage 3 sleep. The
lower your stage of sleep. slower your brain waves will be. Then about 40to 69
minutes after you lose consciousness you will have reached the deepest sleep of
all. Your brain will show the large slow waves that are known as the delta
rhythm. This is stage 4 sleep.

You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long, but instead
about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber, your brain activity level will
increase again slightly. The delta rhythm will disappear, to be replaced by the
activity pattern of brain waves. Your eyes will begin to dart around under your
closed eyelids as if you were looking at something occurring in front of you. This
period of rapid eye movement lasts for some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM
sleep. It is during REM sleep period, your body will soon relax again, your
breathing will slip gently back from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep----only to rise once
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again to the surface of near consciousness some 80 minutes later.

50. Cells and Temperature

Cells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature and
much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme
systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range
around 37C;a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their
functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations the integrated
actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for
changes of bodily temperature.

For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ
from other animals in the way they regulate body temperature. Ways of
characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over
time, but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blooded”
and “cold-blooded” species; warm-blooded included mammals and birds
whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were
studied, it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard
or a desert iguana—each cold-blooded----usually has a body temperature only a
degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next
distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body
temperature, called home0therms, and those whose body temperature varies
with their environments, called poikilotherms. But this classification also proved
inadequate, because among mammals there are many that vary their body
temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore, many invertebrates that live in
the depths of the ocean never experience change in the depths of the ocean never
experience change in the chill of the deep water, and their body temperatures
remain constant.



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