【四级考试大全】英语四级考试技巧汇总大全

【四级必备】
英语四级考试秘诀汇总大全

目录


一、英语写作技巧大全.............2

二、英语语法技巧大全............55

三、英语听力技巧大全...........113

四、英语阅读技巧大全...........159

【四级作文必备】英语四级写作高分必背200句佳句

1. According to a recent survey， four million people
die each year from diseases linked to smoking.依照最
近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾
病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children
have unpleasant associations with homework.最近的调
查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than
Internet.没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞
扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact
that education does not end with graduation.人们似乎
忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to
realize that education is not complete with graduation.
越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education， the majority of people
believe that education is a lifetime study.说到教育，
大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise
contributes directly to a person's physical fitness.
许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number
of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made
to protect local environment and history from the
harmful effects of international tourism.应该采取适
当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护 当地环境和历史
不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that
migrants will exert positive effects on construction
of city. However， this opinion is now being questioned
by more and more city residents， who complain that the
migrants have brought many serious problems like crime
and prostitution.越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设

起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，
他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严 重的问题，像犯罪和卖
淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses
in their city that they have to spend much more time
waiting for a bus， which is usually crowded with a large
number of passengers.许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，
以至于他们要 花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载
乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is
an extremely serious problem： the city authorities
should take strong measures to deal with it.无可否认，
空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措
施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to
have a favorable attitude toward retirement.一项调查
显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students'

too much time. In fact， it is unhealthy for them to
spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes：
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.一份适 当
的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的
时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如 那句老话：只工作，不玩
耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government， which is blind to this point， may
pay a heavy price.任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代
价。

ys， many students always go into raptures at
the mere mention of the coming life of high school or
college they will begin. Unfortunately， for most young
people， it is not pleasant experience on their first
day on campus.当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学
生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说， 校园刚开始的
日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem，
effective measures should be taken before things get
worse.考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须

采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job
will provide them with more opportunities to develop
their interpersonal skills， which may put them in a
favorable position in the future job mark ets.大部分
学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，
而这对他们未来找工 作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people
who still have a miserable life and have to face the
dangers of starvation and exposure.无可争辩，现在有
成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held， this is little
evidence that education can be obtained at any age and
at any place.尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明
教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a person's education
is the most important aspect of his life.没有人能否
认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of
operating computer.人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提
并论。

22. In the last decades， advances in medical technology
have made it possible for people to live longer than
in the past.在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人
们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact， we have to admit the fact that the quality
of life is as important as life itself.事实上，我们
必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our
environment.我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance
their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.
人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information I've collected over last few years

leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less
useful than most people think.从这几年我搜集的信息来
看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now， it is generally accepted that no college or
university can educate its students by the time they
graduation.现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在 毕业
时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death——a matter no
country can afford to ignore.这是一个关系到生死的问
题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part， I agree with the latter opinion for
the following reasons：我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion， I think it is important
to look at the arguments on both sides.在给出我的观
点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more
people.这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that， along with the
rapidly economic development， the number of people who
use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die
out. The information I've collected over the recent
years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue
to play extremely important roles in modern society.
尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减
少 ，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息
让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作
用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing
pollution not only causes serious problems such as
global warming but also could threaten to end human life
on our p lanet.环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致
像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人 类在这个星
球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation， environmental
tools of transportation like bicycle are more important
than any time before.考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以

往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to people's
physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.使用
自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle， it is
not without its problem.尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，
但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle can't be compared with other means of
transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.
在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交
通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above， we may safely
draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far
outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play
essential roles in modern society.通过以上讨论，我们
可以得出结论：自行车的优点 远大于缺点，并且在现代社会
它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over
education in many colleges and institutes. One of the
questions under debate is whether education is a
lifetime study.当前在高校 和研究机构对教育存在着大量
争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.这个问
题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a
person himself.必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the
illusion that they had completed their education when
they finished their schooling. Obviously， they seem
to fail to take into account the basic fact that a
person's education is a most important aspect of his
li fe.许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束
了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生 重要部分这一
基本事实。

43. As for me， I'm in favor of the opinion that

education is not complete with graduation， for the
following reasons：就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕
业而结束的观点，有以下原因：44. It is commonly accepted
that no college or university can educate its students
by the time they graduate.人们普遍认为高校是不可能在
毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue
learning before she or he becomes an educated person.
即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学
习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had
dramatically changed by modern science and technology，
and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge
and technology over the recent decades.人们普遍认为
我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十 年
人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to
believe that learning new skills and knowledge
contributes directly to enhancing their job

opportunities or promotion op portunities.现在越来越
多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得
工作就会或提升的机会。


48. An investigation shows that many older people
express a strong desire to continue studying in
university or college.一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学
继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people， reading or learning
a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the
source of their happiness and contentment after their
retirement.对大多数人来讲 ，退休以后，阅读或学习一项
新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and
meaningful life style， it is important to find time
to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying
goes： it is never too late to le arn.对于那些想过上
健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是
很重要的， 正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

51. There is a general debate on the campus today over
the phenomenon of college or high school students'
doing a part-time job.对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，
校园里进行着广泛的争论。

52. By taking a major-related part-job, students can
not only improve their academic studies, but gain much
experience, experience they will never be able to get
from the textbooks.通过做一份和 专业相关的工作，学生
不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到
的经验。

53. Although people’s lives have been dramatically
changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that,
shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest
questions that students nowadays have to face because
that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by
the day.近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必
须承认，由于学费和书费日 益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们
面临的最大问题之一。

54. Consequently, the extra money obtained from
part-time job will strongly support students to
continue to their study life.因此，业余工作挣来的钱
将强有力地支持学生
们继续他们的求学生活。

55. From what has been discussed above, we may safely
draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a
far-reaching impact on students and they should be
encouraged to take part- time job, which will benefit
students and their family, even the society as a whole.
通过上面 的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会
产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将 有利
于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。

56. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning
to complain that work is more stressful and less
leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that,
along with the development of modern society, it is an
inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.现
在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专
家指出这是现代

社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。

57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other
machines have become an indispensable part of our
society, which make our life and work more comfortable
and less laborious.人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经
成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒
适，减少了大量劳动。

58. At the same time, along with the benefits of such
machines, employees must study knowledge involved in
such machines so that they are able to control them.
同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学 习
与之相关的知识以便使用它们。

59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible
for average workers to master those high-technology
skills easily.没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人
来讲
，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

60. In the second place, there seem to be too many people

without job and not enough job position.第二方面，失
业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。

61. Millions of people have to spend more time and
energy on studying new skills and technology so that
they can keep a favorable position in job market.成
千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新 的技术
和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

62. According to a recent survey, a growing number of
people express a strong desire to take another job or
spend more time on their job in order to get more money
to support their family.根据最近的一项调查，越 来越多
的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补
贴家用的强烈愿望。

63. From what has been discussed above, I am fully
convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a
decline with the progress of modern society, it is not
necessary a bad thin g.通过以上讨论，我完全相信，随着
现代社会的进步，幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。

64. The problem of international tourism has caused
wide public concern over the recent years.近些年，国
际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。

65. Many people believe that international tourism
produce positive effects on economic growth and local
government should be encouraged to promote
international tourism.许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有
积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。

66. But what these people fail to see is that
international tourism may bring about a disastrous
impact on our environment and local history.但是这些
人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性
的影响。

67. As for me, I'm firmly convinced that the number of
foreign tourists should be limited, for the following
reasons:就我而言，我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到
限
制，理由如下：

68. In addition, in order to attract tourists, a lot
of artificial facilities have been built, which have
certain unfavorable effects on the environment.另外，
为了吸引旅游者，大量人工设施被修建，这对环境是不利的。

69. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not
attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise
in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to
the decline of local tourism.由于缺乏独特的文化，一
些地方不再吸引旅游者 。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增加
可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。

70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their
children to accept extra educational programs over the
recent years.近些年，父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教
育呈增长的势头。

71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in
many places of world.这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起
了广泛关注。

72. Many parents believe that additional educational

activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies,
they maintain, their children are able to obtain many
kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which
will put them in a beneficial position in the future
job markets when they grow up.许多家长相信额外的教育
活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践< br>技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有
好处的。

73. In the first place, extra studies bring about
unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children.
Educational experts point out that, it is equally
important to take some sport activities instead of
extra studies when children have spent the whole day
in a boring classroom.首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体
发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的 教室里呆了
一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常
重要的。

74. Children are undergoing fast physical development;
lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous
influence on their later life.孩子们正处于身体快速发

育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的
影响。

75. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the
majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable
attitude toward additional educational activities.第
二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好
感。

76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their
energy on textbook while other children are playing.
当别的孩子在玩耍的时候，很难想象一个学生能集中精力在
课本上。

77. Moreover, children will have less time to play and
communicate with their peers due to extra studies,
consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate
their character and interpersonal skills. They may
become more solitary and even suffer from certain
mental illness.而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多
少 时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交
际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾 病。

78. From what has been discussed above, we may safely
draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed
enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages
shouldn't be ignored and far outweigh its advantages.
It is absurd to force children to take extra studies
after school.通过 以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管额
外学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它
的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。

79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on
their children to keep the balance between play and
study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes
Jack a dull boy.任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与< br>玩耍的平衡，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子
会变傻。

80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days
to stay at home to look after their children instead
of returning to work earlier.现在，父亲或母亲留 在家
里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的
趋势。

81. Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their
child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an
unfavorable influence on the growth of children.父母
们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。

82. However, this idea is now being questioned by more
and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy
for children who always stay with their parents at home.
然而，这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质 疑，他们指出，
孩子总是呆在家里，和父母在一起，是不健康的。

83. Although parent would be able to devote much more
time and energy to their children, it must be admitted
that, parent has less experience and knowledge about
how to educate and supervise children, when compared
with professional teachers working in kindergartens or
nursery s chools.尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间
和精力，但是必须承认，与工作在幼儿园的专职 教师相比，
他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。

84. From what has been discussed above, we may safely

draw a conclusion that, although the parents' desire
to look after children by themselves is understandable,
its
disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.通过以上 讨
论，我们可以得出如下结论：尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿
望是可以理解的，但是这样做的缺 点远大于优点。

85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children
to nursery schools, which will bring about profound
impacts on children and families, and even the society
as a whole.应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园，这将
对孩子，家庭，甚至整个社会产生深远的 影响。

86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures
at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects.
They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart
sculptures in central city and the art galleries with
various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is
more essential than such projects in the economic
growth.只要一提起艺术和文 化项目，一些政府领导就会兴
奋不已，他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园，城市中心漂亮的
雕塑， 还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发

展中，没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。

87. But is it really the case? The information I've
collected over last few years leads me to believe that
artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than
many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure
projects are playing extremely important role and
should be given priority.这是真的吗？这些年我收集的
信息让我 相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那
么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首 位。

88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural
projects advocate that cultural environment will
attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits
to local residents. Some people even equate the build
of such projects with the improving of economic
constr uction.那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环
境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨 大的利益。一
些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。

89. Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big
companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money

in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as
supplies of electricity and water.然而，很少有证据表
明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一 个连水电这些基础设施
都不完善的地方去。

90. From what has been discussed above, it would be
reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more
important role than artistic and cultural projects in
people's life and economic growth. 通过以上讨论，我们
有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面，基础建设比艺术
文化项目发挥更 大的作用。

91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point
will pay a heavy price， which they cannot afford it.
那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点，将会付出他们无法承
受的代价。

92. There is a growing tendency these days for many
people who live in rural areas to come into and work
in city. This problem has caused wide public concern
in most cities all over the world.农民进城打工正成为
增长的趋势，这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关

注。

93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think
that working at city provide them with not only a higher
salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.
一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的 收入，
而且能学到一些新技术。

94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture
seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in
population of rural areas and there are millions of
peasants who still live a miserable life and have to
face the dangers of exposure and starvation.必须指出，
农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加 ，并且仍有成千上万
的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。

95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the
economic growth of the cities， they may in50y bring
about many negative impacts.尽管民工对城市的经济发展
做出了巨大贡献，然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影
响。

96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants
are putting pressure on population control and social
order； that they are threatening to take already scarce
city jobs； and that they have worsened traffic and
public health problems.许多社会学家指出民工正给人口
控制和社会 治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作
市场，他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。

97. It is suggested that governments ought to make
efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and
countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate
fund for improvement of the standard of peasants' lives.
They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to
share their experiences， information and knowledge
with peasants， which will contribute directly to the
economic growth of rural areas.建议政府应该努力 减少
正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活
水平；应该邀请农业专家向农民 介绍他们的经验，知识和信
息，这些 将有助于发展农村经济。

98. In conclusion， we must take into account this
problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants'

lives. Any government that is blind to this point will
pay a heavy price.总之，我们应理智考虑这一问题，重视
农民的生活。任 何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

99. Although many experts from universities and
institutes consistently maintain that it is an in50e
part of an independent life， parents in growing numbers
are starting to realize that people， including
teachers and experts in education， should pay
considerable attention to this problem.尽管来自高校< br>和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一
部分，然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包 括教师和教育专家
在内的人们应该 认真对待这一问题。

100. As for me， it is essential to know， at first，
what kind of problems young students possible would
encounter on campus.我认为，首先应看看学生们在校园可
能遇到哪些问题。

101. In addition to the obvious problem——loneliness，
another major obstacle， in my opinion， is the alien
environment of campus.除了孤独这一明显的问题之外，我

认为另一个困难是对校园环境的不熟悉。

102. Freshmen often get lost on campus； fail to find
the way to dormitory or library.新生常常在校园迷路，
不知道去宿舍或图书馆该怎么走。

103. Most important of all， apart from their hometown
and parents， students couldn't catch sight of any
familiar face and have to suffer from homelessness，
which can cause certain serious mental disease.更重
要的是，离开了家乡和父母，看不到任何熟悉的 面孔，他们
不得不忍受思家之苦，这可能会导致严重的精神疾病。

104. In the first place， school authorities should
provide far more services to help freshmen to get used
to the new life as soon as possible.首先，学校应提供
更多的服务，帮助新生尽快适应新的生活。

105. The senior and junior students could share their
own experience about how to overcome the difficulty
they have ever met， how to adjust to the new environment
with the new students.高年级学生可以与新生一起分享他

们的经历：如何克服遇到的困难，如何适应新的环境。

106. At the same time， young people should be
encouraged to communicate with their peers and develop
their interpersonal skills， which may help them
greatly to reduce dependence on their parents and are
essential in the maintenance of healthy mental
condition.同时，应该鼓 励年轻人和他们的同龄人交往，发
展他们的交际能力，这将帮助他们极大地减少对父母的倚赖
并 且保持健康的精神状态。

107. In conclusion， we must lay emphasis on this
problem and make our maximum contribution to help them
spend their first day on campus smoothly.总之，我们
应重视这个问题，尽最大努 力帮助他们平稳度过他们最初的
校园生活。

108. There is a general discussion over fashion in
recent years. One of the questions under debate is
whether a person should choose comfortable clothes，
which he or she likes， regardless of fashion.近些年，
关于时尚存在着广泛的争论。其中一个问题就是一个人是否

应选择他喜欢的舒适的衣服，而不管是否时尚。

109. This issue is becoming a matter of concern for more
and more people， especially for parents and experts
in education.这一问题已被越来越多的人所关注，尤其是
父母和教育专家。

110. Many young people always go into raptures at the
merely mention of buying fashion clothes. And they seem
to be attracted by colorful material， various styles
of fashion clothes. There is nothing， they maintain，
that can't be compared with fashion clothes. In fact，
fashion clothes had become indispensable part of
youngster's life.许多年轻人一提到时尚服装就兴高采烈。
他们似乎 被时尚服装那多彩的面料，各种不同的款式所吸
引。

111. Many people seem to overlook the basic fact： the
major function of clothing is to keep us warm and
comfortable.许多人似乎忽视了这个基本事实：衣服的基本
功能是保持我 们舒适和温暖。

112. Furthermore， people who addict to fashion clothes
have to spend more time going shopping and pay more
attention to the impression they make on others. As a
result， it is impossible to devote enough time and
energy in their study and job.而且，沉湎于时尚服装的
人们不得不花费更多时间逛商店，更加注意自己给别人的印< br>象。因此，他们不可能有足够的时间用于学习或工作。

113. No one can doubt the essential fact that the
traffic problem over the last years has caused wide
public concern all over the world. Experts in
increasing numbers are beginning to believe that such
situation would produce unfavorable effects on
economic growth of local areas.没有人能否认这一重要
事实：最近几年交通问题在全世界受到了普遍关注。越 来越
多的专家开始相信这种状况将对当地的经济发展产生不利
影响。

114. There are s50 reasons for this problem. One of the
main reasons is that the number of vehicles is
increasing much more rapidly than building of roads.
Another primary reason is that there seem to be too many

private cars and not enough public buses.关于这个问
题，有很多原因。一个主要原因是车辆增加的数量远快于道
路的建设。另一个主要原因是私家车 过多而公交车不够。

115. Meanwhile， the numbers of people， who have access
to their own cars， have risen sharply in the recent
years.同时，拥有私人轿车的人数这几年却在快速增加。

116. Moreover， many people， including drivers and
cyclists， do not obey the traffic rules properly，
especially at busy intersections. And this undoubtedly
worsens the already grave situation.而且，许多人，包
括司机和骑自行车的人，不能很好地遵守交通规则，特别是在繁忙的十字路口，这无疑使本已严重的状况雪上加霜。

117. The number of private cars in urban areas should
be limited while the number of public buses should be
increased.在城市私人轿车的数量应得到控制而公交车的
数量应该增加。

118. When asked what kind of school they are willing
to send their children to attend， many parents say they

would choose a boarding school rather than day schools
for their children.当问到愿意将孩子送到哪种学校的时
候，许多父母认为他们会选择寄宿 学校而不是日制学校。

119. Many survey show that people in increasing numbers
are beginning to recognize that boarding school
provides better environment and facilities for
children.许多调查显示 越来越多的人开始意识到寄宿学校
能给他们的孩子提供较好的学习环境和设施。

120. At the same time， there are still many people who
live under the traditional ideas that day schools play
an extremely important role in children's study.同时，
仍有许多人持传统观点认为日制学校对孩子的学习发挥着
极其重要的作用。

121. On the one hand， it is indisputable that boarding
schools are exerting a growing important effect，
especially in last few years.一方面，寄宿学校正在发
挥越来越重要的作用，尤其是最近几年，这是无可争辩的。

122. Students attend a boarding school would cultivate

their independence as apart from their parents.离开
父母上寄宿学校的学生将会培养他们的独立性。

123. What's more， living in school can save them a great
deal of time on the way between home and school
everyday， so they would be able to concentrate more
time and energy on their academic work.而且，生活在
学校里能节省大量每天往返于学校和家的路上 的时间，这会
使他们有更多的时间和精力放在学习上。 124. On the
other hand， the contribution of day schools can't be
ignored.另一方面，日制学校的贡献是不能忽视的。

125. Due to high tuition fee， most of ordinary families
cannot afford to send their children to boarding
schools.因为较高的学费，大部分普通家庭支付不起他们的
孩子上寄宿学校的费用。

126. Since it is unnecessary to consider student's
routine life， day school can lay stress on teaching
instead of other aspects， such as management of
dormitory and c afeteria.由于无需考虑学生的日常生活，
日制学校可以将重点放在教学上而不是放在像宿舍和 食堂

管理这些方面。

127. Furthermore， students living in their own home
would have access to a comfortable life and have more
opportunities to communicate with their parents， which
have beneficial impact on development of their personal
character.而且，学生生 活在自己家中，有舒适的生活，并
有更多机会和父母交流，这对他们个性的培养是有利的。

128. From what has been discussed above， we may safely
draw the conclusion that both of day schools and
boarding schools are important to train young students
for our society.通过以上讨论 ，我们可以得出结论，寄宿
学校和日制学校对我们社会培养年轻学生都是重要的。

129. There is much discussion over science and
technology. One of the questions under debate is
whether traditional technology and methods are bound
to die out when a country begins to develop modern
science and technology.关于科学技术存在 许多争论，其
中一个问题是当国家发展现代科学技术时，传统的技术方法
是否可能会消亡？

130. As for me， the declining of traditional technology
and methods is not a bad thing； it is the natural result
of progress of society.我认为，传统技术方法的消亡不
一定是坏事，这是社会进步的自然结果。

131. In the first place， some aspects of the
traditional technology and methods are harmful and
hampering the development of modern technology science.
首先，传统技术方法有些部分是有害的，并且会阻碍现代科
技的发展。

132. Although modern science and technology have proved
that such methods are absurd， there are still millions
of people use such methods in many remote places
nowadays.尽管 现代科学技术已经证明了这些方法是愚昧
的，然而在许多偏僻的地方，仍有成千上万的人们在使用这些方法。

133. In the second place， many values of traditional
technology are out of date and should be replaced by
modern science.第二点，许多传统技术方法已经过时，应

被现代科技所取代。

134. Although many people tend to live under the
illusion that traditional technology and methods are
still playing extremely important role in people's
life， an increasing evidences show that it is less
useful than many people think.尽管许多人保持着传统观
念，认为传统技术方法在人们生活中仍发挥着重要作用，但
是越来越多的证据显示它并没有人们 想象的有用。

135. From what has been discussed above， I firmly
believe that time will prove that traditional
technology and methods would die out with the
development of modern science and technology. The
maintenance of the traditional technology and methods
is f utile.通过以上讨论，我坚定地相信时间会证明传统技
术方法将会随着现代技术的发展而消亡，坚 持传统技术方法
是徒劳的。

136. At the time when technology means ever more harmful
carbon in the air we breathe， we need these forests
now more than ever.当技术的发展意味着我们会吸入更多

有害气体时，我们比任何时候更需要森林。

137. Nothing is more important than to receive
education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。

138. We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting
our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不
为过。

139. There is no denying that the qualities of our
living have gone from bad to worse.无可否认，我们的
生活品质已经每况愈下。

140. It is universally acknowledged that trees are
indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺
的。

141. There is no doubt that our educational system
leaves something to be desired.
毫无疑问，我们的教育制度令人不满意。

142. An advantage of using the solar energy is that it

won't create any pollution.
使用太阳能的优点是它不会产生任何污染。

143. The reason why we have to grow trees is that they
can supply fresh air for us.
我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

144. So precious is time that we can't afford to waste
it.
时间是如此珍贵，我们不能浪费它。

145. Rich as our country is， the qualities of our living
are by no means satisfactory.
虽然我们的国家很富有，但是我们的生活质量却令人很不满
意。

146. The harder you work， the more progress you make.
你越努力，你越进步。

147. The more books we read， the more learned we become.
我们书读得越多，我们越有学问。

148. To average people， they often tend to live under
the illusion that English often means a good
opportunity for one's career， is this really the case？
对于一般人来说，他们常常以为掌握英语就意味着一份好的
工作，然而这是真的吗？

149. By taking exercise， we can always stay healthy.
通过体育锻炼，我们能够始终保持健康。

150. Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.
听音乐能使我们放松。

151. On no account can we ignore th50ue of knowledge.
我们绝对不能忽视知识的价值。

152. It is time the authorities concerned took proper
steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取
适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

153. Those who violate traffic regulations should be
punished.违反交通规则的人应该受到处罚。

154. There is no one but longs to go to college.人们
都希望上大学。

155. Since the examination is around the corner， I am
compelled to give up doing sports.既然考试迫在眉睫，
我不得不放弃作运动。

156. It is conceivable that knowledge plays an
important role in our life.可想而知，知识在我们的一
生中扮演一个重要的角色。

157. Summer is sultry. That's the reason why I don't
like it.夏天很闷热，这就是我不喜欢它的原因。

158. The progress of the society is based on harmony.
社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

159. We should bring home to people th50ue of working
hard.我们应该让人们知道努力的价值。

160. Taking exercise is closely related to health.作
运动与健康息息相关。

161. We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.
我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

162. The condition of our traffic leaves much to be
desired.
我们的交通状况令人不满意。

163. Smoking has a great influence on our health.
抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

164. Reading does good to our mind.
读书对心灵有益。

165. Overwork does harm to health.
工作过度对健康有害。

166. Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.
污染对我们的生存造成巨大威胁。

167. We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.
我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

168. Whether a large family is a good thing or not is
a very popular topic， which is often talked about not
only by city residents but by farmers as well.
家庭人口多好还是家庭人口少好是一个非常通俗的主题，不
仅是城里人，而且农民都经常讨论这个问题。

169. As is known to all， fake and inferior commodities
harm the interests of consumers.
众所周知，假冒伪劣商品损害了消费者的利益。

170. Today an increasing number of people have realized
that law education is of great importance. In order to
keep law and order， every one of us is supposed to get
a law education.
现在，愈来愈多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。为了维护社
会治安 ，我们每人都应该接受法制教育。

171. From what I have mentioned above， we can see
clearly that violence on TV has great influence on
youngsters' behavior.从上面我所提到的，我们可以清楚
地看到，电视暴力对青少年的影响是极其深远的。

172. There are two reasons for the improvement in
people's living conditions. In the first place， we have
been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy.
Secondly， there has been a rapid expansion of our
national economy. Furthermore， the birth rate has been
put under control.人民生活状况的改善原因有两点 。首先，
我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次，国民经济正在迅
速发展，而且出生率已经得 到控制。

173. My suggestions to deal with the problem are as
follows. To begin with， it is urgent to create nature
reserves. Secondly， certain rare wild animals that are
going to be extinct should be collected， fed and
reproduced artificially. Finally， those who hunter
them must be punished severely.我对解决这个问题 的建
议如下：首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保护区。其次，有些
濒临灭绝的珍稀野生动物应该收 捕、人工喂养并繁殖。最后，
对于捕猎珍稀野生动物的人必须严惩。

174. People differ in their attitudes towards failure.
Faced with it， some of them can stand up to it， draw

useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfill what they
are determined to do. Others， however， lose heart and
give in.人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败，有人能够
经得起考验，从失败中汲取 教训，并努力去完成他们下定决
心要做的事情。然而，另一些人却丧失信心并退 却了。

175. It is desirable to build more hospitals， shopping
centers， recreation centers， cinemas and other public
facilities to meet the growing needs of people.人们
希望建立更多的医院、购物中心、娱乐中心、 电影院和其他
公用设施来满足人们日益增长的需求。

176. As a popular saying goes，
the public are benefiting more and more from
scientific and technological inventions. On the other
hand， the progress of science and technology is
bringing us a lot of trouble. People in many countries
are suffering from public hazards.常言 道：事情总是一
分为二的。如今人们从科技发明中得到越来越多的好处。另
一方面，科技进步也 给我们带来了许多麻烦。现在许多国家
的人民饱受公害之苦。

177. Let's take cars for example. They not only pollute
the air in cities， but make them crowded. Furthermore，
they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents.
The noise made by cars disturbs the residents living
on both sides of streets all day and ni ght.就拿汽车
为例。汽车不仅污染城市空气，而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外，
汽车造成许多交 通事故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两
旁的居民日夜不得安 宁。

178. It is generally believed that the chief reason for
the increase in population in developed countries is
not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in
death rates as a result of the improvement in medical
care.普遍认为 ，在发达国家人口增长的主要原因与其说是
出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善使死亡率下< br>降了。

179. There is no doubt that the increase in demand
caused the rise in prices.毫无疑问，需求的增长导致了
价格的上涨。

180. Additional social stresses may also occur because

of the population explosion or problems arising from
mass migration movements-themselves made relatively
easy nowadays by modern means of transport.由于人口
的猛增或 大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种流动相对容
易）引发的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

181. With the opening and reform policy being carried
out， thousands upon thousands of foreign visitors are
crowding into our country. They are eager to see this
old mysterious land with a splendid culture of more than
5，000years.随着改革开放政策的贯彻执行，数以万计的外
国游人涌入中 国。他们渴望参观这个有着5000多年灿烂文
化的神秘古国。

182. Tourism brings China a lot of benefits. First，
it enables the Chinese people to know more about the
outside world and promotes friendship and
understanding. Second， it is financially beneficial
to China， which needs more foreign currencies for its
modernization program.旅游业给中国带来许多好处。首先，
它使中国人了解外界，并有助于促进友谊和理解。 其次，在
经济上也有利于我国，因为中国现代化建设需要大 量的外

汇。

183 Tourism， however， gives rise to a number of
problems. For instance， it becomes a burden to
inefficient transportation system.旅游业也引起许多问
题。例如，它增加了我国本来效率不高的运输系统的负担。

184. Besides， the living standard of the average
Chinese is still not high enough to be able to afford
the many different sorts of expensed during long
distance travels.此外，中国 人民的生活水平还没有高到
足以使普通中国人有钱支付长途旅行的各种开支。

185. As for me， with the development of our national
economy， all these problems will certainly be solved
step by step.至于我，我相信，随着我国经济的发展，这
些问题必将逐步解决。

186. A much better and brighter future awaits us.我
们期望有一个更加光明的未来。

187. When an opportunity comes， it brings a promise

but never realizes it on its own.每当机遇降临，伴之
而来的是成功的希望，但是机遇不能自行实现成功。

188. If you want to achieve something or intend to
fulfill one of your ambitions， you must work hard，
make efforts and get prepared. Otherwise， you will take
no advantage of opportunities when they come to visit
you.假如你要 取得成就或要实现你的雄心壮志，你必须努力
工作、艰苦奋斗、准备好条件。否则，机遇来临你却无法利
用。

189. The difference between a man who succeeds and one
who does not lies only in the way each treats
opportunities. The successful person always makes
adequate preparations to meet opportunities as they
duly arrive. The unsuccessful person， on the other
hand， works little and just waits to see pass by.成
功者与失败者的区别在于处理机遇的态度。成功者做好充分
准备迎接机遇的 适时来临。而失败者工作懒散，眼看机遇悄
然而过。

190. In my opinion， there are plenty of opportunities

for everyone in our society， but only those who are
prepared adequately and qualified highly can make use
of them to achieve purpose.我的观点是：在我们的社会
里，人人都有许多机遇，但是只有那些做 好充分准备并且高
度称职的人才能利用机遇达到目的。

191. Anthropologists have discovered that fear，
happiness， sadness， and surprise are universally
reflected in facial expressions.
人类学家已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，
这在全人类是共通的。

192. The greater the population there is in a locality，
the greater the need there is for water，
transportation， and disposal of refuse.
一个地方的人口越多，对其水。交通和垃圾处理的需求就会
越大。

193. Long before children are able to speak or
understand a language， they communicate through facial
50s and by making noises.
儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠

发出噪声来与人交流了。

194. Children with parents whose guidance is firm，
consistent， and rational are inclined to possess high
levels of self-confidence.
父母的教导如果坚定，理性，始终如一，孩子就有可能充满
自信。

195. Television， the most pervasive and persuasive of
modern technologies， marked by rapid change and
growth， is moving into a new era， an era of
extraordinary sophistication and versatility， which
promises to reshape our lives and our world.
电视，这项从迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响 力
的现代技术，正在步入一个新时代，一个极为成熟和多样化
的时代，这将重塑我们的生活和 世界。

196. Television is more than just an electronic
appliance； it is a means of 50， as well as a vehicle
for communication， and as such becomes a powerful tool
for reaching other human beings.
电视不仅仅是一件电器；它是表达的手段和交流的载体，并

因此成为联系他人的有力工具。

197. I am always amazed when I heard people saying that
sport creates goodwill between the nations， and that
if only the common peoples of the world could meet one
another at football or cricket， they would have no
inclination to meet on the battlefield.
每当我听说体育运动能够在国家间建立起友好感情，说世界
各地的 普通人只要能在足球场或板球场上相遇就会没有兴
趣在战场上相遇的 话，我都倍感诧异。

198. One of the great early writers wrote that： Work
is the grand cure of all the maladies and miseries that
ever beset mankind. If this is true， then the present
situation should make us wonder whether the measure
that the average worker is obliged to retire at the age
of 50 is reasonable.
一位伟大的作家曾写到：工作是医治人间一切病痛和疾苦的
万应良药。 如果是这样的话，那么现在的状况应使我们想
一想，强迫普通工人在50岁退休是否合理。

199. people who get on in this world are the people

who get up and look for circumstances they want， and
if they cannot find them， make is the remark
made by Bernard Shaw， a great writer. This view has
been shared now by more and more people.
著 名作家萧伯纳曾说过：在这个世界上取得成功的人，都努
力去寻求他们想要的机会，如果找不到时，他们 就自己创造
机会。这一观点现在正在被越 来越多的人所接受。

200. Adler is correct in this assertion that education
does not end with graduation.
阿得勒这句话很正确，教育不能随着毕业而结束。


【四级语法大全】大学英语四级语法精要

Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)
1. 时态
1)现在完成进行时态 (havehas been + -ing 分词构成): 动
作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可
能刚刚结束.
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
I’ve been sitting in the garden.

2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个
时刻以前一直在进行的动作
I’d been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she
came.

3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty
years.
In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here
for three years.

4)将来完成时(由shallwill have + 过去分词构成): 将来
某时会业已发生的事.
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

2. 语态
1) 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:
He was said to be jealous of her success.
It was said that he was jealous of her success.

能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,
“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有
assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,r eport,s
ay,suppose,understand等.
It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
The ship is supposed to have been sunk.

担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不
同的意义.例如:
Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed
to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得
速度限制)

2) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态
a) 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可
以把主动结构中的一个宾语变 为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留
在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.
He was asked a number of questions at the press
conference.
Two days were allowed them for making the necessary
preparations.

b) 宾补结构的被动语态:
She was called Big Sister by everybody.
Then he was made a squad leader.
He was considered quite qualified for the job.
The room was always kept clean and tidy.

3. 短语动词
1) Vi + adv
The plane took off two hours late.
2) Vi + prep
They looked round the Cathedral.
3) Vi + prep (有被动语态)
She’s looking after her sister’s children.
The children were always well looked after.
4) Vi + adv + prep
I began to look forward to their visits.
5) Vt + O + adv
Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their
children.
The children were brought up by their mother.
They took him on.

6) Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)
I am trying to give up smoking.
7) Vt + O + prep
We talked Donald into agreement.

4. 省略
1) 在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省
略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主
句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主
语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.
a) Look out for cars when crossing the street.
When taken according to the directions, the drug has
no side effects.
While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.
Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk
without support.
If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.
Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting
capacity.
This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.
Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and
completely wiped out.

She hurriedly left the room as thoughif angry.
She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in
health.
Fill in the application as instructed.
Whenever known, such facts should be reported.
The documents will be returned as soon as signed.
He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring
feats unless trained very young.
Once having made a promise, you should keep it.

b) If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.
Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.
If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.
As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese
Embassy.

2） 在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省
略.
a) He told me not to use more material than (it is)
necessary.
We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.

b) They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people
(did).
He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the
kitchen as before.
Their training is free, as is all education.
We will, as always, stand on your side.

3） 错误的省略
His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.
While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck
the wall beside her.

5. 一致
1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with, together with, as
well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引导
的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.
Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every
Saturday.
An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to
help in this work.
The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in
the team.

2)代词作主语时的一致
a) each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every构成
的复合代词,都作单数看待.
Each of us has something to say.
Is everybody ready?
Somebody is using the phone.
Neither of us has gone through regular training.
Has either of them told you?

b) some, few, both, many 等作复数

c) some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.
n one作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话
人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念, 但none 在代表
不可数的东西时总是看作单数:
None of the books are easy enough for us
None of us seem to have thought of it.
None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.
None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.
None of this worries me.

all 和most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词 (all of
the…, most of the …), 动词用单数.

3)由and 或 both… and 连接名词词组时, 后用复数; 由
not only…but (also), either…or, neither…nor或 or
连接的并列主语, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.
Not only the switches but also the old writing has been
changed.
My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.
Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.
Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my
daughter to change her mind.

如果一个句子是由there 或here引导, 而主语又不止一个,
谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.
There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.
Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.

4)people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民
兵) 等通常都用作复数.
Cattle are grazing on the pasture.
The police are looking for him.

有些集体名词有时作单数看待, 有时作复数看待, 主要根据
意思来决定.
His family isn’t very large.
His family are all music lovers.

The committee meets twice a month.
The committee are divided in opinion.

The audience was enormous.
The audience were greatly moved at the words.

有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:
This new series is beginning next month.
These new series are beginning next month.

This species is now extinct.
These species are now extinct.

5)表示时间, 重量, 长度, 价值等的名词, 尽管仍是复数形
式, 如果作整体看待, 动词也可用单数形式 (当然用复数
动词也是可以的):

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary
preparations.
One hundred li was covered in a single night.

6)其他问题
a) 书名, 国家名用单数:
Tales from Shakespeare is
a book by Charles Lamb.

b) 学科名, 如mathematics, economics用单数.
c) many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动
词多用单数形式:
Many a person has had that kind of experience.
More than one person has involved in the case.

a number of 后接复数, the number of后接单数:
A number of books have been published on the subject.
The number of books published on the subject is simply
amazing.

d) one of those 后用单数. 在“one of + 复数名词 +关系
分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动 词的单复数形式在一般情
况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：

Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to
be helpful.

当one 之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语
动词根据one 而定，即采用单数形式：
He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take
on another assignment.


Ⅱ 非谓语动词
1. 不定式
1) 形式


一般式
完成式
主动形式
to do
to have done
被动形式
to be done
to have been
done
进行式 to be doing
完成进行to have been doing
式

a) 完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要

谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它
之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动
作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式.
I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have
seen your mother).
(比较: I am glad to see you.)
He is said to have written a new book about workers.
He pretended not to have seen me.

b) 进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定
式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式.
You are not supposed to be working. You haven’t quite
recovered yet.
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.
He pretended to be listening attentively.

c) 完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,
就要用不定式的完成进行式.
The struggle was known to have been going for twenty
years.
We are happy to have been working with you.

d) 被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动
作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.
She hated to be flattered.
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
This is bound to be found out.
There are a lot of things to be done.
She was too young to be assigned such work.

2)功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定
语 (d) 或是状语 (e).
a. To scold her would not be just.
b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.
c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.
d. Do you have anything to declare?
e. We have come to learn from you.

3)不带to 的不定式:

a) 在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意
义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是
表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式

结构不带to.
John made her tell him everything.

这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般
还原为带to 的不定式.
She was made to tell him everything.

b) 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner,
would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but
等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.
I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.
They cannot but accept his term.

c) 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly,
let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say,
hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动
词不定式.
John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.
I’ve heard tell of him.

d) 在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式,
也可用带to的不定式.

Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?

e) 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形
式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.
There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.
Smith will do anything but work on a farm.
There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.

f) 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不
定式不带to.
Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he
forced himself to pick it up.

出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带
to.
He decided to write rather than telephone.
The manager believes it is important to invest in new
machinery rather than to increase wages.

g) 用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分
句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定
式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语

补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.
What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.
All you do now is complete the form
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.
The thing to do now is clear up this mess.
The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the
issue.

4) 不定式的其他用法

a) too…to 结构通常表示否定意义:
She was too young to understand all that.

enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:
She was not old enough to understand all that.

not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,
不定式一般不表示否定意义:
He’s only too pleased to help her.

so…as (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:
Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.

b) 如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式
前加一个for引起的短语:
It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.
It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.

在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise,
clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless,
considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定
式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情
况:
It’s kind of you to think so much of us.
(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.
It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.
It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.

2. V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)
1) 形式
a) 完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的
动作之前发生, 通常用动名词的完成形式.
He didn’t mention having met me.
I regret not having taken her advice.

在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形
式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.
Excuse me for coming late.
I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.

现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表
示的动作之前发生.
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
Having found the cause, they were able to propose a
remedy.

另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.
The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.
The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to
leave the table.

b) 被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作
的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式.
His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.
He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.

但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽
管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式.
My pen needs filling.
The point deserves mentioning.
This problem requires studying with great care.

在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.
Her method is worth trying.

现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用
于独立结构中.
This is one of the experiments being carried on in our
laboratory.
You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.
Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very
well refuse.
These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always
being pointed out to the customers.

c) 完成被动式: 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发
生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try

this method.

但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代
替, 以免句子显得累赘.

现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.
Having been given such a good chance, how could she let
it slip away?
The decision having been made, the next problem was how
to make a good plan.
All the compositions having been written and collected,
the teacher sent the students home.

2) 句法功用
a) 作主语:
Walking is good exercise.
It’s nice talking to you.
There is no denying the fact that the new method has
greatly raised labour productivity.

b) 作宾语:
Your shoes need polishing.

You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.
He avoided giving us a definite answer.

c) 作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多. 它常可
以用在某些成语后面, 常见的有: insist on, persist in,
think of, dream of, object to, suspect…of, accuse…
of, charge…with, hear of, approve of, prevent…from,
keep…from, stop…from, refrain from, be engaged in,
look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank…for,
feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about,
spend…in, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable
of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in,
be interested in, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of,
be keen on, be responsible for.

d) 作表语:
The real problem is getting to know the needs of the
people.

动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语. 一般说来, 在表示抽
象的一般的行为时多用动名词; 在表示具体某词动作, 特别
是将来的动作时, 多用不定式.

e) 作宾语补足语: 分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch,
feel, find, keep, get, have等动词后作宾语补足语.
The words immediately set us all laughing.
Once we caught him dozing off in class.
His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.

在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后, 及可用现在
分词, 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语. 用现在分词时, 表示
动作正在发生, 用不定式时表示动作发生了.
Do you hear someone knocking at the door?
Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.

f) 作状语: 现在分词作状语时, 通常都表示主语正在进行
的另一动作, 来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪
衬.
I ran out of the house shouting.
I got home, feeling very tired.
Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden
thought.

现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示

原因的状语从句.
Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with
her.
Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.
Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to
go to the cinema.

现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语, 相当于when引起的从
句:
Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of
those memorable days they spent together.

如果两个动作是完全同时发生的, 多用when 或while加分
词这种结构.
Be careful when crossing the street.
When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to
us.
She got to know them while attending a conference in
Beijing.

3)前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以
加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构), 来表示这个动名

词逻辑上的主语.
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.
Do you mind my reading your paper?
They insisted on my staying there for supper.

如果不是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或
人称代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自然一些.
I don’t mind him going.
She hates people losing their temper.

4)只能用动名词作宾语的动词: suggest, finish, avoid,
stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off,
require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy,
excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape,
miss

5)既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语的动词: love, like,
hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt,
can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget,
regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.

有时两种结构之间意义差别不大, 有时却有不同的意思. 在
remember, regret, want, try等词后差别是比较明显的.
I remember seeing her once somewhere.
I must remember to take my notebooks with me.

I regret not having accepted your advice.
I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.

She doesn’t want (need) to come.
The house wants (needs) cleaning.

We must try to get everything done in time.
Let’s try doing the work some other way.

6)悬垂修饰: 分词作状语时, 表示的必须是主语的一个动作
或状态.
Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers.
(walking是we的动作, 正确)
Walking through the park, the flowers looked very
beautiful. (错误)

Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (正

确)
Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen.
(错误)

3. 分词
1) 意义: 过去分词通常来自及物动词, 带有被动意义和完
成意义; 而现在分词有的来自及物动词, 有的来自不及物动
词, 通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.
frozen food a freezing wind
a bored traveller a boring journey
a lost cause a losing battle
a conquered army a conquering army
a finished article the last finishing touch
the spoken word a speaking bird
a closed shop the closing hour
a recorded talk a recording machine

来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语, 能
作这样用的仅限于下面几个词, 仅表示完成意义, 不表示被
动意义.
the risen sun, fallen leaves, fadedwithered flowers,
returned students, retired workers, departed friends,

escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived
visitors

用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,
在意义上相当于关系分句.
Most of the people invited to the reception were old
friends.

2) 句法作用
a) 作定语: distinguished guest 贵宾, unknown heroes
无名英雄, armed forces武装部队, canned food罐头食品,
boiled water开水, steamed bread馒头, stricken area
灾区

分词还可构成合成词作定语: simply-furnished room陈设简
单的房间, clear-cut answer明确的答复,
highly-developed industry高度发展的工业, heartfelt
thanks衷心的感谢, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made
satellite人造卫星

b) 作补足语: 可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:
see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉和心理状态的

动词.
I saw the students assembled in the hall.
We found her greatly changed.

make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:
I have my hair cut every ten days.
She got her bad tooth pulled out.
Please keep us informed of the latest developments.

like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意义
的动词:
I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.
He won’t like such questions (to be) discussed at the
meeting.

c) 过去分词短语常用作状语, 修饰谓语, 很多都说明动作
发生的背景或情况.
Guided by these principles, they went on with the work,
Delighted with her work, they made her the general
manager.

过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的

状语从句.
Influenced by his example, they performed countless good
deeds.

有时也可说明动作发生的时间, 相当于一个表示时间的状语
从句.
This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in
a marked rise in total production.

间或也可表示一个假设的情况, 相当于一个条件从句.
Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong.

偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.
Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or
50 years.

d) 独立结构: 在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一
般必须与句子的主语一.致. 但有时它也可以有自己独立的
逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为独立结构, 一般表示一种伴
随的动作或情况.
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.

有时可以表示时间:
Late that autumn, his work finished, he prepared to
return to his institute.

表示原因:
Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter.

条件:
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than
yours.

Ⅲ 虚拟语气
1. that从居中:
1) wish, would rather (sooner), had better:
I wish I were as strong as you.
I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.
I wish I remembered the address.

I would rather they came tomorrow (you had gone there
too).
I had rather (that) you told him than I did.

2) suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request,
desire, insist 等动词后的宾语从句:
The commander ordered that all civilians (should) be
evacuated.
He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.
She urged that he write and accept the post.

3) it is desired, it is suggested, it is requested, it
was ordered, it was proposed, it is necessary, it is
important, it has been decided 等结构后的主语从句中.
It was arranged that they leave the following week
It will be better that we meet some other time.

4) suggestion, motion, proposal, order,
recommendations, plan, idea等后面的表语从句和同位语
从句:
His sole requirement is (was) that thy system be
adjusted.

2. 在某些句型中
1) it is time that
It is time that we went (或should go) to bed.

It is high time we (should) put an end to this
controversy.

2) as if (though) 引起的从句:
They talked (are talking) as if they had been friends
for years.
It seems as if it was (were) spring today.
He acts (acted) as if (though) he were (was) an expert.

3) 以lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句(这时谓
语多用 should +动词原形):
He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.
He put his coat over the child for fear that (或lest)
he should catch cold.
I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should need it.

4) 以whatever, whoever, no matter what这类代词或词组
引起的从句(这时, 谓语多用may加动词原形构成):
Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.
Come what may, we will go ahead. 不管发生什么情况,
我们都要干下去.
I accept that he is old and frail; be that as it may,

he’s still a good politician.
我承认他年老体衰, 然而尽管如此, 它仍是优秀的政治家.

3. 条件句
1)虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:
a) 表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大
的情况):
谓语主要形式如下(be多用were这个形式):
从句
过去式
主句
would + 动词原形
If I were you, I wouldn’t lose heart.
How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.

b) 表示过去情况的虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反的假设情况),
谓语主要形式如下:

从句
had + 过去分词
主句
would have + 过去分
词

She would have come if we had invited her.
If I hadn’t taken your advice, I would have made a

bad mistake,
You wouldn’t have caught cold if you had put on more
clothes.

2)有时候, 条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作, 发生的
时间是不一致的(如一个是过去发生的, 一个是现在发生
的). 这时, 动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整. 这种句
子可以称为错综时间条件句.
If he had received six more votes, he would be our
chairman now.
If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be
having a terrible time tomorrow.

3)有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示, 而是通过一个介词
短语来表示.
Without music, the world would be a dull place.
We could have done better under more favorable
conditions.
That would have been considered miraculous in the past.
But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.

4)如果条件句从句中包含有 were, had, should 或could, 有

时可把if省略掉, 并把were, had, should或could放在
主语前面.
Had we made adequate preparation, we might have
succeeded.
Should there be a flood, what should we do?
Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious
difficulty.

Ⅳ 介词
1. 合成介词和复杂介词
1)合成介词: inside, into, onto, out of, outside,
throughout, upon within, without
2)复杂介词: according to, along with, apart from, as
for, as to, because of, by means of, in front of,
in spite of, instead of, in accordance with, on
account of, on behalf of, owing to, due to, together
with, up to, with regard to, prior to等

2. 介词在句末:
This is what he is interested in.
Does everyone has a seat to sit on?

3. 名词加介词 ( n + prep)
1)某些名词之后要求用某些介词: solution to, faith in,
glance at, need for
2)某些名词之前要求用某些介词: on one’s guard, at one’
s request, in all probability, to my delight

4. 动词加介词

1) Vi + prep: prevail on, appeal to, fall into, apply
for, touch upon
2) Vt + O + prep: lay emphasis on, take advantage of
等
3) Vi + adv + prep:
I don’t wish to break in on your thoughts.
The family came up against fresh problems.
You’re not telling me the whole story. You’re holding
out on me.
She got off with him soon after she began to work at
the institution.

4) Vt + O + adv +prep:
You shouldn’t take your resentment out on me.

We shouldn’t put the shortage down to bad planning.

5. 形容词加介词
about --- anxious, careful, careless, certain,
considerate, enthusiastic, guilty, happy, mad,
particular, sad, sure, timid, unhappy, etc
at --- awkward, bad, clever, disappointed, disgusted,
good, marvellous, quick, skilful, skilled, useless,
weak, etc
for --- convenient, eligible, grateful, homesick,
hungry, necessary, noted, perfect, responsible, etc
from --- evident, exempt, inseparable, safe, tired,
etc
in --- deficient, expert, liberal, quick, rich,
successful, weak, etc
of --- apprehensive, characteristic, critical,
destructive, envious, hard, inconsiderate, impatient,
dependent, jealous, positive, scared, sensible, short,
sick, suspicious, typical, worthy, etc
on --- dependent, keen, intent, etc
to --- acceptable, accessible, agreeable, alive,
attentive, blind, comparable, courteous, deaf,

destructive, essential, favourable, hostile,
indifferent, married, obedient, parallel, preferable,
related, responsible, sensitive, suitable, unjust,
etc
with --- awkward, bored, careful, disappointed,
generous, identical, ill, impatient, popular, sick,
wrong, etc

Ⅴ 连词
1. 并列连词
1) 表示意义的引申: and, both…and, not only…
but(also), as well as, and …as well, neither…nor
2) 表示选择: or, either…or
3) 表示转折: but, while, whereas, yet,
howevernevertheless(也可认为是副词)
4) 表示因果: for, so, therefore, hence
2. 从属连词
1) 表示时间: when, while, as, after, before, since,
until(till), as soon as, once
2) 表示原因: because, as, since, now that, seeing
that
3) 表示条件: if, unless, in case, provided(that),

suppose, as long as, on condition (that),
4) 表示其他关系: (al)though, than, asso…as, lest,
in order that, so…that

Ⅵ 定语从句
1. 限制和非限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句是名词词组不
可缺少的一个组成部分, 去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确;
非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质, 去掉了不会影响主
要意义, 通常用逗号与它的先行词分开.
The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed
when it rained.
The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed
when it rained.

如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词, 或是带有形容词
性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that,
etc)作限定词, 其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的:
Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you.
Her mother, who had long suffered form arthritis, died
last night.
All these books, which have been donated by visiting
professors, are to be used by the postgraduates.

在非限制性定语从句中只能用whowhom指人, 用which指物,
通常不用that替代.
My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned
yesterday.
All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to
the little girl.

2. 定语从句的引导词
1) that, who, whom: 非限制性定语从句, 如果修饰人, 一
般用who, 有时用that (作主语时用who较多). 如果关
系代词在从句中作宾语, 就应当用宾格 whom 或that,
但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉, 在口语中可用who代
替whom.
Here is the man (whom) you’ve been looking for.
He is a man (that) you can safely depend on.
The people (whothat) you were talking to were Swedes.
There are some people here who I want you to meet.

但在介词后只能用whom:
This is the man to whom I referred.

但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去, 这时可用that,
但省略时更多一些.
Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?
Have you met the person (that) he was speaking about

The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.
The girl (whothat) I spoke to is my cousin.

2) 限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”, 用关系代词that的时
候较多, 也有时用which.. 当这个代词在从句中是用作
宾语时, 在绝大多数情况下都是省略的, 特别是口语中
(尤其是当被修饰的词是all, everything等词时):
Have you everything you need?
(Is there) anything I can do for you?
All you have to do is to press the button.

在介词后只能用which, 在口语中一般都把介词放到从句
后部去, 这时可以用that, 但省略的时候更多一些:
The tool with which he is working is called a wrench.
The tool (that) he is working with is called a wrench.

This is the question about which we’ve had so much

discussion.
This is the question (that) we’ve had so much
discussion about.

定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的, 但间或也可以修饰整
个句子a), 或是句子的一部分 b), 引导词用which:
a) They have invited me to visit their country, which
is very kind of them.
The activity was postponed, which was exactly what
we wanted

b) When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was,
he would forget all about eating and sleeping.
She was very patient towards the children, which her
husband seldom was.

3) whose: 在表示“．．．的”这个概念时, 可用所有格 whose;
whose 用于指物, 有时可与of which交替使用, 通常的
词序是 名词词组 + of which:
Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the
northeast?
We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear.

(…the purpose of which was…)
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely
forgotten. (…whose name I’ve…)

of which前的名词词组也可以由some, any, none, all,
both, several, enough, many, most, few以及基数词担
任; 这些词也能用在 of whom之前.
The buses, most of which were already full, were
surrounded by an angry crowd.
It’s a family of eight children, all of whom are
studying music.

4) 关系副词 when, where, why: 它们的含义相当于 at
which, in which, for which, 因此它们之间有交替使
用的可能.
The day when he was born…
on which he was born…
which he was born on…

The office where he works…
at which he works…
which he works at…

有时可用that替代关系副词, 在口语中that 可省略.
Every time (that) the telephone rings, he gets
nervous.
This was the first time I had serious trouble with my
boss.

Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?
This is the place (where) we met yesterday.

That is the reason (why) he did it.

在the way 后也可用that 替代in which, 在口语中that
也可省略.
This is the way (thatin which) he did it.
That’s the way I look at it.

3. 如果定语从句中谓语为 there is, 作主语的关系代词也
常可省掉:
I must make full use of the time there is left to me
and do as much as I can for the people.
This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanjing.

4. 定语从句的简化: 定语从句与不定式结构, -ing分词结构,
-ed分词结构以及无动词分句等有着转换关系.
He was the only one to realize the danger (= who
realized the danger).
The woman driving the car (= who was driving the car)
indicated that she was going to turn left.
The man injured by the bullet (= who was injured by
the bullet) was taken to hospital.
All the women present (= who were present) looked up
in alarm.

Ⅶ 倒装
1. 全部倒装和部分倒装: 如果谓语在主语前面, 就是倒装
语序. 倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装. 在全部倒装
的句子中, 整个谓语都放在主语的前面:
Here are some registered letters for you.
In came a man with a white beard.

在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词, 情态
动词, 或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后
面: