英语四级写作方法与评分标准

（aspect）、异同（similarities or
differences）、打算（intention）、
原因和结果（cause and effect）。
主题句的位置：主题句通常位于
段落的开始，即段首句开门见山，有助于确定段落的主线，使段内各
字紧紧围绕段落的主题思想自然
展开。例如：
Americans make no distinction
in greeting friends,
acquaintances, elders, or
superiors. When Americans see
someone they know only by sight,
they are likely to say “Hi” in
all cases. This does not mean
that they have no more regard
for friends than for casual
acquaintances. It only means
that “Hi” serves as greeting

for both.
有 时也可放在段中，当对两种事
物或某种事物的两个方面进行对
比时，主题句常在段落中间，这种
段落通常是提出一个观点并稍加
发挥，接着出现主题句，提出不同
的或相反的论点，然 后展开争论，
论述的中心一般是二者之间的异
同点，段中主题句具有过渡作用。
例如：

Californians and New
Englanders are both American.
They speak the same language and
abide by the same federal laws.
But they are very different in
their ways of life. Mobility—
both physical and psychological
—has made a great impression on

the culture of Californians。
lack of mobility is the mark of
the customs and morality of New
Englanders.
有时也可放在段尾，段尾主题句
具有结论作用，是对前面句子的归
纳归纳总结，在此种段落中，先讲
述细节，段尾予以 归纳，得出中心
结论。例如：
Give students a chance to
grow. Do not mold them from one
of a thousand patterns. Let them
seek knowledge, but do not find
it for them. Let them learn
patience, do not force it on
them. Let them take their own
time to grow。 do not set rigid
time schedules. Experience
cannot be taught。 it must come

slowly through personal search.
有时主题句在段首提出，然后在
段尾重述，此种安排可以 准确地把
握思想、观点，并预测下一段的内
容。
B．推展句：
（developerdevelopment
sentences）
推展句在段落中起着“承、转”
的作用，主题句只是给出段落的主
题思想，需要发展句 加以拓展。证
明或支持段落主题思想的句子即
为发展句，通过说明、描写、论述、
阐述 来支持主题思想，可谓“承”。
在写作过程中，有时也需要转变意
思表达或描述的角度，把这种 转变
明确地表示出来，可谓“转”，因
此，推展句也可分为发展句和转折
句。

C．结论句（conclusion）
结论句即“合”，结论句位 于段
尾，是对全段内容进行归纳总结、
归纳或提出结论性观念的句子，结
论句的作用不 仅在于重复段落主
题句提出的段落主题，更重要的是
用来强调其中心思想。结论句的结
构形式往往与主题句不同，但所表
达的意思必须与主题句的语义中
心保持一致，此外并非每个段 落都
需要结论句，一般描述性的段落可
以不使用结论句。




一个段落的结构可以用图文
表示出来：

主
题句 启

承
推展句

转
结
论句 合
例如：
There are mainly two opinions
on the relationship between man
and people
believe that it will be possible
for automatic machines,
especially electronic
computers, to replace man
completely in the ,
however, argue that man is the

decisive factor in production.I
think the potential of man’s
intelligence is practically
unlimited.
在段落的过渡中，按文章的
“启、承、转、合”使用过渡词
（transitional wordsconnectives）会使段落文
章条理清楚，连贯流畅，过渡词可
以分以 下四类：
a) 表达“启”的常用词语。
用于引导主题句或用于主题
句的后面，引导第一个发展句：
Firstly, at first, first of all,
in the beginning, in the first
place, at present, to begin with,
currently, to start with,
lately, for one thing, now,
recently, on the one hand, in

general, generally speaking, in
recent years, comparatively
speaking, nowadays, in a sense,
in a way, in my opinion,
obviously, undoubtedly, etc.
b) 表达“承”的过渡词语。
用于主题句或第一个（或前一
个）发展句：secondly, thirdly,
besides, in addition,
furthermore, more over, what is
more, for another, for example,
for instance, as an example, as
another example, namely, then,
in other words, in particular,
in the same way, after that,
afterwards, (after a few days,
after a while) from now on,
later, just as similarly,
meanwhile, at the same time, by

this time, soon, of course, for
this purpose, equally, surely,
obviously, especially, indeed,
still, in fact, in plain terms,
in practice, for the most part,
no doubt, etc.
c) 表示“转”的过渡词语。
表示不同或相反的情况：after
all, But, yet, however,
nevertheless, nonetheless,
conversely, though, although,
despite, in spite of, on the
contrary, in contrast, unlike,
whereas, on the other hand, all
the same, unfortunately, still,
in fact, as a matter of fact, in
any case, at any rate, otherwise,
or else, instead, etc.
d) 表示“合”的过渡词语。

用于归纳总结 段落中上下文的内
容，引导一个发展句或结论句，也
可用于文章的结论等：finally,
hence, in brief, in conclusion,
in short, in summary, therefore,
thus, to sum up, to conclude, to
summarize, briefly, above all,
as a consequence, as a result,
for this reason, as has been
noted, as I have said, at last,
at length, by and large,
consequently, eventually,
accordingly, so, after all, in
general, in a word, on the whole,
etc.
Master B:
介绍(introduction) 介绍部分是
一篇文章的“地图”，用来提纲挈
领。文章好的开头会引人如胜，激

发阅卷老师的阅读兴趣。一般说
来，这一段落不宜太长，要写得简
明扼要，主要可以采 用以下三种方
法：
1．引用法。文章开头引用名
人名言、谚语或有代表性的看法 见
解来引出文章要展开讨论的一种
观点，并明确自己的立场。
[Sample]On Making Friends
As a proverb goes，a life
without a friend is a life
without the sun．It is true that
everybody needs friends。so I
find it quite necessary to make
friends．
2．现象法。对于某种社会现
象、倾向或社会问题进行剖析 的文
章通常在文章的开始首先引出这
种现象或问题，然后进行评论并提

出考生自己的观点。
[Sample]On Children’s
Education
Chinese families are
traditionally known for valuing
the education of their
children． Most parents are
trying to offer their children
the best education，regarding it
as their most important duty. It
seems to me that there are three
reasons for this，all of which
are concerned with demands of
modern life．．

3．对立法。文章开头首先引出
人们对要 讨论的问题的不同看法，
然后提出考生自己的看法，或偏向
的那个看法。此方法多用于有争议< /p>

性的主题。
万能作文
作文篇
[Sample]I Prefer to Live in
a Big City
Different people have
different ideas about where to
live． Some people like to live
in big cities．Others prefer to
live in the countryside. I think
both of the lives have their
advantagesand disadvantages．If
l am to make a choice，1 will not
hesitate to choose the former．

主体(body)主体部分段首通常
有一个若干主题句(topic
sentence)，加若干development
sentences）来完成。

3*33*44*3
文章应包含二到三个要点，用
以支持主题句。考 生可以通过例
证、引证、对比、因果论证及反证
等方法逐步论述各个要点。阅卷老
师在 看文章时也许会通过某些关
键性的“标签”来判定你的文章
是否结构严谨，条理清晰，因此要< br>在每一个要点前加入表示顺序的
词汇，如：to begin with，first
and fore— most；then，
furthermore，besides；finally，
last but not least．

The Importance of Extensive
Reading??
Extensive reading benefits
us in many ways．First of all,
by reading extensively, we can

broaden our knowledge． For in
stance，newspapers and
magazines can keep us informed
of current events．So it is easy
for us to know what is going on
in the world today. Secondly,
extensive reading helps us
improve our reading
comprehension effectively．The
more we read，the better we
understand and the faster our
reading speed will be．W hat is
more，extensive reading is the
best way to enlarge our
vocabulary．Due to frequent
contact with unfamiliar words，
we find it easy to guess the
meaning of them even without
referring to the dictionary．We

can often find context clues for
new words．
Nowadays it has become
fashionable for college
students to take a part-time job
in their spare time. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of
this trend.
1. Increase the payincome
2. Making more friends
3. Broden the vision
4. Practicing the personal
ability
结尾(conclusion) 结尾部分的
开始通常会用一个特别结论句式，
如：in general，to sum up，to
conclude，all in all等等。在200词的文章中，这一部分不宜篇
幅过长，最好用一两句话来归纳总

结全 文，使其前后呼应。除非只是
一个次要观点，否则不要在这段内
提出任何新见解，但如果题目要 求
的话，考生也可以在结论上提出相
应的建议、推荐、介绍和解决方法。

检查一篇成功的作文少不了反
复推敲、一再修改。然而，由于考
试时间和条件等诸多因素的限制 ，
考生要警惕检查作文时的三大
“通病”，即，数字数、孤芳自赏、
和做结构与内容上 大的修改。必须
明确，考试作文的润色和修改只需
要达到以下几个目的：拼写正确；
用 词准确，尤其是名词、动词、形
容词、冠词和介词；语法正确，特
别是人称、时态、和单复数的 三
“一致”；正确使用过度性词汇，
从而使句子之间以及段落之间都

具 有逻辑性和条理性。在应试准备
中，策略固然重要，还需要扎实的
语言基础和写作的专门知识。 提醒
广大考生，在平时的学习中还应多
读、多练、多归纳总结，这样才有
利于写作水平 的日益提高。







Master C:
如何给阅卷老师留下美好的第一
印象? 要想作文获得高分， 显
而易见就是要给阅卷老师留下美
好的印象。老师们的阅卷过程是郁
闷枯燥的。使自己 的文章在大约1

分钟的阅读时间内，迅速地在他们
的脑海中形成较多的兴奋点， 是至
关重要的。
首先，作文的写作时间为
30-35分钟，合理的时间安排为< br>10+20+5，前面的5、10分钟用来
读题审题 ，构思并列提纲，接着
的20分钟 用来按照提纲写作，最
后5分钟用来检查及润色。合理的
时 间安排是写出优秀 作文的必
不可少的第一步。

其次，卷面的设置。要想让阅卷老
师对你的作 文试卷有一种赏心悦
目的感觉，作文的排版应该不多于
23，不少于13，要留有余地，不要将卷面写得密密麻麻。字体不要
过大或过小。字迹要工整。段落方
面，英语专业四级考试 作文的特点

决定了作文写法的基本框架为三
段论。俗话说，事不过三，超过了< br>三段后就会让人感到过于繁琐。并
且应当注意的是，每段开头都应该
有缩进，留有两个单 词的位置。
再次，除了形式之外，作文的
内容也尤其重要。阅卷老师阅卷一
般是 从第一段看语言，从第二段看
结构。这就要求考生 的作文开头
部分以及每一段的第一句一定要
写得像英文，不要出现任何的拼写
或语法错误。 除了语言的地道外，
还要求作文有层次感。可以用一系
列表示逻辑关系的连词，即路标
词来表示思路的清晰，如and,
however, furthermore,also,
what's more等。此外，还可 以用
对等的句式结构，如for one thing,
for another； On the one hand,

on the other hand等来增加文章
的层次感。总之，议论文对语言的
要求主要体现在三个方面：①用 恰当的逻辑词表现文章的逻辑性。
②要注意自然段与主题句的运用，
即用自然段表现出文章 的逻辑
性，并在每段中用主题句说明要
点，给人一目了然的感觉。③要注
意句型结构， 注意 每句的重心和
句与句之间的衔接，使句意一环扣
一环，避免松散。

问题解决：
1.在考场中，常常感到无话可说，
该怎么办，的确，在考场中有些考< br>生由于紧张，常常会出现大脑一片
空白，在10分钟之内动不了笔。
对 于这种在考场中思维短路的现
象，有两种对策。

对策一：逆向思维法。考生在
拿到一个作文话题、但不知该如何
动笔时，可以去联想有关该 话题
的具体事件，从具体事件中提炼出
观点，再将观点反弹回去，即topic
具体事 件观点。例如看到The
Advantage and Disadvantage of
TV这个文章题目时，如果 不知如
何下笔，可以去联想一些具体的电
视节目。一提到 电视节目，就会自
然而然地想到《 新闻联播》。《新
闻联播》有哪些好处呢当然是开拓
视野，了解世界。同时，还会联想
到 一些暴力片和色情片，它们对
儿童的身心健康发展不利。
对策二：正说反说法。考生在
写作中感到观点空洞茫然，不易理
论清楚，甚至不知从何谈起 时 ，
可以从正、反两个方面对议题进行

“摆事实，讲道理”，即“如果这
样，就会怎么样； 如果不这样，
又会怎么样”。

2.在写作中，遇到不会表达的词语
该怎么办
对于母语是中文的学习者，其
中文词汇量往往大于英文词汇量，
在英文写作中遇到不能表 达的 词
语是最正常不过的事情了。但有的
考生在遇到不会拼写的单词时，往
往绞尽脑汁，冥 思苦想，结果造成
思维短路，得不偿失。其实，对于
这种情况，也有两种对策。

对策一：用其近义词代替。如
在写Student Use of Computer这
篇作文时，很多同学以“在 最近
10年里，学生使用电脑的小时数一

直在增加”这句话来开头。“10
年”可以用decade表 示，“增
加 ”可以用ascend表示。但是不
知道这两个词或对于它们的拼写
没有把握时，可用 其近义词表示，
如“10年”直接用ten years就可
以，“增加”还可用increase, go
up, rise, grow, jump, climb等。
在这个时候，考生必须遵守“宁为
瓦全，不可玉碎”的原则。 这就
要 求在平时注意多收集一些同义
词。如在每一篇作文中都会用到的
一个单词“认为”， 英文中有很
多单词来表达此义，如think,
agree, claim, maintain, argue,
believe, h old, suggest,
view…as, regard…as,
consider…(as)。又如另一个单词
“目前，最近” ，可用nowadays,

these years, recently, lately,
currently, at present。此外， 同
义词的收集与运用有助于考生在
写作中用词多样化。
对策二：当考生在写作中， 既找不
到该词的近义词，又不能用解释性
的语言进行阐述时，考生可以考虑
用其上义词 或下义词来代替。上义
词是对事物的概括性、抽象性说
明；下义词是事物的具体表现形
式。如Owing a Car这 篇文章谈
到拥有汽车的弊端，其中有一点是
汽车会排放出一氧化碳(carbon
oxide)和二氧化 碳(carbon
dioxide),对空气造成污染。当然，
如果不知道如何拼写，更不知该如
何去 释义一氧化碳和二氧化碳
时，可以用它们的上义词
poisonous gases来表示，因为不

论是一氧化碳还是二氧化碳都是
有毒气体。又如Getting to Know
the World Outside the Campus(大
学生该如何走出 校园了解世界)，
提纲的第二点要求是大学生了解
社会的途径( 大众媒体、社会服务
等)。“大众媒体”为mass media，
“社会服务”为social service。
如果考生不会表达，但是在提 纲里
又明确规定不能不写时，可以用其
下义词来代替。大众媒体的具体表
现形式是TV ，radio, newspaper,
internet；社会服务的具体表现形
式则为part-time job, tutor ing
等。因而，考生在写作中遇到不会
表达的单词时，应该沉着冷静，考
虑用其近义 词、上义词或下义词来
代替。

范文讲解：
题目. It has been said,
everything that is learned is
contained in books.
contrast knowledge gained from
experience with knowledge gained
from books. In your opinion,
which source is more important?
Why?
范文1:
There has been much talk
about whether we should learn
from books or we should learn
from experience. Some people
think that learning from
experience is more important
while others hold the different

opinions. Personally, I side with
the former, in the belief that
experience is the best teacher.
Admittedly, learning from
books, as advocated by many, has
its active role to play in our
academic life. It can put us in
touch with the great minds and
arm our heads with massive
knowledge.

However, there are numerous
merits for learning from
experience，too. First, experience is
the source of knowledge and
understanding as well as meaning.
Nowhere can the importance of

learning from experience be
described so vividly and accurately
as in the old saying “Nothing ever
becomes real till it is experienced.”
Take the human progress as an
illustration. Dating back to
hundreds of thousands years ago,
we humans were utterly ignorant.
But by incessant practices, our
ancestors cumulated massive
experience, from which they
acquired a great amount of
knowledge, transforming our
world from a primitive society into
a highly-developed one. Second,
unlike the theories recorded in
books, experiences can apply to
practical use. When we are at
work, what we need is the

experience of practical application
instead of the abstract theories in
our books.
Taking all these into account,
we can draw a conclusion that
learning from experience is more
important than learning from
books. Always remember the old
saying given by Einstein ——“The
only source of knowledge is
experience. ”
范文2:
People generally believe

While others hold that true
source of knowledge is books. For
my part, however, the most

important, and sometimes the
hardest, lessons we learn in life
come from our participation in
situations. Indeed, you can't
learn everything from a book.
Of course, learning from
books in a formal educational
setting is also valuable. It's in
school that we learn the
information we need to function
in our society. We learn how to
speak and write and understand
mathematical equations. This is
all information that we need to
live in our communities and earn
a living.
Nevertheless, I think that the
most important lessons can't be

taught。 they have to be
experienced. No one can teach us
how to get along with others or
how to have self- respect. As we
grow from children into
teenagers, no one can teach us
how to deal with peer pressure.
As we leave adolescence behind
and enter adult life, no one can
teach us how to fall in love and
get married. But experiencing
our own triumphs and disasters
is really the only way to learn
how to deal with life.
To conclude, knowledge
gained both from experience and
from books have their respective
roles to play in our life. However,

in my view, I think the former
one is more important than the
latter one.