从容不迫-非限制性定语从句和限制性定语从句的区别
四级英语作文技巧及范文
1.文章结构: ( ten sentences,
120words )
Para. 1. S1 General talk of the
topic
S2 Thesis: the writer ' s attitude
towards it
Para. 2. S3 The writer ' s reasons
to have this attitude
S4 Support I
S5
Detail I
S6 Detail II
S7 Support II
S8
Detail I
S9 Detail II
Para.3 S10
Conclusion: restate the thesis
2. Development
Paragraphs:
段落特征:统一,完整,连贯
常用的连接手段:
1.
每段的内容要围绕主题句,保持内容的一致性,并从不同的角度来充分发展段落的主题
思想。
2. 使用代词来代前面提到的人,物或观点
3. 重复段落中的关键词,短语或句子
4. 使用同义词
5. 使用转折词语和句型:
1. 用 于 段 落 开 始
的 词 语 : of all, to begin with, nowadays, with the
developmentinventionprogress of
常用于段落开始的句型
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
…,generally speaking, recently, etc.
People ' Vewsideasopinions on …vary from
person to person. Some people think that …
Different people have different views on
It is held that …
Just asAs the proverbold
say ing goes …
It is commonly believed that …
…
…
Is ….? Answer to this vary
greatly. Some people think that
When asked
about … , different people will offer different
opinions. Some people say that …
Nowadays, …
play(s) an important role in … … is popular
around us. Like
everything else, … hashave
both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally,
the advantages
can be listed as follows.
9. … Many ways can contribute to solving this
serious problem, but the following ones may be
most
effective.
10.
11.
…There are
many reasonscauses for t in genbual, they come
down to twothree major ones.
There are many
factors that may account for
most typical
ones.
2. 用于举例的词语: for example, such as, for
instance, to illustrate, a case in point,
take
…for example, etc.
3. 用于比较和对比的词语: similarly,
in the same way, equally importa nt, inby con
trast, on the con trary, on the
… , but the
following are the
other hand, un
like, however, yet, etc.
4.
therefore, so,
thus,
consequently, among
5.
with …,
moreover, fin ally, first of all, since the n,
after that, further, etc.
6.
7.
用于表示让步的词语: although, in spite of, despite, etc.
用于表示结论的词语: in conclusion, to sum up, to
conclude, in short, in a word, in
summary, the
conclusion is that
常用于结尾的句型:
1. From what
has bee n discussed above, we may safely draw the
con clusi on that
2. Taking into acco unt all
these factors, we may safely come to the con clusi
on that
3. Judging from all evidenee offered,
we may safely arrive atreach the conclusion
that …
4.
clusi on that
5.
shakable con clusi on that
6. From what is
men ti oned above, we may come to the con clusi on
that
7. As far as I am concerned, I agree with
…I am really in favor of …I am of the
opinion
that …I hold that …I cli ng to the opinion that
8. There is some truth in both arguments, but
I think the disadvantages of
its adva ntages.
9. In my opi nion,in my view,as for me, I
10.
11.
As far as …is concerned, I
prefer
…
…to …
…we too
…
All
the evide nee supports a sound con
…
…
…
…
…
,
in brief, etc.
用于表示因果关系或分析原因的词语: due to, owi ng to, as a result,
…reasons, one should be emphasized thattc.
用于表示层次递进的词语: firstfirstly
…,e
(secondsecondly, etc.), to begin
All the
an alysis justifies an un
…outweig
It ' s
high time that we tried every possible means to
put an end to
measures to solve the problem of
…
12. There ' siill a long way to go towards
solving the problem. We hope that
efforts
should be made to …
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Many
soluti ons are being offered here. All of them
make some sen se, but none
is very
satisfactoryadequate eno ugh. The problem should
be approached in a new waya wider con text.
There is no easy solution to the problem of
be paid to the problem of …
…,but …might
be usefulhelpful.
There is no denying that
immediatec on siderablespecialfurther atte nti on
must
There is little doubt that serious atte
nti on must be called to the shortage of
It is
n ecessary that effectiveproperquick action
sstepsmeasures be take n to..
It ' s suggested
that great efforts be made to …
It '
apparentclearobvious that the task of …requires
immediategreat
atte ntio neffortsc on siderati
on.
To checkcontrol the tendencytrend is no
easy task, and it requires a
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gooddeep aware nessun dersta nding of
3. 段落的展开方法:
1. 列举法
2.
举例法
…
3. 定义法
4. 比较和对比法
5.
因果法
6.
分类法
7. 叙述法
&
综合法
4.词汇的变化
1)
用不同的词汇表达相同的意
避免单调,枯燥的重复。
义,
如
:好学生:
topgiftedsuperiorexcellentoutstanding students
:
损害:have a negative effect on; do
great injury to; cause great damage to
妨碍:stand in the way of..; be an
obstaclebarrier to..
对… 很重要: be
indispensableimportantvital to
学习知识:pursueacquirelear n kno wledgeskill
许多:a large portion of; many a; enormous; large
numbers of
重视:assignattach much
importancesignificance to..
强调:placeput much
emphasisstressvalue on..
越来越: be in creas in
gly +adj.; be on the rise; the grow ing nu mber
of..
接触新思想: be exposed to new ideas; have
ansome acqua intance with..
接触社会: come into
freque ntclose contact with the society;
提出观点:
adva nceput forwardcome up with ideas
作出努力:
make treme ndouspersiste nt effort to do sth.;
take great pains to do sth.
影响学习:in terfere
with studies; have an in terfere nce with studies
产生影响: haveexert a profound in flue nce on
…;have a dramatic un desirable effect on..
取代:substitute for sth.; take the place of
sth.; replace sth.
采取措施:take effective
stepsmeasures to
满足要求: meetsatisfyaccommodate
the dema nd of
补偿损失: compe nsate for the loss;
make up for the damage
解释现象: acco unt for the
phe nomenon; expla in these phe nomena
培养信心:
develop one ' s in terest in..; foster one
施加压力: putexert a pressure on..
提供机会:
provideofferfur nish an opport uni tycha nce for
sb.
抓住机会: grabseizetake the opport uni tycha
nce
献身于: devotededicatecommit on eself to a
causecareer
提高技术,能力:
sharpenimproveenhanceboost one
开阔眼界: broaden
one ' s outlook; expandenlarge one
' s
skillability
…
' s mental horizons
加快,促进发展:
acceleratefacilitateadvanceenhanceboost the
development of
充满渴望: have a burning desire
for..; have a great passi on for..
2)
使用同一个词的不同词性,在句中作不同的成分,带来新颖性,形成变化。
' s con fide
nce in..
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5.
1)
比较级句子
句型的变化
.比如
:
英语通过比较级来表达意思的句子远比汉语多
a) A young man' first
car is less a means of transportation than a
monument to his
discovery of youthful freedom.
(A young man
but a monument to his discovery
of youthful freedom.)
b) Success is as much a
question of timing as anything else. (Like
anything else, success is
a question of
timing.)
c) No issue is as basic to in
dividual and n ati onal survival as food. (Food is
the most basic
issue to in dividual and n ati
onal survival.)
2) 同位语句子
同位语有两种功能
:
归纳和解释?例如
:
'
s
first car is not a means of transportation,
a)
Another ingredient of courtesy is empathy, a
quality that enables a person to see into the mind
or heart of some
one else.
b) But whatever
sad episodes exist in our past, we must hold a
positive view of our history,
a history that
has been the story of hopes fulfilled and dreams
made into reality .
3) 平行排比句
恰当地使用句子的平行排比
,
能使文章显得更生动
,
更有力.
e.g. Our stre ngth makes him strong; our
determ in atio n makes him determ in ed; our
courage makes him a hero.
4) 后置修饰句
运用后置修饰语可以使文章的表达更简洁 .
available to satisfy
the rich variety of e.g. There is an almost
infinite variety of magazines
in terests and
tastes.
5) 插入语
在正常的句子中插入某些成分
,
也会给句子带来变化.
e.g. At
the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of
this century, a man had to be aggressive and
ambitious--
today he has to social and
tolerant- -in order to be attractive package .
6) 被动句
在主动句占绝大多数的情况下
,
被动句能带来一些变化.
e.g. However, very little con trol can be
exercised over the media used to gen erate in
formati on that comes to you
from the outside.
7) 倒装句
倒装句不仅带来句型的丰富
,
而且在句子的连贯上
,
平衡上也有一定的作用.
e.g. From that scie nce will
come the realizati on that despite tech no logy,
man dose not exercise dominion over n
ature.
8) 名词化句子
正式文体中
,
名词化句子的运用显得语言表达更成熟
e.g. Heavy exposure to TV will interfere with
one
affect your studies.)
9) 运用破折号
.
' s studies. (Watching too much TV will
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运用破折号不仅对句子变化有帮助
,
而且有强调的作用.
6. 作文中常见错误
1. 时态方面的错误
写议论文一般用现在时态。只有举例,提到过去的事才会用到过去时。
2.
主谓,人称等违反一致性方面的错误
写一个句子,乃至一篇文章里人称始终要保持一致,不能一会儿用第三人称,一会儿又 用第一人称。
3. 修饰语的位置错误
a) Without television, people
can't get information which comes from other parts
of the world immediately.
Immediately既可以修饰
面。
b) To participate in class discussion ,
a lot of books have to be read.
不定式短语的逻辑主语决不是
0 lot of books,为了把逻辑关系表达清楚,要么把不
comes:
“得到迅速从各方面传来的消息” ,也可以修饰
can't的后 get:
“迅速得到从各方面传来的消息”,意思含糊不清,所以要把它放到
定式短语改成 If one
wants to participate in class discussion,要么把主句改成
you have to read a lot of books
。
4.
语法结构平行方面的错误
a) With the computer, one can do
shopping, banking, and read at home.
用语法平行结构原则来衡量。前面用 ing形式,最后一个用动词原形 read是不妥
的, 为了和do shopping, do
banking保持结构上平行,接下来的一个内容要用 readi ng。
b)
Participating in class discussion is not only good
for the pursuit of knowledge, and through it we
can also develop
our analytical skills .
同样,在说同样的事时, 相邻的句子在语法结构上尽可能要保持一致。后半句宜
改为:It
is also ben eficial to the developme nt of our an
alytical skills
。
5. 代词用法方面的错误
a)
Sometimes teachers will inform stude nts of the
difficulty they will meet with in studies.
They既可以指代teachers,也可以代students,明显的是指代不清。
中的一个名词变成单数, 用he和they分别代不同的名词就清楚了。
其实只要把其
女口: Sometimes
a teacher will inform stude
nts of the difficulty they will meet with in
studies.
b) People have bee n fighti ng aga
inst the in flue nee of TV commercials, but it
ofte n proves useless.
It指什么?指 in flue
nee,在ofte n proves useless句子中显然不通。作者知道 it指
人们的努力, 但effort这个词前面没有出现过, 就不能用it,所以要把it改成the
effort
。
6. 可数名词与不可数名词方面的错误
information, evidenee, advice, knowledge
等是不可数名词,不能用复数。 many, a great number of, another,
few 等
只能与可数名词配用。而
much等须与不可数名词配用。
7.
冠词方面的错误
a) Book kno wledge is importa nt, but
we should also lear n someth ing in the society.
a great amount of, a great deal of, less,
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b) When I was in the
high school, I always had a beautiful picture of
the college life.
在没有特指意义时,不能用表示特指的定冠词
c)
There is a lot of discussion in the class.
表示上课,用手,走路,上学,住院等都不用定冠词:In class, by hand, on
foot, go to college, at hospital
o
&句子完整方面的错误
a) TV now plays an importa nt
role in our daily life. Because we cannot live
without it.
中文用因为”引出的句子可以独立, 而英文不行,用 Because,
since, as从句,只能
The。这几句中的the都应去掉。
附属主句:
because we cannot live without it。
b) There
are many ways to con tact with society. For
example, joining clubs, take part time jobs and
help the poor.
For example 弓丨出的应是句子: For
example we may join clubs, take part time jobs and
help the poor.而Such as
引出的只能是词或词组, 不能独立成句: Such
as joining clubs, taking part time jobs and
helping the poor.
c) Un like the movie, TV
shows on continu ously, and does n'n eed to pay
any extra mon ey.
Doesn'tneed to pay any extra
money的主语是什么? 显然不是TV。汉语可以说:电视
可以一直看下去,无需再花什么钱。
将主语省去,但英语一定要有明显的主语,所以在
doesn'tneed to pay any
extra money 前要加上 one。
d) Readi ng books can
acquire kno wledge.
看上去句子有主语: Reading
books。但这是假主语,因为 acquire knowledge的主语必
须是人。汉语的主语和谓语
关系是主题和评论的关系,可以说“读书能获得知识”
英语不行,一定要有逻辑主谓关系。因此改成:
kno wledge.
9。
过渡词方面的错误
The city is seriously polluted,
people have no fresh air to breathe now.
中文可以靠意思本身来连接句子, 但英文一定要用过渡词来表示因果, 转折或递进关系。
。但
Through reading one can acquire
所以这一句可以是 The city is so seriously polluted
that people have no fresh air to breathe now. 或 As
the city is
seriously polluted, people have no
fresh air to breathe now.
10。 词语搭配方面的错误
a)
We stude nts might lear n more kno wledge through
the lecture system.
“学习知识”是作文中常要表达的,但大多数学生总是用错。英语中能和 Kn owledge
搭配的不是 learnstudy而是obtain, acquire,
gain等。同样和traffic搭配的不是 crowded 而是 traffic is rather
heavybusy 禾口 speed, price 搭配的不是 fast,
expensive,而是 The speedprice of the car is high.
b) Open your computer, you can know everyth
ing in the world.
Open是打开盖子的意思。打开电脑盖子,只能看到芯片,怎么是 everything in
the
world,这里应用turn on。打开信也不能用 open,而是用 unfold
the letter。同时 People began to eat more vice
food
搭配也不对。副食品应是 non-staple
foodstuff
。
而副总统,畐U 经理,副教授,副作用分另 U是 vice
preside nt,
assista nt man agers, associate
professors, side
effects,一定要牢记。
11。
词语方面的错误
c) After four years , we all graduated
from college and entered society.
过去时里表示四年后,应用
Four years later,而不是 after fore years,用于表示将来的
in: We will all graduate in four years.
四年后,也不用 after,而是用介词
d) The computer like TV,
it has both adva ntages and disadva ntages.
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表示“像”,Like
是介词,这里误用为动词,应是: Like TV, the computer has both
advantages and
disadvantages.同样, Obviously,
our country would stop develop if no
electricity,这里develop的正确用法应是动名
词
developing,而no也不是动词,表示 没有,英语的动词是 There is
not(no)或have not。
e) In my opinion, I think
both the systems must be improved.
In my
opinion的意思已经包括在 I think里了,用一个就可以了。同样,People try to
find
a solution to solve the
problem去掉solve意思没有变,但句子简洁多了。
f) The reas on
why many stude nts like the lecture system is
because it helps them to learn quickly and much
more.
句中Reason, why,
because都指同一意思,至少要去掉一个。可以改成:Many students like the
lecture system because
it helps them to learn
quickly and much more.
12. 汉式英语表达
1)
变化的原因有三点。
(误)The reasons for this change has
three points.
(正)There are three reas ons for
this cha nge.
2) 这样我的英语水平就提高了。
(误) My En
glish level has thus improved.
(正) My En glish
has thus improved.
3) 看电视能开阔眼界。
(误) TV can
wide n our eyes.
(正) Watch ing TV can wide n
our mind.
4) 我不怕热天。
(误) I ' m not afraid
of the hot weather.
(正) I don ' t mind the hot
weather.
5) 我感到书越来越重了。
(误) I feel the
books become heavier and heavier.
(正) The
books feel heavier and heavier.
8. 超级作文模式
1. 对比选择型
Some people tend to think that
观点一
)
They point out that
由二)A case in
point is 举例
)
Therefore, ??小、结)
On the
contrary, other people hold the view that 观点二)They
argue that 理由一 )What ' s
理由?一(Additionally,
理
?
.(
more,..(理由二
)
As an
illustration,..( 举例)Accordingly,..( 小结
)
As far as I am concern ed, I think
由二)So,…总结自己的观点
)
我的观点
?
(The
reason is that 理由一
)
And also ?理
2.
说明利弊型
When ever we hear people say that (主题)we
' ll in sta ntly have the idea that it is a
goodbad thing for …某人
)
lndeed, ?主题)have
advantages to …(某人)We can take ???(举例)as an
example. It will ben efit 好处一
?
)(ln
additio n, 好处二)
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In
the mean time, we must realize those disadva
ntages of …主题)First of all, ??坏处 一)Second,…坏处二)
To sum up the above argume nts, I think a
proper attitude towards 主题)is that 我的观 点
)
3. 问题解决型
N owadays, we have to face a
problem that 问题
problem …问题)It is important for
us to …(问题)For instanee ??例 一?原因一
)Moreover,..(例二)
Second,…原因二)
People have
figured out many ways to solve the nted with
…何题),we should take a series of
effective
measures to cope with the situation. Firstly,
一)Secondly,…解决方法二
)
Personally, I
believe that 我的方法)To me, I am taking two ways to
solve the problem of …(问题)One of them
is
…我的方法一 )The other way is …我的方法二)By now, ways have
been working perfectly and efficiently 结果)
???
(
4. 阐述主题型
A famous saying goes
that 名言或谚语
)
lt means that 释义(
)
解决方法
An example of this case is..( 例一)Another case
in point is 例二 …?(
I like the say ing (名言或谚语)
,
which en courages me 理由(
5. 图表题
From the graph, we know the statistics of..(
图表概况 )It can easily be seen that 揭示含???( 义
)
There are many reasons responsible for this
instancechange, and the following are the typical
ones. For one thing,
理由一
)
inaddition,..(理由二)The main reason is
that 理由三?
(
However, this graph may not
predict the en tire situati on in the future. I
believe 前景预
测)Above all, we now know about the
problem and we should try to find some ways to
solve it.
For one thing,..(方法一 )For another
thing,..(方法二)Still another, 方法三)
9. 信函型作文
英文书信有信头和信尾,有固定的格式。
信头:
2) 不知道收信人的姓名
:
Dear Sir, Dear Madam, Dear SirMadam,
3) 知道收信人的姓氏,但他并非你的好友
Lang,
结尾:
1)
正式公务信件 :Yours very faithfully,
无边际。
2)措辞诚恳,坦然。不能感情夸张。
1.求职信
求职信通常分成三部分。
1) 引言部分要写明如何获得职位空缺,以及自己的态度。这部分的描写要表现出极大 的兴趣。
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:Dear Mr. Jenkins, Dear Ms.
Dear Dr. Smith, Dear Preside nt Push,
4)
收信人是你的朋友
:
Dear Sue, Dear Michael,
Yours
very sincerely,
2) 非正式的社交书信:Yours si ncerely,
Yours truly, With best regards,
总的要求:1)内容明确,简洁。不能漫
2)
文部分主要是证明自己有能力胜任这个职位。这部分内容要具体,不要空洞说自己 如何好。
3)
结尾部分主要是些客套,如提供的证明文件,希望面谈等。
求职信常用套语:
开头:1)
I am applying for the secretary position
advertised in the China Daily on April,1.
2)
In answer to your ad in today ' China Daily for an
computer programmer, I am
writi ng …
3) I
have seen your ad in this morning
5) I would
like to apply for the postpositi on of
6) I
shall be only too glad to have such a chanee to
正文:1) As you will see from the enclosed
resume, I
2) I am about to graduate from
…
…
' s paper for
…
4) I would like
to be con sidered as a can didate for the job
…University in 2005, majoring in computer
scienee.
… 3) I have the n ecessary skills and
ability for
4) I have a good comma nd of En
glish as well a s …
the job.
5) Although I
have little on-the-job experie nee, I am con fide
nt my academic trai ning has prepared me to han
dle
6) I wish to have a new job in which I can
use the advaneed knowledge of computer I acquired.
7) Since your company is well known for …it
should be an ideal place for me.
结尾:1)
Enclosed are testimonials from my university
teachers and my present employer.
2) If these
meet your requireme nts, please gra nt me an in
terview.
3) I can be reached at 12345678
4) I am look ing forward to heari ng from you
and talk ing with you soon.
5) I am look ing
forward to an in terview at your convenien ce.
2. 给编辑的信
给编辑的信实际上是一篇小论文:主要是对报刊上某则评论,
后阐述理由并加以论证。
给编辑的信开头常用的句子:
1) I have
read your editorial ..” and I quite go along with
the writer ' s view.
消息,新闻等发表意见, 或赞
然
成或反对。注意在信的开始要具体引出所要评论的消息或新闻并要明确提出自己的态度,
2) I
have bee n readi ng your n ewspaper for many years
with a great en thusiasm and in terest,
but
your recent articles and editorials on the
….filled me with deepest disappointment.
3)
Gen erally I go along with your ideas, but your
edi torial .” Was shock ing.
3. 询问信
询问信通常分成三部分。 1)引言部分:一是自我介绍,二是询问的目的。要让对方觉得你
是可信的,值得帮助的。
2)
正文部分:询问的主要内容。为了对方一目了然,也便于回答,
可以用数字列出具体问题。
3) 结尾部分:真诚地感谢对方。
询问信常用套语:
开头:1) As a
student at …university, I am preparing a paper
analyzing …
2) Your an swers to the questi ons
below would help me complete my paper.
欢迎下载 9
3) I would be grateful if you
would supply
4) The questi ons I n eed an
swered are listed below.
…
正文:1) Will you
please send me the releva nt in formati on and
applicatio n forms?
2) Could you please send
me the forms pf application and a brochure of the
graduate
program?
结尾:1) Your an swer will
con tribute to my projectpaper.
2) I would
appreciate receiving your answer by April,1.
4. 投诉信
写投诉信要注意几点:1)语气要坚决,但措辞又要礼貌,不宜过分尖锐。
2) 反映问题要明确,具体。
3) 要同时叙述因此带来的不便和损失。
4)
提出解决问题的方案,如赔偿要合理。
5)
结尾既要希望对方尽快解决问题,又要对对方所做的努力表示感
谢,这样有利于问题的解决。
6) —般说来在叙述问题时要用过去时态。
投诉信常用套语:
开头:1) I
am returning …which I bought from your store on
April,1.
… 2) I must compla in to you about
正文:1) It worked perfectly for six days , but …
2) This has put us to great inconvenience.
3) Therefore, I am returning …and would
greatly appreciate if you could replace it.
结尾:1) I would be grateful if this matter would
have your immediate atte nti on.
2) Given your
excellentwell-deserved reputation, I am sure you
will do everything possible to …
3) Your compa
ny has always represe nted quality service. You
have bee n most helpful in
the past, and I am
con fide nt that you will, once aga in, solve the
problem.
欢迎下载 10
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