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2020-10-26 05:02
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现役是什么意思-jap

2020年10月26日发(作者:唐虽)




Chapter 1 An Introduction to Software Engineering
1. Why software engineering is important?
软件工程由应对软件危机也产生,软件工程 的发展极大地完善了我们的软件。软件工程的研究使得我们对软件
开发活动有个更深入的了解,并且已经 找到了进行软件描述、设计和实现的有效方法。软件工程中新的标记发和工
具大大降低了制作大型、复杂 系统的工作量
2. What is software? What is software engineering?
软件工程是一门工程学科,包括了软件开发的各个方面,从最初的系统描述 一直到使用后的系统维护,都属于其学
科范畴。
3. What is the difference between software engineering and computer science? 计算机科学研究的是构成计算
机和软件系统基础的有关理论和方 法,耳软件工程则研究软件制作中的实际问题。计算机科学侧重理论和基础; 软
件工程侧重软件开发和交付的实际活动。
4. What are the attributes of good software?
软件除了提供基本的功能,对用户来说 是还应该是可维护的、可依赖的和可接受的。可维护性,软件必须能够
不断变
化以满足变化;可 依赖性,软件必须可以被信赖;有效性,软件不能浪费系统资源;可用性,使用起来比较容易

5. What is CASE?
CASE 工具是一些软件系统,被设计成支持软件过程 中的常规活动,如编辑设计图表、检查图表的连贯性、跟
踪已经运行的程序测试等。
6. What is the difference between software engineering and system engineering?
系统工程侧重于计算机系统开发的所有方面,包括硬件、软件和处理工程。 软件工程是整个系统的一部分,
它关心系统中基础软件、控制软件、应用软件和数据库的开发。
7. What are software engineering methods?
软件工程方法是一种软件开发的结构化方法,目的在于提高软件质量的同时,使其性价比较高。它包括系统模型、符号、规则、设计建议和过程指导。
8. What are the key challenges facing software engineering?
多样性的挑战 ,发展新技术以建立起能够使不同平台、不同执行环境的软件一起工作的软件;交付的挑战,发
展新技术 以带来软件的更快的交付;信任的挑战,发展新技术以展示软件是能够被使用者信任的。
9. Issues of professional responsibility
保密,工程人员必须严格保守客户或雇主的机密,而不管是否签署了保密协议。
工作能力,工程人员应如实的表述自己的工作能力,不应有意接受超过自己能力的工作.
知识 产权,工程人员应当知晓控制专利权、著作权等知识产权使用的地方法律,必须谨慎行事,确保雇主和客
户的知识产权受到保护.
计算机滥用,软件工程人员不应运用自己的技能滥用他人的计算机。滥用计算 机有时对他人影响不大(如在雇
主的计算机上玩游戏),但有时后果非常严重(传播病毒)。
10. Code of ethics – principles
公众感,软件工程人员应当始终保持与公众利益一直。
客户和雇主,软件工程人员应当始终保持与公众利益一直的前提下,满足客户和雇主的最大利益.
产品,软件工程人员应当保证他们的产品及其相关附件达到尽可能高的行业标准。
判断力,软件工程人员应当具有公正而独立的职业判断力.
管理,软件工程管理者和领导者应当拥护并倡导合乎道德的有关软件开发和维护的管理方法。
职业感,软件工程人员应当弘扬职业正义感和荣誉感,尊重社会公众利益。
同事,软件工程人员应当公平的对待和协助每一位同事。
自己,软件工程人员应当毕生学习专业知识,提倡合乎职业道德的职业活动方式
11. If you are a software engineer, what code of ethics – principles should you obey? And describe why?
10题中的全部或部分




Chapter 2 Socio-technical Systems
2. What modal does the system engineering process usually follow? And why ?.
系统工程中,通常采用瀑布模型。因为系统的不同部分需要并行的开发,而系统工程中 的硬件一般十分昂贵,
所以开发中返工的余地非常小。
3. What are the five steps of the system design process?
分割需求;识别子系统;为子系统分配需求;描述子系统功能;定义子系统接口
4. Why system evolution is inherently costly?
像软件进化一样,系统进化是昂贵的,其原因如下:
(1) 必须从业务和技术的角度对提议的变更做仔细的分析。在变更生效之前必须经过有关人员的认同。
(2) 因为子系统都不是鼓励存在的,对一个子系统的变更可能会对其他子系统的性能或行为造成负面影响。
(3) 原始设计决策的理由时常未被记录。把一个特别的设计决策产生的原因找出来,对于系统进化是有意义的。
(4) 当系统运行相当长时间后,其结构被修改得复杂凌乱,系统进化的成本进一步增加。
2. System modelling is usually presented as a 方块图 .
3. After completion, the system has to be installed in 用户环境 .
4. The systems engineering process includes 描述 , 设计 ,
开发 and 集成 . System 集成 is particularly critical.
5. List three examples of emergent properties. 体积 , 可靠性 ,
信息安全性 .
6. The system design process includes: 分割需求 , identify sub- systems, 为子系统分配需求 , specify
sub- system functionality, 定义子系统接口 .
7. What is emergent system properties? Please list three examples of emergent properties?
系统特性不能归于任何一个专门的组件,只有从系统整体上看是这些特性才会浮现出来。
体积、可靠性、信息安全特性、可维修性、可用性
8. The systems engineering process


9. The figure below shows intruder alarm system
Movement
sensors
Door
sensors
Alarm
controller< br>External
control centre
Siren
Voice
synthesizer
Telephone
caller

Fill the blanks with the component types in alarm system from the figure.




Communication: 语音合成器
Sensor: 门传感器 , 运动传感器
Interface: 电话呼叫器
Actuator: 警笛
Co-ordination: 警报控制器
10. The system design process
Partition
requirements
Identify
sub- systems
Define sub- system
interfaces
Specify sub- system
functionality
Assign requirements
to sub-systems

11
. What’s Emergent property? 同7题
Chapter 3 Software Processes
1. Generic activities in all software processes are : 软件描述 , 软件设计和实现 ,
软件有效性验证 and 软件进化 .
2. List three kinds of CASE systems (not tools). 工具、工作平台、环境
3. List three kinds of generic software process models. 瀑布模型、进化式开发、基于组件的软件工程
4. What are the RUP (Rational Unified Process ) phases?
RUP中的阶段是紧密关联于业务的,而不是关联于技术层面。他们是: (1) 开端(2) 细化(3) 构造(4) 转换
5. What are the problems of evolutionary development?(1)过程不可见;(2)系统结果通常较差;
6. What are the advantages of the incremental development
(1)客户无需等到整个系统实现,第一个增量会满足他们大多数关键的需求。
(2)客户可以将早期的增量作为原型,从中获得对后面系统增量的需求经验。
(3)项目总体失败的风险比较低。(4)最高优先权的增量会得到更充分的测试。
Extreme programming
7. Please list three types of generic software process models: 瀑布模型 , 金华市开发 and 基于组件的软件工程 .
8. List at least generic software process models.
9. What is the software process and What is the main activities of the software process?
一个软件过程是一组引发软件产品生产的活动。
软件描述;软件设计和实现;软件有效性验证;软件进化
kind of model does the following diagram show? When the model is appropriate

for?





瀑布模型
这种模型只在需求定义的非常清晰完整同时需求的变化十分有限的情况下适用。
11. The diagram shows what kind of model of the software process? And what does each loop in the modal represent?

螺旋模型
每个回路表示软件过程的一个阶段
In spiral development, each loop in the spiral is split into four sectors. The four sectors are 目标设置 , 风险评估和规
避 , 开发和有效性验证 , 规划 .
12. Why Software evolution is needed?软件天生是灵活可变的。
2) 业务环境改变是用于支持业务环境的软件也要跟着改变。
3) 虽然开发和进化(维护)之间有划分,但是现在从头开发的系统越来越少了。
13. What is requirements engineering process? What is the main four period of requirements engineering
process?
需求工程主要是理解并定义系统需求哪些服务以及找出开发和运行期间受到 哪些约束。需求工程过程产生用以
描述系统的需求文档。
需求工程过程的四个主要阶段:
1) 可行性研究
2) 需求导出和分析
3) 需求描述
4) 需求有效性验证
14. Extreme programming is based around the development and delivery of very small 版本
of functionality.
15. There are four fundamental process activities that are common to all software processes. These are: 软件描述 ,
软件设计和实现 , 软件有效性验证 , 软件进化
16. In spiral development, each loop in the spiral is split into four sectors. What are they? 目标设置 , 风险评估和规避 ,
开发和有效性验证 , 规划.
Chapter 4 Project management
1. Software project management activities include:
提出书面建议
,
项目规划和调度
,
项目成本估算
,
项目监督与评审
,
人员选择与评价
,
写作并陈述工作报告 .
2. Software project plan structure includes:




引言
,
项目的组织
,
风险分析
,
硬件和软件资源需求
,
工作分解
,
项目进度
,
监控和报告机制 .
3
. What’s Milestone?
一个里程碑是一项软件工程活动的终结。
4. What is a milestone in project management?
在项目规划时,应建立 一系列的项目里程碑。在项目管理中每个里程碑都是一个正式的可以提交给管理层的输
出结果。
5. Risk factors

6. Please describe the process of risk management.
1) 风险识别,识别可能的项目、产品和业务风险。
2) 风险分析,评估这些风险出现的可能性和后果。
3) 风险规划,制定计划避免或降低风险的影响。
4) 风险监控,在整个项目过程中监控风险。
7. Bar charts and activity networks are graphical notations which are used to illustrate the project schedule. Bar charts show
who is responsible for each activity and when the activity is scheduled to begin and end. Activity networks show the
dependencies between the different activities making up a project.
Consider the set of activities shown in Table 3.1. This table shows activities, their duration, and activity
interdependencies.
Given dependency and estimated duration of activities, an activity network which shows activity sequences may be
generated as the following Figure 3.1.




Table 3.1 Task durations and dependencies


Figure 3.1 An activity networkFigure 3.2 is the activity bar chart of the project. The project bar chart shows the extent of the
possible delay as a shaded bar.

Figure 3.2 Activity bar chart

Table 3.2 suggests an allocation of staff to the activities illustrated in Figure 3.2.
Table 3.2 Allocation of people to activities
Task Engineer




T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
Jane
Anne
Jane
Fred
Mary
Anne
Jim
Fred
Jane
Anne
Fred
Fred
Figure 3.3 suggests staff allocation vs time chart.

Figure 3.3 Staff allocation vs time chart

Answer the following questions:
(1) Which task is task T3 dependent on? It is right that T1 must be completed before T3 starts?
T3依赖任务T1。对,T3开始前,T1必须结束。
(2) Before progress can be made from one milestone to another, all paths leading to it must be complete. According to this,
what task(s) must be finished before task T9 started?
T9开始之前,T3和T6必须完成
(3) The minimum time required to finish the project can by estimated by considering the longest path in the activity
graph(the critical path). In this case, how many working days does the project need at least? Please notify the critical path.
至少需要55个工作日。
关键路径T1、T3、T9、T11、T12,(注:图中加粗黑线)
(4) If T8 is delayed, does it affect the final completion date of the project? Why?
T8没有在关键路径上,可以延迟,只要最迟在199前完成不会对项目有影响
(5) How many working days is the extent of the possible delay of T4? What about T7? Why?
T4最长可以延误20天(图3.2中T4阴影为4周,共20个工作日)
T7最长可以延误12天:55天-15天(T10)-20天(T7)-8天(T1)=12天
(6) Does staff has to be assigned to a project at all times? In Figure 3.3, T6 and T10 are assigned to Anne, but there is a
intervening periods between T6 and T10, why?
项目人员不必分配到项目的每一个阶段。




T6和T10中间有间断是因为T6结束时,T10还没有开始。
Chapter 5 Software Requirements and Requirements Engineering
1. Milestones in the requirement process, 可行性报告 is the corresponding milestone of Feasibility
Study.
2. Requirements measures
3. What’s Problems with NL specification? 用自然语言描述需求存在的问题:
1) 描述不够清楚
2) 需求混乱
3) 需求混合
4. Please describe requirements document structure?
1) 绪言2.引言3.术语4.用户需求定义5.用户体系结构6.系统体系结构
2) 系统需求描述
3) 系统模型
4) 系统进化
5) 附录
6) 索引

Chapter 6 Object-Oriented Design
1. What’s UML?
UML是一种统一描述九十年代出现的几种面向对象设计方法的符号系统。
2. Object-oriented analysis, design and programming are related but distinct.
面向对象分析 is concerned with developing an object model of the application domain.
面向对象设计 is concerned with developing an object-oriented system model to implement requirements.
面向对象程序设计 is concerned with realising an OOD using an OO programming language such as Java or
C++.
3. In OOD, objects are members of classes which define attribute types and operations. Classes may be arranged in a class
hierarchy where one class (a super-class) is a 泛化 of one or more other classes (sub- classes).
4. In the UML, a generalised relationship is indicated by an 指向父类的空心箭头 .
5. Object 接口 have to be specified so that the objects and other components can be designed in parallel.




6. 统一建模语言UML provides different notations for defining different object models.
7. In the UML, generalisation is indicated by 指向父类的空心箭头 .
8. Object 接口 have to be specified so that the objects and other components can be designed in parallel.
9. Conceptually, objects communicate by 消息 in OOD.
10. In OOD, messages mean
?The name of the service requested by the 调用对象 .
?Copies of the information required to execute the 服务 and the name of a holder for the result of the
service.
11. In practice, messages are often implemented by 程序调用 in OOD.
12. Object-oriented design simplifies system 进化 .
13. Advantages of OOD容易维护,对象可以作为单独的实体被认识。
2) 对象是潜在地可重用组件。
3) 对很多系统存在一个较为明显的从现实实体到系统对象的映射。
14. Object communication
Conceptually, objects communicate by message passing.
Messages
?The name of the service requested by the calling object.
?Copies of the information required to execute the service and the name of a holder for the result of the service.
In practice, messages are often implemented by procedure calls
?Name = procedure name.
?Information = parameter list.
15. Object- oriented design simplifies system object-oriented design process了解并定义上下文和系统的
使用模式;
2) 设计系统体系结构;
3) 识别出系统中的主要对象;4]开发设计模型;5.]描述对象接口。
17. Approaches to identification in O-O design.
1) 对系统的自然语言描述做文法分析。
2) 使用应用领域中的真实实 体、职务、事件、交互、位置、机构单元。在存在的系统中寻找对象,可以通过识
别存储结构来识别对象 。
3) 使用行为方法,设计者首先要了解系统的全部行为。参与一个行为并在其中产生重要作用者可视为一个对象。
4) 使用基于脚本的分析识别出系统使用的各个脚本,并以此对其进行分析。
18. Weather station interface





19. An important advantage of object-oriented design is that it simplifies the evolution of the system. Please explain it in
detail using examples.课本P203页14.3节实例
20. What important advantage does object-oriented design bring to the evolution of the system. Please explain it in detail
using examples.
21 Figure 3.4 illustrates the notation for an object class in the UML. It models an employee in an organisation. In the UML,
the term ‘operation’ is the specification of an action; the term ‘method’ is used to refer to the implementation of the
operation.

Figure 3.4 An employee object Figure 3.5 A generalisation hierarchy

Figure 3.5 shows an example of a generalisation hierarchy where different classes of employee are shown.
Answer the following Questions:
(1) How many attributes and operations are included in class Employee in
Figure 3.4
? Can we add more attributes to class
Employee?
图3.4中的类包括10个属性4个操作。可以加入属性。
(2) In the UML, what is generalization indicated by? 用一个指向父类的箭头
(3) List all the child classes of class Manager? Project Manager,Dept Manager,Strategic Manager
(4) How many attributes can be accessed through class Project Manager directly or indirectly according to the information
可以直接或间接访问Employee类、Manager类和Project Manager类中的共13个属性
(5) If an attribute (jobDuty) is added to class Manager and an operation (doJob) is added to class Project Manager, please
redraw the URL digram.




把新属性和方法加到上面右图中,同时把图3.4和图3.5合并
Chapter 7 Managing people
1. People management factors include 一致性 , 尊重 , Inclusion, 诚实 .
2. Please list three kinds of personality types. 面向任务型 , 面向自我型 ,
面向交互型 .
3. PCMM and PCMM levels?
人员能力成熟度模型,共分为5级
1) 初始级
2) 可重复级
3) 已定义级
4) 已管理级
5) 优化级
4. Motivation is a complex issue but it appears that their are different types of motivation based on:
? Basic needs (e.g. food, sleep, etc.);
? Personal needs (e.g. respect, self-esteem);
? Social needs (e.g. to be accepted as part of a group).
5. Factors influencing group working
1) 小组的组成
2) 小组的凝聚力
3) 小组的沟通
4) 小组的结构
6. Staff selection case study in textbook.
Chapter 8 Emerging Technologies
1. Security threats can be threats to 机密性 , 完整性 , 可用性 of a system or its data.
2. Please list three kinds of survivability strategies? 抵抗力 , 识别 , 恢复 .
3. Security threats can be threats to 机密性 , 完整性 , 可用性 of a system or its data.
4. What are benefits of SOA?
1) 服务可以由本地提供商提供,或从外部提供商那里获得
2) 服务可以用任何语言实现
3) 通过将遗留系统包装成服务,公司能够保护这些有价值的投资,同时应用于更广的范围。
4) 整合的内部平台通过简单的信息交互就可以使用
5. The key standards of web service-oriented architectures include SOAP ,
WSDL(Web Service Definition Language), UDDI ,
6. What’s Service Engineering?
服务工程是开发服务的过程,关注可靠、可复用的服务的开发。
7. What’s the service engineering process?
a) 可选服务识别b)服务设计c)服务实现和部署
8. Cross cutting concerns lead to two undesirable phenomena:
混乱 and 分散 .
9. The separation of concerns




关注点分离是软件设计和实现中的一个重要原则。本质上讲,它意味这在组织软件时,使得程序中的每 个元素
(类、方法、过程等)做且只作一件事。
10. Aspects, join points and pointcuts
方面:定义横切关注点的程序抽象。它包括切入点和与关注点关联的建议的定义。
连接点:在执行的程序中的事件。此程序中会有对与方面相关联的建议的执行
切入点:在方面中包含的一个语句,定义了相关的方面建议应该得以执行的连接点。
11. Software engineering with aspects
采用方面的的软件工程是在系统开发的所有阶段采用面向方面的方法。
12. Aspect weaving
处理源代码并将方面合并在指定的连接点处。
13. Aspect problems
Case analysis
1. An integrated information network management system will be developed for an enterprise (A Design and Research
Institute). The enterprise owns several departments(300 employees) and the system includes 17 functionality modules
shown in the table below. Each department is mainly concerned with one or more modules.
Departments
Operating department
Modules
Prophase management
Bid management
Contract management
Planning management
Project management
Cooperative Design management
Finished product management
Remote Office
Workflow management
Archives management
Integration management
ISO quality management
Books management
Human resource management
System management
Website
Office management

Production department
Technology department
Human resource department
Office
Professional design department

If you are the manager of the project, describe it in detail on how to carry out your work in a systematic way. You should
cover the points to architectural design, project management, software development lifecycle and processes, etc.
答:1、项目总体方案
对项目进行可行性分析后 进行较为系统的需求分析。根据项目特点整个开发采用进化是开发过程,通过用户需
求工程获取系统描述 ,开发初始版本、并根据用户对初始版本的反馈和进一步的开发完成中间版本,并通过对中间
版本的完善 得到最终版本。
2、项目管理






项目开始后制定一份项目计划书,并在项目进行过程中,根据变化及实际情况进行修改。
项目过程中的里程碑有:可行性报告、用户需求、系统需求、估算报告、体系结构设计
项目人员安排:
Departments
Operating department
Modules
Prophase management
Bid management
Contract management
人员

1人

Production department
Planning management
Project management
Cooperative Design management 3人
Finished product management
Remote Office
Workflow management
Archives management
Integration management
ISO quality management
Books management
Human resource management
System management
Website
Office management



2人


3人

3人

1人
Technology department
Human resource department
Office
Professional design department

3、体系结构设计
本系统是一个基于网络的信息管理系统,适用客户机服务器模型
远程用户运作部生产部技术部
人力资源

办公室设计部
网络
Web服 务器数据库服务器

根据题目该设计研究公司的主要业务是产品的设计与研制,包括了前期投标 、投标到后期设计的一个流程,所
以模块化分解采用流水线模型




计划
设计方案
编制计划
前期工作投标签 订合同
质量管理
标书
合同
设计



4、软件开发
为了能够快速的提交高质量的软件,开发过程采用敏捷方法,开发过程如下:
选择用户脚本分解任务规划版本
评估系统发布软件
开发集成
测试软件







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