沉思近义词-rooster怎么读
Commodity chemicals日用化学品specialty
chemicals专用化学品
fine chemicals精细化学品raw
material原料sodium chloride氯化钠
unit
operation单元操作flow sheet工艺流程图chemical
processes化学工艺
size
reduction粉碎RD研究开发nanotechnology纳米技术micro
reaction微量
反应end of pipe
treatment末端处理macromolecule大分子bio
engineering生
物工程pharmaceuticals制药lab on a
chip芯片实验室chlor alkali氯碱
end product终端品sulfur
Dioxide二氧化硫sodium carbonate碳酸钠
soda ash
苏达灰diammonium hydrogen phosphate磷酸氢二铵dyestuff染料
silicon tetrafluoride四氧化硅petroleum
refining石油炼制coal
gasification煤
气化alkylation烷基化solvent extraction
溶剂萃取catalytic hydrocracking催
化加氢裂解
butylene丁烯BTX苯 甲苯 二甲苯modern refinery现代炼油厂
Feeds
tock原料hydrocarbon碳氢paraffin石蜡fused benzene
ring酬和苯环
carboxylic acid ester羧酸脂catalyst
deacitivation催化剂失活acetylene乙炔
pyridine吡啶natural
gas天然气Liquefied petroleum
gas(LPG)液化石油气
straight rungasoline
直馏汽油coexisting zone 共存区dumped packing 乱堆填
料
ordered packing规整填料rectifhing section经六段stripping
sectiong提馏
段flash drunt闪蒸段equilibrium
stage平衡级batch distillation间歇精馏acetic
acid
醋酸dimethylformamide二甲基甲酰胺mixer settler混合沉降器
sieveplate筛板water immiscible水不溶mechanical
agitation机械搅拌
molecular sieves分子筛ion
exchange离子交换activeted carbon活性炭single
effect
evaporator单板蒸发器multiple effectevaporaion多效蒸发器force
circulation强制循环condenser冷凝器reboiler再沸器conserve
energy能量守
1
恒Reflux
pump回流泵reversible process可逆过程dynamic equilibrium
动力
学平衡entropy熵In bulk 大剂量
汉翻英
氢氧化钠Sodium hydroxide 硫酸Sulfuric acid
有机合成Organic synthesis 表
面活性剂surfactant离子交换Ion
exchange热传递Heat transfer工艺流程图
Process flow
diagram副产物by-products盐酸Hydrochloric
acid无机化学品
Inorganic chemicals硝酸Nitric
acid氢氧化钙Calcium hydroxide磷酸phosphate
硅胶Silica
gel煤气厂gasworks水处理Water treatment石油化学品Petroleum
chemical原油Crude oil精馏distillation沸点Boiling
point催化重整Catalytic
reforming异构化
isomerization生物柴油biodiesel
燃油fuel环烷烃
cycloparaffin 甲烷methane丙烷propane
乙烯ethylene树脂Resin五元环Five
member
ring苯benzene杂原子化合物Heteroatom compound相态Phase
state气
相gas phase液相liquid phase相对挥发度Relative
volatility流速flow
rate冷凝器
condenser多组分混合物Multicomponent
mixture回流比reflux ratio萃取器
extractor结晶crystalliz
ation吸收absorption吸附adsorption解吸desorption溶质
sol
ute溶解性solubility沉淀precipitation
1. We define
industrial chemistry as the branch of chemistry
which
applies physical chemical procedures
towards the transformation of natural raw
materials and their derivatives to products
that are of benefit to humanity. 我们
定义的工业化学是化学的
一个分支,应用物理化学程序对改造天然原材料及
其衍生物产品,造福人类。
2. The
chemical industry can also be classified according
to the type of
main materials used andor type
of principal products made.
化工行业也可以根
据所使用的主要材料的类型和或所作的主要产品类型进行分类。
3.Every industrial process is designed to
produce a desired product from
2
variety of starting raw materials using energy
through a succession of treatment
steps
integrated rational fashion. 每一个工业过程设计目的是为了产生所需的产品从各种各样的起始原料使用能源通过一系列加工步骤集和成合理的方
式。(每一个工业过程设计
目的是使用能源通过一系列合理的加工步骤,把
各种各样的起始原料产生成所需的产品),
4,A chemical process is therefore any single
processing unit or a combination
processing
units used for the conversion of raw materials
through a succession of
treatment steps
integrated rational fashion.一个化学过程因此是任何单个加工
装置或
多个加工装置的组合,这些处理单元用于把原料通过各种化学和物理
变化转化成产品。
5,A
flow diagram is a road map of the process, which
gives a great deal of
information in a small
space. 一个工艺流程图是一个过程的路线图,它在一个
小空间提供了大量的信息。
1. it is the job of the chemical engineer to
develop and optimize chemical and
physical
processes in the transformation of raw materials
to products, the
efficiency and effectiveness
of chemical processes will remain the heart of the
chemical engineering profession .
化学工程师的工作
是开发和优化原料转化为产品过程中发生的化学和物理
变化,化学流程的效率和效益将是化学工程专业的
核心。
2, to assure product quality and process
safety,modern instrumentation
and automation
technology including multimedia
interfaces,artificial
intelligence and virtual
reality will be increasingly adopted,
为了确保产品质量
和生产过程的安全,现代仪器仪表和自动化技术,包括多
媒体接口,人工智能,虚拟现实将越来越多地被
采用。
3, managing a plant, and running a
business in general and a chemical
business in
particular, will in the future be quite different,
due to the advent of
electronic commerce and
global supply chain technologies。
由于电子商务和全球供应链
技术的出现,管理一个工厂或者运行一个业务尤
其是化工业务在未来将有很大的不同。
It
is also noteworthy that only with globalization
can a company fully utilize i
ts advantage in
technology , and in natural and human resources
around the worl
d。
3
值得注意的是,只有全球化的公司,才可以充分利用其在技术上的优势以
及世界各地的自然和人力资源。
5,within the filed of chemical engineering ,
there is a constant pressure to strike
a
balance between specialization and generalization
, between analysis and synth
esis , and between
chemical engineering science and process system
engineering .
在化学工程领域,要在专业化和普遍化之间,分解和合成之间,化学工程科
学和工艺系统工程之间达到一种平衡,是一个永恒的难题。
6,A new
education program will have to bolster the
communication skills,
professional culture and
leadership qualities of future chemical engineers
in this
era of globalization.在这个全球化的时代,一项新的教育计
划将会加强未来化
学工程师的沟通技巧,专业文化以及领导素质。
1,
industrial inorganic chemistry includes
subdivisions of the chemical
industry that
manufacturing inorganic products on a large scale
such as the
heavy inorganics (chlor-alkalis ,
sulfuric acid , sulfates)and fertilizer(potassium
,
nitrogen , and phosphorus products ) as well
as segments of fine chemicals that
are used to
produce high purity inorganics on a much smaller
scale . 工业无机
化学包括大规模制造无机产品的化工行业的分支,如常见的无机物(氯碱碱,
硫酸,硫酸盐),化肥(钾,氮,磷产品),以及部分较小规模地用于生产
高纯度无机物的精细
化学品。
2 the closer to the raw material , the
large the scale of operation , such”heavy”
inorganic chemical are usually manufactured by
continues processes .
大规模的
生产更接近于原料的无机化学品通常采用连续制造工艺。
3 the
Solvay process had enormous advantages over the
Leblanc process .it
did not generate as much
waste and pollution its raw material , brine and
amm
onia , were readily available (the latter
from gasworks ) less fuel was used ,
and
no sulfur or nitrate was involved .
Solvay
(
索尔维过程
)过程相比于Leblanc(
勒布朗过程
)过程有着巨大的优势,它的浪
费和污染小,原料,盐水、氨都很容易得到(后者来源于煤气厂),燃料
消
耗少,且不含硫酸盐和硝酸盐。
4 the large-scale
consumption of petroleum and natural gas has
changed this
scenario since sulfur occurs as
an impurity in most fossil fuels and must be
removed before the fuels are processed
.化石燃料中含有硫杂质,在加工前必
须先除去,而石油和天然气的大规模消耗则改变了这种状况。
4
5, since the reaction of
sulfur with dry air is exothermic , the sulfur
dioxide
must be cooled to remove excess heat
and avoid reversal of the reaction .由于硫
与干空气的反应
是放热反应,二氧化硫必须被冷却以除去过量的热,从而避
免可逆反应的发生。
6 as
both sodium hydroxide and chlorine have a common
raw material , sodiu
m chlorine , they are
producted in quantity that reflect their equal
molar ratio ,
irrespective of the market for
either product .
由于氢氧化钠和氯气有一个共同的原材料氯化钠,所以用等摩
尔比来大量的
生产它们,不去考虑市场需求。
1 petroleum
refineries are marvels of modern engineering .
within them a
maze of pipes ,distillation
columns , and chemical reactors turn crude oil
into
valuable products .
石油炼油厂是现代工程的奇迹,在
其中,错综复杂的管线,精馏塔,化学反
应器,便可将原油转化为有价值的产品。
2
oil contains a complex mixture of hydrocarbons .
the first step in obtaining
something of
value from this muck is to de-salt and de-water it
. then the oil is
heated and sent into a
huge distillation column operating at atmospheric
pressure
. heat is added at the reboiler ,and
removed at the condenser , thereby
separating the oil into fractions based upon
boiling point .
石油中含有一种复杂的烃类混合物。从该物质中获得有价值的东
西首先要除
去盐和水。然后油被加热并送入一个大型蒸馏塔在大气压下运行。先经再沸
器中加热
,后经冷凝器冷却,从而根据沸点分离成各种馏分的油。
1 crude oils
contain sulphur heteroatoms in the form of
elemental sulphur S,
dissolved hydrogen
sulphide H
2
S , carbonyl sulphide COS ,
inorganic forms and
most importantly organic
forms , in which sulphur atoms are positioned
within
the organic hydrocarbon molecules .
在原油中,硫杂原子的存在形式有,单质硫、溶解硫化氢、硫化碳、无机形
式,以及很重要的有机形式
,在有机烃分子中有硫原子存在。
2 alcohols have the general
formula R-OH and are structurally similar to water
but with one of the hydrogen atoms replaced by
an allyl group . in phenols , one
of the
hydrogen atoms in the aromatic ring is replaced by
a hydroxyl group
(-OH) . ethers have two
organic groups connected to a single oxygen atom
5
(R-O-R) .醇的通式为R-OH,在结构上是类似的
水,水的一个氢原子被一个
烯丙基取代。酚类,芳环上的一个氢原子被一个羟基(-OH)
取代。醚是两个
有机基团连接到一个氧原子上 (R-O-R)。
3 crude
oils contain very low amounts of nitrogen
compounds . in general , the
more asphaltic
the oil , the higher its nitrogen content .
nitrogen compounds are
more stable than
sulphur compounds and therefore are harder to
remove . even
though they are present at
very low
concentrations ,nitrogen compounds
have great significance in refinery operation
s
. they can be responsible for the poisoning of a
cracking catalyst . and they also
contribute
to gum formation in finished products .
原油中含有
极少量的氮化物。在一般情况下,沥青油的量越多,氮的含量就
越高。氮化物比硫化物更加稳定,因此更
难去除。即使氮化物的浓度很低,
但它在炼油业也有着很大的意义。氮化物会导致裂化催化剂中毒,还会
致使
成品中形成胶质。
4, Even minute amounts of
metals (iron,nickel and vanadium )in the
feedstock to the catalytic cracker affect the
activity of the catalyst and result in
increased gas and coke formation and reduced
gasoline yields.
催化裂解装置中的原料含有微量的金属(铁,镍和钒),会影响催
化剂的活
性,导致气体量增加,焦炭的形成以及汽油产量的减少。
5, the
petroleum industry,like other chemical industries
,has a plethora of
terms designed to scare off
anyone who wants to understand exactly what is
going on.像其他化工行业一样,石油化工行业也有大量的专业术语,这些术
语会使那
些想要了解石油行业究竟是什么样的人望而却步。
1,Separation operations
achieve their objective by the creation of
Two or more coexisting zone which differ in
temperature, pressure, composition,
andor
phase state
通过创作两个或多个不同温度、压力、组成、相状态的共
存区来实现分离操作的目标
6
2. because of difference in
gravity between vapor and liquid phase ,
liquid
runs down the column ,cascading from tray to tray
,
while vapor flows up the column ,contacting
liquid at each tray.
由于气液相的重力不同,液体经塔板逐级向下流动,气
体经塔板逐级向上流
动,气液相在每一块塔板上接触。
3, This
difficulty is circumvented by the equilibrium-
stage model,
In which vapor and liquid steams
leaving an equilibrium stage are in complete
equilibrium with each other and thermodynamic
relations can be used to
determine the
temperature of and relate the concentrations in
the equilibrium
streams at a given pressure 这
个难题可以用平衡模型来绕开,离开平衡级模
型的蒸汽流和液体流达到汽液相平衡,在一个给定的压力下
,热力学关系式
可以用来确定温度和浓度的关系。
distillation ,which
is the process of separating a specific
quantity (the charge )of a liquid mixture into
products, is used extensively in
the
laboratory and in small production units that may
have to serve for many
mixtures.间歇式蒸馏是将一个特定数量的
液体混合物分离成产品的过程,广
泛使用于实验室和小的生产单元去生产许多的混合物。
the other hand,conversion of starch to dextrose
with the help ofacid catalyst
is a typical
chemical reaction which involves transportation of
raw materials,
physical steps of mixing the
reactants heat transfer ,reaction kinetics,fluid
flow,
separation of products,product
purification,drying,screening,
conveying and
packaging.
在催化剂的作用下,将淀粉转变成葡糖糖是一种典型的化学反应,此反应涉<
br>及原料的运输,反应物的混合、传热,反应动力学,流体流动,产品的分离,
产品的纯化,干燥,
筛分,输送和包装等。
1 whenever a product mixture cannot
be separated by distillation or distillation
i
s too expensive due to high capital and
energy costs, as in the case of dilute aque
ous
solutions of acetic acid , dimethylformamide ,
eat. , it may be prudent to con
sider
separation through solvent extraction.由于蒸馏的成本过高,在任
何时候
一种混合的产品不能通过蒸馏的方法来分离,乙酸,二甲基甲酰胺等的稀水
溶液可以考虑
用萃取的方法来分离。
2 there is a complex interaction
between the physical chemical , associated with
nucleation and growth rates , and aspects of
chemical engineering , associated wi
7
th agitation , residence time
,hold up eat. , which controls the form and the
stabili
ty of the crystal size distribution. 在与
成核和增长率有关的物理化学和与搅
拌、停留时间、停留等有关的化学工程方面有一个很复杂的相互作用
。
3 the difference in the adsorption potential
of mixture constitutions are exploite
d for
reparation by adsorption , which is essentially a
surface phenomenon .由于
构成混合物各物质的吸附电位有所不同,可以通过吸附
来分离混合物,实质
上这是一种表观现象。
4 evaporation differs
from drying in that the residue is a liquid--
sometimes a hig
hly viscous one --rather than a
solid, it differs from distillation in that the
vapor u
sually is a single component,
and
even when the vapor is a mixture , no attempt is
made in the evaporation ste
p to separate the
vapor into fractions .it differs from
crystallization in that empha
sis is placed on
concentrating rather than forming and building
crystals . in certai
n situation ,e.g.,in the
evaporation of brine to produce common salt ,the
time
between evaporation and crystallization
is far from sharp. 蒸发不同于干燥,蒸
发的残留物是一种液体,有时是一种高粘
度物质而不是固体,它也不同于蒸
馏,蒸发的蒸汽通常是一种单组分,即使当他是混合物的时候,也不会
试图
在蒸发过程中将它分离成各种馏分,它还不同于结晶,蒸发的重点在于浓缩
而不是成型或合
成晶体。在某些情况下,例如,盐水蒸发生产食盐,蒸发和
结晶可以同时存在。
es
are calculating the work of compressing a
gas,performing an
energy balance on an entire
process or a process unit,determining the minimum
work of separating a mixture of ethanol and
water ,or evaluating the efficiency
of an
ammonia synthesis plant.例子计算压缩气体的功,执行一个能量平衡在
一个
完整过程或过程单元,确定分离乙醇和水的混合物的最小功,或者评估一
个氨合成装置的效率。
2the application of thermodynamics to a
particular system results in the
definition of
useful properties and the establishment of network
of relationships
among the properties and
other variable such as pressure, temperature,
volume,
mol fraction
应用热力学的特定系统结果定义有用的属性
和在性质与其他变量间如压力,
温度,体积,摩尔分数之间建立一个关系网络
8
example,the heat of vaporizing a
liquid can be calculated from
measurement of
vapor pressure at several temperatures and the
densities of the
liquid and vapor phases at
several temperatures,and the maximum conversion
obtainable in a chemical reaction at any
temperature can be calculated from
calorimetric measurements performed on the
individual substances participating
in the
reaction.
例如
,
热蒸发液体可以计算在不同温度下测量蒸汽压力和液相
与汽相的密
度,以及在化学反应中任一温度下对个别物质参与的反应可以计算量热计算
获得的最
高的转化率
4, the purpose of every productive
process is to reduce entropy by separating
mixtures into pure products, reducing
uncertainty in our knowledge, or creating
works of art from raw materials每一个生产过程的目的是通过把混
合物分离
为纯的产品减少熵,在我们的知识方面减少不确定性,或从原材料创造的艺
术作品
5, while no process is immune to its
authority, this law does not recognize the
quality of energy nor does it explain why
spontaneously occurring processes are
never
observed to spontaneously reverse themselves 虽然没有过
程不受权威的
影响,这个定律既不能识别能量的质量,也不能解释为什么自发发生的过程
从没有
观察到自发逆转。
9
奔逸绝尘-renounce
口福是什么意思-连襟
胆怯的意思-育儿知识中国早教网
带有ar的英语单词-克鲁斯卡尔
rejuvenate-痞子是什么意思
参宿四读音-隔音符号
不假思索的意思是什么-芦花的拼音
helmet怎么读-什么是cj
-
上一篇:《化学工程与工艺专业英语》全本
下一篇:软塑包装专业英语