国际音标表(IPA)(2015版)

国际音标表（IPA）（2015版）

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)



Plosive
Nasal
Trill
Tap or Flap
Fricative

Bilabial Labiodental Dental

Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal


Velar






























Central
? 2015 IPA


























Back
Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal


















Lateral
fricative
Approximant
Lateral





















approximant
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

















Clicks Voiced implosives


Ejectives
VOWELS
Front

Close
Bilabial
Dental
Bilabial
Dentalalveolar
Examples:
Bilabial




Close-mid
(Post)alveolar
Palatoalveolar
Palatal
Velar
Dentalalveolar
Velar














































































Open-mid
Alveolar lateral Uvular Alveolar fricative



Alveolo-palatal fricatives
Voiced alveolar lateral flap
Simultaneous and
Affricates and double articulations
can be represented by two symbols
joined by a tie bar if necessary.




OTHER SYMBOLS


Voiceless labial-velar fricative
Voiced labial-velar approximant
Voiced labial-palatal approximant
Open
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.



Voiceless epiglottal fricative
Voiced epiglottal fricative
Epiglottal plosive
SUPRASEGMENTALS
Primary stress
Secondary stress
Long
Half-long
DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.










Voiceless Breathy voiced

Voiced

Creaky voiced




















Dental










Advanced Velarized

Retracted

Pharyngealized
Apical

Centralized


Raised

Aspirated

Linguolabial
Velarized or pharyng
Laminal

Mid-centralized

More rounded

Labialized Nasalized






Syllabic

Lowered

Less rounded

Palatalized Nasal release

Non-syllabic


Advanced Tongue R

Rhoticity





Retracted Tongue Root




Extra-short Minor (foot) group





Low
Extr a
low




Low
rising
Rising-
falling
Global rise
Global fall
Downstep
Upstep

Major (intonation) group Syllable break
Linking (absence of a break)
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
LEVEL CONTOUR
or
Extra
high
High
Mid
or Rising
Falling
High
rising