囹圄是什么意思-耨是什么意思
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48个英语音标2
48 个英语音标(国际音标) phonetics 元 音 20 个 单 元
音
前元音 [i:] bee [i] big [e] bed [] bag 中元音
[?] bus [?:]
bird [?] worker 后元音 [u:] food
[u] book [?:] door [?] not
[a:] farm 双 元 音
开合双元音 [ei] cake [ai] I [?i] boy [?u]
home [au]
cow 集中双元音 [i?] ear [?] air [u?] tour 辅音
28
个 爆 破 音 清 辅音 [p] [t] [k] 浊 辅音 [b] [d] [g]
摩 擦 音 清 辅音 [f] [s] [?] [] [h] 浊 辅音 [v] [z] [?]
[]
破 擦 音 清辅 音 [t?] [tr] [ts] 浊辅 音 [d?]
[dr] [dz]
鼻 音 (浊辅音) [m] [n] [?] 舌 则 音
(浊辅音) [l] [r]
半 元 音 (浊辅音) [w] [j]
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)
for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or
D on ANSWER SHEET
1. (10 points)
People are, on the whole, poor at
considering background information when making
individual
decisions. At first glance this
might seem like a strength
that __1_ the
ability to make judgments which are unbiased by
_2_ factors. But Dr Simonsohn speculated that
an inability to
consider the big _3_ was
leading decision-makers to be biased
by the
daily samples of information they were working
with.
_4_, he theorised that a judge _5_ of
appearing too soft
1 17
_6_crime might be more likely to send
someone to prison __7_he
had already sentenced
five or six other defendants only to
forced
community service on that day. To
__8__this
idea, they turned their attention
to the
university-admissions process. In
theory, the ____9___ of
an applicant should
not depend on the few others___10____
randomly
for interview during the same day, but Dr
Simonsohn
suspected the truth was____11____.
He studied the
results of 9, 323 MBA
interviews _12_ by 31 admissions officers.
The interviewers had _13_ applicants on a
scale of one to five.
This scale _14_
numerous factors into consideration. The
scores were _15_ used in conjunction with an
applicant s score
on the GMAT, a standardised
exam which is _16_out of 800 points,
to make
a decision on whether to accept him or her.
Dr
Simonsohn found if the score of the
previous candidate in a
daily series of
interviewees was 0. 75 points or more higher
than that of the one _17__ that, then the
score for the next
applicant would_18_ by an
average of 0. 075 points. This might
sound
small, but to_19_the effects of such a decrease a
candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than
would otherwise
have been _20__. 1.
A grants B submits C transmits
D dilivers
2. A minor B external C crucial D objective <
/p>
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3. A
issue B vision C picture D moment 4. A Above
all B
On average C In principle D For example
5. A fond B fearful
C capable D thoughtless
6. A in B for C to D on 7. A
if B until
C though D unless 8. A. test B. emphasize C.
share D. promote 9. A. decision B.
quality C. status D.
success 10. A. found
B. studied C. chosen D. identified
11. A.
otherwise B. defensible C. replaceable D.
exceptional
12. A. inspired B.
expressed C. conducted D. secured
13.
A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged
14.
A. put B. got C. took D. gave 15.
A. instead B.
then C. ever D. rather
16. A. selected B. passed C.
marked D.
introduced 17. A below B after C above D
before
18. A jump B float C fluctuate D
drop 19. A achieve B undo
C maintain D
disregard 20. A necessary B possible C
promising D helpful Section II Reading
Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following fourtexts.
Answer the questions below each text by
choosing A, B, C or
D. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Part
B
Directions: In the following text,
some sentences have been removed. For
Questions 41-45,
choose the most suitable one
from the list A-G to fit into each
3 17
of the numbered blanks.
There are two extra choices, which
do not fit
in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER
SHEET1. (10 points) The social
sciences are
flourishing. As of 2005, there
were almost half a million
professional social
scientists from all fields in the world,
working both inside and outside academia.
According to the
World Social Science Report
2010, the number of social-science
students
worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year
since
2019. Yet this enormous
resource in not contributing
enough to today s
global challenges including climate change,
security, sustainable development and health.
(41)
______Humanity has the necessary agro-
technological tools to
eradicate hunger ,
from genetically engineered crops to
arificial
fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are
social:
the organization and distribution of
food, wealth and
prosperity. (42)
____This is a shamethe community
should be
grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in
the real world. To paraphrase the great
social scientist
Joseph Schumpeter: there is
no radical innovation without
creative
destruction . Today , the social
sciences
are largely focused on disciplinary
problems and internal
scholarly debates,
rather than on topics with external impact.
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Analyses reveal that the number of papers
including the
keywords environmental changed
or climate change have
increased rapidly
since 2004, (43) ____ When social
scientists do tackle practical issues , their
scope is often
local: Belgium is interested
mainly in the effects of poverty
on Belgium
for example . And whether the community s work
contributes much to an overall accumulation of
knowledge is
doubtful. The problem
is not necessarily the amount
of available
funding (44) ____this is an adequate amount so
long
as it is aimed in the right direction.
Social scientists who
complain about a lack of
funding should not expect more in today
s
economic climate. The trick is to direct
these
funds better. The European Union
Framework funding programs
have long had a
category specifically targeted at social
scientists. This year, it was proposed that
system be changed:
Horizon 2020, a new program
to be enacted in 2019, would not
have such a
category , This has resulted in protests from
social
scientists. But the intention is not to
neglect social science
rather , the
complete opposite. (45) ____That should create
more collaborative endeavors and help to
develop projects aimed
directly at solving
global problems. [A] It could be
5 17
that we are
evolving two communities of social
scientists: one that is discipline-oriented
and publishing in
highly specialized
journals, and one that is
problem-oriented and
publishing elsewhere, such as
policy
briefs. [B] However, the numbers are
still
small: in 2010, about 1, 600 of the
100, 000
social-sciences papers published
globally included one of
these
Keywords. [C] the idea is to force
social to integrate their work with other
categories,
including health and demographic
change food security, marine
research and the
bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and
inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
[D]
the solution is to change the mindset of
the academic community,
and what it considers
to be its main goal. Global challenges
and
social innovation ought to receive much more
attention from
scientists, especially the
young ones. [E] These
issues all
have root causes in human behavior . all require
behavioral change and social innovations , as
well as
technological development . Stemming
climate change , for
example , is as much
about changing consumption patterns and
promoting tax acceptance as it is about
developing clean energy.
[F] Despite
these factors , many social scientists seem
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reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are
up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category
for social-science research and to integrate it within
cross- cutting topics of sustainable development .
[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social
sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and
development funds-including government, higher education,
non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in
most European nations , it is about 15%. Part C
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then
translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10
points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a
basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for
creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence
an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and
beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46)
Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by
the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity
of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental
urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
7 17
One of these urges had to do
with creating a state of peace in
the midst of
turbulence, a still point of the turning world,
to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47) A
sacred place of
peace, however crude it may
be, is a distinctly human need,
as opposed
to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.
This distinction is so much so that where the
latter is lacking,
as it is for these
unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all
the
more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made
possible
by the structuring of one s relation
to one s environment. (48)
The gardens of
the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens
introduce from into an urban environment where
it either didn
t exist or was not discernible
as such. In so doing they give
composure to a
segment of the inarticulate environment in which
they take their stand. Another urge
or need that
these gardens appear to respond
to, or to arise from is so
intrinsic that we
are barely ever conscious of its abiding
claims on us. When we are deprived of green,
of plants, of
trees, (49) most of us give
into a demoralization of spirit
which we
usually blame on some psychological conditions,
until one day we find ourselves in garden and
feel the
expression vanish as if by magic. In
most of the homeless
gardens of New York City
the actual cultivation of plants is
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unfeasible, yet
even so the compositions often seem to
represent attempts to call arrangement of
materials, an
institution of colors, small
pool of water, and a frequent
presence of
petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals.
On
display here are various fantasy elements
whose reference, at
some basic level, seems
to be the natural world. (50) It is
this
implicit or explicit reference to nature that
fully
justifies the use of word garden though
in a liberated sense,
to describe these
synthetic constructions. In them we can see
biophilia- a yearning for contact with
nonhuman life-assuming
uncanny
representational forms. 46. yet when
one
looks at the photographs of the gardens
created by the homeless,
it strikes one that,
for all their diversity of styles, these
gardens speak of various other fundamental
urges beyond that
of decoration and creative
expression. 47. A
sacred place of
peace, however, crude it may be, is a
distinctly human need, as opposed to shelt
which is a
distinctly animal need.
48. The gardens of the
homeless which are in
efffect homeless garden introduce from
in to
an urban environment where it either didn t exist
or was
not discernible as such 49 .
Mast of us give in to
9 17
a demoralization of spirit which we
usually blame on some
psychological conditions
until one day we find ourselves in a
garden
and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic
50. It is this implicit or explicit reference
to nature that
fully justifies the use of the
word garden, though in a
liberated sense,
to describe these synthetic constructions.
Section III Writing Part A
51. Directions:
Write an e-mail of
about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your
college, inviting himher to be a judge for the
upcoming English
speech contest. You
should include the details you
think
necessary. You should write neatly on
the
ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your
own name at the end
of the e-mail. Use Li Ming
instead. Do not write the
address.
(10 points) Part B 52.
Directions:
Write an essay of
160-200 words based on the following drawing .
In your essay, you should 1)
describe the drawing
briefly. 2)
interpret its intended meaning , and
3) give your comments. You should
write neatly on
the ANSWER SHEET. (20points)
2019年全国研究生入学考试
英语一答案 1. A(grants)
2. B(external)
3. C(picture) 4.
D(for example) 5. B(fearful)
6.
D(on) 7. A(if) 8. A(test) 9.
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D(success) 10. C(chosen) 11.
A(otherwise) 12.
C(conducted) 13.
B(rated) 14. C(took) 15.
B(then)
16. C(marked) 17. D(before) 18.
D(drop) 19. B(undo) 20. A(necessary)
Text 1 21. Priestly criticizes her
assistant for her
[B] insensitivity to
fashion. 22. According to
Cline,
mass-maket labels urge consumers to [D] shop
for
their garments more frequently.
23. The word
indictment (Line 3, Para. 2)
is closest in meaning to
[A] accusation.
24. Which of the following can be
inferred
from the lase paragraph [D] Pricing is vital
to
environment-friendly purchasing
25. What is the
subject of the text [C]
Criticism of the fast-fashion
industry.
Text 2 26. It is suggested in
paragraph 1 that behavioural ads help
advertisers to: [B]
lower their
operational costs 27. The industry
(Line 6, Para. 3) refers to: [A] online
advertisers
28. Bob Liodice holds
that setting DNT as a default [C]
will
not benefit consumers 29. which of the
following is ture according to Paragraph. 6
[A] DNT may
not serve its intended purpose
30. The author’ s
11 17
attitude towards what Brendon Lynch
said in his blog is one of:
[D]
skepticism Text3 31 [B] our
faith in
science and technology 32
[A] a sustained species
33 [D] Our
Immediate future is hard to conceive 34
[C] draw onour experience from the past
35 [C]
TheEver-bright Prospects of Mankind
Text 4
36. [C] overstepped the
authority of federal immigration law
37. [C] States legitimate role in
immigration enforcement.
38. [D]
stood in favor of the states 39. [A]
outweighs that held by the states 40.
[B] Justices
intended to check the power of
the Administrstion.
41. [E] These
issues all have root causes in human behavior .
all require behavioral change and social
innovations , as well
as technological
development . Stemming climate change , for
example , is as much about changing
consumption patterns and
promoting tax
acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
42. [F] Despite these factors , many social
scientists seem
reluctant to tackle such
problems . And in Europe , some are
up in
arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding
category
for social-science research and to
integrate it within
cross-cutting topics of
sustainable development .
43. [B]
However, the numbers are still small: in 2010,
about
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1, 600 of the 100, 000 social-sciences papers
published
globally included one of these
keywords. 44. [G]
During the late
1990s , national spending on social sciences
and the humanities as a percentage of all
research and
development funds-including
government, higher education,
non-profit and
corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in
most European nations , it is about 15%.
45. [C]
the idea is to force social
scientists to integrate their work
with other
categories, including health and demographic
change food security, marine research and the
bio-economy,
clear, efficient energy; and
inclusive, innovative and
secure societies.
46. 然而, 令人震惊的是, 当人们
看到又无家可归者建造的花园照片时,
由于风格的多样性, 所有这
些花园显示了超越了装饰与创造性表现的其它各种各样的基本诉求.
47. 尽管可能有点简陋, 但这一神圣和平之地明显象征着人类需求,
就好比外壳明显象征着动物需求. 48.
那些无家可归者
的花园实际上是无家可归的家园, 同花园被引入了城市,
在那儿,它
们之前即不存在也未曾像这样可以被辨识. 49 .
我们
中的大部分人屈服于道德败坏,
在某些心理状态下我们通常归咎于
道德败坏,直到有一天我们发现自己身处花园,
压迫感奇迹般地消失
了. 50. 尽管在某种被解放的意义上,
但正是这种含蓄
13 17
或明显的对大自然的引用认可了使用花园 一词来描述这些被合成的
建筑。
51. Dear Mr. Smith,
As a
member of the Students Union, I am
writing this letter to
request whether you
could serve as a judge in the English speech
contest to be held in our university next
Saturday.
This contest aims at
improving the students communicative and
practical ability in English, the details of
which are as
follows. To begin with, the
participants are mainly the
seniors who will
step into the society three months later. In
addition, the theme is concerning the utmost
significance of
future choice after
graduation. It is my sincere
hope
that you can present yourself in this
extracurricular
activity. I am looking
forward to a favorable reply at your
earliest
Sincerely
Li Ming 52. 参考范文:
The set of cartoon given above dramatically
features a scene of college graduates choosing
their future
destination. When stepping out
of the ivory tower, the
would-be graduates
will confront with multiple choices, such
as
hunting a job, taking part in National Entrance
Examination
convenience.
yours,
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for MSMA. What is conveyed in
the picture carries a
far-reaching implication
for both us and our society.
The
drawing is designed to remind us of the crucial
importance
of the distinctive goal in future
development, which is a
practical issue
confronting every would-be graduate. On the
one hand, for a real road, if stepping on a
wrong way, one
can return to the original
point, but life is a one-way journey:
one
cannot start it all over again. Different choices
in life
may make great differences. On the
other hand, to some extent,
future is a
combination of choices and efforts. Some people
even believe that one s success depends more
on how
intelligently he chooses than on how
diligently he works. With
a wrong direction
the farther we go, the farther we are away
from our dream. Therefore, positive
mental
guidance must be popularized among the
public, especially the
young to help them
keep a clear mind and make wise choices in
the
life journey. Besides, every youngster should be
educated to realize his position and the
reality and choose his
life goal in a down-to-
earth manner. Only with a right
direction and
destination can all the efforts make towards our
dream pay off. 翻译方法:
15 17
正反、 反正表达法, 分句、 合句法。
正反、 反正表达法 由于民族文化和思维方式不同,
英汉
两种语言在表达同一概念时所采用的方式就有所不同。
在表达否定概念时,
英语和汉语使用的词汇、 语法、 语言逻
辑就有很大的差 异。
汉语中有些词、
短语或者句子是从反面表达的, 而译成英语时
则需要从正面进行表达, 如例 1、例 2、 例
3。
反之, 汉语中有些从正面表达的词、 短语或者句 子,
译成英
语时需要从反面进行表达, 如例 4、 例 5、 例 6。
此外,
汉语还有一些特殊的句子结构, 如双重否定(例 7)。
在译成英语时也需要引起我们的注意。
I.汉语从反面表达, 译文从正面表达 例 1
:
他提出的论据相当不充实。
译文:
The
argument he put forward is pretty thin. (词) 例 2:
我们确信, 年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。
译文:
We are confident that the younger generation will
prove
worthy of our trust. (短语) 例 3:
他七十岁了, 可是并不显老。
译文:
He was 70,
but he carried his years lightly. (句子) II.
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汉语从正面表达,
译文从反面表达 例 5:
调查结果清清楚楚地显示病人死于心脏病。
译文:
The investigation left no doubt that
the patient had died
of heart disease. (短语) 例
6:
这类举动迟早会被人发觉的。
译文:
Such
actions couldn t long escape notice. (句子)
III.
特殊的否定句式 例 7:
有利必有弊。
译文:
There is not any advantage without
disadvantage. (双重
否定)
17 17
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