othello-跷怎么读
1. 倍数的表达
i. x times(twice) + the +
n. (twice还能做determiner)
ii. x times
adj. (比较形式) than
iii. x times as adj. as
注意里面的adj.要和前面的名词匹配
A do x times as adj. … x as
B do
iv. x times + what 分句 (名词性从句相当于名词)
v. x-fold
vi. double, triple,
quadruple, quintuple, sextuple
3)X times more
than
2. 关于twice用法;
twice只做副词和限定词,因此twice引
导的部分在句子中充当什么角色由twice后面的成分决定.
做副词,后面接形容词和副词:
twice as many…as; twice as much…as;
The farm has more than twice as many cows as
it has pigs.:
农场有多于猪两
倍多的牛的数量(农场牛的数量比猪的两倍还要多)。(很多人会误读为猪比牛多。)
解读方法:可以类比一下A has B twice as many as
C这个比较句型也可以写为A has
twice as many B as C.
所以句子的核心是A has B,即:The farm has
cows.
详细解读:twice as …as中前一个as是副词,more than twice
as修饰many;而
as it has
pigs中的as自然是个连词,所以后面跟的是一个adverbial
clause(状语从句副
词从句),而as…as句型比较特殊,后面的as要与
前面as所修饰的内容相呼应,所以as it
has pigs应该与前面as所修
饰的对象many相呼应,即as it has
pigs也是修饰了many。不管怎么
说as it has
pigs都不是核心成分。这样翻译过来就是农场有牛,相当
于两倍多的猪。故,牛多猪少。
#1. Today, because of improvements in
agricultural technology, the same amount of
acreage produces
twice as many apples
as it did in 1910.
#2. 如A does B, twice as..as
,因为as...as...是形容词就近修饰B,即as...as...本身是同位语修饰
词,所以
twice as...as...就是同位修饰语(appositive modifier);
twice做限定词, 后面接名词性成分:
twice +
n.(可以是代词,比如that); twice + what从句;
#1. In the 1980’s the rate of increase of the
minority population of the United States was
nearly
twice what it was in the 1970’s.
#2. In 1914 a total of 469,000 cars and trucks
were produced in the United States, but in 1929
almost twice that number of trucks alone came
off the assembly lines.
#3. American
productivity is declining in relation to Europe’s;
the energy expended per unit
of production in
the United States is as much as twice that
expended in West Germany.
#4. According to
surveys by the National Institute on Drug Abuse,
about 20 percent of young adults
used cocaine
in 1979, twice the number reported in the 1977
survey.
其他注意点: Twice做副词, 可以跟在动词后面,
think twice;
3
、用动词表达倍数:
doubletriplequadruplequintuplesextuple
----》这些动词可以做形容词
(double还能做adv, predeterminer)
sth. double sth.; sth. is doubled;
sth. double(adj.);
几个永远错误的形式:
(1)produce
double; a doubling of; produce a doubling
(2)as much as twice the
apples(much与apples矛盾)(要改为twice as many apples
as; sth. double sth.)
*:这几个动词可以用主动也可以用被动,但是不能和as搭配;(差不多记住这句话
就可以)
4
三类表示倍数的形容词为:twofold, threefold, fourfold,
tenfold等。以twofold
为例,其意思为two times as much or
as many of
something。该类词为形容词,
多用于构成形容词+名词的词组,如:a
threefold increase in
revenue,少用于
比较两个事物之间的倍数关系。
5.
关于double用法;
double可以是名词, 动词(vi&vt), 形容词,
副词, 限定词;
double做限定词时用法与twice相同
double跟在动词后面做副词,用法同twice (see double) --> double
做副词就这么一个用法,比
twice单调;
没有double
as…as只有twice as…as;
做形容词, 应该是the double
price 或者 a double amount, 注意冠词在前;
做动词,
可以及物, 比如A doubles its size to…; 或者不及物, 比如 A
doubles in size.
more than double the percent
growth rate,其中double是动词,more than是副词。
对于more
than doubled或is more than doubled的区分技巧:把more
than脱去不看,
doubled是一般过去时,而is doubled是被动语态
Double 和 twice 都要注意, 做同位语有时紧靠修饰词,有时被分隔保持句子平衡,
如:
1. According to surveys by the National
Institute on Drug Abuse, about 20 percent of young
adults
used cocaine in 1979, twice the number
reported in the 1977 survey. 这里twice the
number跳过
used cocaine in 1979.
------->即同位语可以跳过比较短的句子成分修饰到主句主语上去:
1. the
whole truth came out that he is a bad guy. 这里
that从句跳过came out 做whole truth的
同位语.v
4. A survey by the National Council of
Churches showed that in 1986 there were 20,736
female
ministers, almost 9 percent of the
nation’s clergy, twice as much as 1977.
A.
twice as much as 1977
B. twice as many
as 1977
C. double what it was in 1977
D.
double the figure for 1977 (figure和20,736 female
ministers对应,正确,但是可能这里用
number比较好,个人见解)
E. a
number double that of 1977's
The number
of people flying first class on domestic flights
rose sharply in 1990, doubling the
increase of
the previous year.
a. doubling the
increase of (因为逻辑意思上比较跳跃,后面的increase和前面的哪个名词对都不上,所以用doubling,修饰rose)
b. doubling that of
the increase in
c. double as much as the
increase of
d. twice as many as the increase
in
e. twice as many as the increase of
According to surveys by the National Institute
on Drug Abuse, about 20 percent of
young
adults used cocaine in 1979, doubling those
reported in the 1977 survey.
(A) doubling
those reported in the 1977 survey
(B) to
double the number the 1977 survey reported
(C)
twice those the 1977 survey reported
(D) twice
as much as those reported in the 1977 survey
(E) twice the number reported in the 1977
survey
我同意Ron的说法,E虽然是答案,但是也是有问题的
2.
Because of 后只能加简单的名词结构,because of sb’s doing
一定要改成because
这种情况同样适用于due to, despite(in
despite of), as a result of
3
whether or not的使用:(见the handbook of good english)
1) 在引导宾从的时候只能够用whether,而不能加or not,否则累赘
2)
在引导状从的时候必须加上or not,即whether or not.
whether表示列举时候的用法:Whether A, B, or C.
4.
如果
but后面接名词是不能有instead的,因为but是介词;但是如果but后面接动词
就变成了
连词,中间加副词instead没问题。Prep07 1-73:Evolutionary
psychology
holds that the human mind is not a
comprises
specialized mental mechanisms that
were developed to solve specific problems
human ancestors faced millions of years ago.
5.
While在表示转折对比时,有两件events同时发生的含义。
while it then proved unable to handle the
increase in
business中while和then
是矛盾的两个词,while强调同时,then强调先后
6.
下面三种形式无区别(后两种强烈语气,不可以随意删掉so)前后都要用句子,不
能只用短语。
Just as … , so … Just as you sow, so you
will reap 主从句要尽
量形式对称
Just as … , as
… Just as you sow, as you will reap
主从句要尽
量形式对称
Just as … , so too … 主句要部分倒装(so
too后是主句) Just as you sow,
so too will you
reap
so with是错误结构。(prep 1-15)
as
with的结构在日常语法中是对的,但用于GMAT语法中,需要有其他结构与之平行:
大全938. With diamonds, as with all gems, you
should ask for a written
description of your
purchase; the description may prove useful
later if you have reason to believe the
jeweler misled you.
单纯的as with the case +
prep. (ofwithin) + sth.结构错误,应该用
as is the case
+ prep. (ofwithin) + sth.
prep 1-39 As
is the case with traditional pharmacies,
prescriptions are
the cornerstone of a
successful on-line drugstore, since it is
primarily prescriptions that attract the
customers, who then
also buy other health
related items.
in the same way that…,
asso…也是错误结构
like…,
soas…也是错误结构:like的比较必须是严格对称的
一个类似just
as的结构—by aeoluseros
what = just
as,意为“恰像,犹如,好比”用作连词,引导比较状语从句
(1) 惯用句式是:A is to
B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如:
Air is
to us What water is to fish.
空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。(介词to表
示两者的关系)
(2) 也有“A is
for B what C is for D.”句式。例如:
Poultry is for
the cook what canvas is for the paint.
厨师离不了家禽正如
画家离不开画布一样。(介词for表示“供…使用”)
(3)
what 引导的从句也可以放在句首,其句式是: What C is to D, that A is
to B.(=
A is to B what C is to D.)
在这一结构中,喻体在前,主体在后,相当于“just
as...,so...”结构,意思也是
“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如:
What
blood vessel is to a man's body, that railway is
to transportation.
(=Just as blood vessel is to
a man's body, so Railway is to
transportation.)
铁路对于运输,好比血管对于人体一样。
(4)
需要注意的是what不可以直接被just as替换,just
as需要有遵循属于自己的平行
比较格式。
如下题OG12-58:
A
leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment,
Adam Smith’s two major books
are to democratic
capitalism what Marx’s
Das Kapital
is to
socialism.
(A) Adam Smith’s two major
books are to democratic capitalism what
(B)
Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic
capitalism like
(C) Adam Smith’s two major
books are to democratic capitalism just as
(D)
Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to
democratic capitalism similar
to
(E) Adam
Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic
capitalism what
Idiom; Logical predication
A leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment
describes Adam Smith, not his
two books,
so the name of Adam Smith must immediately follow
the opening phrase.
The comparison between
Smith’s books and Marx’s book is expressed as a
ratio,
so the correct idiomatic expression is
x is to y what a is to b.
A The opening
phrase is a dangling modifier because it describes
Smith, not his
books.
B The opening phrase
is a dangling modifier;
like
is an
incorrect word for making
the comparison.
C The opening phrase is a dangling modifier;
just as
is an incorrect term for
the
comparison.
D
Similar to
is an
incorrect conclusion to the comparison introduced
by
are to
.
E Correct. The opening
phrase is followed by the subject that it modifi
es, Adam
Smith, and the comparison of the two
men’s work is presented idiomatically.
7.
for doing是指某事物的具体用途,而to do
则有目的的意思,但用途和目的本来就有交叉
的地方,所以没有绝对规则,for
doing有持久性的趋势,而to do往往是一次性行为
8.
especially是表示程度
specially表示特殊
9.
capability和ability区别:ability to do和capability to d
o区别,在强调某人
物天生具有某种能力用ability好,capability可能强调的是能不
能做某事(跟天生没
什么关系),如government'capability或t
ransport system's capability等。
10. 是一个数量表达,逻辑上
本身虽然是单
数,但是语法上却视为复数,,因为它所代表的women是复数的,