postwar-赵字开头的成语
2020年大学英语四级预测题及答案
Part I Writing
(30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you
are allowed 30 minutes to write
an a short
easy on how to best handle the relationship
between
doctors and patients. You should write
at least 120 words but
no more than 180 words.
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
We all know there exists great
void(空白)in the public
educational system when
it comes to (26)_______ to
STEM
(Science,Technology,Engineering
Mathematics),One educator
named Dori Roberts
decided to do something to change this system.
Dori taught high school engineering for 11
noticed
there was a real void in quality stem
education at
all (27)_______ of the public
educational system. she said,
“I started
Engineering for kids (EFK)after noticing a real
lack of math, science and engineering programs
to (28)_______
my own kids in.”
She
decided to start an after school program where
children (29)_______ in STEM-based club
grew quickly and when it reached 180 members
and the kids in
the program won several
state (30)_______ . she decided to
devote all
her time to cultivating and(31)_______ it The
global
business EFK was born.
Dori began
operating EFK out of her Virginia home, which she
then expanded to (32)_______ recreation
centers. Today, the
EFK program (33)_______
over 144 branches in 32 states within
the
United States and in 21 countries. Sales have
doubled from
$$5 million in 2014 to $$10 million
in 2015,with 25 new branches
planned for 2016.
the EFK website states, “Our nation is
not
(34)_______ enough engineers. Our philosophy is to
inspire kids at a young age to understand that
engineering is
a great (35)_______ .”
A) attracted
B) career
C)
championships
D) degrees
E) developing
F) enroll
G) exposure
H) feasible
I)feeding
J) graduating
K)
interest
L) levels
M) local
N)
operates
O) participated
Section B
Why aren’t you curious about what happened?
[A] “You suspended Ray Rice after our video,”
a reporter from
TMZ challenged National
Football League Commissioner Roger
Goodell the
other day. “Why didn’t you have the curiosity to
go to the casino (赌场)yourself ?” The
implication of the
question is that a more
curious commissioner would have found
a way to
get the tape.
[B] The accusation of
incuriosity is one that we hear often,
carrying the suggestion that there is
something wrong with not
wanting to search out
the truth,” have been bothered for a long
time
about the curious lack of curiosity,” said a
Democratic
member of the New Jersey
legislature back in July, referring
to an
insufficiently inquiring attitude on the part of
an
assistant to New Jersey Governor Chris
Christie who chose not
to ask hard questions
about the George Washington Bridge
traffic scandal. “Isn’t the mainstream
media the least bit
curious about what
happened?” wrote conservative writer
Jennifer
Rubin earlier this year, referring to the attack
on
Americans in Benghazi, Libya.
[C] The
implication, in each case, is that curiosity is a
good
thing,and a lack of curiosity is a
problem. Are such accusations
simply efforts
to score political points for one’s party? Or
is there something of particular value about
curiosity in and
of itself?
[D] The
journalist Ian Leslie, in his new and enjoyable
book
Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your
Future Depends on It,
insists that the answer
to that last question is ‘Yes’. Leslie
argues
that curiosity is a much-overlooked human virtue,
crucial to our success, and that we are losing
it.
[E] We are suffering, he writes, from a
“serendipity deficit.”
The word “serendipity”
was coined by Horace Walpole in an 1854
letter, from a tale of three princes who “were
always making
discoveries, by accident, of
things they were not in search of.”
Leslie
worries that the rise of the Internet, among other
social
and technological changes, has reduced
our appetite for aimless
adventures. No longer
have we the inclination to let ourselves
wander through fields of knowledge, ready to
be surprised.
Instead, we seek only the
information we want.
[F] Why is this a
problem? Because without curiosity we will
lose the spirit of innovation and
entrepreneurship. We will see
unimaginative
governments and dying corporations make
disastrous decisions. We will lose a vital
part of what has made
humanity as a whole so
successful as a species.
[G]Leslie presents
considerable evidence for the proposition
that
the society as a whole is growing less curious. In
the U.S.
and Europe, for example, the rise of
the Internet has led to
a declining
consumption of news from outside the reader’s
borders. But not everything is to be blamed on
technology. The
decline in interest in
literary fiction is also one of the
causes
identified by Leslie. Reading literary fiction, he
says,
makes us more curious.
[H]
Moreover, in order to be curious, ‘
of a gap in
your knowledge in the first place.'' Although
Leslie
perhaps paints a bit broadly in
contending that most of us are
unaware of how
much we don’t know, he’s surely right to point
out that the problem is growing: “Google can
give us the
powerful illusion that all
questions have definite answers.”
[I] Indeed,
Google, for which Leslie expresses admiration, is
also his frequent whipping boy (替 罪羊)? He
quotes Google
co-founder Larry Page to
the effect that the “perfect search
engine”
will “understand exactly what I mean and give me
back
exactly what I want.” Elsewhere in the
book, Leslie writes:
“Google aims to save you
from the thirst of curiosity
altogether.”
[J]Somewhat nostalgically (怀旧地),he quotes John
Maynard
Keynes's justly famous words of praise
to the bookstore: “One
should enter it
vaguely, almost in a dream, and allow what is
there freely to attract and influence the eye.
To walk the
rounds of the bookshops, dipping
in as curiosity dictates,
should be an
afternoon’s entertainment.” If only!
[K]
Citing the work of psychologists and cognitive
(认知的)
scientists,Leslie criticizes the received
wisdom that academic
success is the result of
a combination of intellectual talent
and hard
work. Curiosity, he argues, is the third key
factor
—and a difficult one to preserve. If not
cultivated, it will
not survive: “Childhood
curiosity is a collaboration between
child and
adult. The surest way to kill it is to leave it
alone.”
[L] School education, he warns, is
often conducted in a way that
makes children
incurious. Children of educated and
upper-
middle-class parents turn out to be far more
curious,
even at early ages, than children of
working class and lower
class families.
That lack of curiosity produces a relative lack
of knowledge, and the lack of knowledge is
difficult if not
impossible to compensate for
later on.
[M] Although Leslie’s book isn't
about politics, he doesn't
entirely shy away
from the problem. Political leaders, like
leaders of other organizations, should be
curious. They should
ask questions at crucial
moments. There are serious
consequences, he
warns, in not wanting to know.
[N] He
presents as an example the failure of the George
W. Bush
administration to prepare properly for
the after-effects of the
invasion of Iraq.
According to Leslie, those who ridiculed
former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld for
his 2002 remark
that we have to be wary of the
“unknown unknowns” were mistaken.
Rumsfeld’s
idea, Leslie writes, “wasn’t absurd一it was
smart.” He adds, “The tragedy is that he
didn’t follow his
own advice.”
[O] All of
which brings us back to Goodell and the Christie
case
and Benghazi. Each critic in those
examples is charging, in a
different way, that
someone in authority is intentionally being
incurious. I leave it to the reader’s
political preference to
decide which, if any,
charges should stick. But let’s be careful
about demanding curiosity about the other
side’s weaknesses
and remaining
determinedly incurious about our own. We should
be delighted to pursue knowledge for its own
sake—even when
what we find out is something
we didn't particularly want to
know.
36.
To be curious, we need to realize first of all
that there
are many things we don’t know.
37. According to Leslie, curiosity is
essential to one’s
success.
38. We should
feel happy when we pursue knowledge for
knowledge's sake.
39. Political leaders'
lack of curiosity will result in bad
consequences.
40. There are often
accusations about politicians’ and the
media’s
lack of curiosity to find out the truth.
41.
The less curious a child is, the less knowledge
the child
may turn out to have.
42. It is
widely accepted that academic accomplishment lies
in
both intelligence and diligence.
43.
Visiting a bookshop as curiosity leads us can be a
good way
to entertain ourselves.
44. Both
the rise of the Internet and reduced appetite for
literary fiction contribute to people’s
declining curiosity.
45. Mankind
wouldn't be so innovative without curiosity.
Section C
Passage One
Aging happens to
all of us, and is generally thought of as a
natural part of life. It would seem silly to
call such a thing
a “disease.”
On the
other hand, scientists are increasingly learning
that
aging and biological age are two
different things, and that the
former is a key
risk factor for conditions such as heart disease,
cancer and many more. In that light, aging
itself might be seen
as something treatable,
the way you would treat high blood
pressure or
a vitamin deficiency.
Biophysicist Alex
Zhavoronkov believes that aging should be
considered a disease. He said that describing
aging as a disease
creates incentives to
develop treatments.
“It unties the hands of
the pharmaceutical (制药的)industry
so that they
can begin treating the disease and not just the
side effects,” he said.
‘‘Right now,
people think of aging as natural and something
you can’t control:’ he said. “In academic
circles, people
take aging research as just an
interest area where they can try
to develop
interventions. The medical community also takes
aging for granted, and can do nothing
about it except keep
people within a certain
health range.”
But if aging were recognized as
a disease, he said, “It would
attract funding
and change the way we do health care. What
matters is understanding that aging is
curable.”
“It was always known that the body
accumulates damage,” he
added. “The only way
to cure aging is to find ways to repair
that
damage. I think of it as preventive medicine for
age-related conditions.''
Leonard
Hayflick, a professor at the University of
California,
San Francisco, said the idea that
aging can be cured implies
the human lifespan
can be increased, which some researchers
suggest is possible. Hay flick is not among
them.
“There’re many people who recover from
cancer, stroke, or
heart disease. But they
continue to age, because aging is
separate
from their disease,” Hayflick said. “Even if those
causes of death were eliminated, life
expectancy would still
not go much beyond 92
years.”
46. What do people generally believe
about aging?
A) It should cause no alarm
whatsoever.
B) They just cannot do anything
about it.
C) It should be regarded as a kind
of disease.
D) They can delay it with
advances in science.
47. How do many
scientists view aging now?
A) It might be
prevented and treated.
B) It can be as risky
as heart disease.
C) It results from a vitamin
deficiency.
D) It is an irreversible
biological process.
48. What does Alex
Zhavoronkov think of“describing aging as
a
disease”?
A) It will prompt people to take
aging more seriously.
B) It will greatly help
reduce the side effects of aging.
C) It will
free pharmacists from the conventional beliefs
about
aging.
D) It will motivate doctors
and pharmacists to find ways to
treat aging.
49. What do we learn about the medical
community?
A) They now have a strong interest
in research on aging.
B) They differ from the
academic circles in their view on aging.
C)
They can contribute to people’s health only to a
limited
extent.
D) They have ways to
intervene in people's aging process.
50. What
does Professor Leonard Hay flick believe?
A)
The human lifespan cannot be prolonged.
B) Aging is hardly separable from
disease.
C) Few people can live up to the age
of 92.
D) Heart disease is the major cause of
aging.
Passage Two
Female applicants to
postdoctoral positions in geosciences
were
nearly half as likely to receive excellent letters
of
recommendation,compared with their male
counterparts.
Christopher Intagliata reports.
As in many other fields, gender bias is
widespread in the
sciences. Men score higher
starting salaries, have more
mentoring
(指导),and have better odds of being hired. Studies
show they’re also perceived as more competent
than women in
STEM (Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics)
fields. And new
research reveals that men are more likely to
receive excellent letters of recommendation,
too.
“Say,you know, this is the best student
I’ve ever had,” says
Kuheli Dutt, a social
scientist and diversity officer at
Columbia
University’s Lamont campus. “Compare those
excellent
letters with a merely good letter:
'The candidate was
productive, or intelligent,
or a solid scientist or something
that’s
clearly solid praise,’ but nothing that singles
out
the candidate as exceptional or one of a
kind.”
Dutt and her colleagues studied
more than 1,200 letters of
recommendation for
postdoctoral positions in geoscience. They
were all edited for gender and other
identifying information,
so Dutt and her team
could assign them a score without knowing
the
gender of the student. They found that female
applicants
were only half as likely to get
outstanding letters, compared
with their male
counterparts. That includes letters of
recommendation from all over the world, and
written by, yes,
men and women. The findings
are in the journal Nature
Geoscience.
Dutt
says they were not able to evaluate the actual
scientific
qualifications of the applicants
using the data in the files.
But she says the
results still suggest women in geoscience are
at a potential disadvantage from the very
beginning of their
careers starting with those
less than outstanding letters of
recommendation.
“We’re not trying to
assign blame or criticize anyone or call
anyone consciously sexist. Rather, the point
is to use the
results of this study to open up
meaningful dialogues on
implicit gender bias,
be it at a departmental level or an
institutional level or even a discipline
level.” Which may lead
to some recommendations
for the letter writers themselves.
48.
What do we learn about applicants to postdoctoral
positions
in geosciences?
A) There are
many more men applying than women.
B) Chances
for women to get the positions are scarce.
C)
More males than females are likely to get
outstanding letters
of recommendation.
D)
Male applicants have more interest in these
positions than
their female counterparts.
49. What do studies about men and women in
scientific research
show?
A) Women engaged
in postdoctoral work are quickly catching up.
B) Fewer women are applying for postdoctoral
positions due to
gender bias.
C) Men are
believed to be better able to excel in STEM
disciplines.
D) Women who are keenly
interested in STEM fields are often
exceptional.
50. What do the studies find
about the recommendation letters
for women
applicants?
A) They are hardly ever supported
by concrete examples.
B) They contain nothing
that distinguishes the applicants.
C) They
provide objective information without
exaggeration.
D) They are often filled
with praise for exceptional
applicants.
51. What did Dutt and her colleagues do with
the more than 1,200
letters of recommendation?
A) They asked unbiased scholars to evaluate
them.
B) They invited women professionals to
edit them.
C) They assigned them randomly to
reviewers.
D) They deleted all information
about gender.
52 What does Dutt aim to do
with her study?
A) Raise recommendation
writers’ awareness of gender bias in
their
letters.
B) Open up fresh avenues for women
post-doctors to join in
research work.
C)
Alert women researchers to all types of gender
bias in the
STEM disciplines.
D) Start a
public discussion on how to raise women's status
in
academic circles.
Part IV Translation
(30 minutes)
黄山位于安徽省南部。它风景独特,尤以其日出和云海著称。要欣赏大山的宏伟壮丽,通常得向上看。但要欣赏黄山美景,就得向下看。
黄山的湿润气候有利于茶树生长
,是中国主要产茶地之一。这里还有
许多温泉,其泉水有助于防治皮肤病。黄山是中国主要旅游目的地之
一,也是摄影和传统国画最受欢迎的主题。
参考答案
Part I
Writing
In recent years, the relationship
between doctors and patients
has become
increasingly tense and complicated. The disputes
have intensified day by day. There is a lack
of necessary
understanding and trust between
doctors and patients. The
normal health care
activities are deeply affected. The
relationship between doctors and patients has
become an
unprecedented common concern of the
whole society at this
stage.
How to best
handle the relationship between doctors and
patients?Firstly of all, doctors should have
medical ethics and
humanities, which require
extreme enthusiasm for patients and
their
technical excellence. Secondly, doctors and
patients
should communicate with each other.
Furthermore, patients
should know more
knowledge of medicine. Besides, the government
should provide more legal protection to help
balance the
doctor-patient relationship.
Although we have a long way to go, we have
reasons to believe
that the doctor-patient
relationship in China is gradually
improving.
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
26. G 27. L 28. F 29. O 30. C 31. E
32. M
33. N 34. J 35. B 36. H 37. D
38. O 39. M 40.
B 41. L 42. K 43. J
44. G 45. F 46. B 47. A
48. D 49. C
50. A 51. C 52. C 53. B 54. D 55.
D
Part IV Translation
Huangshan
(Yellow Mountain) is located in southern Anhui
Province. The area is well known for its
unique scenery,
especially sunrise and sea of
clouds. To enjoy the magnificence
of a
mountain, you have to look upwards in most cases.
To enjoy
Huangshan, however, you've got to
look downward. Furthermore,
Huangshan's moist
climate facilitates the growing of tea trees,
therefore the mountain is one of China's
premier tea-growing
areas. In addition,
Huangshan has multiple hot springs which
help
prevent and cure skin illness. Huangshan is one of
China's
major tourist destinations and the
most frequent subject of
photography and
traditional Chinese painting.