史上最全的初中英语知识点大全

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史上最全的初中英语知识点大全

初一年级（上）
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. Sit down
2. on duty
3. in English
4. have a seat
5. at home
6. look like
7. look at
8. have a look
9. come on
10. at work
11. at school
12. put on
13. look after
14. get up
15. go shopping

II. 重要句型

1. help sb. do sth.
2. What about…?
3. Let’s do sth.
4. It’s time to do sth.
5. It’s time for …
6. What’s…? It is…
It’s…
7. Where is…? It’s….
8. How old are you? I’m….
9. What class are you in?
I’m in….
10. Welcome to….

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11. What’s …plus…?
It’s….
12. I think…
13. Who’s this? This is….
14. What can you see？ I
can see….
15. There is (are) ….
16. What colour is it (are
they)? It’s (They’re)…
17. Whose …is this? It’s….
18. What time is it? It’s….

III. 交际用语

1. Good morning,
MissMr….
2. Hello! Hi!
3. Nice to meet you. Nice to
meet you, too.
4. How are you? I’m fine,
thank youthanks. And
【名师讲解】
you?
5. See you. See you later.
6. Thank you! You’re
welcome.
7. Goodbye! Bye!
8. What’s your name? My
name is ….
9. Here you are. This way,
please.
10. Who’s on duty today?
11. Let’s do.
12. Let me see.

IV. 重要语法
1. 动词be的用法；
2. 人称代词和物主代词的用
法；
3. 名词的单复数和所有格的
用法；
4. 冠词的基本用法；
5. There be句型的用法。

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在表示空间位置时，in表示在某个空间的范围以内，on表示在
某一个物体的表面之上。
例如：There is a bird in the tree. 树上有只鸟。There is a
picture on the wall. 墙上有张图。
2. thisthatthesethose
(1)this常常用来指在时间、地点上更接近讲话人的人 和事，these
是this的复数形式。that常常用来指在时间、地点上离讲话人
更远一 点的人和事，those时that的复数形式。例如：You look
in this box and I’ll look in that one over there.你看看这个
盒子，我去看那边的那个盒子。
I want this car, not that car. 我想要这辆小汽车，不是那一辆。
Take these books to his room, please. 请把这些书拿到他房
间去。
This is mine; that’s yours. 这个是我的，那个是你的。
These are apples; those are oranges. 这些是苹果，那些是橘
子。
(2)在打电话的用语中，this常常指的是我，that常常指的是对
方。例如：
This is Mary speaking. Who’s that? 我是玛丽。你是谁？
3. There be have
There be 有，其确切含意为某处或某时存在某 人或某物。

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其结构是：There be + 某人或某物 + 表示地点或时间的状语。
There be 后面的名词实际上是主语，be 动词的形式要和主语
在数上保持一致，be动词后面的名词是单 数或不可数名词时用
is，名词是复数时用are。例如：(1) There is a big bottle of coke
on the table. 桌上有一大瓶子可乐。
(2) There is a doll in the box. 那个盒子里有个娃娃。
(3) There are many apples on the tree. 那树上有许多苹果。
总之，There be结构强调的是一种客观存在的有。have表示
拥有，占有，具有，即：某人有某物(sb. have has sth.)。主
语一般是名词或代词，与主语是所属关系。例如：
(4) I have two brothers and one sister.我有两个兄弟，一个姐
姐。
(5) That house has four rooms.那所房子有四个房间。
4. look see watch
(1)look 表示“看、瞧”，着重指认真看，强调看的动作，表示
有意识地注意看，但不 一定看到，以提醒对方注意。，如：
Look! The children are playing computer games. 瞧！孩子
们在玩电脑游戏。
Look! What’s that over there? 看！那边那个是什么？
单独使用是不及物动词，如强调看某人物，其后接介词at，才
能带宾语，如：
He’s looking at me。他正在看着我。

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(2)see强调“ 看”的结果，着重的是look这个动作的结果，意
思是“看到”，see是及物动词，后面能直接跟宾 语。如：
What can you see in the picture? 你能在图上看到什么？
Look at the blackboard. What did you see on it?看黑板！你
看到了什么？
(3)watch“观看，注视”， 侧重于场面，表示全神贯注地观看、
观察或注视某事务的活动，强调过程，常用于“看电视、看足球、< br>看演出”等。如：
Yesterday we watched a football match on TV.昨天我们从电
视上看了一场足球比赛。
4. put on in
put on意为“穿上，戴上”。主要指“穿上”这一动作, 后面接
表示服装、鞋帽的名词。
in 是介词，表示“穿着”强调状态。在句中可以做定语、标语
和状语。如：
It’s cold outside, put on your coat. 外面冷，穿上你的外衣。
He puts on his hat and goes out. 他戴上帽子，走了出去。
The woman in a white blouse is John’s mother.穿白色衬衣
的那个妇女是John的妈妈。
5. house homefamily
house ：“房子”，指居住的建筑物; Home: “家”，指一个人同
家人共同经常居住的地方; Family: “家庭“，“家庭成员”。例

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如：Please come to my house this afternoon. 今天下午请到
我家来。
He is not at home. 他不在家。My family all get up early. 我
们全家都起得很早。
6. fine, nice, good, well
四者都可用作形容词表示好之意，但前三者既可作表 语又可作
定语，而后者仅用作表语。主要区别在于：
(1) fine指物时表示的是质量上的精细，形容人时表示的是
身体健康，也 可以用来指天气晴朗。例如：Your parents are
very fine. 你父母身体很健康。
That's a fine machine.那是一台很好的机器It's a fine day for
a walk today.今天是散步的好时候。
(2)nice主要侧重于人或物的外表，有美好，漂亮的意思，
也可用于问候或赞扬别人。
例如：Lucy looks nice. 露西看上去很漂亮。These coats are
very nice. 那些裙子很好看。
Nice to meet you. 见到你很高兴。It's very nice of you. 你真
好。
(3)good 形容人时指品德好，形容物时指质量好，是表示人
或物各方面都好的普通用语。例如：Her son is a good student.
她儿子是一个好学生。
The red car is very good. 那辆红色小汽车很好。

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(4)well只可 用来形容人的身体好，但不能作定语，它也能用
作副词作状语，多放在所修饰的动词之后。例如：I'm very well,
thanks. 我身体很好，谢谢。
My friends sing well. 我的朋友们歌唱得好。
【考点扫描】
中考考点在本单元主要集中在：

1. 动词be的用法；
2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法；
3. 名词的单复数和所有格的用法；
4. 冠词的基本用法；
5. There be句型的用法。
6. 本单元学过的词汇、短语和句型；
7. 本单元学过的日常交际用语。
考试形式可以是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空、完成句子。

初一年级（下）
【知识梳理】 3. a lot (of)
I. 重点短语 4. all day
5. be from
1. a bottle of 6. be over
2. a little 7. come back

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8. come from
9. do one’s homework
10. do the shopping
11. get down
12. get home
13. get to
14. get up
15. go shopping
16. have a drink of
17. have a look
18. have breakfast
19. have lunch
20. have supper
21. listen to
22. not…at all
23. put…away
24. take off
25. throw it like that
26. would like
27. in the middle of the day
28. in the morning
afternoon evening
29. on a farm
30. in a factory

II. 重要句型

1. Let sb. do sth.
2. Could sb. do sth.?
3. would like sth.
4. would like to do sth.
5. What about something
to eat?
6. How do you spell …?
7. May I borrow…?

III. 交际用语

1. —Thanks very much!
—You're welcome.
2. Put itthem away.
3. What's wrong?
4. I think so. I don't
think so.

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5. I want to take some
books to the classroom.
6. Give me a bottle of
orange juice, please.
Please give it them back
tomorrow. OK.
9. What's your favourite
sport?
10. Don't worry.
11.I’m (not) good at
basketball.
12. Do you want a go?
13. That's right. That‘s all
right. All right.
14. Do you have a
dictionary any
dictionaries?
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
15. We They have some
CDs.
We They don’t have any
CDs.
16. ---What day is it today
tomorrow?
---It’s Monday.
17. ---May I borrow your
colour pens, please?
---Certainly. Here you are.
18. ---Where are you from?
---From Beijing.
19. What's your telephone
number in New York?
20. ---Do you like hot
dogs?
---Yes, I do. ( A little. A lot.
Very much.)
---No, I don't. ( I don't like
them at all.)
21. ---What does your
mother like?
---She likes dumplings and
vegetables very much.
22. ---When do you go to
school every day?

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---I go to school at 7:00
every day.
23. ---What time does he
go to bed in the evening?
1.人称代词的用法；
2. 祈使句；
3. 现在进行时的构成和用法；
4．动词have的用法；
---He goes to bed at 10:00. 5．一般现在时构成和用法；

IV. 重要语法


【名师讲解】
1. That's right. That‘s all right. All right.
That’s right意为“对的”，表示赞同对方的意见、看法或行为，
肯定对方的答案或判断。例如：
man.我想我们应该帮助这位老人。
或 说得对。
That’s all right.意为“不用谢”、“没关系”，用来回答对方的
致谢或道歉。例如：


All right.意为“行了”、“可以”，表示同意对方的建议或要求。
有时还可以表示“身体很好”
请把此事告诉我。
6．可数名词和不可数名词的构
成和用法

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好吧。
Is your mother all right?你妈身体好吗
2. makedo
这两个 词都可以解释为“做”，但含义却不同，不能混用。make
指做东西或制东西，do指做一件具体的事 。Can you make a
paper boat for me? 你能为我做个纸船吗？
He’s doing his homework now.他正在做他的作业。
3. sayspeaktalktell
say：是最口语化的最普通的一个词，意为“说出”、“说道”，着
重所说的话。如：
“I want to go there by bus” , he said . 他说，“我要坐汽车
到那里去。”Please say it in English .请用英语说。
speak : “说话”，着重开口发声，不着重所说的内容，一般用
作不及物动词 (即后面不能直接接宾语 ) 。如：Can you speak
about him? 你能不能说说他的情况？I don’t like to speak
like this. 我不喜欢这样说话。
speak 作及物动词解时，只能和某种语言等连用，表达在对话
中恰当使用词汇的能力。
如：She speaks English well.她英语说得好。
talk : 与 speak 意义相近，也着重说话的动作，而不着重所说
的话，因此，一般也只用作不及物动词， 不过，talk 暗示话是
对某人说的，有较强的对话意味，着重指连续地和别人谈话。如：

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I would like to talk to him about it . 我想跟他谈那件事。Old
women like to talk with children.老年妇女喜欢和孩子们交
谈。
tell : “告诉”,除较少情况外，一般后面总接双宾语。如：He’
s telling me a story.他在给我讲故事。
tell a lie 撒谎 tell sb. to do sth. tell sb. not to do sth
如：.Miss Zhao often tells us to study hard.
4. do cooking do the cooking
do cooking 作“做饭”解，属泛指。do the cooking 特指某
一顿饭或某一家人的饭。cooking为动名词，不能用作复数，但
前面可用 some, much修饰。从do some cooking可引出许
多类似的短语：do some washing 洗些衣服do some
shopping 买些东西do some reading 读书do some writing
写些东西do some fishing 钓鱼
从以上短语可引申出另一类短语，不能用some, much或定冠
词。
go shopping 去买东西go fishing 去钓鱼go boating 去划
船go swimming 去游泳
5. like doing sth. like to do sth.
like doing sth. 与like to do sth. 意思 相同，但用法有区别。
前者强调一般性的爱好或者表示动作的习惯性和经常性；后来表
示一次性 和偶然性的动作。例如：

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He likes playing football, but he doesn‘t like to play
football with Li Ming.他喜欢踢足球，但是他不喜欢和李明踢。
6. other others the other another
other表其余的，别的，如：Have you any other questions?
你还有其他问题吗?
others 别的人，别的东西.如：In the room some people are
American, the others are French.在屋子里一些人是美国人,其
他的是法国人。
the other表另一个（二者之中）one…，the other…如：One of
my two brothers studies English, the other studies Chinese.
我两个哥哥中的一个学习英文,另一个学中文。
another表三者以上的另一个，另一些如：There is room for
another few books on the shelf.书架上还可以放点书。
7. in the tree on the tree
in the tree 与 on the tree.译成中文均为在树上但英语中有
区别。in the tree表示某人、某 事（不属于树本身生长出的别的
东西）落在树上，表示树的枝、叶、花、果等长在树上时，要使
用on the tree.如：There are some apples on the tree. 那棵
树上有些苹果。There is a bird in the tree. 那棵树上有只鸟。
8. some any
some和 any既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。但有
以下两点需要注意。

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(1)some常用于肯定句中，any常用于否定句和疑问句中。如：
There is some water in the there any water in the
glass?There isn't any water in the glass.
(2)在说话者希望得到肯定答复的一般疑问句中，或在表示请求，
邀请的疑问句中，我们依然用som e。如：Would you like some
tea?
9. tall high
(1)说人，动物，树木等有生命的东西，主要用tall，不用high，
例如 a tall woman 一个高个子妇女a tall horse 一个高大的
马
(2) 说一个不与地面接触的人和物的高时，要用high，而不用tall，
比如人站在桌子上时，飞机飞上 天时，例如： He is high up in
the tree. 他高高地爬在树上。 The plane is so high in the sky.
飞机在空中这么高。
(3)指建筑物、山时要tall或high都可以，不过high的程度比
tall高。
(4)high可作副词，tall不能。
(5)tall的反义词为short, high的反义词为low.
10. can could
(1) can表示体力和脑力方面的能力，或根据客观条件能做某种
动作的能力。例如：
Can you ride a bike?你会骑自行车吗?What can I do for

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you？要帮忙吗？Can you make a cake？你会做蛋糕吗？
(2) can用在否定句和疑问句中时有时表示说话人的怀疑猜测
或不肯定。例如：
Where can he be？他会在什么地方呢？Can the news be
true？这个消息会是真的吗？
It surely can't be six o'clock already？不可能已经六点钟了
吧？
You can't be hungry so soon，Tom，you've just had lunch.
汤姆，你不可能饿得这么快，你刚吃过午饭。
What can he mean？他会是什么意思？
在日常会话中，can可代替may表示允许，may比较正式。
例如：You can come in any time.你随时都可以来。
--- Can I use your pen？我能用你的钢笔吗？--- Of course，
you can.当然可以。
You can have my seat，I'm going now.我要走了，你坐我的
座位吧。
(3) could
could 是 can的过去式，表示过去有过的能力和可能性（在否
定和疑问句中）。例如：
The doctor said he could help him.（能力）医生说他能帮助
他。
Lily could swim when she was four years old.（能力）当丽

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丽四岁的时候她就会游泳。
At that time we thought the story could be true.（可能性）
那时我们以为所说的可能是真的。
could可代替can表示现在时间的动作，但语气较为婉转。例如：
Could I speak to John，please？我能和约翰说话吗？
Could you？在口语中表示请求对方做事。例如：Could you
wait half an hour？请你等半个小时好吗？Could you please
ring again at six？六点钟请你再打电话好吗？
(4) can的形式
只有现在式can和过去式co uld两种形式。能表示一般现在和
一般过去两种时态，有时也能表示将来。所有其他时态（包括将来时）须用be able to加动词不定式来表示。
例如：They have not been able to come to Beijing.他们没有
能到北京来。
11. look for find
look for 意为“寻找”，而find意为“ 找到，发现”，前者强调
“找”这一动作，并不注重“找”的结果，而后者则强调“找”
的结果 。例如：She can’t find her ruler. 她找不到她的尺子
啦。
Tom is looking for his watch，but he can’t find it.汤姆正在
寻找他的手表，但没能找到。
12. be sleeping be asleep

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be sleeping 表示动作，意思是“正在睡觉”；be asleep 表示
状态，意思是“睡着了”。
如：---What are the children doing in the room? 孩子们在
房间里做什么？---They are sleeping.他们正在睡觉。
The children are asleep now.现在孩子们睡着了。
13. often usuallysometimes
often 表示经常，sometimes表示有时候，在表示发生频
率上often要高于 usually，usually要高于sometimes。这三
个词表示的是经常性，一般性的动作 或情况，常与一般现在时连
用，常位于主要谓语动词的前面，其他谓语动词（be动词，情
态动 词和助动词）的后面，有时也可位于句尾。如果要加强语气，
则放在句首。
We usually play basketball after school.我们通常放学后打篮
球。Sometimes I go to bed early.有时，我睡觉很早。
He often reads English in the morning.他经常在早晨读英语。
14. How much How many
how much常用来询问某一商品的价格，常见句式是How
much is are…?
How much is the skirt? 这条裙子多少钱？How much are
the bananas? 这些香蕉多少钱？
how much后加不可数名词，表示数量，意为“多少“，how many
后加可数名词的复数形式。

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How much meat do you want? 你要多少肉呀？How many
students are there in your class? 你们班有多少人？
15. be good for be good to be good at
be good for 表示对……有好处，而be bad for表示对……
有害；be good to表示对……友好，而be bad to表示对……
不好；be good at表示擅长，在……方面做得好，而be bad
at表示在……方面做得不好。
如：Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.做眼保健操对
你的眼睛有好处。
Eating too much is bad for you health.吃的太多对你的
身体有害。
Miss Li is good to all of us.李老师对我们所有的人都很友
好。
The boss is bad to his workers.这个老板对他的工人不
好。
Li Lei is good at drawing, but I'm bad at it.李雷擅长画
画，但是我不擅长。
16. each every
each 和every都有每一个的意思，但含义和用法不相同。
each从个体着眼，every从整体着眼。 each 可用于两者或两者
以上，every只用于三者或三者以上。
如：We each have a new book.我们每人各有一本新书。There

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are trees on each side of the street.街的两旁有树。
He gets up early every morning.每天早晨他都起得早。
each可以用作形容词、副词和代词；every只能用作形容词。
如：Each of them has his own duty.他们各人有各人的义务。
They each want to do something different.他们每个人都想
做不同的事情。
17. 一般现在时现在进行时
一般现在时表示经常性的或习惯性的动作或存在的状态，也表 示
说话者的能力，还有自然现象；而现在进行时表示正在进行或发
生的动作（构成方式为ami s are+doing）。
I do my homework in the evening.我在晚上做作业。I'm
doing my homework now.我现在正在做作业。
现在进行时常与now, these days, at the moment 或Look,
listen等词连用；而一般现在时常与often, always, sometimes,
usually, every day, in the morning, on Mondays等连用。
We often clean the classroom after school.我们经常放学后
打扫教室。
Look! They are cleaning the classroom .看！他们正在打扫教
室呢。
初二年级（上）
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语

1. on time

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2. best wishes
3. give a talk
4. for example
5. short for
6. a waste of time
7. go on a field trip
8. go fishing
9. I agree
10. next week
11. the day after tomorrow
12. have a picnic
13. have some problems
doing sth.
14. go the wrong way
15. hurry up
16. get together
17. in the open air
18. on Mid-Autumn Day
19. come over
20. have to
21. get home
22. agree with
23. in the country
24. in town
25. all the same
26. in front of
27. on the leftright side
28. next to
29. up and down
30. keep healthy
31. grow up
32. at the same time
33. the day before
yesterday
35. last Saturday
36. half an hour ago
37. a moment ago
38. just now
39. by the way
40. all the time
41. at first

II. 重要句型

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1. have fun doing sth.
2. Why don’t you…?
3. We’re going to do sth.
4. start with sth.
5. Why not…?
6. Are you going to…?
7. be friendly to sb.
8. You’d better do sth.
9. ask sb. for sth.
10. say goodbye to sb.
11. Good luck(with sb)!

III. 交际用语

e backto school!
me. I’m sorry
I’m late, because the
traffic is bad.
doesn’t matter.
Teachers’ Day !
’s a good idea.
are you going to
do？
are we going ?
are we going to
do ?
9.I’m good at…
’s not far from…
11. Are you free tomorrow
evening?
you and Lily like
to come over to my home
for Mid- Autumn Festival?
13.I’m glad you can come.
for asking us.
about another
one?
I have a taste?
me walk with you.
do you have to
do?
you live on a farm?
do you like better,
the city or the country?

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do you like best,
dogs, cats or chickens?
we go at ten?
Good idea!
23.---Let’s make it half
past one. ---OK.
24.---Why not come a little
earlier? ---All right.
me. Where’s
the nearest post office,
please?
’s over there on the
right.
27.I’m sorry I don’t
know.
’d better…
【名师讲解】
1. on the street in the street
you all the same.
bus do I take?
along this road.

yesterday?
33.I’m sorry to hear that.
34.I hope you’re better
now.
did you call me?
36.I called to tell…

IV. 重要语法
going to的用法；
2.形容词的比较级、最高级；
3.形容词和副词的比较
4.一般过去时
day was it
表示“在街上”时，on the street 和 in the street 都可以，
在美国多用on the street, 在英国多用in the street. 例如：
We have a house in the street. 我们在街上有座房子。I met
him on the street. 我在街上遇见了他。

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2. would like like
would like 和 like含义不同。like 意思是“喜欢”，“爱好”，
而 would like 意思是“想要”。试比较： I like beer.=I’m fond
of beer. 我喜欢喝啤酒。I’d like a glass of beer= I want a
glass of beer. 我想要一杯啤酒。Do you like going to the
cinema? 你喜欢看电影吗？Would you like to go to the
cinema tonight? 你今晚想去看电影吗？
3. another the other
(1)another 通常用于三个或三个以上或不确定数量中的任意一
个人或 物体。 例如：
May I have another apple, please? 请在给我一个苹果好吗？
This coat is too small for me. Please show me another这件
外套我穿太小，请再给我拿一件看看。
(2)the other 通常指两者中的另一个。例如：
He has two rulers. One is short. The other is long. 他有两把
尺子，一把短的，另一把长的。 I have two brothers. One
works in Xi’an . The other works in Beijing. 我有两个兄弟，
一个在西安工作，另一个在北京工作。
4. have to must
(1)have to和 must 都可以用来谈论义务，但用法略有不同。
如果某人主观上 觉得必须去做而又想去时，常用must。如果谈
论某种来自“外界”的义务，常用have to。例如：I must stop

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smoking. 我必须戒烟。（自己想戒烟）They have to work for
the boss.他们不得不为那个老板工作。（条件逼得他们去工作）
(2)have to 可用于多种时态，must 只能用于一般现在时。例
如：
I’ll have to get up early tomorrow morning.明天早晨我必
须早早起床。We had to work long hours every day in order
to get more money.为了多挣钱，我们不得不每天长时间地工
作。
(3)用于否定句时，mustn’t意思是“决不能”，“禁止”，而don’
t have to意思是“不必”，相当于needn’t。例如：You mustn’
t be late again next time.下一次你决不能再迟到。You don’
t have to go there today. You can go there tomorrow.你今
天不必到那里去了。你可以明天去。
5. hear sb. or sth. herar sb. or sth. do sth.
hear sb. or sth.意思是“听到某人或某物在做某事”，
而hear sb. or sth. do sth.意思“听到某人或某物做过某事”。
试比较：I hear him singing an English song.听见他在唱英歌
曲。
I heard him sing an English song.我听见他唱一首英文歌。
类似hear 这种用法的还有see, watch, listen, feel等感官动词。
6. any some
any和some 都可以同不可数名词和可数名词的复数形式连用，

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但some一般用在肯定句中；any用在疑问句和否定句中。试比
较：I want some money. 我想要点钱。Have you any money?
你有钱吗？I don’t have any money. 我一点钱也没有。
some 有时也用于疑问句，表示说话人期待一个肯定回答或鼓励
人家说“是”。例如：
Would you like some more beer?请你再来点啤酒好吗？
Could I have some rice, please?请给我来点米饭好吗？
7. hear listen to
listen to 和hear 都有“听”的意思，但含义有所不同。Listen
to强调“听”的动作，hear 强调“听”的结果。例如：Listen to
me ,please! I’m going to tell you a story. 请听我说！我给
你们讲个故事。
Listen! Can you hear someone crying in the next room?
听！你能听见有人在隔壁房间里哭吗？
I listened, but heard nothing.我听了听，但什么也听不见。
hear 后面如果接宾语从句，常常表示“听说”。例如：
I hear some foreign students will visit our school.我听说一
些外国学生将要访问我们学校。
I hear there is going to be a film in our school this evening.
我听说今晚我们学校要演一场电影。
8. Let’s… Let us…
Let’s… 和Let us… 都表示“让我们……”, 如果us 包括听话

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人在内，其含义相同，附带问句用shall we. 如果us 不包括听
话人在内，其含义不同，Let us…的附带问句要用will you。例
如：Let’s go shopping, shall we? 我们去购物好吗？
9. take bring carry get
这四个动词都有“拿”和“带”的意思， 但含义有所不同。take
意为“带走”，“拿走”，bring意为“带来”，“拿来”, get表 示
“到别的地方把某人或某物带来或拿来”，carry不强调方向，带
有负重的意思。试比较 ：
My parents often take me there on holidays.我父母常常带
我到那里去度假。
I’m going to take you to Beijing.我准备带你去北京。Bring
me a cup of tea, please.请给我端杯茶来。
I’ll bring the book to you tomorrow.明天我把那本书给你带
来。The waiter carried the me to the table服务员把肉送到
桌上。The monkey carried the bag on her back.猴子把那个
包背在背上。She went back to get her handbag.他折回去拿
他的手提包。Let me get the doctor.让我去请医生吧。
10. far away faraway
(1)far away是一个副词短语，意思是“很远”。例如：Some are
far away. Some are nearer.有些离得很远，有些离得近一些的。
The village is far away from here.那个村子离这儿很远。
(2)fa raway是一个形容词，意思是“遥远的”，可以在句中作定

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语。例如：
He lives in faraway mountain village.他住在一个遥远的小山
村。
11. find look for
find和look for 都有“找”的意思，但含义不同。find 强调“找”
的结果，而look for 强调“找”的过程。请看下列例句：He is
looking for his bike.他在找他的自行车。I’m looking for my
watch, but can’t find it.我在找我的手表，但是找不到。I hope
you will soon find your lost ring.希望你尽快找到丢失的戒指。
另外，find还有“发现”；“感到”等意思。例如：I found a wallet
in the desk.我在课桌里发现了一个钱包。
I find this book very interesting.我觉得这本书很有意思。
12. in front of in the front of
In front of 表示在某物的前面，不在某物的范围内。In the front
of 表示在某物的前部，在某物的范围内。试比较：My seat is in
front of Mary’s.我的座位在玛丽座位的前面。
He is sitting in the front of the car with the driver.他和司机
坐在小车的前部。
初二年级（中）
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语

1. give a concert
2. fall down
3. go on

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4. at the end of
5. go back
6. in ahurry
7. write down
8. come out
9. all the year round
10. later on
11. at times
12. ring sb. up
13. Happy New Year!
14. have a party
15. hold on
16. hear from
17. be ready
18. at the moment
19. take out
same as
21. turn over
22. get-together
23. put on
24. take a seat
25. wait for
26. get lost
27. just then
28. first of all
29. go wrong
30. make a noise
31. get on
32. get off
33. stand in line
34. at the head of
35. laugh at
36. throw about
37. in fact
38. at midnight
39. enjoy oneself
40. have a headache
41. have a cough
42. fall asleep
43. again and again
44. look over
45. take exercise

II. 重要句型

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1. be good for sth.
2. I think …
3. I hope…
4. I love…
5. I don’t like…
6. I’m sure…
7. forget to do sth.
8. take a message for sb.
9. give sb. the message
10. help yourself to sth.
11. be famous for sth.
12. on one’s way to…
13. make one’s way to…
14. quarrel with sb.
15. agree with sb.
16. stop sb. from doing sth.

III. 交际用语

’s the weather like
today?
’s cold, but quite
suuny.
cold it is today!
, but it’ll be warmer
later on.
we make a
snowman?
. Come on!
New Year!
I speak to Ann,
please?？
on, please.
a lot for inviting
me to your party.
. But I’m afraid I
may be a little late.
I take a message for
you?
’s OK. It doesn’t
matter.
14.I’m very sorry, but I
can’t come.

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15.I’m sorry to hear that.
birthday!
you like ...?
Would you like to ...?
you think ...? Yes, I
think so. No, I don't think
so.
you agree? Yes, I
agree. No, don't really
agree. I really can't agree.
are a few a lot
of ... on it.
do we.
22.I'm happy you like it.
is the way to ...,
please?
rightleft at the ...
crossing.
on until you reach ...
can I get to ...? Go
downupalong this road.
's the matter?
'll take you half an hour
to ...
'd better catch a bus.
may be in ... Ah, so it is
must be more
careful!
mustn't cross the
road now.
you want to cross a
street, you must wait for
the green light.
stand in line.
must wait for your
turn.
you don't go soon,
you'll be late.
37.I don't feel very well.
head hurts.
mustn't eat
anything until you see the
doctor.
's the trouble?

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's
with…?
the matter
1. 一般过去时；
2. 反意疑问句的用法；
3. 一般将来时；
4. 感叹句；
5. 简单句的五种基本句型；
6. 情态动词can, may和
must, have to的用法；
7. 时间状语从句和条件状语
从句。
didn't feel like
eating anything.
g serious.
t a pain in…
problem.
this medicine three
times a day.

IV. 重要语法

【名师讲解】
1. above over on
这三个介词都表示“在……之 上”，但含义不同。on指在某物的
表面上，和某物接触；above指在某物的上方，不和某物接触，
但也不一定在某物的正上方；over指在某物的正上方，不和某
物接触。试比较：There is a book on the desk.课桌上有一本
书。
I raise my right hand above my head. 我把右手高举过头。
There is a stone bridge over the river. 河面上有座石桥。
2. forget to do doing sth.

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forget to do sth.意思是“忘记做某事”，实际上还没做；forget
doing sth,意思是“忘记做过某事”，实际上已经做过了。试比
较：I forgot to tell him the news.我忘记告诉他这条消息了。
I forgot telling him the news.我已经把这条消息告诉他了，我
却忘了。
类似的词还有：remember, regret等。
3. hopewish
hope和wish 在汉语中都有“希望”的意思，但其含义和用法
有所不同。主要区别如下：
(1)wish可以用来表示不可实现的愿望；hope只能用来表示可
能实现的愿望。例如：
I wish I were 20 years younger.我但愿自己能年轻二十岁。
I hope you’ll be better soon. 我希望你能很快好起来。
I wish the weather wasn’t so cold. 但愿天气不这麽冷。
I hope he will come, too. 我希望他也能来。
(2)wish可以接sb. to do sth. 的结构，而hope不可以。例如：
Do you wish me to come back later? 你是否希望我再来？
4. be sure to do sth. be sure ofabout sb. or sth.
(1)be sure to do sth.可以用来表示说话人给对方提出要求，意< br>思是“务必”，也可以用来表示说话人做出的推断，意思是“一
定”，“肯定”。例如：
Be sure to lock the door when you leave.你离开时务必把门

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锁好。
It’s a good film. You are sure to enjoy it.这是一部好电影，
你肯定会喜欢的。
(2)be sure ofabout sth. 可用来表示“某人对某事有把
握”。例如：
I’m sure of his success.我相信他会成功。
I think it was three years ago, but I’m not sure about it.
我想那是三年前的事情，但我没有把握。
5. hear fromhear of
hear意思是“听到”，从哪里听到要用from来表示。例如：
I’ve heard from Xiao Wu that we’ll start out military
training tomorrow.我听小吴说，我们明天开始军训。Listen to
the tape and write out what you hear from Han Mei.听录
音，并写出你从韩梅那里听到的内容。
hear from还有一个意思是“收到某人的来信”（=receive a
letter from sb.）。例如：
I heard from my pen friend in the U.S.A. last month. 上个
月我受到了美国笔友的来信。
I heard from her last week. 我上周接到了她的来信。
hear of和和hear from含义不同。hear of 意思是“听说”，“得
知”（某事或某人的存在），常用在疑问句和否定句里。例如：
Who is he? I’ve never heard of him.他是谁？我从来没有听

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说过他。I never heard of such a thing! 这样的事我从来没有
听说过。
6. It’s a pleasure.
It’s a pleasure这句话常用作别人向你表示致谢时的答语，意
思是“那是我乐意做的”。例如：
---Thank you for helping me. 谢谢你地帮助。---It’s a
pleasure. 那是我乐意做的。
---Thanks a lot. Bye.非常感谢。 再见。---It’s a pleasure. 那
是我乐意做的。再见。
类似的话还有 “Not at all.” “You are welcome.” “That’
s all right.”
With pleasure也用作客气的答语， 主要用在别人要你做某事，
而你又非常愿意去做的场合。例如：---Will you please pass me
the newspaper, please?请你把报纸递给我好吗？
---With pleasure.当然可以。
7. seemlook
(1) 二者都可以作“看起来”讲，但seem暗示凭借一些迹象作
出的有根据的判断，这种判断往往接近事实 ；look着重强调由
视觉得出的印象。两者都可跟(to be)+形容词和as if从句。如：
He seems looks (to be) very happy today. 他今天看起来很
高兴。
It looks (seems) as if it it is going to rain. 好像要下雨了。

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(2)但下列情况中只用seem不用look：
1)后跟不定式to do时。如：He seems to know the answer. 他
似乎知道答案。
2)在It seems that ...结构中。如：It seems that he is happier
now than yesterday.他像比昨天高兴些了。
8. be ready to dobe ready for get ready to doget ready
for
(1)be ready to do和be ready for…表示“已作好…的准备”，
强调状态
(2)get ready to do和get ready for…表示“为…做准备”，强
调行为。如：
I'm ready to do anything you want me to do. 我愿意随时
准备做一切做你要我做的事。
I'm ready for any questions you may ask.我愿意随时准备回
答你可能问的问题。
He's getting ready to leave for Tokyo.他正准备动身去东京。
Let's get ready for the hard moment.我们为这一艰难时刻作
好准备吧。
(3)be ready to do 通常可理解“乐于做某事”，即思想上总是
有做某事的准备。be not ready to do表示“不轻易做某事”。
如：He's usually not ready to listen to others.他通常不轻易
听从别人。

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9. at tableat the table
at table在吃饭，at the table在桌子旁边。例如：The Greens
are at table. 格林一家人在吃饭。
Mr. Black is sitting at the table and reading a book.布莱克
先生坐在桌旁读书。
10. reach, arriveget to
三者都有到达之意。reach是及物动词，后直接加名词，get
和arrive是不及物动词，不能直接加名词，须借助于介词。get
to后加名词地点，若跟副词地点时，to去掉；arrive at +小地
方，arrive in+大地方。如：
Lucy got to the zoo before 8 o'clock. 露西8点前到了动物
园。
When did your parents arrive in Shanghai? 你父母何时到上
海的？
It was late when I got home. 我到家时天色已晚。
11. sickill
二者都是形容词。当“生病的，患病“之意时，ill只作表语，不
作定语； 而sick既可作表语也可作定语。sick有呕吐，恶心
的意思，只能作表语，而ill无此意。如：
Li Lei was ill last week. (只作表语)李磊上周生病了。He's a sick
man. （作定语）他是病人。不能说成：He's an ill
grandfather was sick for a month last year. （作表语）我祖

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父去年病了一个月。
12. in timeon time
in time是及时的意思，on time是准时，按时。如：I didn't
get to the bus stop in time. 我没有及时赶上汽车。We'll
finish our job on time. 我们要按时完成任务。
13. may bemaybe
It may be in your inside pocket. = Maybe it is in your
inside pocket. 也许在你里边的口袋里。第一句中may be是情
态动词+be 动词构成的谓语部分，意思是也许是，可能是；
第二句中的maybe 是副词，意思是可能，常位于句首，不能
位于句中，相当于另一副词 perhaps。再如：Maybe you put it
in that bag.也许你放在了那只包里。（不能说You maybe put it
in that bag.）It may be a hat.那可能是顶帽子。（不能说It
maybe a hat. 或It maybe is a hat.）
14. noise voice sound
noise 指嘈杂声，噪音大的吵杂声。voice是指说话的声音，嗓
音，嗓 子。sound是指耳朵能够听到的声音、闹声等。它是表
示声音之意的最普通的字。有时还用作科学上 的声音。例如：
Don't make so much noise! 别那么大声喧哗！
I didn't recognize John's voice on the telephone. 在电话里
我听不出约翰的声音。
He spoke in a low voice. 他低声说话。We heard a strange

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sound. 我们听到了一种奇怪的声音。
Sound travels fast, but light travels faster. 声音传得快，但
是光传得更快。
初二英语（下）
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语

1. on time
2. out of
3. all by oneself
4. lots of
5. no longer
6. get back
7. sooner or later
8. run away
9. eat up
10. take care of
11. turn off
12. turn on
13. after a while
14. make faces
15. teach oneself
16. fall off
17. play the piano
18. knock at
19. to one's surprise
20. look up
21. enjoy oneself
22. help yourself
23. tell a story stories
24. leave....behind ……
25. come along
26. hold a sports meeting
27. be neck and neck
28. as ... as
29. not so as ... as
30. do one's best
31. take part in
32. a moment late
33. Bad luck!

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34. fall behind
35. high jump
36. long jump
37. relay race
38. well done!
39. take off
40. as usual
41. a pair of
42. at once
43. hurry off
44. come to oneself
45. after a while
46. knock on
47. take care of
48. at the moment
49. set off
50. here and there
51. on watch
52. look out
53. take one’s place

II. 重要句型

1. We’d better not do sth.
2. leave one. oneself
3. find one’s way to a
place
4. stand on one’s head
5. make sb. Happy
6. catch up with sb.
7. pass on sth. to
somebody
8. spend time doing sth.
9. go on doing sth.
10. get on well with sb.
11. be angry with sb.
12. be fed up with sth.
13. not…until…
14. make room for sb.

III. 交际用语

1. We’re all by ourselves.
2. I fell a little afraid.

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3. Don’t be afraid.
4. Help!
5. Can’t you hear
anything?
6. I can’t hear anything
anybody there.
7. Maybe it’s a tiger.
8. Let’s get it back before
they eat the food.
9. Did she learn all by
herself?
10. Could she swim when
she was …years old?
11. She didn’t hurt herself.
12. He couldn’t buy
himself many nice things.
13. Did he enjoy himself?
14. Help yourselves.
15. Bad luck!
16. Come on!
17. Well done!
Congratulations (to…)!
18. It must be very
interesting.
19. I don’t think you’ll
like it.
20. It seems to be an
interesting book.
21. I’m sure (that)… I’m
not sure if… I’m not sure
what to…
22. I hope so.
23. What was heshe
drawing when…?
24. I’m sorry to trouble
you.
25. Would you please…?
26. What were you doing at
ten o’clock yesterday
morning?
27. You look tired today.
28. You’d better go to bed
early tonight, if you can.
29. How kind!

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30. Let’s move the bag, or
it may cause an accident.
31. It’s really nice of you.
32. Don’t mention it.
33. Don’t crowd around
him.

IV. 重要语法

【名师讲解】
1. bringtake

1. 不定代词副词的运用；
2. 反身代词的用法；
3. 并列句；
4. 形容词和副词的比较等级；
5. 冠词的用法；
6. 动词的过去进行时；
Bring表示“带来、拿来”，指从别处朝说话 人所在或将在的地
方“带来、拿来”。而take则表示“拿去、带走”，它表示的方
向与br ing相反，指从说话人所在地“拿走、带走”。如：
Bring me the book, please. 把那本书给我拿来。
Take some food to the old man. 给那位老人带去些食物。
2. somebody anybodynobody 一般说来，somebody用于定句，anybody用于否定句、疑问
句和条件状语从句。例如 ：
Somebody came to see you when you were out. 你出来时
有人来见你。
Does anybody live on this island? 有人在这岛上住吗？

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I didn't see anybody there. 我在那儿谁也没看见。
Don't let anybody in. I'm too busy to see anybody. 别让任
何人进来。我太忙，谁也不想见。
There is nobody in the room. 房间里没人。
Nobody told me that you were ill, so I didn't know about
it .谁也没告诉我你病了所以我不知道。
3. listen, listen to, hear
这三个词意思都是“听”，但是它们的用法不完全相同。它们的
区别在于：
(1)listen 只用于不及物动词，后面接人或人物做宾语，着重于
“倾听”，指的是有 意识的动作，至于是否听到，并非强调的重
点。如：
Listen! Someone is singing in the classroom. 听！有人在教
室唱歌。
(2)listen to 为listen的及物形式，后面一定要接人或物做宾语，
这里的to是介词。如：
Do you like listening to light music?你喜欢听轻音乐吗？
(3)hear 可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词，意思是“听到、
听见”，指用耳朵听 到了某个声音，表示无意识的动作，着重于
听的能力和结果。如：We hear with our ears.我们用耳朵听。
She listens but hears nothing.她听了听，但是什么也没有听
见。

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4. many much a few a little few little
(1)many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词；都表示许多。
例如：
He has many books.他有许多书。He drank much milk.他喝
了许多牛奶。
(2)a few和a little都表示有一点儿，侧重于肯定，相当于
，但a few修饰可数名词，a little修饰不可数名词，例
如：He has a few friends in London.他在伦敦有一些朋友。
Would you like some coffee? Yes, just a little.喝点咖啡好
吗？好的，只要一点。
(3)few和 little表示几乎没有，侧重否定。few后接可数名词，
little后接不可数名词。例如：
He is a strange man. He has few words.他是个怪人，他几乎
不说什么话。
Hurry up, there is little time left.赶快，没什么时间了。
5. either neither both
either可作形容词，一般指两者中的任何一个。有时也可表示
两个都……的 意思，后跟名词的单数形式；neither: 指两者中
没有一个，全否定；both: 指两者都，肯定。句中可作主语、宾
语和定语，both后面应跟名词的复数形式。如：Neither of the
films is good.两部电影都不好。（没有一部是好的）Either of the
films is good. 两部电影都不错。（谓语动词用单数）Both the

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teachers often answer the questions.这两个老师都常常解答
问题。
6. take part injoin
take part in参加某种活动; join参加，加入某一政党或组织。
例如：Can you take part in my party.你能来参加我的派对吗？
We often take part in many school activities.我们经常参加
学校里的一些活动。He joined the party in 1963. 他1963年
入的党。My little brother joined the army last year. 我小弟
去年参的军。
7. quite rather very
(1)quite 表示程度“很，十分，完全地”，“相当”。如：She is quite
right.她对极了。
That's not quite what I want . 那并不完全是我所要的。
(2)rather 表示程度上的“相当”，比预想地程度要大，通常用在
不喜欢的情况下。如：It's rather cold today.今天的天气相当冷。
(3)very 表示程度“很，甚，极其，非常”，用 于修饰形容词或
副词，既可用在喜欢的情况下，也可用于不喜欢的情况下。应注
意“a very +形容词+可数名词的单数”结构中，应置于
之前，该结构相当“quite aan +形容词+名词”的结构。如：
Two months is quite a long time. a very long time. 两个月
是一段很长的时间。It's a very nice day quite a nice day. 今
天天气很好。

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初三年级（上）
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语

1. at the moment
2. used to
3. for a while
4. walk away with sth.
5. leave for some place
6. sooner or later
7. pay for
8. come up with an idea
9. think of
10. have a try
11. all over the world
12. be famous for
13. large numbers of
14. all the year round
15. no matter what
16. give up
17. for example
18. by the way
19. on business
20. so far
21. come true
22. set off
23. slow down
24. go on doing
25. wait for
26. be proud of
27. be afraid of
28. speak highly of
29. a year and a half
30. half a year
31. pick up
32. as soon as
33. keep… clean
34. take care of
35. cut down
36. make a contribution to
37. base on

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38. make sure
39. take away
40. begin with
41. right now
42. as soon as possible
43. leave a message
44. all kinds of things
45. walk around
46. fall asleep
47. wake up
48. go on a trip
49. have a good time
50. take photos
51. come out
52. come on
53. have a family meeting
54. talk about
55. go for a holiday
56 go scuba diving
57. write down
58. by oneself
59. walk along
60. get a chance to do sth
61. have a wonderful time
62. book a room
63. have an accident
64. be interested in
65. use sth. to do sth.
66. make a TV show
67. be amazed at
68. take part in
69. feed on
70. get out of

II. 重要句型

1. Why don’t you do sth.?
2. make sb. Happy
3. borrow sth. from sb.
4. forget to do sth.
5. pay fro sth.
6. return sth. To sb.
7. learn sth. from sb.
8. be famous for sth.

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9. No matter what… --- Yes, I have, once. (No,
10. be with sb. never.)
11. go on doing sth. 5. --- I ’ve just done…
12. speak highly of sb. --- Really?
13. keep doing sth. 6. ---What ’s …like ?
14. allow sb. To do sth.
15. encourage sb. to do sth.
16. It is said that…

III. 交际用语

1. --- Excuse me, have you
got …?
--- Yes, I have. (Sorry, I
haven’t.)
2. --- Why don’t you …?
--- Thanks, I will.
3. --- Thanks a lot. (Thank
you very much.)
--- You are welcome.
4. --- Have you ever
done…?
7. --- How long have you
been …?
--- Since…
8. --- Have you ever been
to…?
--- I’ve never been there.
(None of us has.
Only …has. )
9. --- Would you like to
have a try?
--- I don’t think I can…
10. --- What have you done
since…?
11. --- How long have you
been at this …?
--- For…
12. --- How long has she

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he worked there…?
--- She’s He’s worked
there for… all her his
life.
13. --- I’m sorry he isn’t
here right now.
14. --- May I help you?
15. --- That’s very kind of
you.
16. ---Could we go scuba
diving?
17. --- Could you tell us
how long we’re going to
be away?
18. --- Let’s try to find
some information about it,
OK?
19. --- Could you please tell
me how to search the
Internet?
【名师讲解】
1. Maybe may be
20. --- Go straight along
here.
21. ---Please go to Gate 12.
22. --- Please come this
way.
23. --- Could you tell me
what you think about
Hainan Island?
24. --- That sounds really
cool!

IV. 重要语法
1. 宾语从句
2. 现在完成时

3. 一般过去时与现在完成时
的用法比较：

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(1) maybe是副词，意思是“大概，也许”，常用作状语。例如：
Maybe you put it in your bag.也许你把它放在包里了。“Will
he come tomorrow?”“Maybe not.” “他明天来吗？”“也
许不”。
(2) may be相当于是情态动词may与be动词搭配一起作谓语，
意思是“也许是…，可能是…”。
例如：It may be 9:00 when they arrive.他们可能于九点到达。
The man may be a lawyer. 那人也许是律师。
2. borrow lend keep use
(1) borrow表示的是从别人那里借来东西，即我们通常所说的
“借进来”。例如：We often borrow books from our school
library.我们经常从学校图书馆借书。I borrowed this
dictionary from my teacher. 我从老师那儿借来了这本字典。
borrow是一个瞬间完成的动作，因此不能与时间段连用。
例如：You can borrow my recorder for three days. ( 错误 )I
have borrowed this book for only one week. ( 错误 )
(2) lend表示的是把自己的东西借给别人，即我们通常所说的
“借出去”。 例如：Thank you for lending me your bike.谢
谢你把自行车借给我。He often lends money to his brother.
他经常借钱给他弟弟。
lend与borrow一样，也是一个瞬间完成的 动作，不能与一
段时间连用。

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(3) keep的 意思也是“借”，但一般是指借来后的保存或使用阶
段，是一段持续的时间，因此可以与时间段连用。例 如：You can
keep my recorder for three days.我的录音机你可以借用三
天。
I have kept this book for only one week.这本书我才刚借了
一星期。
(4) use也可以当“借用”讲，但它的本意是“用，使用”。例如：
May I use your ruler? 我能借你的尺子用一下吗？He had to
use this public telephone.他不得不使用这部公用电话。
3. leave leave for
(1) leave意思是“离开，留下”。 例如：We left Shanghai two
years ago.我们两年前离开了上海。
He left his cell phone in the taxi last week.他上周把手机
落在出租车里了。
(2) leave for意思是“前往”，表示要去的目的地。例如：We will
leave for Tibet next month.我们将于下月去西藏。The train is
leaving for Moscow.这趟火车即将开往莫斯科。
4. since for
(1) since用于完成时态，既能用作介词，也能用作连词，后常
接时间点，意思是“自从”。 例如：
He has been a worker since he came into this city.自从他来
到这个城市，他就是工人了。

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I have never seen him since we last met in Shanghai .自从
我们上次在上海见过之后我再也没见过他。
since作连词，还有“既然”的意思。例如： Since you are
interested in it, just do it. 既然你对它感兴趣，那就做吧。
You can have fun now since you’ve finished your work.
既然你已经做完了功课，就开心玩会儿吧。
(2) for用于完成时，用作介词，后常接一段时间，意思是“经
过…”。例如： I have learned English for five years.我已经学
了五年英语了。They have waited for you for 30 minutes.他
们已经等了你三十分钟了。
for也可以用作连词，但意思是“因为”。 例如： They missed
the flight for they were late.他们由于完到了而误了航班。He
fell ill for many reasons.他由于多种原因病倒了。
5. neither either both
(1) neither作代词是对两者都进行否定，意思为“两者都不”，
作主语时谓语动词 用单数.例如：Neither of the boys is from
England.这两个男孩都不是来自英国。I know neither of them.
他们两个我都不认识。
neither用作形容词，也修饰单数名词，意思与作代词时相同 ；
用作连词时，一般与nor搭配，表示 “既不…也不”。作主语时，
谓语动词也遵循就近原则。 例如：She neither ate nor drank
yesterday. 她昨天既不吃也不喝。Neither he nor we play

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football on Sundays. 他和我们星期天都不踢球。
(2) either作代词时，是指两者中的任意一方,(两者之)每一个，
故作主语时谓语动词用单数.
例如：Either of the books is new.这两本书任何一本都是新的.
She doesn’t like either of the films.这两部电影她都不喜欢.
either作形容词, 用来修饰单数名词,意思与作介词时相同.
例如：Either school is near my home. (这两所学校中的)任
何一所学校都离我家很近.
Either question is difficult.两个问题(中的任何一个)都难. < br>either作连词时,一般与or搭配,表示两者选其一，意思是“不是…
就是”。作主语时， 谓语动词遵循就近原则。
Either he or I am right.不是他就是我是对的。
Either my sister or my parents are coming to see me.不是
我姐姐就是我父母要来看我。
(3) both作代词时，指的是所涉及到的“两者都”, 故作主语时,
谓语动词用复数形式。
I like both of the stories.这两个故事我都喜欢。Both of my
parents are teachers.我父母两人都是老师。
both作形容词时，用来修饰两者,意思与作代词时相同.Both his
arms are hurt.他的两只胳膊都受伤了。
Both these students are good at English. 这两个学生都擅长
英语。

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both用作连词时，多与and搭配，表示“既…又, 不仅…而且”,
作主语时,谓语动词仍用复数形式。
Both piano and violin are my bobbies.钢琴和小提琴都是我
的爱好。
They study both history and physics. 他们既学历史，又学物
理。
6. findlook for find out
(1) find强调找的结果，意思是“找到”。此外还有“发现，发
觉”的意思，后可接宾语从句。
例如：Jim couldn’t find his hat.吉姆找不着帽子了。Have you
found your lost keys? 你找到丢失的钥匙了吗？
He found the lights were on along the street.他发现沿街的
灯都亮了
(2) look for的意思为“寻找”，指的是找的动作而非结果。另外，
还有“盼望，期待”的意思。
例如：She is looking for her son.她正在找她的儿子。We’ve
been looking for the car since early this morning.我们从今
天一大早就开始找这辆车了。I look for the coming holiday.
我期待着即将来临的假期。
(3) find out含有经过观察、研究 或探索而得知的意思，后常接
较抽象的事物，意思是“找出，发现，查明（真相）”等。例如：
I can find out who took my money away.我能查出谁拿了我

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的钱。
Could you find out when the plane arrives? 你能设法知道
飞机何时到吗？
7. forget to do forget doing
(1) forget to do是指忘记去做某件事了，即该事还没有做。例
如： Please don’t forget to call this afternoon.今天下午不
要忘了给我打电话。I forgot to take some small change with
me.我身上忘了带零钱了。
(2) forget doing是指忘记某件已经做过的事情，即该事已经做
了，但被忘记了。 例如：He forgot telling me his address.
他忘了告诉过我地址了。They forgot having been here
before.他们忘了以前曾来过这儿。
8. stop doing stop to do
(1) stop doing是指停止做某事，即doing这个动作不再继续。
例如：They stopped debating.他们停止了辩论。（不辩论了）
He had to stop driving as the traffic lights changed in to
red. 由于交通灯变成了红色他不得不停车。
(2) stop to do是指停下来开始做另一件事，即停止原先的事，
开始做do这个动作。
例如：She stopped to have a rest.她停下来休息会儿。（开始
休息）They stopped to talk.他们停下来开始交谈。
9. except besides

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(1) excep t是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”，可以理
解为“撇开…不谈”,表示两部分的不同。 Everyone is excited
except me.除我以外的每个人都很激动。（他们激动，而我却不
激动）All the visitors are Japanese except him.除他以外的所
有游客都是日本人。（其他人是日本人，可他不是）
(2)besid es是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”，可以理解为
“除之外…还、除之外…又”，表示两部分的相 似性。例如：
Twenty-five students went to the cinema besides him.除他
以外，还有25个学生去看了电影。(他和另外25人都去了)We
like biology besides English.除了英语外，我们还喜欢生物。
（生物和英语都喜欢）
besides还可用作副词，意思是“此外；而且”，常用于句首或
句尾。
例如：He is a great thinker, and besides, he is a politician.
他是一名伟大的思想家，除此以外，他还是一位政治家。
They encouraged me, and they supported me with money,
besides. 他们不仅鼓励我，而且与我以金钱上的支持。
10. keep doing keep on doing
(1) keep doing指的是连续地、坚持不断地做某事，中间不间
断。 例如：It kept blowing for a whole day.刮了一整天风了。
The temperature keeps dropping.温度持续下降。
(2) keep on doing是指反复坚持做某事，但动 作之间略有间隔。

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例如：They have kept on writing to each other for many
years.他们已经互相通信多年了。After drinking some water,
he kept on talking.喝了一些水后，他坚持讲话。
11. seem look
(1) seem一般着重于以客观迹象为依据，意思是“似乎、好象、
看起来…”。 例如：The baby seems to be happy.婴儿看上去
似乎很高兴。He seemed to be sorry for that.他似乎为那件事
感到抱歉。
seem能与to do结构连用，而look不能。 例如：It seems to
rain. 似乎要下雨了。
They seemed to have finished their work.他们似乎已经完成
了工作。
在it作形式主语的句型中只能用seem。 例如：It seems that he
is quite busy now.他现在看起来很忙。
It seems to us that there is nothing serious.在我看来没什么
大不了的。
(2) look用作“看起来；好像”时，常从物体的外观或样貌上来
判断，是以视觉所接受的印象为依据的。
例如：The room looks clean.这间房看起来很干净。The girl
looks like her mother.那女孩看起来向她的妈妈。
12. such so
(1)such常用作形容词，用来修饰名词。 例如：Don’t be such

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a fool.别这么傻。
He is such a clever boy.他是如此聪明的一个男孩。
(2) so是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词。 例如：He is so kind!
他真好心！
Why did you come so late? 你为何回来得如此晚？
当名词前有many, much, few, little等表示多、少时，应该用
so。
例如：He has so many friends.他有如此多的朋友。 Only so
little time is left! 才剩这么一点儿时间！
13. either too also
(1)either用作“也”时是副词，常用于否定句句尾。
例如：She is not a Japanese, I’m not, either.她不是日本人，
我也不是。
My sister doesn’t like this song, either.我妹妹也不喜欢这首
歌。
(2)too常用于肯定句或疑问句尾，表示“也”。
例如：He likes China, too.他也喜欢中国。 Are you in Grade
3, too? 你也在三年级吗？
(3)also也常用于肯定句或疑问句，但一般位于句中。
例如：We are also students.我们也是学生。 He also went
there on foot.他也是走着去的。
Did you also want to have a look? 你也想看看吗？

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14. if whether
在下列情况下只能用whether而非if：
(1)与or not连用时，只能用whether.
We want to know whether you are ill or not. 我们想知道你
是否生病了。
Please tell me whether or not you have finished your work.
请告诉我们你是否完成了工作。
(2)后接动词不定式时，只能用whether.
Adam didn’t know whether to go or stay.亚当不知道是走
还是留。
He hasn’t decided whether to have dinner with me.他还
没决定是否和我共进晚餐。
(3)所引导的宾语从句放在主句之前时，只能用whether.
Whether it will rain or snow, we don’t mind. 我们不在乎将
要刮风还是下雨。
Whether I won or lost, she didn’t want to know.我是赢是
输她不想知道。
(4)引导主语从句或表语从句时，一般用whether.
The most important was whether they had gone.最重要的
是他们是不是已经走了。
Whether he will go with me is a secret.他是否会和我一起去
还是个秘密。

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if能引导条件状语从句，表示“如果，假如”，而whether没有
此用法。
We’ll have a football match if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
如果明天不下雨，我们 要进行足球赛。
I’ll tell him if I sees him.我看见他就告诉他。
If you’re in danger, please call 110.如果你遇到危险，请拨
打110。
15. cost spend pay take
(1) cost一般用某物来做主语，表示“（某物）值…、花费…”，
既能指花费时间也能指金钱。
The new bike costs me 300 yuan.这辆新自行车花了我三百
元。
It will cost you a whole to read through this book.通读这本
书将会花费你整整一周时间。
cost 还可以用作名词，表示“成本、费用、价格、代价”等。
What’s the cost of this TV set? 这台电视机的成本是多少
钱？
They succeeded at the cost of hard work.他们辛苦地工作换
来的成功。
(2) spend一般用某人来作主语，表示“（某人）花费…，付出…”，
也能指时间或金钱，指时间时常与 in搭配，指金钱时常与on
或for搭配。

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We spent two days in repairing this machine.我们花了两天
时间修理这台机器。
Mr. Lee spends $$20 on books every month.李先生每月花二
十美元在书上。
(3) pa y用作动词时，一般也以某人作主语，但一般指花钱、付
款等，很少用来指花费时间。常与for搭配使 用。例如：They paid
70 yuan for the tickets.他们花了七十元买票。
He was too poor to pay for his schooling.他穷得交不起学
费。
pay还可以用作名词，意思为“薪水、工资”等。
It’s hard for me to live with such low pay.我很难靠这么低
的薪水生活下去。
(4)take也指“花费(时间、金钱)”，但通常用某事、某物做主语，
或用形式主语it.
How long will the meeting take? 会议要开多久？It took me
several hours to get there. 我花了几个小时才到那儿。
16. bad badly
这两个词的意思含有“坏、糟、严重”等意思，且它们有共同 的
比较级worse和最高级worst 。
(1) bad是一个形容词，意思是“坏的，糟糕的，差的，严重的”。
例如：I don’t think he is a bad person.我并不认为他是一个
坏人。I had a bad headache.我的头疼得很厉害。

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(2)badly是 一个副词,意思是“不好地，差”，也可以表示程度，
意为“严重地，非常，极度”。
例如：We need help badly.我们急需帮助。His arm was badly
hurt.他的胳膊严重受伤了。
17. interested interesting
(1) interested是指“对…产生兴趣的，对…感兴趣的”，一般用
人做主语，后常用介词in.
例如：He was interested in biology before.他以前对生物感
兴趣。 I’m not interested in art.我对艺术不感兴趣。
(2)interesting的意思是“有趣的”，指能够给人带来兴 趣的某人
或某事物。例如：
He is an interesting old man.他是个有趣的老头。The
interesting story attracted me. 这个有趣的故事吸引了我。
18. dead die death dying
(1) dead是形容词，意思为“死了的、无生命的”，表示状态，
可以与一段时间连用。 例如：
The tree has been dead for ten years.这棵树死了有十年了。
The rabbits are all dead. 这些兔子都是死的。
(2) die是动词，意思为“死、死亡”，是一个瞬间动词，不能与
一段时间连用。例如：
My grandpa died two years ago.我爷爷两年前去世了。The
old man died of cancer.老人死于癌症。

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(3) death是名词，意思为“死亡、去世”等。
The memorial hall was built one year after his death.他死后
一年，纪念馆建成了。
His death is a great loss to us.他的死是我们的巨大损失。
(4) dying 是die的现在分词，用作形容词，意思是“垂死的、
即将死去的”。
The doctors have saved the dying man.医生们救活了那个垂
死的人。
The poor dog had no food, it was dying.可怜的狗没有食物,
快要饿死了。
初三年级（中）
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语

1. give up
2. try out
3. most of
4. not…any more
5. at the age of
6. at that time
7. send message by
8. graduate from
9. turn down
10. put up
11. at the top of
12. get together
13. from house to house
14. at the end of
15. on top of
16. as well
17. climb down
18. in a single night
19. even though telegraph

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20. live on
21. once upon a time
22. according to
23. keep warm
24. on the other hand
25. on show
26. on display
27. in the future
28. look up
29. Tree Planting Day
30. just right
31. as often as possible
32. wash away
33. in this way
34. in a few years' time
35. point to
36. thanks to
37. more or less
38. so far
39. shut down
40. send up
41. put off

II. 重要句型

one's mind to do sth.
2. put … together
3. stop…from…
4. keep…from…
5. be filled with sth.
6. give birth to
7. be covered with
8. be made of
9. fill…with…
10. match…with
11. be used for
12. have nothing to do with
13. come up with
14. no matter how…
15. keep
III. 交际用语

1. ---I'm trying to …
2. --- I'll …

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3. --- Which of these would
you like most to …?
4. --- What do you want
to … ?
5. --- I want to…
6. --- I hope to …
7. --- I plan to…
8. --- I'm going to…
9. --- I'm so happy that …
10. --- I'm glad ….
11. --- me too.
12. --- What's this called in
English?
13. --- What's it made of?
14. --- It's made of …
15. --- What's it used for?
16. --- It's used for …
17. --- English is widely used for business …
18. --- It is one of the world's most important languages
as it is so widely used.
19. --- Where is are … grown produced made ?
20. --- The (ground ) must be just right…
21. --- It's best to …
22. --- The hole should not be too deep.
23. --- The Great Green Wall is 7000 kilometres long, and
between 400 and 1700 kilometres wide.
24. --- The more, the better.
25. --- More or less!
26. --- The (ground ) must be just right…
27. --- The hole should not be too deep.

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28. 掌握以下常见标志：
ENTRANCE EXIT PUSH PULL NO SMOKING NO PARKING
FRAGILE THIS SIDE UP NO PHOTOS DANGER BUSINESS
HOURS
PLAY STOP PAUSE ON OFF
IV. 重要语法
1. 动词被动语态的结构和用法；
2. 动词不定式的功能和用法。
【名师讲解】
1. be able to can
(1) 都能表示“能够，具备干某件事的能力”这个含义，此时可
以互换。
Mr. Green is able to finish the work on time.
= Mr. Green can finish the work on time.
格林先生能够按时完成这项工作。
(2) be able to可以用于各种时态，而can 为情态动词，多用于
现在时，其过去式为could。
We are sure he will be able to be an artist when he grows
up.我们相信他长大后能够成为一名画家。
Miss Lin has been able to pay the car by herself.林小姐已经
能够自己负担那辆车了。

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(4) Can除了表示“能够，有能力做某事”以外，还有如下用法，
而be able to 则没有。表示请求，但语气没有could委婉
Can I have a look at this picture? 我能看看这张图片吗？
Can we leave school after 6:00 p.m. ?我们可以在下午6点之
后再离开学校吗？
表示可能性。
That man can’t be our new teacher. 那人不可能是我们的新
老师。
The exam can’t be too difficult.考试不会太难。
2. bring takecarryfetch
(1) bring一般是指拿来，即从别处往说话人这里拿，翻译成“带
来”。
He brought us some good news.他给我们带来了一些好消
息。
Please don’t forget to bring your homework tomorrow.
明天请别忘了把家庭作业带来。
(2) take一般是指从说话人这里往别处拿，翻译成“带走”。
Please take the umbrella with you. It’s going to rain.要下
雨了，请把伞带上。
She took the dictionary away.她把字典拿走了。
(3) carry不强调方向，表示“携带、背着、运送、搬扛”等意
思。

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They carried the boxes into the factory. 他们把箱子搬进了
工厂。
A taxi carried them to the station. 出租车送他们到了车站
(4) fetch表示的是“去取来、去拿来、去叫来”等意思，包含
去和来两趟。
The waiter fetched them some apples.侍者为他们取来了一
些苹果。
Mother fetched the doctor for her ill son.妈妈为生病的儿子
请来了医生。
3. whole all
(1) whole强调一个完整如一，互不分割的整体。
The whole country is suffering the war. 整个国家正遭遇战
争。
I just want to know the whole story.我仅仅只想知道完整的
故事。
whole在句中的位置是放在所有格，冠词和指示代词的之后。
They will spend their whole holiday in Canada.他们将到加
拿大渡过整个假期。（所有格后）
She has finished writing the whole book. 她已经写完了
整本书。（冠词后）
whole用来修饰可数名词（名词用单数）。
He ate the whole cake. 他把整个蛋糕都吃了。（强调整整一个

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蛋糕）
(2) all强调由一个个部分组成的“全部”。
Miss Green knew all the students in the class.格林小姐认识
这个班上的所有人。（一个一个全认识）
all在句中的位置是放在所有格，定冠词和指示代词的之前。
Jim finished all his homework in twenty minutes.吉姆在20
分钟之内完成了所有的作业。（所有格前）
Of all the boys here, he sings best.在这里所有的男孩之中，
他唱的最好。（定冠词前）
The boy can answer all these questions.那个男孩能够回答所
有的这些问题。（指示代词前）
all既能修饰可数名词（名词须用复数），又能修饰不可数名词。
All these five books are mine.这五本书都是我的。（修饰可数
名词）
She was worried about her son all the time.她总在为她的儿
子担心。（修饰不可数名词）
4. fill full
(1) fill常作动词，与with连用，意思是“注满、装满”，也能表
示“填空；补缺”的意思。例如：
He filled the box with chalk.他把粉笔装满了盒子。The
bucket is filled with water.水桶里装满了水。
(2) f ull是形容词，翻译成“满的，装满的”，常与of连用。此

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外还能表示“完全的”和“吃饱的，过饱的”。
All the rooms are full of people.所有的房间都满人了。
The bus was full. He had to wait for the next one.这辆车人
满了，他只有等下一辆。
5. be made of be made from be made in be made into
(1) be made of表示由…制成一般指能够看出原材料，或发
生的是物理变化。例如：
This table cloth is made of paper.这张桌布是由纸做的。
This salad is made of apples and strawberries.这种沙拉是由
苹果和草莓做的。
(2) be made from也表示由…制成，但一般指看不出原材料，
或发生的是化学变化。例如：
Bread is made from corn.面包是小麦做的。
The lifeboat is made from some special material.这个救生
艇是由某种特殊材料制成的。
(3) be made in指的是产地，意思为于…制造。
The caps are made in Russia.这些帽子产于俄罗斯。
My mother likes to buy things which are made in China.我
妈妈喜欢买中国产的东西。
(4) be made into的意思为被制成为…。
This piece of wood will be made into a small bench. 这块
木头将要被制成一个小凳。

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The paper has been made into clothes for the doll. 纸被做
成了洋娃娃的衣服。
6. none no one neither
(1) none既能指人，又能指物，意思是没有一个，无一，常用
作代词，与of连用。
None of us has heard of him before.我们没有一个人以前听
说过他。
I like none of the coats. 那些外套我一件都不喜欢。
none用作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。例如：
None of the answers is true.没有一个答案是正确的。None of
the rooms are mine.没有一间房子是我的。
(2) no one只能用来指人，且不能与of连用。例如：
No one is absent.没有人缺席。I knew no one there.那里我一
个人也不认识。
no one用作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数。
例如：No one agrees with you. 没有人同意你的说法。
(3) neither作代词是对两者都进行否定，意思为两者都不，作
主语时谓语动词用单数。
例如：Neither of the boys is from England. 这两个男孩都不
是来自英国。
I know neither of them.他们两个我都不认识。
7. found find

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(1) find的意思是找到、发现，其过去式和过去分词都是found.
I can't find my glasses.我找不着我的眼镜了。He found it
boring to sit here alone.他发现独自坐在这里很没劲。
(2) found是另外一个词，与find并没有关系，意思是成立、
建设，常用作及物动词。
The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.中
华人民共和国成立于1949年。
The school was founded by the local residents.这所学校
是由当地居民修建的。
8. hear hear of hear from
(1)hear的意思是听见；听说，得知，后面能接名词、代词或
宾语从句。
例如： We heard the news just a moment ago.我刚听说这
个消息。Can you hear me? 能听见我说话吗？
(2) hear of的意思是听说，一般指非直接的听见，而是听别人
说的。后不能接宾语从句。例如：
I have never heard of her.我从未听说过她。They heard of the
film long time ago.他们很久以前就听说过这部电影。
(3) hear from的意思是收到来信，与听无关。例如：I often
hear from him. 我经常收到他的来信。
He hasn't heard from his mother for a long time.他很久没
有收到妈妈的信了

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9. send send for
(1) send意思是送往，派遣，还有发信，寄信的意思。例如：
The company sent him to study abroad.公司派他到国外学
习去了。Mr. Brown sent her children away.布郎夫人送走了孩
子们。
(2) send for意思是召唤；派人去取；派人去拿，而非本人亲
自去。例如：They have sent for a repairman.他们已经派人去
请了一名修理工。 She sent for some flowers.她派了人去买
花。
10. get to arrive reach
(1) arrive后不能直接接地点，是一个不及物动词。若表示到达
一个相对大的地点，用arrive in 若表示相对小的地点，用
arrive at .
The delegation will arrive in China at 5:00 p.m.代表团将
于下午5:00到达北京。
It was dark when they arrived at the railway station.当他
们到达火车站的时候，天已经黑了。
When did she arrive here last time? 她上次是什么时候到
这儿的？（副词前省略介词）
(2) reach能直接接所到达的地点，是一个及物动词。例如：They
reached London on Friday.他们星期五到达了伦敦。The news
only reached me yesterday.我于昨天才接到这个消息。

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reach还有伸手去取，伸手触及，联络等意思。
Can you reach that apple on the tree? 你能够到树上的哪个
苹果吗？
He can always be reached on the phone.可随时打电话跟他
联系。
(3) get在表示到达时是不及物动词，应与to搭配使用。
We often get to school on foot.我们经常步行到学校。
They got to the top of the hill at noon.他们于中午到达了山
顶。

初三年级（下）
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语

1. beg one's pardon
2. multiply …by…
3. slow down
4. wear out
5. try on
6. make a decision,
7. a place of interest
8. make a mistake
9. drop off
10. think about
11. make up one's mind,
12. at all,
13. at least
14. by the time
15. carry on
16. never mind
17. from now on
18. come down
19. hands up
20. before long，

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21. no one，
22. not…any longer

II. 重要句型

1. be busy doing sth.
2. prefer to do sth.
3. regard... as...
4. be pleased with .
5. be angry with sb.

III. 交际用语

1. ---How much does…
cost …?
2. ---It can cost as little
as … yuan and as much
as … yuan.
3. ---It costs ….
4. ---It's worth ….
5. ---I don't agree with ….
6. ---I wasn't sure
whether….
7. ---I wonder if ….
8. ---What size …?
9. ---Have you got any
other colour size kind?
10. ---Have you got
anything cheaper?
11. ---How much are they?
12. ---How much does it
cost?
13. ---How much is it?
14. ---That's a bit
expensive.
15. ---Even though they're
a little expensive, I'll take
them.
16. ---I'll think about ….
17. ---I don't think I'll
take ….
18. ---I like ….
19. ---I don't really like ….
20. ---Can I help you, girl?

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21. ---Would you like me to
look in the back?
22. ---We can find ….
23. ---Do you like being …?
24. ---Can I ask you some
questions?
25. ---Sure.
26. ---It was great.
27. ---Wow!
28. ---Yeah!
29. ---Oh dear!
30. ---Hands up!
31. ---I’ll shoot anyone
who moves.
32. ---There’s no need to
thank me.
33. ---Can you remember
anything else about him?
34. ---Come down, Polly!
35. ---There is a little traffic
accident．
【名师讲解】
36. ---There's a big traffic
jam.
37. ---Well, I'm sure he'll be
here before long.
38. ---I'm beginning to get
angry with him!
39.---Yes, we can't wait any
longer. Let's go without
him.
40. ---That's terrible!
41. ---That's a really bad
excuse!

IV. 重要语法
1. 过去将来时
2. 过去完成时
3. 动词不定式
4. 定语从句

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1. think thinkabout think of
(1) think 单独使用时表示思考， 接that 宾语从句时意为
认为，觉得。
I am thinking how to work out the problem. I think
she is a good student.
当宾语从句含有否定概念时，通常形式上否定think ，但意义上
却是否定宾语从句。
I don't think he can come. I don't think it will be windy.
(2)think about 可接一个名词，动词-ing 形式或由疑问词引导
的不定式或宾语从句，意思是考虑……。
I have thought about it for a long time. Please think
about how to tell her the bad news.
(3)think of 表示认为， 一般用于疑问句中，与what 连用。
What do you think of the TV play? = How do you like
the TV play?
2. big large great
上述形容词都表示大，但侧重点及程度不同。
(1) big指具体事物的大小，强调比正常形体的标准大，既可
用在普通场合， 也可用在正式场合。它可用来指人的身材高大
或长大了，还可表示伟大，重要之意。如：
Can you lift up this big stone? On the last day I made a
big decision.

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(2) large特别强调远远超过标准的大，指体积、面积、容积、
数量之大。如：
A whale is a large animal. A large crowd collected at
the gate of the theatre.
(3) great除了表示数量体积之大外，又指抽象的程度，意味着
伟大性，重要性， 优越性；常用于抽象
或无形的东西；用于有形的东西时，常带有伟大，大得令人
吃惊等意思，含有一定的感情色彩。 如：
China is a great country with a long history. He was
one of the greatest scientists.
3. cost take spend pay
(1) cost表示花钱，花费，付出（只能用于钱、精力、生命等；
主语必须是物。）The book cost me five yuan.
(2) take的主语是动词不定式, 通常用it做形式主语。It took me
five yuan to buy the book..
(3) spend，在主动语句中主语是人I spent five yuan on (for)
the book.或I spent five yuan (in) buying the book.
(4) pay的主语是人。I paid five yuan for the book.
4. expensive high cheap low
这四个词在谈论到价格的高低时，要注意使用。expensive与
high涉及到 价格高，而cheap 与low涉及到价格低。
(1) expensive昂贵的，花钱多的。这 个单词若谈到价格高，货

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贵时其主语不能是价格，必须是货物、物品本身。如：This watch
is expensive. 这只表很贵。These glass-products are not
expensive. 这些玻璃制品不是很值钱。
注意：cheap表示价廉，便宜的，其主语也不能是价格，必
须是物品本身。如：
The cheap table was bought from him. 这张便宜的桌子是
他卖给我们的。
This cloth doll is very cheap. 这只布娃娃很便宜。
(2)high在表示价格时，含义是高，low在表示价格时， 含义
是低，这两个词不能用于物品本身，只
能用在价格上。如：The price of this watch is very high. 这
只表的价格太高了。
The price of this book is not low for me. 这本书的价格对我
来说是不低。
下面我们试看几个句子的正误对照：
The price of this computer is expensive.(宜改为：This
computer is expensive. 或The price of this computer is
high. )
The price of this pen is not cheap for him to buy.(宜改为：
This pen is not cheap for him to buy. 或 The price of this
pen is not low for him. )
5. alone lonely

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lonely 与alone的意思比较接近，但在使用时有所区别：
(1)lonely用作形容词，意思是孤单的 ；寂寞的。可指心灵上
的寂寞，也可指偏僻的地点。在句中既可作表语，也可作定语。
(2)a lone 可作形容词和副词，意思是单独；独自，不指心理
上寂寞的感觉。
She was taken to a lonely island, lived alone, but she never
felt lonely.她被带到一个荒岛上，自己居住，但她从不感到寂寞。
6. before long long before
(1)before long 作“不久以后”讲，切不要按字面译为“长时
间以前”或“好久以前”。如：
We hope to finish our experiment before long. 我们希望不
久（以后）就把实验做完。
(2)long before 作很久以前讲。原意为……以前很久，故也
可译为老早。long before 跟before long
不同，前者在其后面可以接名词或一个从句；当上下文明确时，
名词或从句还可以 省略。Before long 则没有上述搭配用法。
They began the test yesterday, but we had made
experiment long before. 我们昨天开始做实验，但我们在那以
前很久就已经做准备了。
7. as when while
(1)as 是连词，意思是当……的时候，一面……一面，（强调同
时，一般连续时间不长），如：

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As we were talking about Titanic, our teacher came in. 正
当我们谈论泰坦尼克号这部电影时，教师进来了。
The students sing as they go along. 学生们边走边唱。
(2)When和as一样都是连词，注意 它们的不同。如when当……
的时候（一般表示动作紧接着发生）；
那时（等立连词，前有逗号分开）I stayed till sunset, when it
began to rain. 我一直呆到太阳下山，那时天开始下雨了。
(3)whil e是当……时候；和……同时（强调同时发生，一般连续
时间较长）例如：While I was watching TV, he was reading.
当我在看电视的时候，他正在看书。While there is life, there is
hope. 有生命就有希望。
8. beatwin hit
(1)beat 是动词，意思是连续地打; 打败; 敲打。beat后可接
人或队名。意思是击败对手。如：
I can beat you at swimming.
(2)win意思是赢得某个项目，后面常接。如：
He won a game. 他胜一局。We won a match. 我们比赛得
胜。
(3)hit意思是击中（有时可表示打一下）。如：The mother hit
her child out of anger. 妈妈生气，打了她孩子一下。
9. keep doingkeep on doing
(1)keep doing侧重表示持续不停地做某事或持 续某种状态

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。如：The girl kept crying all the time. 那个女孩一直在哭。
The baby kept sleeping about four hours. 这个婴儿连续睡
了大约四个小时。
(2)keep on doing 表示总不断做某事，不表示静止状态。不
能与sitting, sleeping, lying, standing这类
词连用。如：It kept on raining for seven days. Don't keep on
asking such silly questions.
10. get turn become
这三个词都可作系动词 用，表示状态的变化，后跟表语，但三个
词的用法稍有不同。get强调情感、气候和环境的变化；tu rn强
调色彩的变化；而become则强调职务、职称等的变化。如：
The days are getting shorter and shorter in winter．冬天的
白天越来越短。She couldn't answer the question and her
face turned red．她回答不出问题，脸红了。When did you
become a teacher? - Ten years ago.你什么时候当的老师？十
年前。
11. steal rob
从意思上讲steal表示偷窃的意思。而rob表示抢劫的意思；从
搭配上来讲，steal sth from sbsth 而rob则用rob sbsth of
sth; 例如：He stole money from the rich to give it to the
robbed the bank of one million dollars.
12. seelookwatchnotice

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在英语中，see， look，watch，notice都有“看”的意思，要
注意他们的区别。
see意为“看到”，表示视觉器官有意识或无意识地看到物体，
强调“看到”的结果。
look意为“看”，表示有意识地观看，强调“看”的动作。
watch意为“观看，注视”，指以较大的注意力观看。
notice意为“看到，注意到 ”，指有意识的注意，含有从不注意
到注意的变化的意义。例如：
What can you see in the picture？在图画中你能看到什么？
Look! How happily they are playing！看！他们玩得多高兴啊！
He’s watched TV for over two hours．他看了两个多小时的
电视。
He noticed a purse lying on the road．他注意到地上有个钱
包。
13. Shoot shoot at
shoot是及物动词，意思是“射中，射死”，宾语多为人或动物
等。而shoot at是一个动词词组，意为“向……射击”，至于射
中或射死与否不得而知。如：
The man shot five birds in the forest．那个人在森林里射死
（中）了五只鸟。The hunter shot at the bear．猎人朝熊射击
了。They shot at the she－wolf， but didn't shoot her．他
们向那只母狼射击，但是没有射中／死。

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14. escape run away
(1)escape作“逃跑”、“逃脱”或“逃避”讲时，往往会有成功
之意。如：The old man escaped death．那个老人死里逃生。
The thief escaped from prison．那个小偷越狱了。
(2)run away作“逃跑”、“跑走”讲时，往往强调动作。如：Don't
let him run away． 别让他跑了。
口语中escape和run away可以互用。
15. so that.... so... that....
(1) so that....为了，以便 。引导一个目的状语从句，从句中往
往有情态动词。也可引导一个结果状语从句。如：
I left at 5:00 so that I could catch the early bus. Speak
loudly, so that they can hear what you say.
He didn't study English so that he lost a chance to work in
a foreign company.
(2) so... that....既可引导一个结果状语从句，也可引导一个目的
状语从句。
如：The classroom was so noisy that I could hardly study. I
got up so early in the morning that I could catch the train.