讴歌的意思-窠怎么读
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第一章 动词的时与体(Tense &
Aspect)
时(tense)是个语法范畴,它是表示时间区别的动词形式。英语动词只有“现在
时”和“过去时”,
而没有“将来时”(在英语中,表示“将来”手段多种多样,但没有一种独特的、能
与“现在时”和“过
去时”平起平坐的专一表示“将来”的动词形式----“将来时”)。
体(aspect)也是一个语法范畴,它表示动作或过程在一定时间内处于何种状态的动词形式。英语
有进行体(progressive aspect)和完成体(perfective
aspect)。进行体是由助动词be的一定形式加主动词的-
ing
分词构成;完成体由助动词have的一定形式加主动词的-ed分词构成。
现在时和
过去时既可以单独使用,也可以和进行体或完成体结合使用,也可以同时与完成体和进行
体结合使用。这
样,英语的限定动词词组便有8种时、体形式。它们分别是:一般现在时(simple
present)、
一般过去时(simple past)、现在进行体(present
progressive)、过去进行体(past
progressive)、现在完成体
(present
perfective)、过去完成体(past perfective)、现在完成进行体(present
perfective progressive)、过去完
成进行体(past
perfective progressive)。在这一章中,我们单独挑出完成体来加以详述。
1.1 必须使用完成体的结构
1)It (This, This evening,
yesterday...) is (was, will be) first (second,
third...) time(day, month…)…结构中
的分句,要求用完成体。
Is this the first time you've been to Beijing?
This was the first time he had been to
Beijing.
This is the eighth month that I have
been out of work..
This was the eighth month
that I had been out of work.
This is the
second time that the goods produced by our factory
have been shown in the International
Exhibition.
This was the second time that
the goods produced by our factory had been shown
in the International
Exhibition.
2)在no
sooner…than,
hardlybarelyscarcely…when,等的句型中,主句要用过去完成体。
He
had no sooner seen me than he left the room.
No sooner had he seen me than he left the
room.
The helicopter had hardly landed when
the waiting crowd ran toward it.
Scarcely had
I seen the lightning when I heard a clap of
thunder.
3)将来完成体用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与b
efore+将来时间
或by+将来时间连用,也可与before或by the
time引导的现在时的分句连用。
I will have finished all the
work by the time you are back this evening.
I
am sure he will have left Paris by this time
tomorrow.
I hope we will have got all the
information before you come tomorrow.
By the
time you get to New York, I _______for London.
(2002年1月)
A) would be leaving B) am leaving
C) have already left D) shall have left
本题时间状语为by+将来时间,考察将来完成体用法,应选择D)。
By the
time he arrives in Beijing, we ________here for
two days.(2001年6月)
A) have been staying B)
have stayed
C) shall stay D) will have
stayed
将来完成体用来可以表示在将来某一时间以前一直持续的动作,本句话的意思是:
我们将在这里呆
两天,因此谓语动词用将来完成体,答案为D)。
1.2
现在完成体与现在完成进行体
现在完成进行体兼有现在完成体和现在进行体二者基本特点。由于它有现
在完成体的特点,所以它
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可以表示
某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行体的特点,所以它也可以表示某一动作
的延续性、
临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。
1)现在完成进行体和现在完成体皆可表示动作对现在产生的
结果,但前者所表示的结果是直接的,
而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。
We have
been cleaning the classroom.(a)
We have
cleaned the classroom.(b)
(a)句可译为“我们打扫教室来着”。其直
接结果可能是:我们身上都是灰。(b)句可以译为“我们
把教室打扫过了”。其结果是:现在教室很清
洁,可以用了。另外(a)句表示教室刚刚打扫过,(b)句
则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。再看下面两
个句子:
Be careful! John has been painting the
door.(a)
John has painted the door.(b)
(a)
句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过,现在油漆还未干,所以你要小心。(b)句则无此含义,油漆可能
已干了。
2)现在完成进行体有时有延续性;现在完成体往往没有。
They have been
widening the road.(a)
They have widened the
road.(b)
(a)句的意思是他们在加宽马路,但尚未完工。(b)句的意思则是已完工了。有
时现在完成体有延
续性(如一些属于持续体的动词),但无临时性质。
Mr. Smith
has been living in London since 1978.(a)
Mr.
Smith has lived in London since 1979.(b)
(a)句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义,(b)句则没有。
3)但现在完成进行体并不总是具有临时的性质。
My mother has been
teaching English for twenty years.(a)
My
mother has taught English for twenty years.(b)
(a)句在此并无临时性质,但较口语化。(b)句则较为正式。另外,(a)句表示动作现在仍在继续.并<
br>将延续下去;(b)句的动作是否延续下去,须由上下文决定,但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。
4) 在完成进行体往往表示动作在重复;现在完成体则常常不带重复性。
Have you
been meeting her lately?(a)
Have you met her
lately?(b)
(a)句有“经常相会”之意,(b)句则没有。(b)句如与often,every
day等时间状语连用,当然
也表示动作在重复。
5)
在否定结构中,现在完成体所否定的是谓语动词;现在完成进行体所否定的是状语。
He
hasn't been speaking since three o'clock.(a)
He hasn't spoken since three o'clock.(b)
(a)句中所否定的不是has been speaking,而是 since three
o'clock,其结构等于 He has been speaking
not since
three o'clock but since half past three.这是因为现在完成进行
体本身是没有否定结构的原故。(b)
句用的是现在完成体,而现在完成体是有否定结构的,所以(b)
句中所否定的自然是has spoken,意即
“从三点起他一直沉默不语,未发一言”。
1.3情态动词+行为动词完成体
1) must + have + V-ed
指现在对过去已发生的事或可能出现的情况进行推断和猜测,表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。
因此,
You must see her last night的说法是错误的。
She must
have met a ghost yesterday. 她昨天一定碰见过鬼了。
He
must have been there last week.他上周一定在那儿。
His
score on the English test is the highest in the
class; he must have studied last
night.他这次英语测试的
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成绩全班最高。他昨晚一定在好好学习。
2) can’tcouldn’t + have
+ V-ed
can’tcouldn’t + have + V-ed为must + have
+ V-ed的否定形式,指现在对过去已发生的事或可能出现
的情况进行推断和猜测,表示过去不可能
发生某事。
They can’t have come here in their car
yesterday, for it was then under
repair.他们昨天不可能开车到这
里,因为那时他们的车还正在修理当中。
The
room is in a mess; it can’tcouldn’t have been
cleaned.
3) maymight + have + V-ed
表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了。
He maymight have chosen
another career if he had had enough money to
further his
education.如果他那
时有足够的钱继续受教育,他也许会选择另一个职业。
I
might have fulfilled the work earlier.
我本可以早一些完成这件工作的。
4) ought toshould + have +
V-ed和ought notshouldn’t + have + V-ed
对以发生的情况表示“不满”、“责备”,分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该”
I
wonder why they haven’t arrived yet. I told them
how to get there, but perhaps I oughtshould give
them
a map.(含有“后悔”或“自责”之意)
You ought to
have told me that yesterday.你早在昨天就该把那件事告诉我了。
5) needn’t+have+V-ed
表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要,意为“本没必要…”。
You needn’t
have hurried.
She needn’t have come in
person--- a letter would have been enough.
You
needn’t have done all those calculations. We have
a computer to do that sort of thing.
1.
4用在waswere, planned, intended, hoped, wished +
不定式完成体
表示事实上并未实现的计划或行为。(详见3.3不定式完成体)
We
were to have started at 8 last night, but it
snowed heavily.
They intended to have gone
camping, but they later cancelled it.
I hoped
to have finished it last week, but I was too busy.
练习
1. Such crimes may be so complex
that months or years go by before anyone them.
(2002年12月)
A) discovers B) discovered C)
will discover D) would have discovered
2. In
fact,Peter would rather have left for San
Francisco than _______ in New York.(2002年6月)
A) to stay B) staying C) stayed D)
having stayed
3. There has been a great
increase in retail sales,_______?(2002年6月)
A)
does there B) hasn't there C) isn't it D)
isn't there
4. The boy spent as much time
watching TV as he ________ studying. (2002年1月)
A) does B) had C) was D) did
5.
The article suggests that when a person _______
under unusual stress he should be especially
careful to have
a well-balanced diet.
(2002年1月)
A) is B) were C) be D) was
6. By the end of this month, we surely ____ a
satisfactory solution to the problem.
A)
have found B) will be found
C) will
have found D) are finding
7. The conference
____ a full week by the time it ends.
A)
must have lasted B) will have lasted
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C) would last
D) has lasted
8. ---
---(2000年6月)
A) had gone B) would have gone C) has
gone D) will have gone
9. She ought to
stop work; she has a headache because she ________
too long.(2000年1月)
A) has been reading B)
had read C) is reading D) read
10. The
careless man received a ticket for speeding. He
have driven so fast. (2002年12月)
A) can’t B)
mustn’t C) wouldn’t D) shouldn’t
11.
Investigators agreed that passengers on the
airliner ____ at the very moment of the crash.
(2002年6月)
A) ought to die B) must have died
C)must be dying D) should have died
12.
You _______ him so closely; you should have kept
your distance. (2000年6月)
A) shouldn't have
been following B) couldn't have been following
C) mustn't follow D) shouldn't
follow
13. The construction of the laboratory
by the end of this year.
A) will have
completed B) will have been completed
C) will be completed D) will
completed
14. Jack has just phoned to say that
he back till Sunday next week.
A) doesn’t
come B) will come
C) hasn’t come D)
isn’t coming
15. Take the umbrella in case it
.
A) is raining B) is going to rain C)
rains D) will rain
16. By the end of last
year, I in this university for ten years.
A)
had worked B) worked
C) was working D)
would work
17. Pick me up at 9 o’clock. I my
bath by then.
A) can have had B) will have
had
C) will be having D) may have
18. I
a glass while I the dinner.
A) broke…was
cooking B) was breaking…was cooking
C) was
breaking…cooked D) broke…cooked
19. “Michael
left for New York this morning.”
“Oh, I
thought he until next week.”
A) hadn’t been
going B) wasn’t going C) isn’t going D)
won’t be going
20. It has been a long time
since they last each other.
A) were meeting
B) were to meet
C) met D) meet
21. Ever since the family moved to the suburbs
last year, they better health.
A) had enjoyed
B) are enjoying C) have been enjoying D)
could have enjoyed
22. You should have put the
milk in the ice-box; I expect it undrinkable by
now.
A) had become B) become C) has become
D) became
23. This is one of the rarest
questions that at such a meeting.
A) are
raised B) have ever been raised C) is raised
D) has ever been raised
24. When he hurried to
the airport, he found, to his great
disappointment, his ticket at home.
A) to
have been left B) had left C) were left D)
had been left
25. The novel is said into
seven languages including Russian.
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A) to have been
translated B) to be translated
C) have
translated D) having translated
26. We
our own business, but we never had enough money.
A) hoped to have started B) hoped to
start
C) hope to started D) hope
to have started
27. when she started
complaining.
A) No sooner had he arrived B)
Scarcely did he arrive
C) Hardly had he
arrived D) Not until he arrived
28. There
was a knock at the door, it was the second time
someone me that evening.
A) would have
interrupted B) to be interrupted
C) to
have interrupted D) had interrupted
29.
Turn on the television or open a magazine and you
advertisements showing happy, balanced families.
A) have often seen B) will often see
C)
often see D) are often seeing
30. They
hurried there only to find the meeting cancelled.
In fact, they at all.
A) need to have gone
B) wouldn’t have gone
C) needn’t have gone
D) mustn’t have gone
第二章 被动语态(Passive
Voice)
2.1 主动态表示被动意义
1)一般说来,表示被动意义要用被动态,构成
被动态的动词必须是及物动词,不及物动词是没有
被动态的。但是,英语里有些不及物动词在SV(A)
结构中却含有被动意义,用来表示主语的某种特征、
属性。
Enamel wares
clean easily. 搪瓷器皿容易弄干净。
This box doesn't
close properly. 这箱子关不拢。
These apples cook
well. 这些苹果适于烹煮。
This metal cuts easily.
这种金属容易切削。
The pipe does not draw well.
这烟斗不大畅通。
Nylon dries quickly. 尼龙织物干得快。
This material does not dye well. 这料子染不好。
It eats well. 这东西吃上去味道好。
The hall soon
filled. 那大厅不久便坐满了人。
Damp Wood will not fire.
潮湿的木头不会着火。
This wheat grinds well. 这种麦子很好磨。
The brake does not grip properly. 刹车不灵。
This car handles well. 这车很好驾驶。
The door
won't lock. 门锁不上。
The cow milks well.
这头母牛出奶率高。
These books pack easily. 这些书易于包装。
These potatoes peel easily. 这些土豆皮很容易剥。
His
new novel is selling well. 他的新小说销路良好。
The
window won't shut. 这窗关不上。
Some kinds of wood
split easily. 有些木材容易劈开。
Some kinds of food
soon spoil. 有些食物很容易变坏。
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This linen c1oth spots easily. 这麻布容易沾污。
White clothes stain easily. 白色衣服容易弄脏。
The
damp match won't strike. 这潮湿的火柴擦不着。
This paper
tears easily. 这种纸一撕就破。
Not every idiom
translates with such ease. 不是每个习语都能这样容易地译出来。
The cloth washes well. 这布很耐洗。
This
material won't wear. 这种材料不耐久。
The door won't
open. 这门打不开。
从以上的例子可以看出,句中的谓语动词具有下面的三个特点之一:谓语动
词用否定式;动词之后
有副词或小品词;动词之后有形容词或介词短语。
2)当 need,
want, require, be worth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义。
The
door needs repairing.= The door needs to be
repaired. 门该修了。
This book is worth reading.
这本书值得一读。
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. = The floor
requires to be washed.地板需要冲洗。
2.2
带宾语分句的句子转换成被动态
带宾语分句(主要是that分句)的句子可以转换为两种被动句型。
【例如】
People think that she is honest.(a)
→ It is thought that she is honest. (b)
→
She is thought to be honest. (c)
(b) 以it作形式主语,
将(a)中的动词变为被动态,保留(a)中的that分句;(c)将分句的主语变成被动
句中的主语
,将(a)中的动词变为被动态,再将(a)中的that分句改为不定式短语,放在被动态后面。能这
样用的动词主要有:think, consider, assume, suppose, say,
report, acknowledge, feel, believe, find, presume,
know, understand, etc.
如果that分句的动词是进行体,这时分句要改为不定式进行体。
They
suppose that she is coming.
→ It is supposed
that she is coming.
→ She is supposed to be
coming.
They supposed that she was coming.
→ It was supposed that she was coming.
→
She was supposed to be coming.
如果that分句的动作或状态发生在主句之前,这时分句要改为不定式完成体。
People feel that little was done to prevent
the accident
→It is felt that little was done
to prevent the accident.
→ Little is felt to
have been done to prevent the accident.
They
report that both sides have reached an agreement.
→ It is reported that both sides have reached
an agreement.
→ Both sides are reported to
have reached an agreement.
People think that
she was honest.
→ It is thought that she was
honest.
→ She is thought to have been honest.
2.3 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词通常被视为一个整体,转化为被动语态时,词组内的介词、副词、名词等不能拆散或省略。
The old house will be pulled down tomorrow.
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The little boy
was made use of by the drug-pusher to carry drugs
for him.
That sort of thing should be done
away with.
The sports meet is to be put off.
另外,有些短语动词不能用被动语态,如:take place, look like,
belong to, depend on, consist of, agree
with等。
The accident took place yesterday on the
expressway.
He looks like an old man.
The
honor belongs to us.
He is the person to
depend on.
练习
1. The shirt smooth.
A) is felt B) is feeling C) feels D) is to
be felt
2. Large sums of money ______ each
year in painting the steelwork of bridges, ships,
and other exposed
structures.
A) have to
be spent B) have spent C) have to spend D)
spend
problem . now is a difficult one.
A) is discussed B) is to be discussed
C) being discussed D) to be discussed
4.
He is said home from abroad last week.
A) to
come back B) come back
C) to have come
back D) coming back
5. The radio by my
younger sister right now.
A) is being repaired
B) repaired C) been repaired D) being repaired
6. His latest novel . well.
A) is sold B)
sold C) is to selling D) sells
the end of
last year the gymnasium ______.
A) was being
completed B) had been completed
C) had
completed D) would be completed
told
me that her proposal ______.
A) needed to be
taken into consideration B) needed to have taken
into consideration
C) needed to take into
consideration D) needed to be taking into
consideration
all suggest that his advice .
A) adopts B) is adopted
C) was
adopted D) be adopted
10. It’s payday, and
we’re waiting .
A) to be paid B) to have
paid
C) to be paying D) for paying
11.
This law the number of accidents caused by
children running across the road when they got off
the bus.
A) intends reducing B) intended
reducing
C) intending to reduce D) is
intended to reduce
new type of machine ______
the year after next.
A) is going to turn out
B) is going to being turned out
C) is going to
have turned out D) is going to be turned out
13. The work ______, we had a good drink for
celebration.
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A) had done B) had been done
C) having
done D) having been done
14. I suppose that
when I come back in five year’s time, a lot of
buildings here.
A) will have been built B)
will be built
C) will have built D)
will be building
15. Jack ______ a job in a
factory, but he refused to take it.
A) has
been offered B) was offered
C) offered
D) had offered
said such a thing ______ to
happen.
A) ought not to have allowed B) ought
not to be allowed
C) ought not to be allowing
D) ought to be not allowed
17. He has made it
know that much of his collection to the National
Library.
A) has left B) is to leave
C)
leaves D) is to be left
18. Before
liberation, my father was made all day.
A) to
work B) working C) work D) worked
19. She
in 1970.
A) married B) got married C) was
married D) did marry
20. On the ruins of the
old bombed site a good many modern buildings and
a supermarket.
A) are stood B) have been
stood
C) stand D) standing
第三章
不定式(Infinitive)
3.1不定式在句子中充当的作用
1)作主语
不定式作主语:一般表示具体的某次动作。
To complete the
30-storied building in one year was quite a
difficult task.
To do that implies taking
responsibility.
For there to be so modern a
library in this rural area is surprising.
当主语较长,谓语较短时,常用it做形式主语,而将不定式放到谓语的后面。
It is
important for modern young people to master at
least two foreign languages.
It做形式主语,不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中:
a) It
is+形容词(easy, important, difficult, foolish,
inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong...)+(
forof sb.)
+不定式
It is essential to reserve
a table in advance of Christmas Eve.
It is
hard to put my hopesintowords.
It is not
easy to catch fish with your hands only.
It
is important for us young people to learn English
and master it.
b) It is+名词(a pleasure, a
pity, a pleasant thing, one's duty, an honor, a
shame, a crime, no easy job...)+
不定式
It
is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of
trash.
It is a pity to have to go without her.
It is a glorious death to die for the
people.
c) It takestook (sb.) some time
(hours, months, days, a lot of time,
patience...)+不定式
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It takes me three hours to learn English
each day.
It took them half the night to get
home in the snow.
2)作表语
不定式作表语,常表示将来的动作,主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词,如wish, idea,
ask, purpose,
duty, job等。
The most
important thing for one's health is to have plenty
of exercise.
My chief purpose has been to
point out the difficulties of the matter.
The
purpose of the organization is to greet all new
comers to the city and to provide themwith any
necessary
information.
What I wanted was
to get the work done as quickly as possible.
注意:当主语中有do的任何形式时,作表语的不定式中的to通常省略。
What he
wants to do most is (to) enjoy himself every day.
What they did last night was (to) play cards
to their heart’s content.
3)作宾语
不定式作宾语,通常用在下列结构中:
a)“动词+不定式”结构:不定式直接跟在动词后面。
这类动词有:afford,agree,apply, arrange, ask,
attempt, beg, begin, care, choose, claim, consent,
demand,
decide, desire, determine, expect,
fail, hope, hesitate, hate, intend, learn, like,
manage, mean, neglect, offer, plan,
prepare ,
pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, tend,
threaten, want等。
I like to go out for walks in
the warm sunshine in spring.
My mother hates
to move from place to place, for she feels tired.
I decide to work hard and get a doctor's
degree.
She failed to finish the assignment
in time, and she was worried about it.
There
is a man at the reception desk who seems very
angry and I think he means to make trouble.
I’d like there to be a room of my own.
I
don’t want there to be any misunderstanding
between us.
b)
不定式作宾语还常用在下面结构中“主语+动词+it+形容词+不定式”
We found it
impossible to get everything ready in time.
I
think it important to learn English well in
college.
使用这种句型的常见动词有:believe, consider,
declare, feel, find, guess, imagine, prove,
realize, suppose,
think,等。
c) “wh-+不定式”结构
不定式前加一个疑问代词(what, which, who, whom,
whose)或疑问副词(where, when, how, why),以及
连词whether
构成特殊的不定式短语,其作用相当于一个分句,这样的不定式短语常在某些动词后面作
宾语。常见的可
以接这种不定式短语的动词有:know, see, decide, tell, ask,
consider, discover, explain, find
out, forget,
guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, observe,
perceive, remember, think, understand, wonder等。
I couldn't decide which book to choose.
I
can tell you where to get this book.
They
found it hard to decide whether to go swimming
next Sunday or to visit Aunt Sally.
“wh-+不定式”结构除了作宾语外,还可以在句中作主语或者表语。
When to
start the program remains undecided.
The
question is how to put the plansintopractice.
4)作状语
a) 不定式作状语表示目的。或用于so as (not) to和in
order (not) to之后,来强调这种目的。
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To learn a foreign language well, you
must make painstaking efforts.
Mother saved
every cent she could spare to pay for my
schooling.
We must develop science and
technology at high speed so as to raise scientific
and cultural level of our
country.
In
order to get a high mark in Band 4, he did a lot
of exercises both in grammar and reading
comprehension.
b) 不定式表示结果,特别是在so...as to,
such...as to, only
to...以及too...to等结构中的不定式表示结
果。
I rushed to
the station as fast as I could, only to find the
train already gone.
She left her hometown with
her beloved man, never to return.
No one is
too old to learn.
Would you be so kind as to
carry the luggage for me?
c)
不定式常用来修饰形容词,构成下列词组:be able to, be afraid to, be
apt to, be bound to, be certain to,
be easy
to, be eager to, be fit to, be likely to, be ready
to, be sure to, be unable to, be unwilling to, be
willing to
等。
Chinese team is bound to
win the World Cupthis time.
It is likely to
rain today, for it is very cloudy.
I am
willing to help you with your homework, for we are
friends.
5)作宾语补足语
a)
不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补足语:ask, advise, allow, beg, cause,
compel, command, enable,
encourage, expect,
feel, force, find, hear, have, inform, invite,
let, make, mean, notice, order, permit, persuade,
remind, require, request, teach, tell, urge,
watch, warn, watch等。
Because of the complexity
of the modern equipment, most offices require
secretaries to have specified
training.
He asked you to call him at ten o'clock.
The
note reminds me to be careful whatever I do.
I'd never allow my children to behave like that.
b) 当不定式在let, make, have, hear, look at, listen
to, feel, observe, watch, notice,
perceive(感觉到)等
动词后面作宾语补足语时,不定式不带to。
Whenever something is wrong with you, please do
let me know.
I will have the students write
a passage about Internet.
I saw my mother
shed tears at the news that the neighbor girl got
seriously hurt in a car accident.
It seemed
so long before he heard the stone hit the water.
6)作主语补足语
带有宾语及宾语补足语结构的动词变为被动语态时,原来的宾语变为主语,
宾补则变为主补。加主
补的动词主要有:assume, believe, know,
report, say, suppose等。
Mr. Brown is said to
have left for Italy last week.(It is said that Mr.
Brown left for Italy last week.)
Persons
have been said to climb on roofs, solve
mathematical problems, compose music, walk through
windows and commit murder in their sleep.
He is reported to have won the 100-meter
running race in the Olympic games.
7)作定语
a) 不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。
不定式常作下列名词的定语:attempt, ability, anything, chance,
desire, determination, decision, effort,
failure, intention, need, opportunity, plan,
promise, pressure, right, tendency, time, way等。
His efforts to carry out the plan were
successful.
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I
have no intention to go to the cinema with you.
There is no need to bother him with such
trifles.
There is a tendency to write quite
long sentences in commercial correspondence.
The pressure to compete causes Americans to be
energetic, but it also put them under a constant
emotional
strain.
注意:不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系时,要
根据句子的需要在不定式后加适当的介词,这个介
词的选用取决于被修饰的名词或不定式本身的要求。
She is a very nice person to work with.
This is an important issue to talk about.
b) 由only, last, next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。
Mr. Zhang is always the first man to arrive at
the office and the last man to leave.
I don't
think he is the best one to do the work.
3.2不带to的不定式(Bare Infinitive)
在下列词组后面的不定式不带to:would rather ...than(宁愿……也不),
had better...(最好),can't help
but...(不得不), had
rather...(宁愿),cannot but...(不得不,必然),maymight as
well...(不妨),let alone(更不
用说), can do nothing
but…(只能)。
You'd better return the books to
the library on time. Otherwise, you will be fined.
I can't help but wish that nothing would go
wrong.
They had never seen such delicious
food, let alone eat it.
3.3 不定式的完成体
不定式的完成体表示不定式的动作在谓语表示的动作(状态)之前完成。
I am
sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long
time.
She seems to have read the book before.
The book is reported to have been translated
into English.
He is said to have written a new
book about business English.
The bank is
reported in the local newspaper_______ in broad
daylight yesterday. (2000年12月)
A) robbed
B) to have been robbed
C) being robbed D)
having been robbed
本句意为:据地方报纸报道,昨天这家银行在光天化日之下遭抢劫。
不定式的动作发生在主句动作之前,故选择不定式的完成体,答案为B)。to have been
robbed在句
子中充当主语补足语。
不定式完成体用在waswere,
planned, intended, hoped,
wished等之后,表示事实上并未实现的计划或
行为;intend, wish, hope,
mean, plan等动词的过去完成体与不定式一般式连用,也可表示事实上并未实现
的行为。
The second novel was to have been completed by
1963, but two years later, the end was till
nowhere in
sight.
Japan hoped to have
extended its power to whole Asia, but it didn’t
succeed.
(=Japan had hoped to extend its
power to whole Asia, but it didn’t succeed.)
We planned to have finished the work before
supper.
(=We had planned to finish the work
before supper.)
3.4 不定式的逻辑主语
在表示人物情况、特征等的形
容词后面,常用of引导不定式逻辑主语,表示对逻辑主语的评价;如
果形容词仅仅修饰不定式,与逻辑
主语无关,则用for引导不定式逻辑主语。
It is very kind of you to
have helped me.
It is foolish of him to have
waste so much time in trivialities.
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It is very
important for us to hold a meeting as soon as
possible.
It would be surprising for there not
to be any objections to the proposal.
3.5不定式与分词作定语的区别
根据非谓语动词表示的时间概念确定具体的非谓语动词形式
(不定式、现在分词和过去分词)。涉
及将来动作时用不定式;表示已完成的动作或状态,用过去分词;
表示正在进行的动作或目前的状态时,
用现在分词。
The problem to be
discussed tomorrow is an urgent one.
(“讨论”是将来的行为,所以用不等式)
The problem discussed
yesterday is an urgent one.
(“讨论”是完成了的行为,所以用过去分词)
The problem being
discussed now is an urgent one.
(“讨论”是现在的行为,所以用现在分词)
3.6
不定式作宾语补足语和现在分词作宾语补足语的区别
动词不定式只说明宾语的一个动作,而现在分词则说明宾语的动作正在进行。
Just
then he heard someone sing in the next room.
(在那时,他听见有人在隔壁房间里唱歌。)
Just then he heard
someone singing in the next room.
(在那时,他听见有人正在隔壁房间里唱歌。)
练习
1. The
ancient Egyptians are supposed______ rockets to
the moon.
A) to sendB) to be sending
C) to have sent D) to have been sending
2.
I’m sorry ______ you waiting for so long.
A)
to keep B) to be keeping
C) to have kept D)
to have been keeping
3. You’re lucky ______ a
ticket to the show.
A) to have got B) to
get C) getting D) got
4. I ______ the book
to you by mail, but I later decided to call you.
A) mean to have sent B) mean to send
C)
meant to send D) meant to have sent
5. I
wish ______ him about it.
A) not tell B) not
to tell
C) to not tell D) not to have told
6. I ______ to see you, but I was just too
busy.
A) had intended to come over B)
intended to come over
C) intend to come over
D) intend to have come
7. They are said ______
the 3000 target.
A) to already hit B) to
be already hit
C) to have already hit D) be
already hit
8. Here is another letter ______.
A) to have been typed B) type
C) typing
D) to be typed
9. They all wish ______ as
ordinary persons.
A) being treated B) be
treated
C) to be treated D) treated
10.
I feel it an honor ______ to speak here.
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A) to be asked
B)being asked
C) asking D) asked
11.
You are fortunate ______ as a regular student
here.
A) to accept B) accepted
C) to have been accepted D) accepting
12.
He doesn’t seem ______ about it.
A) to notify
B) to notify
C) notifying D) to have been
notified
13. Don’t let him ______ there alone.
A) go B) to go
C) going D) gone
14. We have no idea ______.
A) where to go
B) to where go
C) where go D) where going
15. We had the light ______ all night.
A)
burnt B) to be burnt
C) to be burning
D) burning
16. He was going to town ______.
A) having his watch repair B) have repaired
his watch
C) to have his watch repaired D) to
have repaired his watch
17. I’m starving to
death. We’d better find a restaurant ______.
A) to eat in B) to eat
C) eating D)
to have eaten
18. There are times when I find
it difficult ______.
A) to make myself
understand B) making myself understand
C) to
make myself understood D) making myself
understood
ists consider laser ______ one of
the most useful tools in use today.
A) to
be B) being C) be D) as be
20. Rather
than ______ everything to the last minute, he
always prefers to start early.
A) having left
B) leave
C) leaving D) left
第四章
分词(Participle)
分词是动词的一种非限定形式,主要起形容词和副词的作用,在句子中
可作状语、表语、补语和定
语。分词有两种,一种是现在分词,一种是过去分词。这两种分词在句子中能
担任的成分大体相同,主
要是在意思上有主动被动之分,现在分词一般有主动的意思,过去分词一般有被
动的意思;有时它们表
示的时间也不相同,现在分词一般表示进行,过去分词一般表示完成。
Taking a dictionary, she began to prepare her
lessons.(现在分词作状语)
Taken separately, the
problems are not difficult to solve.(过去分词作状语)
The story is interesting.(现在分词作表语)
We are
interested in reading.(过去分词作表语)
I heard him
singing in the room.(现在分词作补语)
I heard the song
sung by him.(过去分词作补语)
This is an amusing
story.(现在分词作定语)
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There are some fallen leaves on the
ground.(过去分词作定语)
分词作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致
的话,分词前面可以带有自己的
逻辑主语(名词或代词),构成分词的独立结构(或称为独立分句)。分
词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪
衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。
The
moon has no light of its own, only sunlight
shining on it. (附加说明)
She rushed out the
room, the little baby carried in her arms. (伴随动作)
Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held
carefully in her hand. (伴随动作)
Circumstances
changed, it is necessary for you to make a new
plan. (表示原因)
A force acting through a
distance, work is done. (表示条件)
Both bright
side and dark side considered, you will have the
confidence to overcome this difficulty. (表示
条件)
All flights having been cancelled because of
the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing
but take
the train.
there
be句型和it也能引出分词独立结构,作状语修饰主句,there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
There having been no rain, the plants
withered.
It being impossible for most
students to turn in their papers as scheduled, the
teacher decided to give them
another two days.
The sale usually takes place outside the
house, with the audience _________on benches,
chairs or boxes.
(2000年1月)
A) having
seated B) seating C) seated D) having been
seated
本题考察的是with引导的分词的独立结构,seat一般用被动形式表示主动意
思,所以用过去分词,
答案为C。
So many
directors_________, the board meeting had to be
put off. (2000年6月)
A) were absent B) being
absent C) been absent D) had been absent
本题考察的是分词的独立结构,主语与分词之间是主谓关系,因此选择B。
4.1
现在分词(present participle)
1)现在分词在句子中的作用
a)
作状语
Hearing the bad news, she fainted down to
the ground.
Not knowing how to do next, they
went to ask for his advice.
Having finished
the homework, the boy rushed out to play.
b)
作补语
When I passed by his room, I heard him
singing loudly.(作宾语补足语)
He was heard singing
loudly in the room.(作主语补足语)
I saw them leaving
the party quietly.(作宾语补足语)
c)
作表语:此时的分词已经趋向形容词。
The book is quite
interesting.
It is surprising that they are
regarded as a social evil.
The game held
yesterday was very exciting.
d) 作定语
The
man giving a speech was one of my former
classmates.
Who is that guy looking so
disgusting?
The exciting news spread quickly
all over the country.
2) 现在分词的完成体
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现在分词的完成体主要用在状语中,表示这个动作在谓语所表示的动作之前完成。
Having succeeded in the last examination, she was
more confident of another success in the coming
one.
Having found the cause, they were able
to propose a remedy.
Having finished his
homework, the boy went to play computer game.
Not having made adequate preparations, they
thought it better to postpone the excursion till
next week.
独立结构中也可以用现在分词的完成形式。
His
parents having died, the orphan is now taken care
of by the government.
The guests having
left, they resumed their discussion.
3)
现在分词被动态
在表示一个被动动作时,如果这个动作正在进行,或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生,我
们可以用现
在分词的被动态。
The bridge being built now
will be completed in three months.
This is one
of the experiments being carried on in our
laboratory.
Being surrounded by the
students, the teacher was answering questions one
by one.
If I correct someone, I will do it
with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I
were the one
_________.
A) to correctB)
correcting C) havingcorrected D) being corrected
句意为:如果我批评某个人,我会尽量保持幽默,自我控制,像批评自己一样。one为代词,后面
的动词为其修饰成分,故用分词,而且one与correct之间是动宾关系,故用分词被动态,答案
为D)。
4) 现在分词的完成被动式
现在分词的完成被动式表示分词的动作发生在谓语的
行为之前,且动作由逻辑主语所承受(即与逻辑
主语是被动关系)。
Having
been given such a good chance, he planned to work
hard.
Having been experimented several
times, this new product will be put into mass
production.
All the compositions having
been written and collected, the teacher dismissed
the students.
5) 现在分词与过去分词的区别
现在分词和过去
分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示“主动和进行”,过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不
及物动词的过去分
词不表示被动,只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。
a) 分词在句子中
作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时,它的
逻辑主语与句子的主语
一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语分句。
Hearing the news, they all
jumped with joy.
Using what you know of word
stems and word formations, you can make a guess at
the meaning of a new
word.
The students
went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
Accompanied by his friend, he went to the
railway station.
Given better attention, the
plants could grow better.
He looked tired
and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of
his mother's illness.
分词在句子中作状语,使用何种分词,要取决于分
词与句子主语的关系:主谓关系用现在分词,动
宾或被动关系用过去分词。
Not
havingenough hands, we turned to them for help.
(We didn't have enough hands)
Taught by
mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and
handled our affairs better. (We are
taughtteach us)
Inspired by the
International, the working people of all countries
have been fighting for their final
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liberation.
(The working people were inspired inspire the
working people)
_________the earth to be flat,
many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge.
A) having believed B) Believing C)
Believed D) Being believed
本句意思为:相信地球是平的,许
多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。“许多人”与“相信”之间是
主谓关系,即分词与主语之间为主谓关系
。因此,应用现在分词,答案为B).
No matter how frequently
_________, the works of Beethoven always attract
large audiences.
A) performing B)
performed C) to be performed D) being
performed
本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演,可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系,应该用
过去分词,故答
案为B.
b) “while ( when, once, until,
if , though等连词)+分词”结构:现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有
时可以在分词前加w
hile,when, once, although, until, if等连词。
When
leaving the airport, she waved again and again to
us.
While waiting for the train, I had a long
talk with my sister about her work.
Once
recovered, he threw himselfintohis work and made
every effort to do it well.
Although working
very hard, he failed to pass the final exam.
If translated word by word, the passage will
be difficult to understand.
c) 分词作定语:分词作定语时,
单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰
的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出
该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动
作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
We will go on with our experiment as soon as
we get the added fund.
This is really an
exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the
part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After
a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I
forced myself to take a long walk along the beach
the
next day.
More and more developing
countries established strategic partnership with
developed countries.
The young sitting between
my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack.
As
early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-
supported schools must be established in every
town
__________50 households or more.
A)
having B) to have C) to have had D) having
had
后面由分词做定语,而且town本身有50户以上人家,故town与分词间为主谓关系,
应该用现在
分词,答案为A)。
d) 分词作宾语补足语:现在分词在see,
watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse,
glance等感官
动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have,
keep, get, catch, leave, set, start,
send等使役动词后面与名词
或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。
On the
top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from
the chimneys in the village.
The little boy
sat beside the railway line and watched the trains
roaring by.
We should not leave him
wondering what he should do.
I am sorry to
have kept you waiting for such a long time.
I caught him dozing off in class.
过去分词可以在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel,
find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make,
observe, order, permit, prefer, remember,
request, require, see, urge等动词后面作宾语补足语。
【例如】
After my encounter with her, I found myself
greatly shaken.
You should keep her informed
of what is going on here.
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The teacher expected the students well
prepared for the examination.
在动词see, hear,
feel, watch, notice,perceive,observe, listen to,
look at后既可用现在分词做补语,也
可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定
式表示动作的全过程已经完成。
I saw Mr. White get off a
bus.
I saw Mr. White lookingintoa shop
window.
——Do you hear someone knocking at
the door?
——Yes, I did. I heard him knock
three times.
e) 分词作表语:分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主
语的性质,而且主语多为物;过
去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。
The
film“Pearl Harbor”is really exciting.
I am
excited about it.
His response to the question
was quite disappointing.
I felt disappointed
at his response.
6)现在分词与动名词的区别
(详见5.5)
7)现在分词的独立结构
(详见分词和独立分句)
4.2 过去分词(past
participle)
1)过去分词在句子中的作用
a) 作状语
The
girl sat there, her head bent low.
Aroused by
the crash, he leapt to his feet.
He entered
the room, supported by his daughter.
b) 作补语
I heard the door opened.(作宾语补足语)
She was
glad to see her children well taken care of in the
nursery.(作宾语补足语)
They should be kept informed
of the going-ons here.(作主语补足语)
c) 作表语
The
audience were bored because of the tedious
lecture.
The workers soon became tired.
He
felt rather let down by their indifference.
注意:过去分词作表语时,已经趋向形容词性质。
d) 作定语
This is
a novel written by a 19
th
century writer.
All those fallen trees were carried down the
hill on shoulders.
Throw away the broken cup.
2)过去分词的独立结构
(详见分词和独立分句)
3)过去分词与现在分词的区别
(详见4。1,5))
练习
1. Professor Wang,
______ for his informative lectures, was warmly
received by his students. (2002年12月)
A) having
known B) to be known C) known D) knowing
2. Anna was reading a piece of science
fiction, completely _______ to the outside world.
(2002年12月)
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A)
losing B) lost C) to be lose D) having been
lost
3. ____ their work will give us a much
better feel for the wide differences between the
two schools of thought.
(2002年6月)
A) Being
reviewed B) Having reviewed
C) Reviewing
D) To have reviewed
4. The mother didn't know
who ________ for the broken glass. (2002年1月)
A) blamed B) be blamed C) to blame D)
would blame
5. All flights ________ because
of the terrible weather, they had to go there by
train. (2002年1月)
A) having been canceled B)
had been canceled
C) having canceled D)
were canceled
6. We left the meeting,there
obviously ____ no point in staying. (2002年6月)
A)were B) to be C) being
D) having
7. Contrast may make something
appear more beautiful than it is when ________
alone. (2002年1月)
A) seen B) is seen C)
to be seen D) having been seen
8. Although
a teenager, Fred could resist ____ what to do and
what not to do. (2002年6月)
A) telling B) being
told C) to tell D) to be told
9.
Apart from caring for her children, she has to
take on such heavy _______ housework as carrying
water and
firewood. (2002年12月)
A) time-
consuming B) time-consumed C) timely-consumed
D)timely-consuming
10. The author of the
report is well ________ with the problems in the
hospital because he has been working
there for
many years. (2002年1月)
A) informed B)
acquainted C) enlightened D) acknowledged
11. He wasn't appointed chairman of the
committee, ________ not very popular with all its
members. (2002年
1月)
A) to be considered
B) considering
C) being considered D) having
considered
12. Sometimes children have
trouble _______fact from fiction and may believe
that such things actually exist.
(2002年1月)
A) to separate B) separating C) for
separating D) of separating
13. All the
tasks________ ahead of time, they decided to go on
holiday for a week. (2001年6月)
A) had been
fulfilled B) were fulfilled
C) having been
fulfilled D) been fulfilled
14. The president
promised to keep all the board members________ of
how the negotiations were going on.
(2001年6月)
A) informed B) informC) be informed D)
informing
15. If the building project________
by the end of this month is delayed, the
construction company will be fined.
(2001年6月)
A) to be completedB) is completed
C) being
completedD) completed
16. As a public
relations officer, he is said ________some very
influential people. (2001年6月)
A) to have been
knowing B) to be knowing
C) to have knownD) to
know
17. With the development in science and
technology man can make various flowers________
before their time.
(2001年6月)
A) be bloomed
B) blooming C) bloom D) bloomed
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18. _______ the temperature falling so
rapidly, we couldn't go on with the experiment.
(2000年12月)
A) With B) For C) As
D) Since
19. No one had told Smith about
_______a lecture the following day. (2000年12月)
A) there be B) there would be C)
there wasD) there being
20. So many
directors_______, the board meeting had to be put
off. (2000年12月)
A) were absent B) being
absent C) been absent D) had been absent
21. _______ in a recent science competition,
the three students were awarded scholarships
totaling $$21,000.
(2000年12月)
A) To be
judged the best B) Having judged the best
C) Judged the best D) Judging the best
22. I'll never forget_______ you for the first
time. (2000年12月)
A) to meet B) to have met
C) meeting D) having to be meeting
23.
That young man still denies_______ the fire behind
the store. (2000年12月)
A) to start B) having
started C) start D) to have started
24.
The growth of part-time and flexible working
patterns, and of training and retraining schemes,
_______
more women to take advantage of
employment opportunities. (2000年6月)
A) allow
B) allows C) allowing D) have allowed
25. Peter, who had been driving all day,
suggested _______ at the next town. (2000年6月)
A) stop B) to stop C) stopping D)
having stopped
26. You will see this product
_______ wherever you go. (2000年6月)
A)
advertised B) advertising C) advertise
D) to be advertised
27. These surveys indicate
that many crimes go _______ by the police, mainly
because not all victims report
them. (2000年6月)
A) to be unrecorded B) to have been
unrecorded C) unrecorded D) unrecording
28. ________ in this way, the situation
doesn't seem so disappointing. (2000年1月)
A) To
look at B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To
be looked at
29. Corn originated in the New
World and thus was not known in Europe until
Columbus found it ________ in
Cuba. (2000年1月)
A) being cultivated B) been cultivated
C) having cultivated D) cultivating
30. I
don't mind ________ the decision as long as it is
not too late. (2000年1月)
A) you to delay making
B) your delaying making
C) your delaying to
make D) you delay to make
31. The sale
usually takes place outside the house, with the
audience ________ on benches, chairs or boxes.
(2000年1月)
A) having seated B) seating
C) seated D) having been seated
32. If you
learn too many things at the same time you may get
________.
A) confused B) confusing C)
to be confused D) being confused
33. The
situation is a bit ________.
A)
discouraged B) being discouraged C) to be
discouraging D) discouraging
34. Spring
________, we may look forward to better weather.
A) to have come B) having come
C) to
come D) has come
35. The soldier
returned, ________ with sweat.
A) soaking
B) soaked C) to be soaked D) to be soaking
36. She advised him to learn from ________
workers.
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A)
advanced B) advancing C) being advanced D)
advance
37. The ________ arrival of the letter
caused great excitement among us.
A) being
expected B) expecting C) unexpected D)
expect
38. This is the most ________ story I
have ever heard.
A) touched B) touching
C) touch D) being touched
39. Is there
anyone in your class ________ to go to the show?
A) wishing B) wished C) being wished
D) wish
40. Day and night the giant arms of
cranes move about, ________ cargo.
A) loaded
and unloaded B) to load and unload
C)
loading and unloaded D) loading and unloading
第五章 动名词(Gerund)
5.1 动名词在句子中的作用
1)作主语
Meeting you has been a great
pleasure.
Climbing mountains needs a lot of
energy and strength.
Seeing is believing.
动名词也可以在下面两类结构中作主语。
a) It’s no use trying
to persuade him.
It’s no good waiting here.
Let’s walk home.
It’s nice meeting you.
It’s a waste of time arguing about it.
b)
There is no denying the fact that we have been
defeated.
There is no joking about the matter.
注意:there be作主语时,此时用there being 结构,其否定式为there
not being或there being
no。但
是如果there前面有介词for,则用for there to be。
There being an index to this book is a great
advantage.
There not being an index to this
book is a disadvantage.
For there to be so
modern a library in this rural area is surprising.
2)作动词宾语
有些动词后面接动名词作宾语,如:suggest, avoid,
resist, deny, give up, put off, postpone,
consider,
practice, anticipate, admit,
acknowledge, appreciate, can’t resist, defer,
delay, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape,
fancy,
mind, finish, imagine, miss, resent, risk等。
We
suggested putting off the meeting till next week.
He tried his best to avoid seeing her.
I
can’t resist bargaining.
We appreciate your
helping us.
They denied doing anything wrong.
It is really hard for a person to give up
smoking.
注意:need, want, deserve,
require等动词之后,作宾语的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。
My hair needs
cutting.
Those flowers requirewant watering.
He deserved congratulating.
3) 作介词宾语
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John talked us
into walking home with him.
They insisted on
doing the work at once.
He got so angry that
he felt like slapping her.
They have got
accustomed to living in the rural village.
We
have great difficulty (in) carrying out our plan.
注意:
a) 有些不及物动词后面常跟介词to,如object to, look
forward to, confess to, devote… to, contribute to,
admit to, be used to, see to(负责), submit to,
resort to, take to, reconcile to, be (get)
accustomed to等。
No wonder there is not any
objection to having a camping.
We have been
looking forward to your visiting us.
The
suspect confessed to having committing a crime.
We young people should devote ourselves to
building a strong socialist society.
b)
有些短语中的介词in常被省略,如be busy (in), spend time (in),
have troubledifficulty (in), have a
good time
(in)等。这些短语后面须接动名词作宾语。
They have been busy
reviewing their lessons all these days.
Don’t spend too much time playing basketball. The
final exam is coming.
Do you have any
trouble understanding me?
c)
介词worth之后用动名词主动形式表示被动意义。
The novel is worth
reading.
This is a book well worth looking
for.
d) there be作介词宾语时,用there
being。但是如果作介词for的宾语,则用 there to be。
He was
very angry at there being objection to his
proposal.
They planned for there to be another
meeting.
4)作定语,而且只能作前置定语
The old man needs
terribly a walking stick to help him.
The
workers were building a big swimming pool in our
town.
a diving board(跳水板)
a sleeping
cart(卧铺车厢)
a sleeping pill(安眠药)
a singing
competition(歌咏比赛)
5)作表语
My job is teaching
Chinese.
Seeing is believing.
The only
thing that interests her is dancing.
Denying
this will be shutting one’s eyes to facts.
5.2
动名词的逻辑主语
一个动名词短语前面可以加一个物主代词或一个名词(所有格),来表示这个动名词
逻辑上的主语。
这种结构可以用来:
1)作主语
Their coming to
help was a great encouragement to us.
It’s no
use your telling me not to worry.
His
grumbling irritated me.
注意:动名词作主语时,其逻辑主语只能用人称代词所有格或名词所有格。
2)作宾语
Do
you mind my opening the door?
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They insisted on my staying there till
the next day.
There will be no any chance of
my seeing him again.
I certainly enjoyed
Kate’s singing.
They are looking forward to
Mary’s coming.
注意:动名词短语作宾语时,这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(
或人称代词宾格),这比用所有格
更自然些。
I don’t mind Susan
(her) going with him.
Adults usually don’t
like young people (them) smoking.
3)作表语
【例如】
Our only worry is your depending
too much on your parents.
What’s troubling
them is their not having enough machines.
What
we felt uneasy about was Bruce’s having no
confidence in himself.
5.3 动名词的完成体
表示过去发生的动作时,可以用动名词的完成体来代替动名词的一般式。
The
captain was accused of having deserted his ship.
He denied having been there.
I will
overlook your having been rude to my brother this
time.
5.4 动名词与不定式在用法上的比较
1)一般说来动名词所表示的动作在意
义上是比较抽象的、一般的,时间概念不强,不是指某一次
的动作,而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是
具体的一次行为。
I like swimming, but I don’t like to
swim today.
They prefer staying indoors when
the weather is cold.
Would you prefer to stay
at home this evening?
2)动词不定式的逻辑主语,常常是句子的主语或句
中的某个词,而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子
主语或句中某个词,也可能是泛指一般人物,在句子里是找
不着的。
【例如】
I hate to be sitting idle.
(我不想闲坐着。)(指自己)
I hate saying nothing at a
meeting but gossiping afterwards.
(我不喜欢开会不说会后乱说。)(可能指自
己,也可能泛指一般人)
3)有些词后既可接动名词亦可接动词不定式,但意义不同,如stop, remember,
forget, neglect, omit,
dislike, detests,
begin, continue, start, regret, intend, attempt,
propose等。
When the teacher came in, the
students stopped talking. (talking 是宾语,指停止讲话这个动作)
When the teacher came in, the students stopped
to talk. (to talk是目的状语,指停下前一动作来进行talk)
rememberforget doing something
记得忘了做过某事(指已做过的事)
rememberforget to do
something记得忘记要做某事(指未做过的事)
5.5 动名词和现在分词在用法上的区别
1)作定语的区别。
现在分词往往表示它所修饰的词所做的动作,即逻辑主语是它所修饰的词
;动名词往往表示与它所
修饰的词无关的动作,即所修饰的词不能充当逻辑主语。换言之,动名词往往表
示它所修饰的名词的用
途或功用。
the raging storm (= the
storm that is raging) (狂暴的风雨)(现在分词)
scorching
heat (= heat that is scorching) (炙人的热气)(现在分词)
sleeping car (= a car for sleeping) (动名词)
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working method
(= method of working)(动名词)
2)作表语的区别。
现在分词
作表语时保持它的形容词特征;动名词作表语时保持它的名词特征。动名词作表语时常可
与主语互换位置
,现在分词则不行。
The novel is interesting. ( 现在分词)
My job is teaching English. (动名词)
(此句可改写为Teaching English is my job.)
3)作状语的区别。
现在分词具有副词特征,可以直接用作状语;动名词不具有副词特征,不
能单独作状语,只有与介
词结合时才能作状语。
Hearing the news,
they immediately set off for the station.
(现在分词作状语)
Given another chance, I’ll do it
much better. (现在分词作状语)
After finishing his
homework, he went to the reading-room.
(动名词与介词一起作状语)
On coming into the office she
laid a file of documents upon the table.
(动名词与介词一起作状语)
练习
1. Would you
mind ______ his suitcase for me?
A) carry
B) to carry C) carrying D) carried
2. It was
very difficult ______ everything ready in time.
A) get B) got C) to be got D) getting
3. It is not much use ______ you don’t know.
A) pretended B) to pretend C) pretend
D) pretending
4. ______ the canal has already
brought many benefits to the national economy.
A) Rebuilding B) Rebuild C) To be
rebuilt D) To be rebuilding
5. ______ poetry
will need a lot of practice.
A) To be
reading B) Reading C) Read D) To be read
6.
I recall ______ him at that time as to why he had
made the decision.
A) questioning B) to
question C) to be questioned D) question
7.
Sue couldn’t resist ______ her friends the secret.
A) to tell B) tell C) having told D)
telling
8. Have you decided to put off ______
to the seaside.
A) go B) to go C) going
D) went
9. I hate ______.
A) lying and
cheat B) lying and cheating
C) lie and cheat
D) lie and to cheat
10. It will mean both
______ our country with more tea and ______ the
members’ income.
A) supplying…increasing B)
supply…increase
C) supplying… to increase D)
to supply…to increase
11. It is wise ______
matter in that way.
A) of his settling B) for
him to settle
C) for him settling D) of him
to settle
12. ______ at the village he found
four tractors working in the fields.
A) On
arriving B) At arriving
C) For arriving D)
To arrive
13. Modernization is the key ______
our agricultural development.
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A) to speeding up B) to speed up
C)
of speeding up D) speeding up
14. Do you
have any objection ______ it this way?
A)
to do B) of doing C) to doing D) done
15.
He said he was in favor of ______ shorter hours.
A) people to work B) people working
C)
people’s work D) people’s to work
16. There
is no need for ______.
A) that being done B)
that to do
C) that does D) that doing
17. ______ doesn’t necessarily mean my being
wrong.
A) You are right B) Your be right
C) Your being right D) You be right
18.
Economic development will help ______ a nation’s
power.
A) strengthen B) strengthening
C) while strengthening D) strengthened
19. Her parents forbid ______ alone in a
strange place.
A) she traveling B) her to
travel
C) her travel D) she travel
20.
I’m afraid you can’t escape ______ this time.
A) to be fined B) being fine
C) being
fined D) fining
第六章 介词(Preposition)
6.1一些特殊介词
1)介词concerning
concerning意为“就…而言”,“关于”,“谈及”。
Concerning
your letter, I am pleased to inform you that your
plans are quite acceptable to us.
Here is a
letter concerning complaints from some customers.
2)介词considering
considering意为“就…而论”,“照…来说”。
She’s very
active, considering her age.
Considering he’s
only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
3)介词excepting
excepting意为“除…之外”,一般置于句末而不置于句首,或置于not, always,
without之后。
All his children have gone shopping
with his wife excepting one.
Everyone helped,
not (without) excepting Tom.
Everyone was
tired, always excepting Kate.
4)介词given
given意为“考虑到”,“假定”。
Given their
inexperience, they have done a good job.
Given
her interest in children, teaching is the right
career for her.
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注意:given还可以作形容词,通常作定语用,意为“所述的”,“规定的”。
They
were to meet at a given time and place.
The
work must be done within the given time.
5)介词including
including意为“包括”。
The
band played many songs, including some of my
favorites.
Sales up to and including last
month amounted to 10 million dollars.
6)介词regarding
regarding意为“就…而言”,“关于”。
We have known nothing regarding that matter.
She said nothing regarding your request.
7)介词saving(现多用save)
saving意为“除了”,表示所说的不在包括在内。
I could call her
nothing in my own mind savingsave “stainless
virgin”.
We have found all savingsave him.
注意:save还可以作连词。
We know nothing about her
save that her surname is Jones.
8)介词wanting
wanting意为“缺”,“缺少”。
Wanting common honesty,
nothing can be done.
I had a watch wanting a
minute hand.
注意:wanting还可以作形容词,作表语,意为“欠缺”,“不足”。
His
behavior was wanting in courtesy.
The
infinitive of the verb “must” is
wanting.(“must”没有不定式。)
6.2介词to与动词、形容词、名词的搭配关系
1)带介词to的动词短语
如object to, look forward to,
confess to, contribute to, admit to, see to(负责),
submit to, resort to, take to,
reconcile to,
conform to, hold on to, give birth to, see to,
respond to, be devoted to, beget accustomed to,
beget
used to, be adverse to, be deaf to, be
entitled
to等。这些短语的宾语是名词或者动名词doing。(参见5.1,
3),a))
We
strongly object to imposing our own will on
others.
Kate is looking forward to visiting
her aunt in California this summer.
We should
try our best to contribute to our country.
They have decided to resort to force if
negotiation fails.
2)带介词to的介词短语
如:owing
to, according to, prior to, as to, due to, thanks
to, with respect to, with a view to等
He was
late for the meeting due to the traffic jam on the
road.
According to his account of the
accident, the driver should be responsible for it.
We received no notification prior to today’s
day.
Thanks to his encouragement, I began to
show interest in English study.
3)某些形容词后通常接介词to
如:blind to(不觉察), agreeable
to, attentive to, relevant to, irrelevant to,
sensitive to, susceptible to,
parallel to等
People are likely to be blind to their own
fault.
What he said was irrelevant to the
topic.
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Children
are more susceptible to colds than adults
The
road and the railway are parallel to each other.
4)某些名词之后要求用介词to搭配
如:key to, solution to,
answer to, attention to, toast to, marriage to,
limit to, access to, exception to,
affinity
to等
We may have two solutions to the problem.
Her marriage to John lasted only for one year.
There is a limit to creative talent available
in the world.
Some students are denied the
access to the lab.
练习
1. ______ the
help of their group, we would not have succeeded
in the investigation. (2002年12月)
A) But for
B) Besides C) Despite D) Regardless of
2.
In my opinion, he's ____ the most imaginative of
all the contemporary poets. (2002年6月)
A) by
far B)at best C) in all D)
for all
3. What a lovely party! It’s worth
____ all my life. (2002年6月)
A) to be
remembered B) being remembered C) to remember
D) remembering
4. Our manager is _____ an
important customer now and he will be back this
afternoon. (2002年12月)
A) calling up
B)calling on C) calling in D) calling for
5. I would never have ____ a court of law if I
hadn't been so desperate. (2002年6月)
A) turned
up B) sought for C) resorted to D)
accounted for
6. The shop assistant was
dismissed as she was ______ of cheating customers.
(2002年12月)
A) cursed B) charged C) accused
D) scolded
7. Reading ________ the lines, I
would say that the Government are more worried
than they will admit. (2002
年1月)
A) behind
B) between C) along D) among
8. There is no
_______ to the house from the main road. (2002年1月)
A) access B) avenue C) exposure D)
edge
9. This article________ more attention
to the problem of cultural interference in foreign
language teaching and
learning. (2001年6月)
A) calls for B) applies forC) cares for D)
allows for
10. Eating too much fat can
________heart disease and cause high blood
pressure. (2001年6月)
A) contribute toB)
attribute to C) attend to D) devote to
11. The
older New England villages have changed relatively
little________ a gas station or two in recent
decades. (2001年6月)
A) except B) besides C)
in addition toD) except for
12. In recent
years much more emphasis has been put
________developing the students productive skills.
(2001年6月)
A) over B) onto C) in D) on
13. Agriculture was a step in human
progress_______ which subsequently there was not
anything comparable
until our own machine age.
(2000年12月)
A) to B) inC) forD) from
14. He always did well at school_______ having
to do part-time jobs every now and then.
(2000年12月)
A) in case of B) in spite of
C) regardless of D) on account of
15.
Everything we eat and drink contains some salt; we
can meet the body's need for it from natural
sources
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without
turning _______the salt bottle. (2000年12月)
A)
to B) over C) on D) up
16. The
British constitution is _______ a large extent a
product of the historical events described above.
(2000
年6月)
A) at B) within C) by
D) to
17. In the _______ of the project not
being a success, the investors stand to lose up to
$$30 million. (2000年6
月)
A) event B)
face C) time D) course
18. I didn't
know the word. I had to _______ a dictionary.
(2000年6月)
A) make out B) look out C)
go over D) refer to
19. The early pioneers
had to _______ many hardships to settle on the new
land. (2000年6月)
A) go into B) go through
C) go back on D) go along with
20. I have
no objection _______ your story again. (2000年6月)
A) to hearing B) to have heard C) to
hear D) to having heard
21. We take our
skin for granted until it is burned ________
repair. (2000年1月)
A) beyond B) for C)
without D) under
22. The director was
critical ________ the way we were doing the work.
(2000年1月)
A) at B) in C) of D) with
23. Although many people view conflict as bad,
conflict is sometimes useful ________ it forces
people to test
the relative merits of their
attitudes and behaviors. (2000年1月)
A) by which
B) to which C) in that D) so that
24.
Between 1974 and 1997, the number of overseas
visitors expanded ________ 27%.(2000年1月)
A) by
B) for C) to D) in
25. I went along
thinking of nothing _______ only looking at things
around me.(2004年6月)
A) in brief B) in doubt C)
in harmonyD) in particular
26. Now that spring
is here, you can _______ these fur coats till you
need them again next winter.(2004年6
月)
A)
put over B) put off C) put downD) put away
27.
This is not an economical way to get more water;
_______, it is very expensive. (2004年6月)
A) or
else B) in short C) on the contraryD) on the other
hand
28. Joe is not good at sports, but when
it _______ mathematics, he is the best in the
class.(2004年6月)
A) comes up to B) comes around
toC) comes toD) comes on to
29. I must
congratulate you _______ the excellent design of
the new bridge.(2004年6月)
A) with B) at C) onD)
of
30. She's fainted. Throw some water on her
face and she'll _____. (2003年12月)
A) come
round B) come along C) come on D) come out
31.
Computer technology will _____ a revolution in
business administration. (2003年12月)
A) bring
around B) bring aboutC) bring out D) bring up
32. When I go out in the evening I use the
bike _____ the car if I can. (2003年12月)
A)
rather than B) regardless of C) in spite of D)
other than
33. Only a few people have _____ to
the full facts of the incident.(2003年12月)
A)
access B) resort C) contact D) path
34. She
confessed herself guilty _____ murder.
A)
to B) at C) for D) of
35. How did people
enjoyed themselves_____ the invention of TV?
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A) in
addition to B) despite C) prior to D) except
第七章 主谓一致(Subject-verb Concord)
主谓一致指的是谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致。处理一致关系,有以下三个原则可遵循。
a) 语法一致(grammatical concord)——从语法形式上取得一致。主语为单数
形式,谓语也为单数
形式;主语为复数形式,谓语也为复数形式。
【例如】
The
content of these books is very good.
The
questions he raised are very important.
b)
意义一致(notional concord)——在意义上取得一致。如果有时主语在语法形式上虽为单数,
但
意义为复数,谓语动词采用复数形式。反之,如果主语在语法形式上是复数,而在意义上可视为单数,
随后的动词也用单数。
The family were having their
dinner at the table.
Fifteen minutes is a
short period of time.
c) 就近原则(principle of
proximity)——谓语动词的人称和数和靠得最近的主语的人称和数保持一
致。
Either my brothers or my father is coming.
Not only he but also I am to be responsible
for the error.
7.1 名词作主语时的主谓一致
1)单、复数同形的名词作主语
单、复数同形的名词,特别是以-
s结尾的单、复数同形的名词:deer, sheep, aircraft, species,
series, works,
headquarters, means,
crossroads等。要根据句中出现的限定词或代词确定其单复数。
Every means
has been tried to help him out of trouble.
Many means have been tried to help him out of
trouble.
2)集体名词作主语
只能作复数的集体名词:cattle,
poultry, people, folk, police等。
The police
were trying hard to catch the escaped prisoner.
The cattle were grazing on the meadow.
3)既可作单数又可作复数的集体名词作主语
如audience, class,
public, staff, team, government, couple, board,
army, family, committee, crowd, jury
等。根据意义一致原则
来决定谓语动词的单复数。如果将该名词所表示的集体视为一个整体,则动词用
单数。如果将侧重点放在
组成集体的成员上,动词用复数。
The government has imposed a
ban on demonstrations.
The government have
discussed the matter for a long time.
4)
通常只作不可数名词的集体名词作主语
如furniture, equipment,
machinery, foliage, merchandise等作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
The furniture in the house matches the color
of the walls.
All the machinery in the factory
is made in the United States.
The merchandise
has arrived undamaged.
5)表示学科、游戏或疾病的名词作主语
这类名词即使是以-s结尾,其谓语用单数形式。
Politics is the art
or science of government.
Has the skittles
been a popular game in English?
Mumps is a
kind of infectious disease.
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6)名词+介词(或分词)短语作主语
如果主语是单数,尽管后面有with,
together with, as well as, no less than, like,
but, except, rather than,
combined
with等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数。
An expert, together with
some assistants, was sent to help in his work.
No one except my parents knows anything about
it.
7)and连接两个并列名词作主语
and连接两个或两个以上单数名词作主语,指
同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数。
如果分别表示不同的人、物或概念时(这时两个名
词前通常各有限定词),谓语动词用复数。
Bread and butter is a good
breakfast.
Bread and butter are completely
different things.
The singer and dancer was to
be present at our party.
The singer and the
dancer were to be present at our party.
War
and peace is often the theme of many novels.
War and peace are alternatives between which
man must constantly choose.
Her opinion and
Kate’s are the same.
7.2 关联连词引导并列成分作主语时的主谓一致
用…or…, either…or…, not only…but also…,
neither…
or…等连词引导的并列主语,根据“就近原则”,
应以第二个主语的人称和数来确定谓语的形式。
Either her father or her mother is very kind
to her.
(比较Both her father and her mother are
very kind to her.)
Not only the switches but
also the old wiring has been changed.
7.3
非限定动词作主语时的主谓一致
两个非限定动词(两个动名词或两个不定式)由and连接作并列主语
,如果表示一个单一概念,谓
语用单数;如果表示不同的概念,谓语用复数。
To love
and to be loved is the greatest
happiness.爱与被爱是最大的幸福。
To try and fail is
better than not to try at all.尝试而失败也比不尝试好。
Skating and skiing are two interesting
sports.滑雪和溜冰是两项有趣的运动。
To mean to do something
and to actually do something are two separate
things.想干一件事和真干一件事
是两会事。
7.4 代词作主语时的主谓一致
诸如half, all, most, plenty (of), some, the
remainder (of), the rest (of), the majority (of)等代
词作主语时,
根据“意义一致”原则决定谓语的数。如果它所代的是复数名词,谓语用复数;如果它所代
的是单数名
词或不可数名词,谓语用单数。
Half of the workers
have left for home.
Half of the milk has been
left in the bottle.
The rest of the books were
distributed to the students.
The rest of the
book is quite boring, I’m afraid.
7.5
以-ings结尾的名词作主语时的主谓一致
谓语通常用复数。这类名词有:earnings,
surroundings, findings, winnings, savings,
belongings, lodgings,
tidings等。
Their
earnings come to 1000 yuan a month.
The happy
tidings were brought to her last week.
7.6
表示时间、距离、重量或金额的复数名词作主语时的主谓一致
如果这个复数名词被当作一个整体的单位时,意义上是单数,因此谓语也用单数。
Two
hours is the limit of this test.
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Twenty acres is a lot to plow.
如果这个复数名词是作为一个一个单位来计算,这时数字的复数性很明显,谓语相应地用复数形式。
Two pounds are more than he can afford.
Twenty acres are ready for him to plow.
7.7 名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致
how, when, where, why,
what等引导的单个名词性分句作主语,其后的动词通常用单数。
How the
prisoner escaped from the jail is still a mystery.
When they will leave for London has not been
decided yet.
Why he entered the room without
being seen remains a mystery to us all.
What
they do has nothing to do with what they say.
两个由and连接的并列名词性分句作主语,如果主语表示两件事,动词用复数。
What
he says and what he does are always different.
When they will leave for London and how they
will go have not been decided yet.
7.8主谓一致的补充说明
1)如果单数名词前有many a, each,
every, more than one等修饰时
谓语动词必须用单数。
Each
man and each woman is asked to help.
Many a
boy was disappointed after seeing the film.
More than one person is injured in the
accident.
2)“there be”结构的主谓一致
遵循“就近原则”。谓语的单、复数由紧跟be后面的这个名词的数决定。
There
are some old magazines and a football under the
bed.
There is a football and some old
magazines under the bed.
3)one of…和the
(only)one of…结中的主谓一致构
one of…之后定语分句中的动词通常采用复数形
式,因为此时关系代词的先行词是of之后的那个复
数名词或代词而不是one。而the
(only)one of…后定语分句中的动词只用单数形式,因为此时关系代词的
先行词是the
(only)one,而不是of后面的那个复数名词或代词。
He is one of
those students who speak perfect English.
He
is the only one of those students who speaks
perfect English.
练习
1. The owner and
editor of the newspaper ______ the conference.
(2002年6月)
A) is to attend B) were to attend
C) are to attend D) were attending
2. This kind of glasses manufactured by
experienced craftsmen ______ comfortably.
(2000年1月)
A) is worn B) wears C) wearing
D) are worn
3. What he wants ______ nothing
but an apple.
A) is B) are C) be D) were
4. The poor ______ to receive aids from the
government.
A) is entitled B) are entitled
C) entitles D) entitled
5. Fifty
minutes ______ long enough for me to get the meal
ready.
A) are B) be C) is D) were
6.
Every means ______.
A) have been tried B)
have tried
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C)
were tried D) has been tried
7. Ninety
people ______ a huge party.
A) means B)
mean C) are meaning D) is meant
8. Neither
you nor he ______ anything about it.
A)
know B) knows C) is known D) are known
9.
The company, who ______ their losses, are
discussing an important problem.
A) is
cutting B) are cutting C) cuts D) has cut
10. The company, which ______ in the suburbs,
has more than 200 employees.
A) locate B)
locates C) are located D) is located
11. The
police ______ that the suspect has been arrested.
A) say B) says C) has said D) had said
12. The Chinese people ______ a great people.
A) are B) be C) is D) were
13. All
the furniture in the office ______ old-fashioned.
A) are B) were C) be D) is
scissors
______ so sharp that I like them.
A) are
B) is C) being D) was
15. All his earnings
______.
A) has been spent B) has spent
C)
have been spent D) have spent
16. Politics
______ in all universities in China.
A) is now
taught B) are now taught
C) is now teaching
D) teaches
17. Each boy and girl ______ eager
to serve the people in the future.
A) are
B) is C) be D) being
18. Many a visitor
______ by the worker’s story.
A) were deeply
moved B) deeply moved
C) deeply moving
D) was deeply moved
19. More than one cadre
______ in the scandal of corruption.
A) are
involved B) is involved
C) involve D)
involves
20. The great scholar and poet ______
dead.
A) are B) is C) were D) have been
21. The Chinese teacher and class adviser
______ a young man graduated from a famous
university.
A) is B) are C) be D) were
22. Bread and butter ______ my favorite
breakfast.
A) are B) was C) being D) be
girl as well as the boys ______ to drive a
car.
A) have learnt B) learn
C) learns
D) has learnt
24. Everyone but you ______ to
set out early.
A) agree B) have agreed
C) has agreed D) is agreeing
25. It is
not you who ______.
A) are embarrassed B) is
embarrassed
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C)
embarrassed D) is embarrassing
26. He is
one of the students who ______ fluent English.
A) speaks B) spoke C) speak D) is
speaking
27. As ______ before, grammar is not
a set of dead rules.
A) were said B)
has been said
C) have been said D) be said
28. Forty percent of the farmland ______.
A) has been polluted B) have been polluted
C) pollutes D) polluted
29. A
bunch of red roses ______ to her as a birthday
gift.
A) were presented B) was presented
C) presents D) presented
30. To get
there by train ______ about half an hour.
A)
take B) was taking C) taking D) takes
第八章 虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)
虚拟语气是一个比较困难的语法问
题。然而只要我们好好总结一下虚拟语气的构成和用法,那就可
以化难为易了。
8.1
虚拟语气在if条件分句中的用法
1) 若表示与现在事实相反的假设,则条件分句中用过去时,主句
中用过去将来式(would,could,
might +
动词原形)。若表示某事将来实现的可能性不大,则条件分句中用should +
动词原形,也可用
“were to + 动词原形”或用过去时动词。
I would
certainly go if I had time.(现在)
If the earth
suddenly stopped spinning, we would all fly off
it.(现在)
If I knew German,I would read the
paper to you.(现在)
If he were
here,we could ask him.(现在)
If it should
rain,we wouldn't go out.(将来)
He thinks that if
he were to get a job he probably wouldn’t be able
to see his friends very often.(将来)
注意:当if分句中的谓
语动词是be时,不管主语是单数还是复数,谓语用were。在非正式文体中,
主语为单数时,谓语可
用was。
2) 若表示与过去事实相反的假设,if分句用过去完成体,主句用过去将来完成体(s
hould,would,
could,might + have + 过去分词)。
If
I had set off a little earlier, I would have
caught the train.
She would might have come
if she hadn't been so busy.
If I hadn't taken
your advice,I would have made a bad mistake.
3)含有虚拟语气的if分句中,如有had,should,were 这三个词的话,在正式或书面语言中可
将if
省略,再将句子的主语和谓语动词实行全部倒装或部分倒装。 (参见inverted
sentence)
Had they time(=If they had
time),they would certainly come and help us.
Had it not been for their advice, we would
have wasted much time.(否定词not仍在原来的位置上,不
能前置。)
Should it be fine(=If it should be fine),we
would go for an outing.
Were I you(=If I were
you), I would go.
4)若主句与if分句所指的时间不一致,即if分句表示与过
去事实相反,主句表示与现在事实相反,
则主句与if分句应采用与具体时间相对应的虚拟形式。
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If it had
rained last night(过去),It would be very cold
today(现在).
If I had taken your advice(过去),I
would have no trouble with the work now(现在).
8.2 虚拟语气在其它状语分句中的用法
1)在as ifthough引导的状语分句中
,用过去时表示与现在事实不符,用过去完成体表示与过去事
实不符。
They talk
as if they were princes.(现在)
It looked as if
he had done it on purpose.(过去)
2)在in case,
lest, for fear that的从句中,为谓语动词用should do。
He
walked gently into the room lest he (should) awake
his wife.
Bring with you an umbrella in case
it should rain.
8.3 虚拟语气在含蓄条件中的使用
表示含蓄条件的词有:介词but for,
without;副词otherwise;连词but, or, or else等。
【例如】
The traffic was very heavy; otherwise he would
not have been late for the party.
(前一个分句是暗含条件,
其谓语动词过去时是事实,而otherwise的假设情况与过去事实相反,所
以后一个分句用虚拟语
气would have + V-ed形式。)
But for his help, we
would not have succeeded.
(but
for引导暗含条件,句子谓语动词必须用虚拟语气,动词形式为would have+
V-ed,表示句中
所假设的情况与过去事实相反。)
He wouldmight
have chosen another career but, at the time, he
didn’t have enough money to attend
graduate
school.
(but引导并列句表示含蓄条件,是真实的,谓语动词为过去时,表明前面分句中假
设的情况与过
去事实相反,故其动词必须用“情态动词+ have + V-ed”。)
He must have had an accident, oror else he
would have been there then.
(oror else引导并列句,两个
并列分句相互为含蓄条件,均为对过去情况的虚拟,其谓语动词均须
用“情态动词+ have+
V-ed”。)
8.4 虚拟语气在宾语分句中的用法
在动词suggest,order,recommend,
demand,propose,request,command,insist, decide,
decree, require,
vote, prefer, move(提议),
advise, urge等后的宾语分句中,用虚拟语气(即should +
动词原形)来表示
愿望、建议、命令、请求等,should通常省略。
I suggest
that we(should)set off at once.
He ordered
that all the books (should) be sent at once.
I
recommended that each competitor (should) be given
a prize.
The doctor insisted that the patient
(should)be examined immediately.
Congress has
decided that the present law be maintained.
8.5 虚拟语气在主语分句中的用法
在It is
necessaryimportantstrangenatural(这类形容词有advisable,
appropriate, desirable, essential,
imperative,
obligatory等), It is
requestedsuggesteddesiredproposed, it is a
pity等结构后的that主语分句中
要用虚拟语气,即should +
动词原形,should通常省略。
It is important that
effective measures (should) be taken at once to
deal with the emergency.
It is necessary that
he(should)be sent there at once.
It is
requested that Professor Li(should)give us a
speech.
It is desired that we(should)get
everything ready by tonight.
8.6
虚拟语气在表语分句、同位语分句中的用法
在 recommendation,
suggestion,advice, proposal,decree, demand,
instruction, requirement, resolution,
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decision,plan,order
等名词后的表语分句、同位语分句中要用虚拟语气,即should +
动词原形,should
通常省略。
Our suggestion is that
you(should)be the first to go.
My advice is
that we(should)send for Doctor Li.
Do you know
the order that you(should)keep watch?
The
board has given instructions that the agent
(should) fly to New York.
Their decision was
that the shop (should) remain open.
8.7
虚拟语气在定语分句中的用法
在it is (highabout)
time后面的定语分句中常用过去时表示虚拟语气。
It’s time we went to
bed.
Do you think it is about time we started
to work?
8.8 虚拟语气在某些公式化语句中
虚拟语气可以用于某些公式化语句中,表示祝愿、希望、诅咒、禁止等意义。
God
bless you﹗
God forgive you﹗
Heaven help
us﹗
Damn you﹗
Heaven be praised﹗
Long
live the People’s Republic of China﹗
Devil
take him﹗(混蛋)
Heaven forbid﹗(天理不容)
Suffice
it to say that…(只需说…就够了)
Far be it from me
(我极不愿)to spoil the fun.
He will remain here if
need be.
Home is home, be it ever so homely.
So be it.(但愿如此就这样吧。)
8.9 虚拟语气在其它分句中的使用
1)在动词wish would
rather后的宾语分句中,用过去时表示与现在事实不符,用过去完成体表示
与过去事实不符。
I wish I were as strong as you.
I wish I
had finished the task yesterday.
I would
rather you didn’t take those important documents
with you.
I would rather you hadn't told
him.
2)由if only引导的表示愿望的句子,要用虚拟语气,其谓语动词形式与w
ish的宾语分句中谓语动词的
形式相同。
If only we had a
lovely child.
If only I had been with you
when you went camping last week.
练习
1. He said that the driver must have had an
accident; otherwise he ______ by then. (2002年12月)
A) would arrive B) should arrive C) must
have arrived D) would have arrived
2. It is
high time that such practices ______. (2002年12月)
A) be ended B) were ended C) are ended
D) must be ended
3. While crossing the
mountain area, all the men carried guns lest they
by wild animals. (2002年12月)
A) had been
attacked B) must be attacked
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C) should be attacked D) would be
attacked
4. If I harder at school, I would be
sitting in a comfortable office now. (2002年12月)
A) had worked B) worked C) were to work
D) were working
5. Who would you rather ____
with you, George or me? (2002年6月)
A) to go
B) going C) went D) have gone
6. Things might have been much worse if the
mother _______ on her right to keep the baby.
(2002年1月)
A) has been insisting B) had
insisted C) would insist D) insisted
7.
Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that
a special committee _______ to investigate the
incident.
(2002年1月)
A) were set up B) was
set up C) be set up D) set up
8. He was
punished ________he should make the same mistake
again. (2001年6月)
A) unless B) lest C) if D)
provided
9. Jack wishes that he________
business instead of history when he was in
university. (2001年6月)
A) had studied B) study
C) studied D) had been studying
10. The
millions of calculations involved, had they been
done by hand, ________all practical value by the
time
they were finished. (2001年6月)
A) had
lost B) would lose
C) would have lost D)should
have lost
11. It is important that the hotel
receptionist _______ that guests are registered
correctly. (2000年12月)
A) make sure B) has
made sure C) made sure D) must make sure
12. The manager would rather his daughter
_______ in the same office. (2000年6月)
A) does
not work B) not to work C) had not worked
D) did not work
13. The suggestion that the
mayor _______ the prizes was accepted by everyone.
(2000年6月)
A) would present B) ought to
present C) present D) presents
14.
Some women ________ a good salary in a job instead
of staying home, but they decided not to work for
the
sake of the family. (2000年1月)
A) must
make B) should have made C) would make D)
could have made
15. It is essential that these
application forms ________ back as early as
possible. (2000年1月)
A) must be sent B) will
be sent C) are sent D) be sent
16.
Sometimes I wish I ________ in a different time
and a different place. (2000年1月)
A) be living
B) were living C) would live D) would have
lived
17. Mike's uncle insists ________ in
this hotel. (2000年1月)
A) staying not B) not
to stay C) that he would not stay D) that he
not stay
18. Wouldn't you rather your child
________ to bed early? (2000年1月)
A) go B)
went C) would go D) goes
19. She treats
us as if we ________ children.
A) were B)
are C) be D) would be
20. It is time we
________ something to protect our living
environment.
A) do B) had done C) did D)
would do
21. If only he ________ then that the
disease was curable!
A) had known B) knew
C) would have known D) know
22. She lowered
her voice lest her sister ________ her.
A)
would hear B) heard C) had heard D) hear
23.
But for the fog we ________ our destination long
ago.
A) reached B) had reached
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C) would have
reached D) should reach
24. ________ you were
ill, they would have come to see you.
A) Had
they known B) They had known
C) They knew
D) Knowing
25. The law requires that all motor
cars ________ regularly for safety and efficiency.
A) tested B) test C) to be test D) be
tested
26. We ________ without your help.
A) did not succeed B) wouldn’t have
succeeded
C) not succeeded D) would not
succeed
27. The students ________ so much
progress under the guidance of a less responsible
teacher.
A) had not made B) did not
make
C) could not have made D) should not
make
28. I was holding a consultation with my
students. ________ I would have come over to help
you.
A) With B) Otherwise C) While D)
Hence
29. We ________ in the museum for days,
but there just wasn’t enough time.
A) could
have stayed B) had stayed
C) stayed
D) should stay
30. A less brave man ________
to fight against a whole enemy unit.
A)
should not dare B) dared not C) did not dare D)
would not have dared
第九章 定语分句(Attributive
Clause)
定语分句又称关系分句(relative
clause),由关系代词(relative pronoun)或关系副词(relative adve
rb)
引导,修饰名词或代词,被修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词(antecedent)。定语分句分
为限制性定语分句
(restrictive relative
clause)和非限制性定语分句(non-restrictive relative clause)。
9.1 限制性定语分句
限制性分句是先行词不可缺少的定语,赋予先行词以确定的涵义。
The man who told me this refused to give me
his name.
The noise that he made woke
everybody up.
The man whom I saw told me to
come back today.
The friend with whom I was
traveling could speak perfect English.
9.2
非限制性定语分句
非限制性定语分句对先行词只起补充说明或解释作用,不施加限制作用。
My neighbor, who is very pessimistic, says
there will be no apples this year.
I’ve
invited Ann, who lives in the next flat.
I’m
seeing the manger tomorrow, when he will be back
from New York.
They had a fine walk too, which
had done his liver good.
9.3
限制性定语分句和非限制性定语分句的区别
1)有无逗号(这个逗号有时会使句子的意思大相径庭)
He has a pretty wife, who is a nurse.
他有一位当护士的美貌妻子。(言下之意,他可能还有干别的职业的妻子。)
He has
a pretty wife who is a nurse.
他有一个美貌的妻子,是个护士。(言下之意,他只有一个妻子。)
The old man
has two sons, who are workers.
这位老人有两个儿子,他们都是工人。(暗示只有两个儿子)
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The old man has two sons whothat are
workers.
这位老人有两个当工人的儿子。(暗示不止两个儿子)
2)
在非限制性定语分句中不能用关系词that,而且关系词不能省略。
She gave me
this jumper, which she had knitted herself.
That tower block, which cost $$ 4 million to
build, has been empty for five years.
This
machine, which I have looked after for twenty
years, is still working perfectly.
以上的关系词which都不能用that替换,且不能省略。
9.4
定语分句可用不定式代替的情况
1)先行词有the first, second等词、the
last, only等词、或最高级修饰时
The captain was the last
man who left the ship.
(=The captain was the
last man to leave the ship.)
The only one who
understood was the brightest student in the class.
(=The only one to understand was the brightest
student in the class.)
注意:
这里的动词不定式取代了主格代词
+ 动词的结构,但它不能用来取代宾格代词 + 动词的结构。例
如:在the first man
that we
saw中的分句就不能用不定式代替。但如果that是被动语态动词的主语,如
the first
man that was seen,可用一个被动语态的动词不定式来代替这一分句,即:the
first man to be seen
2)当有某种目的或许可的意义时
He
has a lot of books that he must read.
(=He has
a lot of books to read.)
She had something
that she could dohad to do.
(=She had
something to do.)
We finally found a
restaurant that we could eat in.
(=We finally
found a restaurant to eat in.)
9.5
定语分句可用分词代替的情况
1)当定语分句中的谓语是进行体态,或表示一个习惯性的动作。
The man who is standing under a tree is my
teacher.
(= The man standing under a tree is
my teacher.)
Passengers who travel on this bus
buy their tickets in books.
(= Passengers
traveling on this bus buy their tickets in books.)
2)分句中的谓语表示一种愿望,即:句中动词是wish, desire, want,
hope等(但不是like)。
Those who wish to go to the
zoo, please raise your hand.
(= Those wishing
to go to the zoo, please raise your hand.)
The
fans who hoped for a glimpse of the star were
crowding at the gate.
(= The fans hoping for a
glimpse of the star were crowding at the gate.)
3)
含有上述动词之一,或者表示知道、考虑的任何动词的非限制性定语分句,例如know, think,
believe, expect等。
Tom, who expected to be
paid the following week, worked harder these days.
(= Tom, expecting to be paid the following
week, worked harder these days.)
The young
man, who wanted to gain favor from the girl, tried
his best to flatter her.
(= The young man,
wanting to gain favor form the girl, tried his
best to flatter her.)
9.6 定语分句中的关系代词和关系副词的选择
1)关系代词who, whom, that, which的选择
关系代词who,
whom, that,
which用来引导定语分句,使之与主句连接起来。它代表先行词,同时在
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定语分句中充当某一成分(主语或宾语)。关系代词who(m)用来指人;which用来
指物;that既可指人也
可指物。选择关系代词时,应注意以下几点。
a)
介词后面应该用whom或which,不能用that。当先行词指人时,用介词+
whom;当先行词指
物时,用介词+ which。但介词位于分句的末尾时,则可以用that。
Do you know the man to whom I was talking?
Do you know the man (whom)(that) I was talking
to?
The chair in which I sat was a broken one.
The chair (that)(which) I sat in was a broken
one.
注意:有些动词短语是固定结构,一般不可将介词拆开。我们通常说:The child
John was looking after
was my little
sister.。而不说:The child after whom John was looking
was my little sister.。
b)
非限制性定语分句中,不用that来指人或指物,而用who(m)或which。
These
books, which you can get from any bookshop, will
give you all the information you need.
The
chairman, who spoke first, sat on my right.
The girl, whom I met yesterday in the street,
is one of my best friends.
c)
在下列情况下,关系代词通常用that不用which。
(1)当先行词是指物的不定代词或先行词被all, only, any, some修饰时。
All that I want is peace and quietness.
He
did anything that was good for us.
There is
not much that can be done.
Do you have any
books that interest me?
There is nothing that
we can do about it.
(2)当先行词有序数词(包括the
lastnext)、最高级形容词或the only, the very修饰时。
【例如】
This is the most interesting book (that) I’ve
ever read.
Which was the firstfastestthe
nextthe last car that got there?
He is the
only person that understands me well.
(3)先行词既包含人又包含物时。
We talked about the
things and persons that we were familiar with in
school.
The man and the horse that fell into
the river were drowned.
d) 当先行词不是单独的名词或代词,而是一个
句子或句子的一部分时,关系代词只能用which,
并且在which之前要加逗号使之成为非限制性
分句。
He tried to stand on his hands for five
minutes, which was rather a difficult thing to do.
He was defeated, which surprised me very much.
2)关系代词whose的用法
whose是who的所有格形式,只作限定词用,既指人又可指物。whose +
名词这一结构在定语分句
中可作主语、宾语(动词宾语或介词宾语)。
They live
in a house whose windows face the south.
It
was a meeting whose importance I did not realize
at that time.
My father, under whose guidance
I have achieved so much, is an experienced worker.
3) when, where, why关系副词的选择
when,
where和why相当于“介词 + which”,在定语分句中分别充当时间状语
、地点状语和原因状
语。另外,由why引导的定语分句的先行词只能是reason。
I
have forgot the year when (=in which) I was fired
last time.
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At
the corner there is a restaurant where (=in which)
we often have our lunch.
The reason why (=for
which) he was killed was still a mystery.
4)作为关系副词的that
在下列三种情况中,that是关系副词,但经常省略掉。
a) that可以用在表示时间的名词之后,替代关系副词when。
We are
very happy to think of the days (thatwhen) we were
together in the countryside.
The moment (that)
he saw me, he recognized me at once.
I shall
never forget the morning (thatwhen) George first
came.
b) 用在way的后面,相当于in which。
Do it the
way (thatin which) I told you.
I was quite
surprised at the way (thatin which) he answered
the question.
c) 用在anywhere或everywhere之后。
You may go anywhere (that) you like to.
Everywhere I go, I find the same thing.
5) as作为关系代词
as作为关系代词常用在such…as, as
manymuch…as, the same…as,
so…as的句型中。as相当于
whowhom,
which或that。as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。(参见第二篇中的as)
I
want the same wine as I had yesterday.
Don’t
trust such men as praise you to your face.
There were not so many tickets available as
were asked for.
As we all know, great changes
have taken place all over the country.
6)关系代词的省略
在限制性定语分句中,关系代词如果充当分句的宾语或介词的宾语,就可
省略(在口语中尤其如此)。
但在非限制性定语分句中则不能省略。
This is the
dress (whichthat) I bought yesterday.
The
driver, whowhom(不能省略)I had never seen before,
insisted that he knew me.
He insisted on
buying another pen, which(不能省略)he had no use for.
注意:如果关系代词充当定语分句中介词的宾语,且介词前置,即形成“介词+
whichwhom”结构,
这时的关系代词不能省略。
The man
(whomwhothat) (可省略)they are talking about is said
to be a great scientist.
The man about
whom(不能省略)they are talking is said to be a great
scientist.
练习
1. They always give the
vacant seats to ______ comes first. (2002年12月)
A) whom B) who C) whomever D) whoever
2. These people once had fame and fortune, now
____ is left to them is utter poverty. (2002年6月)
A) all what B) all which C) that all
D) all that
3. The residents, ____ had been
damaged by the fire, were given help by the Red
Cross. (2002年6月)
A) all their homes B) all of
their homes
C)whose all homes D)all of whose
homes
4. We hadn’t met for 20 years, but I
recognized her________ I saw her. (2001年6月)
A)
for the moment B) the moment when
C) at the
moment when D) the moment
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5. Government reports, examination
compositions, legal documents and most business
letters are the main
situations________ formal
language is used. (2001年6月)
A) in which B) on
which C) in thatD) at what
6. The hours_______
the children spend in their one-way relationship
with television people undoubtedly affect
their relationships with real-life people.
(2000年12月)
A) when B) on which C)
that D) in which
7. Living in the
western part of the country has its problems,
_______ obtaining fresh water is not the least.
(2000年6月)
A) with which B) of which
C) which D) for which
8. The professor
could hardly find sufficient grounds _______ his
arguments in favor of the new theory.
(2000
年6月)
A) on which to base B) which
to base on C) to base on D) to be based on
9. Beer is the most popular drink among male
drinkers, _______ overall consumption is
significantly higher
than that of women.
(2000年6月)
A) that B) what C) which
D) whose
10. A good many proposals were raised
by the delegates, _____ was to be expected.
(2003年12月)
A) that B) whatC) so D) as
11.
He is a cooperative person _______ people like to
make friends.
A) with which B) which
C) with whom D) that
12. The girl _______ I
spoke to was lovely.
A) which B) whom
C) as D) with whom
13. There is hardly an
environment on earth _______ some species of
animal or other has not adapted
successfully.
A) to which B) about which C) with
which D) with whom
14. An investigation was
made into the accident, _______ thirty people were
injured.
A) which B) in which C) in
that D) that
15. There is no rule _______
has exceptions.
A) as B) while C) but D)
what
16. The boy’s mother bought him a toy
train _______.
A) which to play B) for
which to play
C) with which to be played D)
with which to play
17. This is the only book
_______ interests me.
A) which B) that C)
but D) whose
18. I painted two pictures,
_______ I was satisfied with.
A) one of
which B) one that C) whose one D) one of the two
19. I agreed with you, _______ you have got
one or two facts wrong.
A) except that B)
for that C) at that D) in which
20. The sun
warms the earth, _______ makes it possible for
plants to grow.
A) that B) which C) whose
D) whom
第十章 名词性分句(Nominal Clause)
10.1 名词性分句的分类
1)主语分句,在句子中充当主语。
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Who should go
has not been decided.
Whether they have left
is still not known.
Whatever was said here
must be kept secret.
主语分句还可以出现在以it为形式主语的句子中。
【例如】
It’s not your fault that this has
happened.
It’s true that women do not have the
same opportunity as men in many fields.
It is
natural that he does not help her with her
housework.
注意:if不能引导主语分句。
2)宾语分句,在句子中充当宾语。
I wonder what he is doing at home.
They
are still arguing over when they should set off.
Kate made it clear that she disagreed.
Could you tell me where the post office is?
注意:that引导介词宾语分句只能跟在but, except,
in等少数介词之后,分别构成but that(若不), except
that(除了…)和in that(既然;因为)。
But that I saw
it, I wouldn’t have believed it.
The meal was
very delicious except that the fish was a bit too
salty.
Criticism and self-criticism is
necessary in that it helps us to correct our
mistakes.
3)表语分句,在句子中充当表语。
My idea is that
he has done a good job.
This is where our
basic interest lies.
His view is that we
should stick to our original plan.
That is why
we were there yesterday.
4)同位语分句,在句子中充当同位语。
The suggestion that he should be sent to help
them was accepted.
He has solved the problem
why the tractor was out of order.
I have no
idea when we will start.
Is this not another
proof that the so-called détente is just empty
talk?
10.2名词性分句中连接词的选择
引导名词性分句的连接词的选择
遵循这样的原则:如果分句中缺少主语、宾语、名词性表语或定语,
应选择连接代词,如which,
who, whom, what, whose, whoever, whatever,
whichever等;分句中缺少状语时,
应选择连接副词,如how, why, when wh
ere等,根据题句的意思再确定具体的连接副词;分句中不缺少
任何语法成分时,只能选择连词tha
t(本身无意), if或whether,此时需根据句子的意思来判断,但if
不能引导主语分句。
10.3 whatever, whichever,whoever的用法
1)whatever
作为连接代词,what的强调形式,引导一个名词性分句。
WhateverWhat has a beginning also has an end.
Do whateverWhat you like to do.
注意:whatever还可以作为从属连词引导一个状语分句,相当于 “no matter
what”。
She looks pretty whatever she wears.
Whatever happens, don’t give up.
Whatever
man told you that, it is not true.
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I’m going to
pursue this course, whatever sacrifice it may
demand.
2)whichever
whichever作为连接代词,which的
强调形式,引导一个名词性分句,意为“无论哪个,无论那些”。
Whichever (of
your) comes in first will receive a prize.
He
may choose whichever he wishes.
Read whichever
books you please.
注意:whichever还可以作为从属连词引导一个状语分句,意为“无论哪个,无论那些”。
Whichever he chooses, they won’t be pleased.
Whichever side wins, I shall be satisfied.
3)whoever
whoever作为连接代词,引导一个名词性分句,意为“谁,无论谁”。
Whoever
breaks this law deserves a fine.
I’ll take
whoever wants to go.
注意:whoever还作为从属连词引导一个状语分句,表示让步,相当于 “no matter
who”,意为“无
论谁,不管什么人”。
Whoever telephones,
tell them I’m out.
Whoever you are, you must
not break the law.
练习
1. There are
signs _______ restaurants are becoming more
popular with families. (2000年6月)
A) that
B) whose C) which D) in which
2. We
agreed to accept ________ they thought was the
best tourist guide. (2000年1月)
A) whatever
B) whomever C) whichever D) whoever
3.
Although Anne is happy with her success she
wonders ________ will happen to her private life.
(2000年1
月)
A) that B) what C) it
D) this
4. How is it ________ your roommate's
request and yours are identical? (2002年6月)
A)
if B) that C) so D) what
5. There can be little doubt ________ he will
help us out.
A) what B) which C) that D)
why
6. I had no idea ________ he would leave
for Shanghai.
A) when B) what C) which
D) that
7. The reason was ________ he got up
late and missed the first bus.
A) which
B) when C) that D) because
8. The report
________ he had resigned proved to be incorrect.
A) why B) that C) when D) which
9.
________ the drought in this area has become less
serious.
A) That appears B) Apparently it
C) There appears D) It appears that
10.
The report ________ he had submitted proved to be
incorrect.
A) when B) C) what D) where
11. He never threw away ________ he had.
A) that B) which C) why D) whatever
12. He
refused to tell me ________.
A) how much cost
every car B) how much every car cost
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C) how cost
every car D) how much did every car cost
13. Please tell me ________ I am indebted for
the flowers.
A) with whom B) whom C) to
whom D) who
14. Although ________ happened in
that developed country sounds like science
fiction, it could occur
elsewhere in the
world.
A) that B) whose C) what D) when
15. ________ computer is one of the greatest
inventions is widely accepted.
A) That B)
What C) Which D) Why
16. ________ he will go
there or not is still unknown.
A) If B)
When C) Whether D) Where
17. He asked
________ have and I offered him number.
A)
which room could he B) which room he could
C)
what could he D) what could he room
18.
No one at the party was aware ________ she had
gone.
A) the place B) of where C) of that
D) the place where
19. Free movie tickets will
be sent to ________ come first.
A) whoever B)
whomever C) whatever D) whose
20. We don’t
know ________.
A) whose it is watch B) whose
watch is it
C) it is whom watch D) whose
watch it is
第11章独立分句(Absolute Clause)
独立分句又称为独立结构(absolute construction),就是那些具有一个明显的
主语但不用从属连词引导
又不是介词补足语的非限制性状语分句或无动词状语分句。该结构常见于正式语
体,特别是文学体裁,
在口语中较为罕见。独立分句不是一个句子,它通常与主句之间用逗号分开,但也
有用破折号的。
11.1独立分句的类型
独立分句主要有以下几种形式。
1)
名词或代词 + 现在分词(参见分词)
【例如】
His oldest
daughter rushed up to him, blood spurting from a
wound in her neck.
It being fine, we went out
to camp.
如果这种独立分句中的分词用完成体,表示该分词动作先于主句的谓语动词。
The last bus having gone, he had to walk home.
2) 名词 + 过去分词(参见分词)
All our savings gone,
we started looking for jobs.
Lunch finished,
the guests retired to the lounge.
3)
名词+形容词(短语)
The girl stood in the snow selling
matches, her hands numb with cold.
The floor
(being) wet and slippery, we stayed outside.
4) 名词+介词短语
【例如】
He sat still in his
armchair, his head in his hand.
He went off,
gun in hand.
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5)
名词+副词
Christmas then only days away, the
family was pent up with excitement.
He put on
his socks wrong side out.
6) there being…
We left the meeting, there being no point in
staying.
There being nothing else to do, we
left.
11.2独立分句的位置
独立分句的位置比较灵活,它可以位于句首、句中或句末。
All things
considered, I think I ought to award the job to
Smith.
He stood in the doorway, his wet cloak
dripping water on the rug, and waited for some
sign of recognition.
Members of the family
occupied the spare bedrooms, the remaining guests
having been booked in at
neighboring hotels.
11.3独立分句在句子中表示的意义
1) 表示时间状语
Spring
coming on, the trees turned green.
2) 表示原因状语
Mary being away, he had to do the work alone.
3) 表示条件状语
Weather permitting, we will go
swimming in the river.
4) 表示方式或伴随状况
I
stood at his left, my finger on the button,
waiting for the order.
11.4独立分句的补充说明
1)独立分句可以转换成with +
复合结构,其作用与独立分句的作用差不多。表示否定意义的独立
分句可转换为without +
复合结构。
With the old man leading, the two
started toward the mountains.
I wouldn’t
dare to go home without the job finished.
2)一个句子当中有时含有两个或两个以上的独立分句。
She stood before
the handful in the graduating class of her
school--- head tilted slightly to one side,
cheekbones high and prominent beneath the
large brown eyes.
练习
1. The test
______, we began our holiday.
A) finished
B) having finished C) be finished D) finishing
2. The president ______, the whole country was
in deep sorrow.
A) being assassinated B)
assassinated
C) having assassinated D)
assassinating
3. This ______, we went home.
A) having done B) did C) done D) doing
4. A robber burst into the room, ______.
A) knife in hand B) knife in his hand
C)
a knife in hand D) knife in the hand
5. He
came into the room, his ears ______.
A) red
for cold B) be red with cold
C) be red for
D) red with cold
6. He came out of the
library, ______.
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A) with book under his arm B) a large book
under arm
C) a large book under his arm D)
with a large book under arm
7. He stood there,
______.
A) his hand raising B) his hand
raised
C) raised his hand D) with his hand
raising
8. The murderer was brought in, with
his hands ______ behind his back。
A. being
tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
9. He lay there, his teeth set, his hand
clenched, his eyes ______ straight up.
A)
looking B) looked C) being looked D) having
looked
10. Weather______, we'll go out for a
walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits
D for permitting
11. ______ nothing to do,
they felt very bored.
A) There being B)
There be C) There was D) There is
12 He stood
there, ______ his hand raised.
A) before B)
with C) at D) on
13. ______, he went out for
a walk.
A) Supper was over B) Over supper
C) Supper over D) Being supper over
14. He looked at her, ______.
A) his eyes
were full of suspicion B) suspicion filled his
eyes
C) suspicion filled with his eyes D)
his eyes full of suspicion
15. Three hundred
people were killed in the accident, ______.
A)
many of them children B) many of whose were
children
C) many of them were children D)
many of them be children
16. ______, we went
home straight away.
A) The job finishing B)
The job had finished
C) The job finished D)
The job having finished
17. The wallet ______,
we went to the police.
A) not yet finding
B) not yet found
C) had not yet found D) was
not yet found
18. With the tree ______, we get
more shade.
A) grew tall B) grow tall C)
is growing tall D) grown tall
19. The last
bus ______, we had to take a taxi.
A) had
gone B) having gone C) gone D) going
20. So
many people ______, the meeting had to be
postponed.
A) being absent B) be absent C)
having absent D) were absent
第12章 倒装句(Inverted Sentence)
使用倒装结构的情况比较复杂。
究竟何时使用倒装结构,归结起来不外两点:一是语法结构需要时
用;
二是表示强调时用。从大的方面来说,倒装结构可分为全部倒装和部分倒装。
12.1全部倒装(full inversion)
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以下几种情况,用全部倒装结构。
1) here, there, out,
off, down, away, ahead等表示方向性的副词置于句首,而且谓语动词为be, go,
come,
sit, rise, stand,
fly等不及物动词,用全部倒装结构,把谓语动词(通常用一般现在时或一般过去时)放在
主语前面。
使用这种结构的目的就是使句子所描述的情景更为生动,从而产生绘声绘色的语言效果和修
辞上的色彩。
There goes the bus.
Down fell the trees.
Out rushed the boy.
Down jump the man from
the second floor.
注意:
a. 当主语是人称代词时,句子不能倒装。
Here he comes. (而不说Here comes he)
Away
they went (而不说Away went they.)
Up she came.
(而不说Up came she.)
b. 上述的副词如果不是表示方向,而是跟动词一起构成短语
动词,就不能提到句首,因而也不使用
倒装结构。
The car broke down.
(不说Down broke the car.)
The child grew up
through struggle. (不说Up the child grew through
struggle.)
2)作表语的介词短语置于句首,句子须用倒装。
In the
midst of the country are many abandoned mining
towns.
On the table were some magazines.
3) 作状语的介词短语置于句首,而且谓语动词是不及物动词或及物动词的被动语态(主语是代词时不能倒装),句子须倒装。
At his side lay his lovely
daughter--Alice.
Under the trees lay an old
man.
On the line hang a red coat.
Inside
the parcel was a letter.
In the distance
could be seen the purple mountains.
To the
list may be added the following names.
4)结构平衡,避免头重脚轻,将表语置于句首
【例如】
Present at
the party were his close friends and relatives
from abroad.
Equally inexplicable is his
behavior to his classmates.
5)进行体中的现在分词置于句首
【例如】
Standing at the gate was our Chinese
teacher.
Attending the state banquet were
government leaders and some distinguished guests.
6)以引导词there开头的句子,须使用倒装结构
a.
表示“……有……”之概念的“There+ be+主语”结构
【例如】
There
are three books on the desk.
There was
something in the box.
b. 用于正式文体,特别是文学作品中的
“there+ 不及物动词+主语”
结构,当主语不明确而又是
一个很长的名词短语时,往往使用这种结构。
There
entered a strange little man.
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Once there lived an old fisherman in a
village by the sea.
在叙述性和描绘性的书面语中,这种结构若带有地点状语,
而且把这种状语放在句首时,可以用省
略there的倒装结构。
In the
cottage lives a family of six.
12.2部分倒装
主句使用倒装的具体要求是:主句主谓倒装,分句不可倒装;构成倒装结构的助动词、情态动词或be
动
词必须与句子的谓语动词一致。部分倒装结构通常出现在以下几种情况。
1)
表示否定或近似否定意义的副词置于句首
常见的这类副词有:never, little,
seldom, barely, less, nowhere, neither… nor,
hardly…when,
scarcely…when, no sooner… than,
not only…but also等。
Never have I got so angry.
Little did I know about him.
Hardly had he
arrived home when it began to rain.
Nowhere
can we find the lost lamb.
2)含有no的介词短语位于句首作状语
这类结构的短语有:by no means, under no circumstances,
in no way, in no case, on no account, at no time,
on no condition等。
Under no circumstances
will we surrender to the enemy.
At no time
will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.
3) Not + 状语或状语分句置于句首
Not before he
apologizes to me will I forgive him.
Not until
ten at night did they finish the work and go home.
4) Only+ 状语或状语分句置于句首
这类的结构有:only when,
only after, only then, only later, only once, only
in this way, only by this means,
only at that
moment等。
Only in this way can we solve the
problem successfully.
Only after he got to the
office did he realize that he had left his papers
at home.
Only when you have a good command of
grammar can you write accurately.
5)
So+adjadv…that结构中,so位于句首
So loudly did the
students read that people could hear them out in
the street.
So confused did he become that he
could not utter a word.
So ridiculous was the
argument that we all burst into laughter.
So
small were the words that he could hardly see
them.
注意:当句子的谓语是be动词时,用全部倒装;当句子的谓语是其它动词时,用部分倒装。
6) so, nor, neither置于句首,表示与前面的句子谓语内容重复
He
is a good student. So are they.
She hasn’t
been to Beijing. NeitherNor have we.
注意:
(1) so表示肯定,用so时,前面句子必须是肯定句;nor, neither表示否定,用
nor和neither
时,前面的句子必须是否定句。
(2)
助动词、情态动词或be动词通常与前面句子谓语动词在时态上保持一致。
(3) so置于句首时,
也可用正常语序,但意义不一样。判断方法:两个句子主语相同时,用
正常语序;主语不同时,则用倒装
语序。
He is very diligent. So is
she.(他很勤奋。她也一样。)
He is very diligent. So he
is.(他很勤奋。他确实如此。)
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7) 非真实条件句中省略if(参见虚拟语气)
Had I been at the
party, I would have met him.
Should it rain
tomorrow, we would give up our outing.
Were
they to do it like that, they would fail in the
end.
8) as引导的让步状语分句
Much as I like her, I
don’t want to marry her.
Tall as he is, he is
not strong enough to lift the heavy box.
Child
as he is, he is very worldly.
注意:这种情况下,主语和谓语的位
置不能变动,倒装的只是状语或表语。但是,用as引导的让步
状语分句中,如果谓语是“助动词+主要
动词原形”,则应把主要动词原形放在as之前,其语序为:主要
动词原形+as+主语+助动词。
Try as I might, Icould not lift the stone.
9) 平时一般不放在句首的状语,为了强调起见而放在句首(这种句子比较少见)
Well do I remember the day I saw a wild tiger.
10)某些让步状语分句往往把表语提到主语前面或放在句首,以构成倒装结构,但主语和谓
语的位
置不变。
No matter how interesting the book
is,he doesn't like to read it.
However hard a
solid may be,we can change its shape.
11)有些表示“感叹、祝愿”等语气的句子,也可使用倒装结构。
Long live
the People’s Republic of China!
Isn't it cold!
Was I surprised!
May both be happy!
练习
1. _______, he does get annoyed with
her sometimes. (2000年6月)
A) As he likes her
much B) Although much he likes her
C) Much as
he likes her D) Much although he likes her
2. Not until the game had begun_______ at the
sports ground. (2000年6月)
A) should he have
arrived B) had he arrived
C) did he arrive D)
would he have arrived
3. ________ she realized
it was too late to go home. (2000年1月)
A) No
sooner it grew dark than B) Hardly did it
grow dark that
C) Scarcely had it grown dark
than D) It was not until dark that
4. _____
I admire David as a poet, I do not like him as a
man. (2003年12月)
A) Much as B) Only if C) If
only D) As much
5. Home is home, _____ ever so
homely.
A) be it B) being it C) it be D)
it being
6. Just as the soil is a part of the
earth, _____ the atmosphere.
A) so are B)
so being C) is so D) so is
after you have
obtained sufficient data ______ come to a sound
conclusion.
A) can you B) you would C)
would you D) you can
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8. ______ that this region was so rich in
natural resources.
A) Little he knew B)
Little did he know
C) He knew little D)
Little he had known
9. ______ that they may do
most of the labor needed on construction sites.
A) Such construction robots are clever B)
So clever the construction robots are
C) So
clever are the construction robots D) Such
clever construction robots are
10. He is not
under arrest, ______ any restriction on him.
A) or have the police placed B) or the
police have placed
C) nor have the police
placed D) nor the police have placed
11. On
no account ______ to anyone.
A) we should
mention it B) we should not mention it
C)
should we mention it D) should we not mention
it
12. Not until I shouted at the top of my
voice ______.
A) that he heard me B) did he
hear me
C) he didn’t hear me D) he had
heard me
13. ______ do we go camping.
A)
Certainly B) Sometimes C) Seldom D) Once
14. ______, I must do another experiment.
A) Be it ever so late B) It is ever so late
C) It be ever so late D) So late it be ever
15. Here ______ you want to see.
A) the
director comes B) comes the director
C)
comes a director D) is coming a director
16. ______ a little more time to think, he
might have acted more sensibly.
A) If he took
B) If he has taken C) had he taken D) Should
he take
17. Beneath our feet ______ that our
life depends on for food and clothing.
A) the
earth lay B) the earth lies C) lie the earth
D) lies the earth
18. Important ______ his
discovery was, it was regarded as a matter of no
account in his time.
A) to B) for C) as
D) although
19. So fast ______ that it is
difficult for us to imagine its speed.
A)
light travel B) travels the light C) do
light travel D) does light travel
20.
______ no air, there would be no life in the
world.
A) Were there B) There is C)
There was D) Is there
only ______ the
data fed into it, but it can also analyze them.
A) the computer can memorize B) can the
computer memorize
C)do the computer memorize
D) can memorize the computer
22. South China
generally receives more sunshine than ______North
China.
A) in B) does C) it receives in
D) it does in
23. She didn’t want to buy it,
______.
A) however cheap was it B)
however cheap it was
C) for how cheap might it
be D) for how cheap it might be
24.
Typical of the new type of young people ______,
who set a shining example to the whole nation.
A) was Lei Feng B) Were Lei Feng C) Lei
Feng was D) Lei Feng were
25. The molecules
of gases move more freely than ______.
A) do
liquids and solids B) liquids and solids
do
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C) do those
of liquids and solids D) those do of liquids and
solids