巧妙区分what与that

巧妙区分what与that
that 与what从句是中学课本的一项重要语法内容，也是学生易出错的地方。
现将其用法归纳如下：
一、引导主语从句
that与what都可引导主语从句，that在从句中不作句子成分， 但不能省略。
what 在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，不能省略。如：
What he said at the meeting was very important．他在会上所说的非常重要。
（宾语）
What surprised us is that he did it alone．使我们吃惊的是他一个人做了那项工
作。（主语）
That he did it alone surprised us．他独自完成了那项工作使我们感到吃惊。（that
用来引导主语从句，在句中不作成分）
二、引导宾语从句
that与what都可引导宾语从句，that在从句中不作句子成分， 一般情况下
可以省略，但当有两个以上的宾语从句时，只能省掉第一个 that。 what 在从句
中可作主语、宾语、表语等，不能省略。如：
They stopped to see what was happening．他们停下来看发生了什么事情。（主
语）
The teacher got angry because of what the boy had done．那个男孩子做的事情
让老师很生气。（what在宾语从句中作宾语）
All the people believed that it was right to rescue the temple． 所有的人都认为
拯救古庙是正确的。（that在宾语从句中不作句子成分且可省略）
We must believe that each one of us is able to do something well and that when
we discover what this something is we must work hard at it until we succeed．我们必
须相信，我们每一个人都能把某件事情办好；而且，当我们发现这事情是什么的
时候，我们就必须努力干下去，直到成功为止。（第一个that可省略，第二个that
不能 省略）
三、引导表语从句
that与what都可引导表语从句，that在从句中不作句 子成分，且不能省略；
what 在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，不能省略。如：
Mary is no longer what she used to be． 玛丽不再是从前那样了。（what在表
语从句中作表语）
The question is what we should do to prevent him from going． 问题是我们怎样
做才能阻止他去。（what在表语从句中作动词do的宾语）
The reason why he didn’t come today is that his mother is ill．他今天没来的原因
是他母亲病了。（that只起连接作用）
四、引导同位语从句
that与what都可引导同位语从句修饰表示抽象概念的名词，对所 修饰的名词
的具体内容进行详细阐述。这类名词有：fact, idea, news, hope, belief, promise,
thought, suggestion, proposal等。that在从句中不作句子成分，但不能省略。what
在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，不能省略。如：
I have no idea what we should do next．我不知道我们下一步该做什么。（宾语）
He made a promise that he would study hard．他许诺要努力学习。(that只起连
接作用)

The boy expressed his hope that he would be a pilot when he grows up．那个男孩
儿表达了他长大后想当一名飞行员的愿望。（that只起连接作用）
五、引导定语从句
that可引导定语从句且在定语从句中作主语或宾语，that既可指人 也可指物。
that在从句中作宾语时可省略。如：
This is one of the buildings that were built last year． 这是去年建的楼房之一。
（that在定语从句中作主语，指物，不能省略。）
The doctor that you met in the street yesterday came here 20 years ago．你昨天在
街上遇到的那位医生二十年前就来到这里了。（that 在从句中作宾语，指人并可
省略。）
注意：what不能引导定语从句。如不能说：
1．He did all what he could to save the patient．
2．All what he needs is more time．
应将句中的what改为that，或去掉what， 还可以将以上两句中的all去掉，
但 两句的结构发生了根本的改变：句1中的what引导宾语从句，句2中的what
引导主语从句。
六、引导状语从句
so．．．that, such ..．that, so that结构引导状语从句。what不能引导状语从
句，但whatever, no matter what可引导让步状语从句。如：
He made such rapid progress in English that before long he could write articles
for an American newspaper．他的英语进步很快，不久就能为美国的一家报社写文
章了。
Put the little plants in the shade so that the sun won’t burn them．请把幼苗放在
阴凉处以免太阳晒枯它们。
Don’t believe him no matter what he says．无论他说什么，都不要相信他。

一、引导词what与that在引导名词性从句的用法区别引导主语、宾语或表语从
句时，what在从句中要充当句子成分；而that引导主语、宾语、表语和同位语
从句时，不作任 何成分，只起语法连接作用。试比较：
That George W. Bush won the presidency once again was what many people hadn't ex
pected.乔治？布什再次赢得总统大选，这是很多人没有预料到的。
It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it.事情往
往是这样，失去之物，方知珍惜。

二、引导词what与that在引导定语从句的用法区别首先，要记住在定语从句中，跟本不用what连接词。只有that和which.所以大家在做题中，如果是定语从句，
就不 要再考虑what了。That 在定语从句中，一般可以作从句的主语。宾语和表
语。例如：

1、（2005北京春季卷） Do you still remember the chicken farm ____ we visited th
ree months ago？
where B when C that D what

「分析」C 定语从句连词，that做从句visit的宾语。没有what连词。
2、He is not the naughty boy that he used to be.他不再是从前那个调皮的男孩了。

对引导词that与what的考查
【考点】 that引导名词性从句时，不作任何句子成分，只起连接词的作用，且本身不
具任何意义，表示一种肯定的概念。that引导宾语从句时可以省略；what引导名词性从句时，
w hat在句中作主语、宾语或表语，且不可省略。what相当于“名词+that引导的定语从句”。
【考例1】
See the flags on top of the building? That was______ we did this morning. (2006全
国Ⅰ)
A．when B. which C. where D. what
【答案与解析】 答案是D。what引导表语从句，且在从句中作did的宾语。what相当
于all that。
【考例2】
There is much chance______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
(2006 天津)
A. that B. which
C. until D. if
【答案与解析】 答案是A。that引导同位语从句，对chanc e的内容解释说明。that在
句中不作任何句子成分，只起连接词的作用。
【考例3】
____________ makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services. (200
6 辽宁)
A. What B. who
C. Whatever D. Whoever
【答案与解析】 A。what引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语。what相当于the thing t
hat。B、C、D在句中可以作主语，但在此意义不符。
【考例4】
One advantage of playing the guitar is______
it can give you a great deal of pleasure. (2006 上海)
A. how B. why C. that D. when
【答案与解析】 答案是C。that引导表语从句，that在句中不作任何句子成分，只起连
接词的作用。


巩固性练习：从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. （2005福建卷） ——Is that the small town you often refer to？
——Right， just the one _____ you know I used to work for years.
A that B which C where D what
2. ____ should be done must be done in time.
A What B All C Anything D All what
3. A computer is so useful a machine ______ we can use everywhere.
A that B which C as D what

4（2005天津卷）last month， part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods，from __
___effects the people are still suffering.
A that B whose C those D what
5. （2005湖北卷） Her sister has becomes a lawyer， _____ she wanted to be.
A who B that C what D which
6. （07安徽） You can only be sure of _____ you have at present； you cannot be s
ure of something ____ you might get in the future.
A that； what B what； C which； that D ；that
7. （07陕西） _____ parents say and do has a life- long effect on their children.
A That B Which C What D as
8. （07上海） ____ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general readers.
A That B What C Whether D Where
9. （2006全国卷II）——What did your parents think about your decision？
----- They always let me do ____ I think I should.
A. when B that D. what
10. （2005上海卷）The other day，my brother drove his car down the street at ___ I t
hought was a dangerous speed.
A. as B which C. what D. that

1. C 定语从句，one是先行词
2. A what引导主语从句，做从句中can的主语。这里what＝all that
3. C so……as……连用，属于定语从句的范围。
4. B 定语从句，whose从句effects的定语
5. D 非限定性定语从句，没有that 和what.
6. B 第一空是of的宾语从句，从句中have缺少宾语，因此用what做连 词。第二
空something后面是定语从句。
7. C 主语从句连词 父母的所作所为对孩子有终身影响
8. B主语从句连词，从句中refer to缺少宾语
9. D 是do的宾语从句
10. D 是介词at的宾语从句，at 做was 的主语。I think是插入语，可以忽略。