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2020-10-30 00:55
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2020年10月30日发(作者:解晓安)



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Analysis on Core Theory of Functionalist
Translation School

Abstract: In this paper, translation’s function and purpose are explored from the perspectives of
translation definition and process. Based on analysis of functionalist translation school’s core
theory, the author pointed out the importance of functionalist translation theory. On this basis,
the core theory of functionalist translation school- skopos theory is introduced, then the theory’s
main contents and principles are discussed and analyzed in detail. The author proposes the rationality
of using skopos theory as the guideline in translation and how to use it in translation field,
translation strategies and principles of assessing translation quality. And commercial advertisement
translation is used as an example of applying skopos theory in translation.


Key words: translation; functionalist translation theory; skopos theory; objective; function;
application;



1 Introduction

Translation is a kind of cross-language and cross-culture communication activity. Translation is not
only a process of language transformation, but also decoding and re-encoding in transmission of
cultural information, with intention of intercultural communication. Translation is a re-creation
process, it is affected by the translator’s understanding of social background and the creation purpose
of source text, the translator’s social background, purpose of translation, readers and other factors
[1]
.
The translator should not only pay attention to language, but also cultural phenomena. The purpose of
translation is making readers better understand cultural connotation, instead of conveying language
value of source text, From ancient to modern times, many translation scholars have put forward their
viewpoints and theories, among which, functionalist translation theory is one of very important
translation theories.

2 Summary of Functionalist Translation Theory
Functionalist translation theory was put forward by German scholars in the nineteen seventies,
“function equivalence” is the core of the theory. German functionalist school mainly include:
Katharina Reiss( Criticism on Functionalist Translation), Hans Vermeer( Translation Skopos Theory
and its Extension Theories), Justa Holz Manttari( Translation Behavior Theory), Christiane
Nord(Faithfulness Principle)
[2,3]
. Functional translation theory has broken dominant position of
traditional translation thoughts. After years of improvement and development, functional translation



becomes increasingly suitable for social and economic development.

Skopos theory is the most important part of functionalist translation theory. According to skopos
theory, in translation process, the first principle needing to be followed is objective principle,
namely objective determines method and process. Functionalist translation theory originates from the
behavior theory, holding that translation is a kind of behavior with certain purpose occurring in certain
situation, it is transformation of one language to another one. The success of translation depends on
realization of expected objective. According to the theory, equivalent translation is only one of various
forms, thus the most translation principle is the objective principle. Based on Vermeer’s understanding,
objective principle means “each translated text has certain purpose.”

Unlike traditional translation theories, translation skopos theory does not regard faithfulness as the
first principle. Based on functionalist translation theory, translation text is only one of information
sources, it is not in dominant position. The translator is the most important part which determines
translation strategy and method, as well as how to finish translation work. Because, even in a
first-class works, usually one third of it not suitable for another culture. With skopos theory, we can
evaluate translation works with more objective attitude and criteria.

[3]

3 Analysis of the Core Theory of Functionalist Translation School- Skopos Theory

Skopos theory is the core theory of functionalist translation theory, according to the theory, translation
is a purposeful cross-cultural communication activity, it is text production activity with interaction
between various factors, translation methods and strategies used in translation process depend on
translation purpose
[4]
. The theory has broken the limitation of equivalence theory, requiring
translation activity to be based on translation purpose, and regard translated text’s purpose as the first
principle. In this way, the source text is no longer in dominant position, and the translator is consider
as an expert, the translator’s subjectivity and creativity are recognized. Based on traditional translation
theories, the source text is in dominant position, the translator should ensure equivalent translation.
While the translator is regarded as an expert in skopos theory. First of all, the translator gets
translation assignment and assess whether the translation purpose is feasible, then accepts the task or
require modication. After that, the translator chooses translation strategies and methods based on the
translation purpose. In this sense, the source text is only one of information sources the translator uses.
The translator chooses certain information because he or she believes those information can meet
certain purpose in target culture. At the same time, the principle of faithfulness is emphasized in the
theory, and multiplicity of translation criteria is also advocated. Since in real life, the translation work
is often varied, a singe set of standards can’t apply to every translation work.

According to skopos theory, the translator must develop strategies based on translation purpose. Due
to language and cultural differences, translated text can’t be consistent with source text in every aspect.



What should be left and changed, as well as how much of them should be left and changed depend on
the translation purpose. Due to different intended purpose or function, translation strategy and method
vary. Skopos theory contains three rules: objective rule, coherence rule and faithfulness rule.
Objective rule means that translated text can function as expected in target language. Coherence rule
means that translated text must meet the standard of coherence, has readability and acceptability, and
certain meaning in target culture. Faithfulness rule means that there is intertextual coherence between
original text and translated text. Among the three rules, fidelity rule needs to be based on coherence
rule; at the same time, the two rules ultimately depend on the objective rule
[5,6]
. Compared with other
theories, skopos theory’s advantages are that it get rid of constraint of equivalent translation theory,
and emphasizes subjective initiative of the translator. Although the translator must do translation
activity according to the initiator’s willingness, but the activity is different from passive obedience. It
is a kind of behavior carried by the translator after fully understanding various subjective and
objective factors to achieve the initiator’s objective. Therefore, the essence of functional translation is
the objective principle.

From the perspective of skopos theory, the initiator of translation process determines translated text’s
purpose. The text is needed because of certain purpose. In an ideal situation, purpose of translation,
readers, language environment and required functions are specified. These translation requirements
enable the translator know what kind of translated text is needed, but the translator does not accept
everything passively. He or she can participate in formulation of translated text’s objective, especially
when the initiator is short of expertise or is not well aware of the translated text’s purpose, the
translator can consult with the initiator to know the purpose. In this way, in translation process, the
translator will consciously or unconsciously emphasize the purpose and readers, and enable the text to
have certain function. Skopos theory emphasize that translation is a kind of communication between
two different cultures, instead of only text conversion between two languages. The original text is
based on specific situation, and is subject to influence of source culture. The target text (translated text)
can not be completely the same as the original text in content and structure. Thus, if the translator only
converts one language into another one. This is the purpose of translation process.

In general theories of translation, the source text is regarded as a starting point, and the translated text
is regarded as end point. The translated text needs modification according to rules of target language
and specific communicative situations. In this kind of translation process, original text is the starting
point and basis, equivalence is often the goal. The biggest characteristic of functionalist translation
theory is change of order. Whether desired objective is achieved is the standard for determine
translation strategy and method.

With purpose of intended function, we must give priority to readers' cultural background,



psychological factors, economic development level and others. This is opposite to general translation
order. Primary translation standard is whether original text’ function or expected translation purpose is
realized. Different translation purpose means different translation strategy and method. That is to say,
translation purpose determines translation strategy and method. Regarding literal translation and free
translation in Chinese and western translation history, as well as wide discussion on formal
equivalence and dynamic equivalence in recent twenty or thirty years, skopos theory gives very good
explanation. Choice of literal translation or free translation should depend on translation purpose.
Skopos theory emphasizes whether intended translation purpose is realized, expands into behavior
theory and intercultural communication theory. Objective principle and expected purpose determines
the whole translation process, which means any translation activity depends on its expected purpose,
as Lice and Fumeier say “Purpose determine way” .

[6]
4. Application of Skopos Theory

Skopos theory highlights role and impact of participants, especially translation initiator in the whole
translation process, enhance translator’s initiative. Skopos theory advocates macro definition of
translation, it raises expected purpose of translation to a higher level from a new point of view. At the
same time, skopos theory studies translation from the perspective of cross cultural communication,
and expands the scope of translation study. Study of translation is no longer limited to interlingual
conversion process and text, it has expanded into impact of target culture on translation activity.
Therefore, skopos theory offers a new viewpoint for translation study, it is conductive to
comprehensive study of translation of various texts and has a positive guiding significance for
translation practice.

Skopos theory is widely used in many fields, translation of commercial advertisement is used as an
example here. Commercial advertisement is a kind of business activity with specific target.
Translation of commercial advertisement means change of target readers. In order to achieve
translated text’s intended function, emotional delivery barrier caused by difference of two cultures
needs to be fully considered on the basis of analyzing the original text, deletion translation, decrease
translation and modification translation are feasible and necessary. That is to say, the translator can
make appropriate adaptation or modification based on the source text, source text and the target text’s
content and form should not be constraints. Translated text’s function and effect should be equal to
that of original text so that they meet consumers’ value. As for the same advertisement, different
versions of translated text may be made for various readers.

The theorist Nord proposes that the initiator plays a decisive role in intercultural communication, he
or she even decides on its development direction . The translation process depends on the initiator’s
needs and translated text’s expected function or purpose, instead of source text, its effect on readers.
Otherwise, even if product quality and original advertisement are good, bad translation can make it
complete success.
[5]




5 Conclusions
Skopos theory regards translation as a kind of behavior with certain purpose, holding that translation
purpose determines translation strategy and method, various versions of translated text may be created
because of different translation objective, whether expected purpose is realized is considered a
standard for evaluating translation quality.


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