老师用汉译英三大基本问题

二笔汉译英基本翻译思维（教师用）
一、联句与断句
第一种、顺着译：平铺直叙的、语意完整，大胆断句，用点隔开。
* TTPS应该有比较语言学这门必修课程。比较语言学之所以是必修课，因为翻译实际上无
时无刻不需要比较双语之异同。——刘宓庆《翻译教学：实务与理论》，225
1. 认识落后，才能改变落后，学习先进，才有可能赶超先进。
Backwardness must be perceived before it can be changed. A peron must learn from the advanced
before he can catch up and surpass them.
2.（2005-5）生存的压力对他来说 显得格外沉重，他贩过水果，养过鸡，还下功夫学习过中
医。
The burden of life seemed to be especially heavy for him. He tried to make a living by selling fruits,
raising chickens and taking pains to learn traditional Chinese medicine.
3.紫鹃答应着，忙出来换了一个痰 盆儿，将手里的这个盆儿放在桌子上，开了套间门出来，
仍旧带上门，放下撒花软帘，出来叫醒雪雁。( 《红楼梦》
Zijuan was answering and hurried out to change a spittoon and put the spittoon in her hand on the
table and opened the door of inner room to go out，still closed it，let down the flowered portiere
and went to wake Xueyan．（?）
4、我进去看了，只记得门警是瑞士兵士，穿着黄色制服，别的没有印象了。

I went there to have a look. All I remember now is that the guards at the entrance
were Swiss soldiers in yellow uniforms.

汉语为加强语气，对于一件事 ，往往从一个方面说了之后，还要从另一个方
面说一说。英语则不然，前面有了All I remember now is ...，后面如果再说and I
don't remember anything else，就显多余。

“方面”、“方式”、“问题”、“情况”之类的 范畴词，在汉语句子里没有多少实
际意义，但很有用，可以使句子流畅。汉译英时，范畴词可以不译，英 译汉时，
可以酌情使用。

5.中国有13亿多人口，陆地自然资源人均占有量低于世界平均水平。

China

has a population of more than 1.3 billion, and its land natural resources per
capita are lower than the world’s average.

顺着译其它译例参看：卢敏《二笔真题》P195
第二种、中文句子内部蕴涵有因果、转折、 顺承、假设等逻辑关系的，主动添加逻辑连接词
连成一句、“避免一盘散沙”。
6. 有的人以为散文不可捉摸，拿起笔来先害怕。
Some people regard prose- writing as something difficult to master. Once they take up the pen,

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they are seized with a kind of fear.
7. 济南地段的黄河，夏天河面宽，水流急，----> 泥沙沉淀淤积，河床逐年加高，---->水位
高于地面十余米。
The Yellow River at Jinan is wide and turbulent in summer. With years of precipitation and
deposition of silt, its bed has become higher and higher so that its average water level is about 10
meters aboe the ground.
8. 一个高度近视的女博士去擦鞋店擦高统靴，秃头老板亲自蹲下来给她效劳。
When a woman doctor who suffers a severe myopic went to shoes- polishing shop for her
buskins，the bald boss squatted down to serve her personally.

添加连接词的：看卢敏《历年真题》P195

二、树状结构的建构




介词结
构
非谓语
动词
同位语

定语从句
跨行的固定
及变体形式
搭配
S
V
（O）



(英语句子结构示意图)
“大树参天，枝杈横生”
注：（跨行的搭配就是刘宓庆教授说的“句套子”【刘宓庆《翻译教学》，140】）
由于汉语的“意合”特点，有些汉语句子的内部成分常常一一罗列，呈现并排式结构，外

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形上没主从之分，层面之间没有明显的逻辑标记。有人形象地把这种句子称为“竹节”式结构。
英语句子的“主谓结构”为句子主干，其它成分则通过各种连带附加关系附着在这条主干
上，犹如树枝 与树干的关系。人们把英语句子的这种树状结构称作“多枝共干”型。
在下面的译例中，原文小句的并列关系，到英文里变成了主从关系或偏正关系：
（1）他们进行挑衅活动，制造紧张局势，必须马上停止。
They must stop all their provocations at once, which create tensions.
(2)中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面 积的十分之一，其
余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。
China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one
tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.
（合译）
合并法是把 若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因
此简单句较多；英语强调 形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意
利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语 从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；
2.2 利用-ing分词 （二笔最重要的应用之一）
-ing分词做状语，表示伴随情况、时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式等。如：
我不知道他的地址，只好在家里等着。 Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay
at home and wait.
①-ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while引
出。如：
他一边看书，一边不时地点头。While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.
他看到那些画，想起了他的童年。Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.
（2005-5）在他21岁的时候，这个年 轻人竟怀揣一幅地图，手持一个指南针，摇着轮椅踏
上了走遍全中国的艰难路途。
At the age of 21, this young man, with a map and a compass in hand, embarked on the hard journey
of traveling around China in his wheelchair.
②-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.
因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。 Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep
that night.

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③–ing分词短语作结果状语。如：
他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。His father died, leaving him a lot of money.
她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。She was so angry that she threw the toy on
the ground, breaking it into pieces.
④-ing分词作伴随状语，可以放 在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要
的动作。如：
他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
年轻人跟在老人的后面，开始慢慢地走起来。 Following the old man, the young people
started walking slowly.
（2005-5）他实现了徒手攀登泰山、华山、衡山等20多座名山，孤身翻越海拔5231米的唐古
拉山，手摇轮椅走过丝绸之路，穿越塔克拉玛干（Taklimakan）大沙漠，徒手攀登上海东方
明 珠电视塔，圆满完成从沙漠到香港的旅行。
He left a trail of human records including climbing more than 20 famous mountains like Mont Tai,
Mount Hua and Mount Heng with his hands, crossing the 5,231-meter-high Mount Tanggula alone,
traveling along the Silk Road in wheelchair, crossing the Taklimakan Desert, getting to the top of
the Oriental Pearl TV Tower in Shanghai with his hands, and completing the journey from the
desert to Hong Kong.
⑤ 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
6. 军队革命化、现代化、正规化建设继续加强，国防实力和军队防卫作战能力提高。 The
revolutionization, modernization and standardization of the armed forces were carried forward,
leading to a rise in our country’s military capability and our army’s defensive combat readiness.
原文两个主谓结构并列，仔细看有从属关系。第二个主谓结构译 文只用了分词短语，较好地
衬托出前者是重点。
2005-5现在，每年都有几百万人到长城 游览。在旺季，几处最著名的景点总是让成群结队的
游客挤得水泄不通。
Now, millions of people journey to the Great Wall each year, making its most popular sites
besieged by hordes of tourists during busy seasons.
2005-5中国人修筑城墙的历史久远，可以追溯到战国时期。

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The Chinese have a long history of building walls, dating from the Warring States period.
2005-5 清朝建立后，由于它的建立者本身也是游牧民族，他们觉得没有必要 继续修筑长城。
不过，清政府还是颁布法令对长城进行保护，禁止拆砖。
After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, since its founders were themselves nomads, they did
not see a need to continue with wall building. Nonetheless, the Qing government did institute a law
to preserve the wall, banning the removal of bricks from it.
2003-12 还在遥远的古代，我们的先人就已提出“民为贵”的思想，认为“天生万物，唯 人为
贵”
Even in the ancient days, our ancestors came up with the idea of people being most important,
believing that “man is the most valuable among all the things that heaven fosters.”

*名家谈翻译*
（第一部分的译例）紫鹃答应着，忙出来换了一个痰盆儿，将手里的这个盆儿 放在桌子上，
开了套间门出来，仍旧带上门，放下撒花软帘，出来叫醒雪雁。(《红楼梦》
译文I：Zijuan was answering and hurried out to change a spittoon and put the spittoon in her
hand on the table and opened the door of inner room to go out，still closed it，let down the
flowered portiere and went to wake Xueyan．
译文Ⅱ：Zijuan，assenting，hurried out to fetch a clean spittoon，placing the used one on the
table in the outer room．Having closed the door behind her，she let down the soft flower portiere
before going to wake Xueyan．(摘自杨自俭“小议汉语几类句子的英译”)
杨自俭教授认为译文I是“汉语式的句子 ”，“谓语动词用得过多，显得很累赘”。“汉语连
动句的英译，首先要从汉语各动词的时间或实例顺序 中看清它们之间的关系和性质，进而确
定SV主干，……，而后调动英语的各种连接手段，把汉语中集结 的动词转换成各类英语的
短语或从句，打破汉语句子的时间或事理顺序，适当地挂在各个主干上。”(摘 自杨自俭“小
议汉语几类句子的英译”. 杨自俭《翻译新论》p.p.217-26)
“汉 英对比，英语注重形式链接特点是很明显的。”（刘宓庆《翻译教学》，141）（学生
讲义没有的）
2.3、利用-ed分词
过去分词和- ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况
等。

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过去分词和–ing分词作定语的区别：
过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语：
boiled water开水 boiling water正沸腾的水
developed countries发展的国家 developing countries发展中国家
fallen leaves落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子
changed condition改变了的情况 changing condition变化着的情况

①表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可 加连词when或while来强调时间
概念。如：
从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.
入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业。Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the
cause of the Party.
②表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了，停止了争吵。
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
受到了讲演的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来从事斗争。
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
③表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。如：
再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。Given another chance, he will do better.
Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比，你应该更加努力学习英语。
水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。
If heated, water can be turned into steam.
④表让步，相当于一个thoughalthough引导的让步状语从句。如：
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。
⑤表方式或伴随情况。如：

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The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房
间。
Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我
的工作问题。
思考题：定从、介词结构、同位语在树状构建中如何发挥作用？
翻译句子
用定语从句
面对严峻的国际经济环境，我们积极应对，趋利避害，变挑战为机遇，开创了对外 开放的新
局面。 Despite the grim international economic environment, we have created a new situation in
our opening up by responding positively, striving to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, and
turning challenges into opportunities. 原文多个动词并列，译文中只出现一个谓语，其它用介
词短语解决，层次分明。
用介词结构
1. 我国加入世贸组织，对外开放进入新阶段。
With its accession to the WTO, China has entered a new stage in its opening up.
2. 结合国有商业银行集中处理不良资产的改革，成立四家金融资产管理公 司，确定对符合
条件的580户国有大中型企业实施债权转股权。 The four financial asset management
companies, which were set up as part of the reform to dispose of bad assets of the state-owned
commercial banks, selected 580 eligible large and medium- sized state-owned enterprises for their
debt- to-equity reform. 这句话原文由三个并列动词结构组成。细看三者并不在一个层次上，第一个只是完成第二个的方式方法，第二个也只是文章的过渡，它们都不是句子的重点，第
三个才是 目的，也就是说句子的重点在最后一个动词结构。译文把次要的部分用从句处理，
这就显出了层次，突出 了句子重点。
2005-5
历史上，中国共修过大约20座长城。在所有这些长城中，明长城最长，达到6700公里。
In history, about 20 walls were built, with the wall constructed during the Ming Dynasty being the
longest, extending 6,700 km.
2005-5 中国是一个人口众多、资源相对不足的发展中国家。China is developing country with
a large population and a relative shortage of resources.


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*名家谈翻译*
刘宓庆教授：汉译英时宜注意
第一，要求学生建立整合的观念。整合句子的能力是汉译英教学的技能目标之一；
第二，对学生整合句子的技能的要求应切实、事宜、循序渐进，尤其是对初学者不宜要求过
高。
整合手段：?初级阶段：学会掌握并列整合，避免“一盘散沙”的简单句就好。
? 中级阶段：学会利用形合手段，运用从句、分词、不定式等技法
? 高级阶段：学会综合运用各种技法，并能适当运用糅合法、融合法、重构
法，等等。（刘宓庆《翻译教学：实务与理论》，PP147-148）
结合以上翻译基本思想思考：
天津是我国北方重要经济中心，现代化港口大都市。近年来在中 央的重视和支持下，天津的
各项事业蓬勃发展，国内生产总值连续十一年实现两位数增长，经济实力显著 增强，人民生
活水平不断提高，天津步入了全国发展较快地区的行列。党的十六大以后，天津确定了“三
步走”的战略目标。当前，全市上下在围绕大力发展海河经济、海洋经济、优势产业、区县
经济 、中小企业和个体私营经济等五大战略举措，掀起气势恢宏的新一轮创业热潮。不久的
将来，天津必将以 更加开放、充满活力的形象展现在世人面前。

分析：本段讲述了十六大前天津的经济发展情 况和十六大后天津的经济发展目标。文章指出
了天津确定了
分三步走
的战略目标。虽然 所从引文字中，看不出分哪三步，但从上下文我们
可以认为，文中提到的五大战略举措是其中的第一步， 后面的两步，可能会在引文的后面阐
述。我们翻译时，既可严格按照原文顺序和字面意义予以处理，也可 以根据我们对原文的理
解适当地增加或减少一些信息，使文中句子与句子之间的关系更为明确。现根据上 面的分析，
先用局部小调整的方法试译如下：

Translation 1:
Tianjin is one of the important economic centers in North China and a modern metropolis of
harbors. In recent years, with importance attached to by and support from the central government
of China, Tianjin is thriving prosperously in an all-round way. Its GDP has kept increasing by two
digitals for 11 consecutive years. Apparently it has become economically powerful, the living
standards of the people have been continuously raised, and Tianjin is listed among the rapid
development regions and areas throughout the country. After the 16
th
National Congress of the
Communist Party of China, Tianjin has decided to develop its economy by Three Steps. At present,
the leading bodies and masses of Tianjin are taking five great strategic measures with focus laid on
development of Haihe Economy, Oceanic Economy, Advantageous Industries, District and County
Economy, and Medium and Small Enterprises, including Non-Governmental and Private
Economies. They have set off a new upsurge of great momentum to create a new development
situation. In the near future, Tianjin will present its own image to the world with its door further
opened and its vigor renewed.

这种翻译是比较传统的，没有改变原文的行文顺序。即使如此，对某些枝节还是作了

8

点适度调整。例如，将
中央的重视与支持
译成了with importance attached to by and support
from the central government；将
全市上下
译成了the leading bodies and masses of Tianjin；将
展
现在世人面前
译成了present its own image to the world等。为使译文更符合英语的行文习惯，
我们拟对之做进一步的调整，并试译如下：

Translation 2:
With great importance attached to and support given by the Central Government of China,
Tianjin, a metropolis with modern harbors, has become one of the important economic centers in
North China. In recent years, Tianjin has been thriving in all aspects. For example, the GDP has
kept increasing by two digitals for 11 consecutive years, contributing to the strength of economic
power and steady improvement of people’s living standards. Therefore, the city is listed among the
regions and areas of rapidest economic development. After convention of the 16
th
Party’s National
Congress, Tianjin has set the strategic goal of “Three Step Development”. As the first step, people
of the whole city are at present united as one and striving to fulfill five great strategic
developments, namely, developments of Haihe Economy, Oceanic Economy, Advantageous
Industries, District and County Economy, and Medium and Small Enterprises, includeing Private
and Individual Economies, setting off a new magnificent upsurge for creation of a new
development situation. In the near future, Tianjin will exhibit itself as a fully opened and more
vigorous municipality.

这次翻译将
中央的重视和支持
用介词短语译出并置于最前面，将
现代化港口大都市
作为插入
成分、
天津
的同位语译出。通过这些措施，译文第一句成了一个以名词独立结构开头、主语< br>和谓语之间插入了同位语的结构比较复杂的整句。此外，在Tianjin has been thriving in all
aspects之后加入了for example，使天津的GD P的增长、经济实力的增强和人民生活水平的
提高变成了
各项事业蓬勃发展
的例证；将 GDP的增长用句子译出，而将经济实力的增强和
人民生活水平的提高用分词译出，明确了彼此之间的因 果关系；在
五大战略举措
之前增加了
as the first step，使
五大战略
成了分
三步走
的第一步，等等。这些举措的出台，使译文层次
更为 清晰，链接更紧，更接近于英语写作。
补充：主语选择问题
主语是句子的灵魂， 定住的主语的是关键的一步棋。
例如：我的头痛得要命。
My head aches badly.
My head is killing me.
I have a terrible headache.

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I have a splitting headache.
I have a migraine.
这位母亲很为有个聪明漂亮的女儿而骄傲。
The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter.
The intelligence and beauty og the daughter make her mother very proud.
一个企业的前途怎样，在很大程度上要看它的经营管理人员，尤其是市场管理人员的素
质。
The future success of an enterprise depends heavily on its managing executive, especially
those with marketing responsibilities.
The quality of the management, esp of the marketing executives, largely determines the
future of an enterprise.
The quality of managing executives, esp those with marketing responsibilities, goes a long in
determining the future of an enterprise.
主语定偏了，整个句子将显得松散乏力。
1. 如果这个问题不解决，势必影响两国的利益。
Failure to settle this issue is bound to impair the relations between the two countries
seriously.
If the problem is not solved , it is sure to affect the interests between the two countries
在上面的两种译文中，显然第一种译文主语选得好，句子流畅。
2. 共同的利益把我们两个伟大的国家连接在一起。
What holds our two great nations together is the cement of common interests.
此句主语部分处理得颇为干练。
3. 厨房里少了一条鱼，主人发誓要一查到底，揪出偷鱼的贼。
Finding a fish in kitchen was lost, the host swore to find out the thief who stole the fish.
尽管汉语中似乎有“厨房”“主人”两个主语，译者果断地选定了the host作主语。打点清
晰，增强了句子的内聚力。

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4. 夏威夷的沙滩上，椰影婆娑，海风习习，一妙龄女郎正躺在白色的塑料椅上养神。
On the Hawaiian sandy beach, the coconut palms are whirling, the congenial sea breeze is
blowing, and a young lady is lying in the white plastics chair resting to restore energy.
因为是轻松读本，又是描述性的文字，使用三个主语the coconut palms、the congenial sea
breeze、a young lady仍是可取的。
汉语无主句的翻译
(一)动宾结构的无主句可译为被动语态。例如：
没有爱心，就无法了解人生。
Life cannot be understood without much charity．
(二)采用英语的存在句来译。例如：
要发展就要变，不变就不会发展。
Development means change；without change，there can be no development．

(三)采用英语的倒装句来译。例如：
远处传来悲壮的笳声。
In the distance sounded a solemn，stirring reed flute．
(四)采用英语的祈使句。例如：
量体裁衣，看菜吃饭。
Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes．
(五)采用英语的形式主语。例如：
要解决问题，还须作系统而周密的调查工作和研究工作。
In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation
and study．
(六)补出主语。主语多是泛指代词或名词。例如：
只准州官放火，不准百姓点灯。
One man may steal a horse，while another may not look over the hedge．
(七)如果以上方法都不妥，就要具体问题具体对待。例如：
聪明一世，糊涂一时。
Smart as a rule，but this time a fool．

正在热闹哄哄的时节，只见那后台里，又出来一位姑娘，（。）年纪约十八九岁 ，装束与前
一个毫无分别，（。）瓜子脸儿，白净面皮，（。）相貌不过中人之姿，（。）只觉得秀而不 媚，
清而不寒。（刘鹗《老残游记》第二回）
Amidst the feverish bustling, there appeared on the stage a girl about eighteen or
nineteen years old, dressed up just like the former. Her face was shaped like
melon-seed. Her beauty was above the average woman-charming but not coquettish,
and a clarity of complexion but not coldness.

汉语 中无主语句和无动词句较多，英语句子主语和动词则不可或缺。即使充当句
子主语或谓词并无实际意义， 也须加上这个词以满足语法形式的要求。



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