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如何学好英语(夏习文)

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2020-10-30 04:43
tags:怎样学好英语

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2020年10月30日发(作者:窦蒙)


如何学好英语

安龙二中教师 夏习文
同学们,你们也许认为英语很难学,因为你们在小学时英语老师只带领你们
读和死记单词。读“累”了记 “厌”了,过一段时间又“忘”了。所以你们认为英语“太
难”了。其实英语是一门语言学科,它包含了 “听、说、读、写”四个方面的内容。
只要掌握了这四个方面的内容,学英语就很简单了。那么如何做好 这四个方面
呢?下面让我给你们讲述一些容易掌握、事半功倍、轻松愉快学好英语的方法。
一 ,学习英语音标是学习英语或学好英语的第一步。因为英语中的“听、说、读、”
都离不开“音”。为什 么这样说呢?因为英语是一门语言学科。 语言是在人们劳
动的过程中产生的,语言的本质就是一种交流 工具,表情达意是其主要作用,语
音是其传递意义的外在形式。如果语音传递有误,则表达的意思也会产 生误差。
英语的语音也就是英语音标。因英语这种语言不同于汉语的发音规律,所以,我
们在 学习英语时更应把“准确掌握英语音标”做为学好英语的第一步。准确掌握英
语音标不仅仅可以做到发音 正确、表达清晰、更重要的一点是:英语音标可培养
我们良好的语感,使英语单词记背变得简单易行。通 过音标的学习,我们掌握了
发音规律和拼读规律,这样就可借助词典进行自主学习了,从而摆脱了依赖老 师
或各种学习机的被动状况。
那么如何利用音标记单词呢?
⒈牢记熟读国际音标中的48个音素。⒉把音素中的元音和辅音结合拼读。
⒊掌握音节的概念。4.掌握辅音字母在单词中的发音的规律
5.掌握元音字母和字母组合在开音节、闭音节、字母组合音节中的 发音的规律。
然后根据下面的步骤进行记单词:
⒈大声地从右到左(后到前)拼读出音标,并熟记音标。
⒉在草稿纸上默写出音标,并检查音标的正误。
⒊在音标的正下方对齐地写出单词。⒋把单词和音标进行以下对应:
(1) 找出辅音字母发音形式不变的对应。例如:
b e d t a ke m a de g o
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
b e d t e
I
k m e
I
d g ?u
(2)找出辅音字母发音形式发生变化的对应。例如:
She b l a ck thank china
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
∫ i: b l ? k θ ? ?k ˊ t∫ a
I
n ?
(3)找出两个相同的辅音字母在一起发音的对应。例如:
l i t t le a pple borrow co l l ege
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
ˊl
I
t l [′? p l] ˊb D r ?u ˊk Dl
I

(4)找出元音字母在开音节中发音的对应。例如:
me go bike take
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
m i: g ?u b a
I
k t e
I
k
(5)找出元音字母在闭音节中发音的对应。例如:
be d bag s i t b o x
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
bed b ? g s
I
t b D ks
(6)找出元音字母在字母组合音节中发音的对应。例如:
Seat hair here day
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
s i:t hε? h
I
? d e
I

(7)找出元音字母在特殊音节中发音的对应。例如:
have away family until
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
h ?v ?ˊw e
I
ˊf ?m?li ? nˊt
I
l


按以上方法不断地练习,直到熟练为止。当然,初学者由于受死 记硬背的影响,
刚开始时很不习惯,并且感觉速度很慢,但只要持之以恒,就会熟练生巧,直到
每小时能记80-100个单词的音标和词形。在此基础上再加强与同学之间的互听、
对话、交流练习、 多听点英语歌曲和英语新闻就会在不知不觉中提高了英语的听
说能力。
二,掌握单词的词性和 英语句子的基本结构是学好英语的关键。如果英语中的
“听、说、读”是学英语的话,那么英语中的“读 、写”就是应用英语。所谓的“读”
就是对文章中的内涵、句子结构、语法正确理解。所谓的“写”就是 对英语单词,
句子结构和语法的正确应用。如果连英语单词的基本词性和英语句子的基本结构
都 不了解的话,又怎能进行“读写”呢?那么如何学好单词的词性和英语句子的基
本结构呢?
(一),正确掌握英语单词的词性及词性的基本用法。
A名词:包含人名、地名、事物名词、 称呼名词职业名词、物主代词名词词性、
动名词(V-ing)、抽象名词。名词在句子中做主语、表语 、和宾语。
例如:Tom China book father teacher ours swimming dreams
1,Tom is my brother. 2,I like swimming.
主语 表语 宾语
B代词:包含人称代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、反身代词(宾语)。
代词在句 子中做主语和宾语。
例如:she this something that what myself
1, she is a student . 2, I enjoy myself
主语 宾语
3, I love him 4, I would like something to eat
宾语 宾语
C动词:系动词(包含Be动词、感官动词、变动词、保持动词)助动词、情态
动词、实 义动词(也叫行为动词,即能发生动作的词。包含及物动词和不及物动
词)。动词在句子中组成系表结构 、谓语。
例如:am is are do(es) did can must like swim live
1, She is a studrnt 2,I can swim
系表 谓语
D数词:包含基数词和序数词,同汉语中的数词的用法相似。常常修饰名词。例
如:one two first second
(1)Two books (2) the first floor


E量词:同数词一起使用,修饰名词。构成“数词+量词+of+名词”结构。例如:
(1)a cup of tea. (2)Two kilos of apples.
F冠词:英语中只有三个冠词。a、an、the。在句子中常常修饰名词。例
如:a desk an apple; the book.
G介词:常常放在不及物 动词之后和形容词之后再加宾语;放在Be动词之后再
加名词;放在名词之后做后置定语修饰名词。例如 :in at from for
(1), I am in ShangHai. (2), I live in Shanghai.
(3), The boy in a blue shirt is my brother.
H语气词:在句子中同汉语的语气词的用法一样。
I 形容词:常常放在 名词之前修饰名词;放在系动词之后修饰系动词;放在副词
之后被副词修饰。例如:(1),a new book (2), I am fine.
(3), I am very fine.
J副词:常常放在形容词之前修饰形容词;放在实义动词或宾语之后修饰 实义动
词。例如:(1),I can swim well. (2), I like English very much .
K特殊疑问词的两种结构及用法:
(A):“wh-”结构和“wh-+n(名词)”结构的用法:
1,what的用法。可根 据事物名称、数、人名、天气情况、外表特征、职业名词
提问。例如:
⑴This is a book. ----- What is this?
⑵Five is three and two. ----What is three and two?
⑶My name is Tom. ----What is your name?
⑷She is tall. --- -What does she look like?
⑸She is a teacher. --- What does she do?
⑹The weather is fine. ----What is the weather like?
2,what+n(class; grade; number; page; row; color; kind of+n; language; time…)
用法:是根据名词、名词和它的修饰词、概念相同的名词提问。例如:
⑴I am in Class One. ----What class are you in?
⑵I am Number One . ----What number are you?
⑶It is Page Five -.---What page is it?
⑷This skirt is red. - --- What color is this skirt?
⑸I like pandas.- ----What kind of animals do you like?
⑹I speak English . ---What language do you speak?
⑺I go to school at seven -----What time do you go to school?
3,when的用法:根据时间(不是具体的时间点、分。以on in引导的时间)提
问。而what time 是以at引导的时间提问(是具体的时间点、分。例如:
I was born in 1999.-----When were you born?
4,where的用法:根据地点提问。例如:
She is in Shanghai.----Where is she?
5,which的用法:根据事物名词、人所修饰的词或具体的名词、人提问。例如:
⑴The boy under the tree is my brother.---------
Which boy is your brother?
⑵The red one is mine.----- Which(one) is yours?
6,who的用法:根据具体的人(主语)提问.例如:
Tom is a teacher.-----Who is a teacher?
7,whom的用法:根据具体的人(宾语)提问。例如:
I love Tom. -----Whom do you love?


8,whose的用法:根据 名词词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词提问。根据名词词
性物主代词提问其后不跟名词;根据形容词性物 主代词提问,其后跟名词。例如:
⑴This book is mine.---- Whose is this book?
⑵This is my book. ----Whose book is this?
9,why的用法:根据because引导的原因状语从句提问。例如:
I can’t go to school because I am ill.----
Why can’t you go to school?
(B):“How”及“how+adj.(形容词)adv.(副词)”结构的用法。
1,How的用法:根据心情、感觉、天气、交通方式、做事的方式提问。例如:
⑴She is fine.------How is she?
⑵She likes apples very much.--------How does she like apples?
⑶The weather is fine.-----How is the weather?
⑷She often goes to school by bus.------How does she often go to school?
⑸You can do it like this.----How can I do it?
2,How old的用法:根据年龄大小提问。例如:
She is eleven.--------How old is she?
3,How often的用法:根据频度副词和表示频度的副词词组提问。例如:
⑴She sometimes goes to school on foot.------
How often does she go to school on foot?
⑵She goes to school fives days a week.-------
How often does she go to school?
4,How soon的用法:根据in引导的将来的时间提问。例如:
She will come back in an hour.--------
How soon will she come back?
5,How longwidehigh的用法:分别根据物体的长度、宽度、高度提问。如:
This desk is 100 centimeters longwidehigh.------
How longwidehigh is this desk?
6,How far的用法:根据距离多少提问。例如:
It is five kilometers from my home to school.------
How far is it from my home to school?
7,How long的另一用法:根据时间长短提问。例如:
I have lived in Anlong for 20 years.-------
How long have you lived in Anlong?
8,How manymuch的用法:How many根据复数名词前的修饰词提问,其
后紧跟复数名词。How much根据不可数名词前的修饰词提问,其后紧跟不可
数名词。例如:
⑴There are three cups of water on the desk.-----
How many cups of water are there on the desk?
⑵There are three cups of water on the desk.------
How much water are there on the desk?
(二):正确掌握英语的句子结构。
Ⅰ:一般情况下,英语的句子常常有以下结构形式出现:
(修饰词)+主语(修饰词)+(修 饰词)+谓语(修饰词)+(修饰词)+宾语(修
饰词)+时间+地点+其它成分。注:()中的修饰成 分可以不存在。


1,主语前面的修饰成分常常为名词、形容词、指示代词、冠词。主语 后面的修
饰成分常常为形容词、动名词、介词及定语从句。例如:
(1)(The apple ) Tree is tall. (2)(The young ) Man is my brother.
(3)(This )Man is my brother.
(4)Something (wrong) is with my watch.
(5)The boy(swimming) is my brother.
(6)The boy (under the tree) is my brother.
(7)The boy (which is swimming) is my brother.
2,谓语的修饰成分常常为表示频度的副词、推测的副词和程度的副词。表 示
频度的副词常常放在实义动词的前面(但是表示频度的副词词组要放在谓语
或宾语之后);表 示推测的副词常常放在主语的前面;表示程度的副词常常放
在谓语或宾语的后面(有时也放在Be动词之 后修饰形容词)。例如:
(1) She often goes to school early.
(2)She goes to school five days a week,
(3)Perhaps she can swim well.(4)She likes English very much.
(5)She is very fine.
3,宾语前面修饰的成分为名词、形容词。宾语后面修饰的词为形容词、介词短语、
从句。例如:
(1)She likes apple juice.(2)She likes new books.
(3)She would like something wonderful.
(4)She has a pen pal in China.
(5)She has a pen pal who looks like DengYaPin.
4,时间前面的修饰词常常有数词(表示时间的多 少)和副词(表示频度的副词词
组)。时间后面的修饰词常常有从句。
例如:(1)She often sleeps for eight hours.
(2)She gets up at six every day.
(3)She was born in 1949 when The PRC was founded.
5,地点前面修饰的词常常为名词、形容词;后面修饰的词为从句。例如:
(1)She is in Anlong middle school.(2)She lives in a big town.
(3)She lives in a town where she was born.
Ⅱ:掌握了英语句子的结构最重要的是要掌握英语句 子的主干(主语、谓语、宾
语)成分的构成方法和规律。
A:英语的主语由下列词构成:
1. 名词:人名、地名、事物名词、称呼名词、职业名词、物主代词名词词性、
动名词(V- ing)及动名词短语、抽象名词。例如:
(1)Tom is my good friend . (2)Anlong is my hometown.
(3)Apple is my favorite fruit . (4)Mother likes apples,
(5)English teacher is kind to us.(6)Mine is in my bag.
(7)Swimming (in the pool) is my favorite activity.
(8)Good ideas can make your work easy.
2. 代词:人称代词的主格、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词。例如:
(1) She is my sister.
(2) This is my sister.
(3) Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
(4) What is in your bag?
3. 动词不定式。常用“It’s +形容词+for somebody+to do”结构。例如:
To do sports is important for us.


=It’s important for us to do sports.
4,特殊疑问词+动词不定式。例如:
How to teach students well is important.
B:英语的宾语由下列词构成:
1,名词:人名、地名、事物名词、称呼名词、职业名词、物 主代词名词词性、动
名词(V-ing)及动名词短语、抽象名词。例如:
⑴I like Tom. ⑵I like Beijing.
⑶I like apples. ⑷I like my father.
⑸I like my teacher. ⑹I like yours(your+名词)。
⑺I like swimming (in the pool).
⑻I have good ideas to learn English well.
2,代词:人称代词的宾格、指示代词、不定代词、疑问词引导的从句。例如
⑴I like him. ⑵ I like these.
⑶I would like something to eat.
⑷I don’t know who she is.
3, 动词不定式(放在及物动词之后)。例如:
I want to play basketball.
4, 特殊疑问词+动词不定式.例如:
I don’t know How to teach students well
C:英语的谓语(系表)的构成法:
英语的 谓语构成是英语句子结构的难点和重点。谓语的构成主要是分清英语的各
类动词及其用法。英语的动词包 含:
系动词(包含Be动词、感官动词、变动词、保持动词);情态动词;助动词;Have(has )
动词;实义动词。这些动词可以构成以下谓语(系表)结构:
1,be+形容词(名词、数 词、介词、不定式、特殊疑问词+动词不定式)构成系表
结构。例如:⑴I am ok. ⑵I am a teacher.
⑶I am eleven. ⑷I am in Anlong.
⑸My job is to teach student.
⑹My job is how to teach student.
2,be+实义动词【只能是动词的- ing(表进行)和-ed(规则动词的过去分词表被动)】
构成谓语。例如:
⑴I am swimming. ⑵The PRC was founded in 1949.
⑶I was born(不规则动词的过去分词) in 1999.
3,情态动词+实义动词原形构成谓语。例如:
⑴I can swim. ⑵She can swim.
4,助动词【do(es)did】+not+实义动词原行构成谓语。例如:
⑴I don’t like English at all. ⑵She doesn’t like English.
⑶ She didn’t go to school yesterday.
5,Have(has)Had+实义动词的过去分词构成谓语。例如:
⑴ I have finished my homework.
⑵ She has finished my homework.
⑶ SheI had fnished my homework.
6,实义动词(原形、第三人称单数、过去式)单独构成谓语。例如:
⑴I go to school every day.
⑵She goes to school every day.


⑶SheI went to school yesterday.
D:下面我们来分别学习英语中的Be动词;情态动词;助动词;Have(h as)动词;
实义动词的用法:
1,Be动词的用法(amisarewaswerebeen).
⑴be+名词:例如: She is a teacher.
⑵be+数词:例如: She is fourteen.
⑶be+形容词:例如: She is fine.
⑷be+形容词+介词+名词动词的ing.
be+形容词+to+动词原形.例如 :
She is interested in mathswimming.
I am sorry to hear that.
⑸be+形容词+that从句。例如:
She is afraid that she can’t go to school.
⑹be+地点副词
表方位的介词
+地点名词。例如:She is herein school.
⑺be+动词的ing(表进行或将来)。例如:She is swimming.
⑻be+动词的过去分词(表被动)例如:
She was born in 1999.
⑼be+动词不定式(构成表语)。例如:My job is to swim.
⑽be+特殊疑问词+动词不定式(构成表语)。例如:
My job is how to teach student well.
注:be动词 在句子中可以起陈述、疑问(提前)、否定(在其后+not)的作用。例
如:①She is a teacher. ②Is she a teacher?.
③She isn’t a teacher.
在变疑问时:am-改--are; I—改-you. 例如;
I am a teacher-----Are you a student? < br>系动词中的其它动词可以构成系表结构表陈述。但是在变疑问时要+助动词
do(es)did, 其后+动词原形;变否定时要+don’tdoesn’tdidn’t. 其后+动词原形;
(以上情况含有情态动词时除外,当含有情态动词时跟含有情态动词时的用
法一样)例如:
① It sounds beautiful.------- Does it sound beautiful?
------It doesn’t sound beautiful.
②It gets warmer and warmer.---Does it get warmer and warmer?
---- It doesn’t get warmer and warmer.
③We can keep healthy.----Can you keep healthy?
-----We can’t keep healthy.
2, 情态动词的用法:英语中的情态动词包含了:
⑴can(could);may(might);must;need;
⑵will(wo uld);shall(should)这四个词本来是属于助动词范围,但它们的用法跟情
态动词的用 法一样,所以把它们放在情态动词中讲解。
⑶have(has) to
它们的用法如下:


① 它们的后面+动词原形;例如:I can swim.
② 在句子中可以起陈述、疑问、否定的作用(但havehas to除外,包含havehas to 的疑问
和否定句要强加dodoesdid或don’tdoesn’tdidn’t).例如:
a:I can swim. ----Can you swim?
----I can’t swim.
b:I have to swim. ----Do you have to swim?
----I don’t have to swim.
c:She has to swim. ----Does she have to swim?
----She doesn’t have to swim.
⑷ will(可以用于任何人称) shall(限于第一人称)+动词原形表现在将来;
wouldshould+动词原形表过去将来。 跟be going to+动词原形的用法相似。
例如:a:I will(shall) go to Beijing.=I am going to go to Beijing.
b:I would(should)go to Beijing.=I was going to go to Beijing.
⑸ 含情态动词(will、shall除外)的一般疑问句都有表示征询对方的意 见意味。
例如:a:May I come in ? b:Would you like to help me ?
⑹ Must的否定应用needn’t助动词do(es)n’t+have to,而不能用mustn’t.因为
mustn’t是“不允许”的意思。例如:
You must go to school today.----You needn’t go to school today.
-----You don’t have to go to school today.
3,助 动词的用法:助动词包含do;does;did共三个。助动词是在没有be动词和情
态动词的情况下 变一般疑问句和否定句时强加上的。它们的用法是:
⑴起疑问作用:构成“Do(es)Did+主语+实义动词原形?”形式。例如:
a:Does she go to school ? b: Did she go to school yesterday?
⑵起否定作用:构成“主语+do(es)n’t+实义动词原形?”形式。例如:
She doesn’tdidn’t go to school .
注:does只限用于主语是第三人称单数。
4,实义动词的用法:
实义动词在句 子中有一定的意义并能发生动作。常分为及物和不及物动词。
及物动词+宾语;而不及物动词+介词(副 词)+宾语。它常有以下结构形式:(以go
为例):原形 第三人称单数 V-ing 过去式 过去分词 不定式
go goes going went gone to go
(1),原形的用法:
①适用于除第三人称单数以外的任何人称的一般现在时态中。例如:
I WeThey go to school every day.
②适用于:情态动词+动词原形助动词dodoesdid+not+动词原形。例如:
She can speak English. She doesn’t speak English.
(2),三单的用法:只适用于主语是第三人称单数的一般现在时态中。例如:
She goes to school every day.
(3)V-ing 的用法:
①做主语,例如:Swimming is my favorite sport.
②做宾语,例如:I like swimming.


③做表语,例如:My favorite sport is swimming.
④做谓语,其结构为:be+v-ing.表将来或进行。
例如:I am swimming.
⑤做定语,常放在名词(主语或表语)之后。
例如:The boy swimming is my brother.
怎样区别v- ing做表语和做谓语?如果主语是ving 动作的发出者就做谓语;
如果主语不能发出v- ing的动作就做表语。
⑥做宾语的补足语,常放在宾语的后面。
例如:I see a boy swimming.
(4),过去式的用法:适用于一切人称的一般过去式的用法( be动词除外,不属于
实义动词的范围),其后常跟表示过去的时间。例如:
SheIWeThey went to school yesterday.
(5),过去分词的用法:
①be+过去分词表被动。例如:I was born.
②havehashad+过去分词表完成。
例如:She has gone to Beijing. I havehad gone to Beijing.
(6)不定式的用法:
①做主语:常常用It’s+形容词+to do的结构。It在这做形式主语,to do做真
正的主语。为了避免头重脚轻放在句子的后面。例如:
It’s necessary to go to school..
②做表语:常常放在be动词之后和个别系动词之后。例如:
My job is to teach English.
It seems to be fine.
③做状语:常常放在不及物动词的后面。例如:
I go to play basketball.
④做宾语:常常放在及物动词的后面。例如:
I want to play basketball.
⑤做宾语的补足语:常放在宾语的后面,此时宾语是动词不定式动作的发出者。
例如:My mother asks me to go to school.
⑥ 做定语:常放在被修饰的词的后面,此时被修饰的词是动词不定式动作的承
受者。例如:I would like something to eat.
⑦“特殊疑问词+不定式”在句子中可分别做主语、表语、宾语。例如:
a, How to do this work is important.(做主语)
b,My job is how to do this work.(做表语)
c,I don’t know how to do this work.(做宾语)
⑧做目的状语:此时宾语既不是动词不定式动作的发出者也不是承受者。例如:
I go to Shanghai to visit my friend.
注:分别学 习实义动词各种形式的用法的同时要注意同系动词(be动词)、情态
动词、助动词的用法进行结合和比 较,找出一定的规律。
掌握了词性的用法和句子的基本结构以后,阅读文章、教师讲解时一定要理解句
子中的每一个单词的词性、意思、所处位置、在句子中的作用(极个别单词的意


思不知道时可以跳过,课后查找。)。并在此基础上模仿写出3-5个同类型的句子。
以这种方式经过长 时间的练习、不断地积累、归纳、总结。自然不知不觉地就提
高了英语的阅读理解能力和写作能力。也就 是提高了应用英语的能力。
以上学习方法是针对初学英语者,它只是本人24年教学中的感受。有不尽 人意
的地方请老师们和同学们予以指正。最后希望同学们能持之以恒而熟能生巧;能
轻轻松松而 学中有乐;能在进步中走向成功。


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