指导学生如何写好英语句子

如何写好英语句子
书面表达是高考的重点。同学们平常进行了许 多书面表达训练，但总是不见大的进步。
往往是学生厌恶写作，老师害怕批阅。究其原因，在很大程度上 还是因为我们的书面表达
训练往往是一写即是整篇，而对于实质性的造句、谋篇技巧几乎没有涉及。其实 ，书面表
达训练首先要从基础抓起，这个基础就是句子。写好一句是写好一篇的前提。怎样才能写
好句子呢？这里谈五点：
一、合理使用连接与合并手段，使句子结构紧凑。 一个句子是否紧凑，要看这个句子的各个成分是否是优化组合了。如果我们只是把所
需用的语言材料 进行简单的叠加，在表现形式上只停留在“主一谓一宾”或“主一系一表”
结构的句子层面上，那么，这 样的句子就会显得比较松散，表现力不强。
1
He finished the work on time. The manager praised him．
○
很明显，这两句话所述说的事情之间存在着因果关系，应该优化为：
The manager praised him because he finished the work on time．
或：The manager praised him for his finishing the work on time．
2
They got up at 5 this morning because they wanted to catch the 6:30 train to
○
Xiamen.
知果用一个圆周句（主要部分居后，修饰部分居前）就能使句子更加紧凑了。
To catch the 6:30 train to Xiamen, they got up at 5 this morning．
3
I remember that I posted the letter, but I forget the exact time．
○
这里尽管用了一个宾语从句，但表现力不如用一个动名词结构强。
I remember posting the letter, but I forget the exact time．
Our school is now more often offering students more and more free time. This is
self-study time for the students.
They can do whatever they think necessary for their study in this time．
这是一件很有联系的事情，但写作者却没有抓住它们之间的联系 ，虽然读者知道写作
者的意思，但从表达手法上它却给人一种啰嗦的感觉。可以把它们合并成一个复合句 。
4
Our school is now more often offering the students more and more self-study time,
○
during which they can do whatever they think necessary for their study.
在叙述平行信息时，我们很容易犯甲、乙、丙、丁简单罗列的毛病。
5
He walked down the street. He found the house he wanted. He went up the steps.
○
He hesitated a moment. Then he rang the bell.
这五个句子分别是对一个人连续五个动作的 描写，不应用这种列表式的方法来描写。
可以写为：Walking down the street, he found the house he wanted. He quickly went up
the steps, but hesitated for a moment before he rang the bell.
6
I write this letter to introduce my friend to you. His name is Li Hongda. He is a man
○
of 24. He is my neighbor and he is a Party member. He is l.77 meters tall and healthy.
He studied advertising design in a university and he studied quite well and

graduated from it this July.
这六个句子没有什么结构上的毛病，但全都是主谓宾（主系表）顺序的简单句。整体
读来很松散。假如我们调整一下对这些信息的陈述方式，读起来的感觉就不一样了。
I'm writing to introduce my neighbor, who is also my friend, to you. His name is
Li Hongda, a Party member. As a young man of 24, Li is as tall as l.77 meters. He
once studied advertising design in a university and in July this year he graduated there
with good achievements.
二、用不同的句型来使句子结构丰富多变。
一篇文章，一段文字是否有较强的可读性，引人人 胜．很大程度上取决于组成这些段、
篇的句子的丰富性、多样性。如果一篇文章中句子在长度、结构和类 型等方面没有（或缺
少）变化，就会使整个文章缺乏感染力，读来单调乏味，自然不是好文章了。要使句 子丰
富多变，可以从以下几个方面人手。
1．长、短句相间，避免连续使用不连贯的短句。
1
When he was 16 years old, he had to stop schooling, because he had a health
○
problem.
在整个句子里，有两个从句修饰一 个主句。主句也好，从句也好，都是单调的平叙
句，不如写成：
At the age of 16, he had to stop schooling because of his health problem.
2
I returned to my old school last week. I found it had changed a lot. I saw that two
○
new buildings are standing on the left and right side and I also saw a large playground
at the back of the teaching building.
这一系列的“看到”都是平铺直叙，可以调整为：
Last week, when I returned to my old school, I found great changes there. On the
left and right side stands a new building each and at the back of the teaching building I
saw a large playground.
2．交替使用直接引证和间接引语。
3
I asked the boy where he lived and his father's or mother's name. He said he
○
didn't know. He only said his house was big and his mother had taken him there.
达样叙述虽然也能说明一件事，但适当地用上一些直接引语，所述情景就会鲜活起来：
I asked the boy where he lived and his father's or mother's name.“ I don't know,
“My house is big, my mother took me here.”
3．灵活安排主谓宾顺序。
4
I will always remember your favor.
○
I've never seen such a wonderful film before.
为了强调，可以这样写：
Your favor l will always remember.
Never before have I seen such a wonderful film.
4．灵活处理句子中修饰性短语或插入语的位置。

句子中有些修饰语（一般是状语）或插入语如果处理得适度灵活，可以改变句子 的单
一性，增强句子的多样性。
5
I want to read the poem once again, it's so well written.
○
句子中的once again是一个副词性的词组，可以有不同的位置：
Once again, I want to read the poem, it's so well written.
I want, once again, to read the poem, it's so well written.
6
The parents shook hands with the savior to their son, excited and thankful.
○
还可以写成：
The parents, excited and thankful, shook hands with the savior to their son.
The parents shook hands, excited and thankful, with the savior to their son.
同样，插入语也可以有不同的位置。
7
Of course, this is the best choice.
○
This, of course, is the best choice. This is the best choice, of course.
5．恰当使用主动、被动语态。
一般而言，主动语态比被动语态更能传递感情，但当要强调动作的承受者而非执行者
时 ，使用被动语态则效果更佳。
8
He is a famous hero in our place. People everywhere talk about his good deeds.
○
这样表现有两点不足：其一，两句话说的同一个人的事，前句主语是 He，后句突起
另一个主语people，两句之间联接不紧；其二，前句说他是a hero，读者急切想知道他
更多的情况，所以写作者应该用被动语态，突出有关情况，写成：
He is a famous hero in our place and his deeds are talked about by people
everywhere.
9
I'm the only child in my family. I am loved and taken good care of by my parents.
○
At home, many of my own things are done by my parents. Sometimes I don't feel it is
good for me, so I ask them to let me do what I must do.
这里，画线部分的被动语态用得不好，使人感到别扭，不如用主动语态。
6．交替使用陈述和引用。
10
I was in the kitchen, and l was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise ○
from the front. I thought maybe someone was knocking at the door. I asked who it was
but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor. I realized it
was the cat. I felt released.
这本来应是 一段故事性很强的文字叙述，但经作者这么一写，就不那么吸引人了。原
因是文中的句子都是一个模式， 缺乏改变，把“悬念”给冲淡了。可以作如下调整：
I was in the kitchen cooking something. Suddenly a loud noise came from the
front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked,
while, I saw my cat running across the parlor. “It's you.” I said, quite released.
7．变换使用松散句、循环句和平衡句。
主要信息居于句前，辅助信息居于句后的句子称为松散句。反之，则称为循环句。

11
They didn't finish the work in time because of the three-week-long rain.（松散句） ○
His interest was in technology, but he was enrolled in a language university.（松散
句）
The school looks more beautiful with all the trees growing tall.（松散句）
松散句的特点是没有高潮，它 是一种轻松、自然的陈述方式，因此读者感到前后信息
的重要性是一样的，没有偏重。
循环句可以起到一种引起读者注意的修辞效果，因为句子的高潮、重点放在句末。上
述句子可以写成：B ecause of the three-week-long rain, they didn’t finsih their work in
time．（循环句）
Though his interest was in technology, he was finally enrolled in a language
university.（循环句）
With all the trees growing tall, the school looks more beautiful.（循环句）
平衡句则是指前后两部分结构相同（或相似），但意义相互对照或并列的句子。
12
The twins look alike, the older likes music while the younger likes sports. ○
Peace makes love and progress; but war makes hatred and backwardness．
平衡句在阐述或辩论观点时是一种有效的表现手法，特别是在表明对比观点时，更是
如此。
三、通过给句子添加修饰成分使句子能表达更丰富多彩的信息。
一般而言，我们总是用以下几种基本的英语句型来进行我们的日常意念表达。
①主十谓；
②主十系十表；
③主十谓十宾；
④主十谓十宾十间接宾语十直接宾语；
⑤主十谓十宾十宾补。
要准确、全 面、深刻地去描述和表达客观和主观世界，除了使用更多的句予、文字外，
关键的还是要使用能使句子意 思丰富的手段，那就是修饰——添加定语和状语。
1．加定语
通过添加定语可以使句子中的主语、宾语、表语的内容丰富、充实，内涵准确。
1
The man's coming saved the boy.
○
这个句子虽然能给我 们提供完整的信息，但并不丰富，如果我们对man，commg，
boy等词进行特殊指定的话，可以 写成 :The middle-aged man' s timely coming saved
the drowning boy.
2
Workers are still working. Three thousand workers are still working.
○
3
Children are not allowed to see films. Children under 13 are not allowed to see
○
films on terror.
4
Do you have anything? Do you have anything to say?
○
5
My father works in an office. My father works in a government office.
○
6
This is the book. This is the newly-published book that deals with SARS.
○

7
I had a talk with him. I had a face-to-face talk with him.
○
添加定 语时，定语并非都在中心词之前，有时在中心词之后（上例句），称之为后置
定语。后置定语通常有这样 几种情况：
(1)不定式（短语）或分词（短语）作定语时：
I have a question to ask.
This is the problem discussed yesterday.
The boy leaning against the tree may be ill.
(2)形容词作不定代词的定语时：
Something interesting happened to him Just now.
(3)介词短语作定语时：
The girl from America can also speak German.
(4)数词短语（无连词符）作定语时：
He lives in a village some seven miles away.
(5)从句作定语时：
This is the only reference book that is on the subject.
(6)某些特殊的形容词(a-，-ble)作定语时：
Nothing valuable was found in her bag.
有时，我们也可以通过添加同位语，来对句子中的主语 、表语、宾语等作进一步的解释或
说明。同位语的使用可以使句子简洁、明快。
8
This is Mr Qin, director of our hospital.
○

They finished the task in three days, half the time of yours.
Always a diligent student, Li Hua is now working even harder for the final-term
exam*
通过添加状语可以说明谓语或句子的时间、地点、方式、 原因、结果、条件等从而使句子
中的谓语或整个句子生动、形象、逼真，富于表现力和感染力。
9
He does everything.
○
丁可以通过添加neve r和strictly来说明“他”做事的态度和这种态度的时间频率：
He never does anything strictly.
同样我们可以这样说：
He does everything in the spirit of making innovation(创新）。或者是：
He did everything he could to save the little boy burned by boiling water.
10
Jack was chosen to the baseball team. ○
我们可以扩充为：
Jack was finally chosen to the baseball team, thus making all his families happy
and excited.
With his health problem settled, Jack was finally chosen to the baseball team.
11
Her parents telephone me. ○

可以添加时间和目的状语：
Her parents telephone me now and then, eager to know the result of her final
test.
12
I will make l00 copies of the list. ○
出于不同的需要，我们可以扩写为：
as Mrs Wu has demanded.
because we must keep some records.
I will copy 100 so that we each can have one.
copies of the list if it doesn't cost much.
when I finish checking it.
where I can find a duplicator.
四、避免写汉语式的英语。
写好英语句子，对于我们中国的学生来讲，还有一个很重要的标志 ，那就是，句子表
达符合英语表达习惯。在很多情况下，我们所写的句子从词法、句法、语法上讲是没有 问
题的，但拿来一读，让人感到“英”味不足。有的话甚至是中国人能懂，而外国人不懂。
这是 因为在表达时，由于受母语影响，我们总是把我们的思维转换成汉语的表达方式，然
后在汉语表达与英语 表达之间划上等号，于是就出现了Chinglish 这种语言格式。
出现Chinglish的原因是很复杂的，但从表现形式上讲，主要有以下几点：
1．对英语词的词性、词义的误解。
1
I against your suggestion. ○
错把against(介词)与汉语的“反对”(动词）等同起来了，应该是be against。
2
They are twins and they like each other very much. It's hard to tell the ○
difference between them.
想表达“他们俩长得很像”，但误用了like(介词)。应该是look like。
3
He said he very tired and had no further plan for that moment． ○
错把形容词当动词用，汉语可以说“我很累”，英语是I am very tired。
4
Use a computer, you can do many things more quickly than before． ○
把动词误用成介词，汉语的“用”并不总等于英语的use，这里要写成with或using。
5
They found that an old woman was still in a dangerous house, one of them ○
swam towards it without hesitation.
说a dangerous house也无大错，但就是不太地道。不如说成...in danger in a house…。
2．对英语词语搭配的误用。
6
Can I sit in your car?“乘坐”车辆英语应是ride。 ○
7
They served for the guests warmly.“为??服务”英语是serve，不要for。 ○
8
Drink the medicine three times a day.“服”药英语应是take。 ○
9
Mother is now spreading the bed for me. ○
10
They are wrapping dumplings. ○
11
She is boiling tea for the guests. 后三句中的画线部分动词都应该是making。 ○

3．句子中词语的位置顺序不当。

12
He tried to do well the job, but failed. 应为…do the job well…。 ○
13
Li Pu helped to change the village a lot so the villagers all liked him. ○
应为…all the villagers liked him…。
14
I think the policy once starts, it will be useful. ○
应为…once the policy starts…．。
4．句子中意义的表达式不妥。
15
My body is good (strong). ○
此句的意义在英语里应表达为：I'm in good health. ／I enjoy good health. I'm
healthy.
16
He writes a letter to me once a week. ○
英语习惯上表达为：He writes to me once a week.
17
Father decided to drive a car to send me to school. ○
这里是硬套汉语，应该是：Father decided to drive me to school.
18
His two eyes are blind.达是汉语句式，英语是： He is blind in both eyes. ○
19
The mother was so thankful that she didn't know how to say. ○
how to say应该是what to say.
20
Don't thank me, this is what I must do. ○
这个意思在英语里的表达方式应该是：
No, not at all ( never). It's the least I can do.
5．使用语句间的连接成份使上下文连贯、紧凑
英语中语句间的连接成分主要是连接词、短语以及连接性较强的句型等，类型很多，
很丰富。写 文章时用到它们就像我们组装机器时使用润滑油一样，能使文段读起来流畅，
自然，否则就会生硬，干涩 。
21
It had rained for a week. Flood poured from the river. Many houses were ○
covered with flood. People's lives were in danger. Many people were trapped by the
flood. Soldiers were sent to rescue the people. Two soldiers saw a house was nearly
covered by flood. They went to the house without hesitation. They saw an old woman
at home. They helped the woman carry things and send her to the safe place. She was
very moved and thanked them. She said good-bye to them. They went away and
continued to save other people.
这是一位高三同学的作文实录。读完后，尽管我们能从 文中了解到士兵在洪水中救人
的信息，但从写作的艺术性角度看，它让读者感到趣味索然。原因是整篇文 章里都是简单
的材料罗列和堆砌，句与句之间缺乏有机的链接性语言。如果我们在有些句子之间加上一< br>些过渡性词语，读起来的感觉就不同了： .
As the rain lasted for a week, flood formed and poured from the river. As time
went on, flood began to cover more and more houses. Now many people were trapped
in water and their lives were in danger. At this fatal time, soldiers came. In one house,

some soldiers saw an old woman standing by the window with some of her things
calling for help.
Without hesitation, they rushed to the house, carrying the woman and her things
on their backs and swam back to safety.
Deeply moved, the old woman thanked them again and again. Smiling, they left
her with only a
常用的连接性、过渡性词语、短语
表示时间及顺序：now／then／afterwards／later／soon／before long／next／after
that／in no time／in the meanwhile／at the same time／since then…
表示空间及顺序：far／above／below／beside／near／to the right／beyond／on
one side／next to／opposite to／close to／far from／in the middle／in (the) front of／
at the back of／on top of／on the edge of…
表示目的：for the reason／for the purpose／so that／in order that…
表示结果：thus／otherwise／therefore／as a result／so／seeing that…
表示原因：as／since／for／because (of)／now that／thanks to／as a result of／for
this…
表示对照：but／ however／while／whereas／nevertheless／still／on the contrary
厂on the other hand／compared with／different from／instead (of)／even so…
表示强调：indeed／in fact／surely／without any doubt／of course…
表示递进：and／also／besides／including／and then／once more／as well (as)
／what's more／in addition…
表示列举：such as
表示比较：as／like／just as／just like／similarly／in the same way…
表示解释、说明：actually／in fact／as a matter of fact／for example／for instance
／to take…for example／to take…as an example…
表示结论、概要：finally／at last／in conclusion／in summary to sum up as
you know in one word generally speaking to tell you the truth in short as it is
known to all as far as we know
常用的连接性、过渡性句型
either …or neither … nor both ... and not only but(also) so … that
too … to ... enough to as ... as not so … as better … than would rather …
than no sooner … than hardly … when not ... until等 。
22
Tom was riding along the street, this time a car was running towards him fast. ○
He was very frightened and he quickly turned to the left side. It was late, he was hit by
the car and he fell off from the bike.
这段叙述不连贯，可以这样调整：
The other day, Tom was riding along the street. Suddenly a car came flying
towards him. He was so frightened that he quickly turned to the left. But it was too

late. The car hit his bike and he fell off it.
我们来欣赏一段文章：
Dear friends,
In the past graduation examination, I was lucky enough to get full marks for
English. And now, I'm going to say something about how we can learn English well.
Firstly, I think it is an important step for us to learn all the words and texts by
ourselves before class. I myself would look up each of the new phrases and sentences in
the dictionary, so that I'd be able to understand the mam meaning of each text as well
as the more difficult parts of the text in it.
Secondly, we have to pay great attention to the teacher's explanation in class. By
this, I mean, we'll be capable of solving our language problems in time.
Finally, in my opinion, it's always no use learning without practice. Trying to say
what you see or hear is even more important. Thus, you' ll find out there are so many things
in your everyday life we can say using what we' ve learned in class !
I hope this will be of a little help to your English study.
Thank you!
本文除了使用了一些 较复杂的话言结构（文中斜体部分）以外，作者还很好地在句、
段之间使用了连接性的语言（文中画线部 分），十分有效。这样一写，使整篇文章行文流
畅，语义连贯，值得我们认真借鉴。