四种进行时态及四种完成时态

LESSON 4
四种进行时态及四种完成时态
▲ 主+系动词+表
Be---is am are
Be---------was were
I am rich. I was rich. I will be rich. I would be
rich.
▲ 谓+主+状 该句型通常用于表达某地存在某物（人）


There is There are There was There were
There will be There would be


------------ ---------------------------------------
------- --------------
▲ 主+谓+宾+状

名词 介词短语 副词 动词 名词

1. 学生们
在大学里 努力
学习 英语。

The students study English
hard in the university.

主语 谓语 宾语 状语 状语
In the university
,
the students study English
hard.


BE THERE BE DO
The students study English.

The students
do not
study English.

Do

the students study English

Does
The student studies English .

The student
does not
study English.

Does

the student study English

▲ 一般过去时态的基本用法

一般过去时态表示过去的状态及发生的动作。

Work----worked

Did not
The student studied English .

The students
did not
study English.
Did

the student study English
● I
went
to see a doctor yesterday。 go
昨天我去看病了。

否定式及疑问句的构成
● I
didn’t
go to see a doctor yesterday.
Did

you go to see a doctor yesterday


▲ 一般将来时态的基本用法

在英语中，表示将来的动作或状态时，有多种形式。这里介绍
四种常用形式。
1. will

will
● She
will

arrive in London on Friday.
她将在星期五到伦敦。
否定式及疑问句的构成
● She
will not
arrive in London on Friday.

Will

she arrive in London on Friday

2. to be (am, are, is ) going to do
该种形式用来表示将来时，尤其是在口语中用的较多，常常含
有“打算”的含义。

● I
am going to
get up at five o’clock tomorrow
morning.
我明天早上打算五点起床。

否定式及疑问句的构成
● I
am
not
going to
get up at five o’clock tomorrow
morning.

Are
you going to get up at five o’clock tomorrow
morning

▲ 一般过去将来时态的基本用法
过去将来时态实际上是过去时态与将来时态相加构成的时间概
念。
would

● I thought (think)he
would
take the chance.
我想他会抓住这个机会。
（相对于thought这个过去时态的将来）

2. to be
(

was were ) going to

这种一般过去将来时态和我们上面讲的一般将来的用法是一样
的。只是立足于过去某一点谈将来的事情。

● Yesterday, I was going to see my teacher. But I didn’t
go.
我打算昨天去看我的老师，但我没去。

----------------------- -----------------------------------
----------- -------

▲ 特殊疑问句的构成

He
is
in the classroom.
主语 系 表语

He
is not
in the classroom.

Is
he in the classroom----------Yes. No.
Who

is
in the classroom
主语

1． 提问
主语
，句子不变。

The book is on the desk.
What
is on the desk
主语
He is in
the classroom.
主语 系 表语

Is he in
the classroom ----- where
表语

-----
where

is he
表语
He is 20.

Is he 20 -------
How old
--
How old
is he
2． 提问句子的
其他成分
，先变一
般疑
问句，再用疑问代
词或疑问副词代替所不知道的成分，并置于句首。

●
He studied English hard in the university for the test on
Sunday.

who what what how where why when
他在大学里，为了考试过去在星期日努力学习英语。

1. Who studied English hard in the university for the test
on Sunday
2. What did he do hard in the university for the test on
Sunday
3. What did he study hard in the university for the test
on Sunday
4. How did he study English in the university for the test
on Sunday
5. Where did he study English hard for the test on Sunday
6. Why did he study English hard in the university on
Sunday
7. When did he study English hard in the university for
the test

导言


我们前面所学的四种时态，表达的只是时间概念。

本课所学的进行时态除时间概念外，又加入了某种感情

色彩。 在传统的教学中，进行态往往被认为只是表示一

个进行的动作，其实这只是一个表面现象，进行态更多

的含义在于给人一种生动的画面感。 我们可以形象地比

喻：使用一般态像听录音机，使用进行态则像看电视机，

而后者所具备的功能正是画面，这恰恰是一般态和进行

态的不同之处。第二，进行态给我们的是一种暂时性。

理解以上两点是非常重要的。

请大家看下列表格，竖行表示时间概念，横行则表示 情态或叫做情感。将“时”与“态”
区分开，是我们学好时态的关键。
态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行
时
现 在 一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时
过 去 一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成进行时
将 来 一般将来时 将来进行时 将来完成时 将来完成进行时
过去将来 一般过去将来时 过去将来进行时 过去将来完成时 过去将来完成进行时

▲ 进行时态的构成

时 态 主谓宾
现在进行时 is (am, are) doing
过去进行时 was (were) doing
将来进行时 will be doing
过去将来进行时 would be doing

Be doing

▲
现在进行时态和过去进行时态


一般现在时

过去 -------现在--------- 将来
-
现在进行时


1、进行态的暂时性，进行时态与一般时态的比较

● They live in America.（一贯的）
● They are living in America.（暂时的）
第二句给我们的感觉是，他们一直住在别的什么地方，但目
前暂住美国。

He is studying English
hard.


You do not eat much.

You are not eating much.


● My TV works well.
我的电视非常好。（一贯的）
● My TV is working well.
我的电视目前很好。（暂时性）
第二句给人的印象是：电视过去工作不正常，最近修了一下，
效果很好。

2. 进行时态的感情色彩。

进行态除了表示一个进行的动作以外，更多的是带 有一种“态”，
也就是说有一种情态在里面。注意下面句子的比较：

● More and more people buy TV sets.

● More and more people are buying TV sets.
越来越多的人买电视机。

注：第一句话只是说出一个现象，第二句话却 给了我们一个生动的画
面，试图让我们看到人们购买电视机的情景。
It rained下雨. It was
raining.
The girl cried哭. The girl was
crying.

-------- I had very good seat. The play was very interesting.
I did not enjoy it.
A young man and a young woman
were sitting

behind me. They
were talking
loudly.


●
Do you know your wife
was having
dinner with a guy
in the restaurant near our school yesterday evening


注：说话的人没有用一般过去时，而是用过去进行时态。从这句话
中可以看出他通过进行时态的画面感，给对方一个亲眼看到的感
觉，以刺激听话的人。
你知道不知道你的老婆昨天晚上和一个小伙子在学校附近的
餐馆一起吃饭

▲ 将来进行时态

● I will wait等待for you at the airport.
● I
will be waiting
for you at the airport.

第一句用的是一般将来时态，第二句用的是将来进行时态。第二

句 给人的感觉好像能够看到说话的人将在机场等待的情景，所以更
亲切、更踏实。这就是画面感的效果。我 们很难用汉语表达出上面
两句话的不同。
----------------------- -----------------------------------
----------- ---------------------

It rained. It was raining.

时 态
现在进行时
过去进行时
将来进行时
过去将来进行时











主谓宾
is (am, are) doing
was (were) doing
will be doing
would be doing

、

完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为：
1． 现在完成时
（1）现在完成 时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作
（常与yet，already，just连用）， 或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与
for，since连用）。例如：
1）I have just finished my homework.
2）Mary has been ill for three days.
（2）常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over
等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently
等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to
the present等。例如：
1）I haven’t been there for five years.
2）So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3）There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
（3）完成时态可用在下列结构中：
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was)
the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从
句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时， 从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语
动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。 例如：
（1）This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
（2）There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted
me that evening.
2． 过去完成时
（1）表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情 况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介
词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动 作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例
如：
1）We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2）By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
（2）动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去
完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：
1）was were + to have done sth, 例如：
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2）intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) +
to have done sth, 例如：
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.

（3）过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：
1）hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2）no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3）by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
3． 将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已 经完成的动作；也
可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time the end of )
+ 表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) + 表示将来时间的词语或句子；when,
after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：
1）By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2）I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3）When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4． 完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。
（1）现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例
如：
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
（2）过去完成进行 时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例
如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides
in many places.
（3）将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时
刻 。例如：
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.





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