中国杂技协会-Playlist
现在完成时用法小结
一、 现在完成时的构成:
助动词have(has)+ 过去分词
否定式have(has) not+ 过去分词
疑问式:havehas not+主语+过去分词;havehas +主+not+过去分词
二、 现在完成时态的用法
1、表示开始于过去的动作一直持续到现在,而且还可能继续持续
下去。这时,谓语动词一般
为延续性动词。
例如:I have been a
teacher for 5 yearssince 5 years
ago.(五年前是个时间点。一
直持续到现在的的状态,一直在做老师,以后还是老师。)
They have lived here for 7 years.(第一层含义,到说话这一刻,一直住
在这里,
这是一个持续状态。第二层含义,如果他们正在搬家时候说这句话,则说明live这一事实<
br>不再持续,到此为止,他们可能要搬去别处住。)
? 这一用法的特点:谓语动词为延续性动词
;动作发生在过去,持续到现在,并有可能继
续下去;和“一段时间”的状语连用。
?
since+时间段:I have worked in this place since 1990.
I have lived in Xi’an since I
left schoolsince 5 years ago
? for+ 时间点: I
have worked in this place for 20 years.
I have lived in Xi’an for 5 years ago.
“到目前为止…”:until now, ,up to tilluntil now,so
far
Until now,I have been a
monitor for 3 years.(放在句末亦可)
Our country has until now, ,up to tilluntil now,so
far
Won 20 golden medals.
?
“在最近几个世纪、年、月以来……”in over during the past few
years,for the last
few century,through
centuries,throughout the past decades.
For the
last few decades, great changes have taken place
in Beijing.
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2.表示过去某时发生或完成的某一动作,谓
语动词是短暂性动词(对现在造成的影响或结果)。
(这一用法对中国学生来说是比较难理解的一种,
因为它使用的是短暂性动词和一般过去时
态有着比较容易混淆的关系。)
例如:
(1)I have just cleaned my clothes. 我刚洗过衣服。
(“洗衣服”是发生在过去的动作,对现在造成的结果是“衣服干净了”)
(2)He
has broken his
leg.他的腿跌断了。(言外之意:现在也许在医院,可能不能参加郊
游或者集体活动什么的了)
He broke his
leg.他过去摔伤过腿。(单纯表示跌断过腿。一种过去的经历,现在腿是好的。)
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注意,现在完成时态不能与明确指出时间的状语连用,比如yesterday,last year,3
days
ago.但是可以与不明确表示时间的状语连用。与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:
already (”已经” 用于肯定句的中间和末尾处)He has already
arrived.
often(常常,经常)I have often thought that
I were a bird.
never (“从不” “从未发生过”用于中间处)I
have never seen such a good movie.
ever (”曾经”
用于疑问句和肯定句的中间处)She has ever done this.
just
(“刚刚” 用于中间处)
--Would you like something to
eat?
--No,thanks.I have just had dinner.
yet (“已经” 用于疑问句的句末 “还” 用于否定句的句末)
Has
he arrived yet?No,he hasn’t.
I have not
returned the book yet..
由于这一用法中的谓语动词通常是短暂动词(即动
作在短时间或者瞬间终止不再延续),
所以不能和“sincefor+一段时间”连用.
这些短暂性动词有:come go leave kill die lose buy
give
marry join bring heard
错例:Mary has bought a
new backpack since yesterday.(从昨天起一直在买书包?)X
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I have bought this backpack for a
day.(买书包不可能买了一天,难道一直在讨价
还价,废寝忘食的讨价还价么?)X
正例:Mary has bought a new backpack.(现在用的是新书包)
Mary bought a new backpack yesterday.(昨天
买的新书包,买这一动作于昨天发生
并结束,没有强调是否现在用着新书包这一感情色彩,只陈述了昨天
买书包这一事实)。
错例:I have left my home for
3days.(离开这一动作发生了三天吗?)
正例:I left my home 3 days
ago.(我三天前离开家的。离开这一动作三天前发生并结束了。)
I have
been away home for 3 days..三天没在家了。
但是,短暂性动词的否定式可以用完成时,表示一种尚未发生的持续的状态。
比如:I
haven’t seen a beautiful girl for a long time.
She hasn’t bought a pair of shoes since
last year.
He hasn’t heard from his son
since 2005.
三、现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较
现在完成时表示过去的动
作一直延续到现在甚至会继续下去或表示过去的动作对现在造
成的影响;一般过去时表示动作发生的时间
在过去并且有可能结束在过去。试比较:
例如:He lived in Beijing for
2 years and then moved to
Shanghai(曾在北京住过两年,
后来搬去上海了)
He has lived in
Beijing for 2
years.(在北京住了2年了,还可能住下去或者不住下
去,不得而知。除非你看到他正在搬家。)
My dad smoked for 2
years.(我爸爸抽过两年烟,现在戒了。抽烟的习惯这一事件动
作发生在过去结束在过去)
My dad has smoked for 2
years.(我爸爸已经有两年的抽烟史了,现在仍然保佑抽烟
这一习惯。)
I have
taught here for fifteen years.
我在这儿已经教了十五年。(表示十五年前的
动作一直延续到现在,还可能会继续。)
I
taught here for a year.
我过去在这儿教过一年。(表示“我“现在已经不在这儿任教
了)
再利用一个对话对现在完成时态和一般过去时的区别进行一番感受:
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--Have you seen the movie FINDING
NEMO?(询问对这一电影是否看过?强调的是对电
影内容是否了解)
--Yes,I
have.(已看过,知道内容是什么)
--When did you see
it?(看电影的具体时间)
--I saw it last
Sunday.(给出具体看电视的时间点 是上周天)
--Did you see it
alone?
--No,I saw it with my
parents.(看的时间是一般过去时 昨天看的 并且看这一动作已经结束
在昨天)
练习:
I.翻译下列句子:
你曾经吃过鱼和薯条吗?
我刚刚丢了我的化学书。
我以前从来没去过那个农场。
他已经吃过午饭了。
你已经看过这部电影了吗?
我哥哥还没回来。
我上星期看过这部电影。
在1992年他住在这里。
II. 用过去时或现在完成时填空:
1.
“_________ you __________ (have) lunch ?”
“Yes.”
“When ________ you __________ (have)
it?” “I ____________ (have) it at 12:00.”
2.
“_________ you __________ (write) a letter to your
aunt yet?”
“Yes, I ___________. I
________________ (write) one last week.”
3.
“_________ he ___________ (finish) his homework?”
“Not yet.”
4. “_________ they ever __________
(be) abroad?” “Yes, just once.”
5. Your
father _________ just ___________ (finish) his
work.
6. Your father _________ (finish) his
work just now.
7. Last term I __________
(learn) many English words.
8. They
____________ (not read) the interesting books yet.
9. He _____________ never ____________ (go) to
the science museum.
10. ____________ you ever
____________ (drink) coke?
11. “____________
you _____________ (buy) a dictionary? “ “Yes, I
__________ .”
“Where __________ you
_____________ (buy) it?” “ I ___________ (buy) it
in
a bookstore.”
“When ___________ you
_____________ (buy) it?” “ Yesterday.”
? have been in, have been to 与have gone to 的用法
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(has) been in
表示“在某地呆多长时间”,常与表示一段时间的状语连用,如:since, for,
how
long 等。例如:
Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for
three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。
此外还有这些搭配: have
been here (there) at home (school) on the farm
abroad。
(has)been
to表示“曾经去过某地”,现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等
连用。
例如: I have just been to the post office.
我刚才去邮局了。
Mary has never been to the Great
Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。
Have you ever been to
Hangzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗?
have(has) been to
后面可接次数,表示去过某地几次例如:
I have been to Beijing
three times. 我去过北京三次。
They have been to that
village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。
(has)
gone to 意为“到某地去了”,表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之,说话时
该人不在现场
,一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。
例如:----Where is Tom?
----He has gone to the bookshop. 汤姆在哪里?他到书店去
了。
Jack has gone to London. 杰克到伦敦去了
。
练习:
I. 用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。
A:
Where ____________ Li Fei ___________?
B: He
____________ to Hainan Island.
A: How long
___________ he ___________ there?
B: He
_____________ there for three days.
A: When
will he come back , do you know?
B: I’m afraid
he won’t come back recently.
A: Could you tell
me the way to Hainan Island?
B: Sorry, I
_________ never ___________ there.
A: How many
times ___________ Li Fei __________ to that place?
B: He _____________ there only once.
II.
用havehas been toin, have gone to及go的各种形式填空。
Where is Jack? He __________ his country.
David ________ the park just now.
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John _______ England since he came
back.
How long _____ have _____ this village?
The Smiths ______ Beijing for years.
_____
you ever ____ America? -- Yes, I _____ there
many times.
I _____ this school since three
years ago.
Where is Jim? He _____ the farm.
When_____ he _____? He _______ an hour ago.
Would you like to _____ the zoo with me?
---Yes, but I _____ there before.
Where _____
you _____ now? --- I ____ the zoo.
He
often _____ swimming.
_____ you ______ there
last year?
_____ they often ______ skating in
winter?
III.翻译下列句子:
他已经来中国三年多了。
他们出国两个月了。
我从来没去过长城。
你曾经出过国吗?
他已经去图书馆了。
他来这儿五年了。
昨天他去了公园。
“你要去哪里?” “我要去学校。”
他常常去游泳。
综合练习:
I. 用never, ever, already, yet, for, since填空
I have _______ seen him before, so I have no
idea about him.
Jack has _________ finished
his homework ________ an hour ago.
Mr. Wang
has taught in this school ________ ten years.
“Have you ________ seen the film?” “No, I
have ________ seen it.”
“Has the bus left
_______?” “Yes, it has _________ left.”
II.
翻译下列句子:
他们已经打扫了教室吗?
我们已经认识有二十年了。
打那以后,她一直住在这。
“你曾经到过那里吗?” “不,我从来没到过那里。”
III. 用适当的时态填空:
’s _____________ (live)
here ever since she was ten.
of them
________________ (be) in Hongkong for ten days.
of them ________________ (come) to Hongkong
ten days ago.
4. Half an hour __________
(pass) since the train __________ (leave).
5.
Mary________(lose) her pen. ____________ you
______________ (see) it here and
there?
6.
_____________ you ____________ (find) your watch
yet?
7. ---Are you thirsty?
---No I
_________ just _____________ (have) some orange.
8. We _____________already ______________
(return) the book.
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9.
___________ they ____________ (build) a new school
in the village?
10. I ________________(not
finish) my homework . Can you help me?
11. My
father _____ (read) the novel twice.
12. I
_________ (buy) a book just now.
13. I
_________ (lost ) my watch yesterday.
14. My
father ___________ (read) this book since
yesterday.
III.句型转换:
1. He has already
gone home.
He _________ __________ home
____________.(否定句) ____________ he __________ home
___________? (疑问句)
2. He has lunch at
home.
He __________ _____________ lunch at
home. (否定句)
____________ he __________ lunch
at home? (疑问句)
3. He has been there twice.
__________ __________ ________ __________ he been
there? (划线提问)
4. I have lunch at school.
__________ __________ you ____________ lunch.
(划线提问)
? 其他使用现在完成时的结构:
1、Thisthatit
is+the+序数词+名词+that+现在完成时态
例:This is the third
time that I’ve come to Beijing.
It is the
fifth cup of tea that I’ve drunk this evening.
2、Thisthatit is+the+最高级或only修饰的名词+现在完成时态
例:This is the most interesting book that I
have ever read.
That is the only job that he
has done.
注意,如果is换成was,现在完成时则要换成过去完成时。
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?
Since 和 for 的用法
表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有:for, since, how
long, so far,
these days等。
Since+过去点的时间,for+一段时间(数词+量词),此划线部分用how long提问。
1. since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今,since之后的时间为一点。
如:Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984.
1984年以来,史密斯先生一直在这工作。
He’s learned about 5,000
English words since he went to college.
他上大学以来大约学了
五千个英语单词。
短语表示动作延续多长时间,for的宾语为时间段。 如:
We have known
each other for twenty years. 我们认识有二十年了。
I
haven’t seen her for a long time. 我好久没有见到她了。
练习:用since和for填空
1) ______ two years 2)
_______ two years ago 3) _______ last month
4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6)
_______ 4 o’clock
7) ______ 4 hours 8)
_______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were
children
10) _____ lunch time 11)
______ she left here
1. He has lived in
Nanjing ________ the year before last.
2. I’ve
known him __________ we were children.
3. Our
teacher has studied Japanese _________ three
years.
4. She has been away from the city
___________ about ten years.
5. It’s about ten
years __________ she left the city.
2.短暂性转换延续性
①arrive atin sw. get toreach
sw. comegomove to sw.
→ be in schoolat homeon
the farmbe herebe there
He got to Beijing five
minutes ago.
He ________ _________ _________
Beijing for _________ _________.
I moved to
the USA last year.
I ________ ________
__________ the USA since __________ __________.
I went home yesterday.
I _______ ________
_________ home for _________ __________.
They
came here last week.
They _________ _________
here since _________ __________.
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②comego back, return → be back comego
out → be out
He came out two years ago.
He
_________ __________ _________ for __________
__________.
We return to Fuzhou yesterday.
We ________ ________ _________ to Fuzhou since
__________.
③become → be
I became a
teacher in 2000.
I ________ __________ a
teacher for _________ _________.
The river
became dirty last year.
The river _________
_________ dirty for _________ __________.
④close → be closed open → be open
The
shop closed two hours ago.
The shop ________
_________ _________ for _________ _________.
The door opened at six in the morning.
The
door ________ ________ ________ for six hours.
⑤get up → be up die → be dead
leave sw.
→ be away from sw.
fall asleepget tot sleep →
be asleep
finishend → be over marry → be
married
I got up two hours ago.
I ________
________ ________ since ________ ________.
He
left Fuzhou just now.
He _______ ________
________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes.
My
grandpa died in 2002.
My grandpa _______
_______ ________for _______ ________.
The
meeting finished at six.
The meeting ________
______ ______ for six hours.
I got to sleep
two hours ago.
I ________ _________ _________
since _________ __________.
They married in
1990.
They ________ _________ __________since
_________.
⑥startbegin to do sth. → do sth.
begin → be on
I began to teach at this school
in 1995.
I ____ ____ at this school since
____.
The film began two minutes ago.
The
film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.
⑦borrow →
keep lose → not have buy → have put
catchget a cold → have a cold get to know →
know
They borrowed it last week.
They
_________ _________ it since __________
__________.
I bought a pen two hours ago.
I _________ _________ a pen for ________
__________.
I got to know him last year.
I
_________ __________ him since __________
__________.
I put on my glasses three years
ago.
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on → wear
I __________
__________ my glasses for _________ _________.
⑧havehas gone to → have been in
He has
gone to Beijing.
He ____ ____ _____ Beijing
for two days.
⑨join the leaguethe Partythe
army
→ be a leaguea Party membera soldier
→ be a member of the leaguethe Party
→ be
in the leaguethe Partythe army
He joined the
league in 2002.
He ________ _________ a
_________ _________ for two years.
He ________
__________ a __________ ___________ the __________
for two years.
He ____________ ___________
___________ the league for two years.
My
brother joined the army two years ago.
My
brother __________ __________ a ___________ for
___________ ___________.
My brother
___________ ___________ in ____________
___________ for two years.
3.汉译英
1)这本字典我已买了三年了。
2)他离开中国三年了。
3)我认识他们五年了。
4)他们已去了美国五年了。
5)自从他搬到福州,他就住这儿了。
6)他们已经结婚10年。
7)我妹妹成为一个大学生已经三年。
8)这会已开了多长时间了?
9)这门已经关了两天了。
10)我入团2年了。
I __________ ___________ ___________ two
years ago.
I __________ ___________ a
___________ ___________ for two years.
I
__________ ___________ a ___________ of
__________ _________ for two years.
I
__________ ___________ ____________ the
__________ for two years.
11)自从1999年以来他们就认识。
12)我来到农场已5年了。
4.划线提问
1) I have been
there for two days.
__________ _________
__________ you __________ __________ ?
My
father has lived here since 2000.
_________
_________ __________ your father _________
__________?
He left here yesterday.
_________ ________ he _________ __________?
They bought a book two hours ago.
__________ ___________ they __________ a book?
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