高考英语一轮复习同步语法：时态之完成时精华知识点复习

完成时精讲
一、完成时
完成时是用来表示动作的完成 与未完成的情况。完成时包括现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时和过去
将来完成时。
A．现在完成时
现在完成时的构成形式是“have has +过去分词”。现在完成时常被称为“与现在有联系的过去”，因此它不能
与明确的过去时间状语连用。
Someone has broken the window.
有人把窗户打破了。
I haven't seen much of her lately.
我最近不常见到她。
How long have they been married?
他们结婚多长时间了？

①表示结果的现在完成时
现在完成时着眼于过去 的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。这是现在完成时的“已完成”用法，表示动作或过程
发生在说话之前就 已完成，并与现在有联系。这种联系实际上就是“过去的动作”对现在的影响或产生的结果。
I have bought a pen.
我买了一支笔。（结果：I have a pen now.）
The temperature has increased by 10℃.
温度上升了10摄氏度。（结果：It is quite hot now.）
Air pollution has taken the lives of many people.
空气污染已经夺去了很多人的生命。（结果：Air pollution is very serious now.）
现在完成时的上下文所指的时态必须呼应。

①表示经历的现在完成时
强调过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历。
Have you ever been to the Great Wall?
你去过长城吗？
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I have visited Beijing at least ten times.
北京我至少访问过十次了。
She has never spent a holiday at the seaside.
她从未到海滨度过假。

①表示延续的现在完成时
这是现在完成时的“未完成”用法，表示一个动作或状态 从过去某时开始，持续到现在，可能要继续下去。
He's loved fishing for a long time.
他爱好钓鱼为时已久。（他现在仍爱好钓鱼）
I have lived here for more than thirty years.
我已在这儿住了三十多年了。（也许还会继续住下去）
注意：
现在完成时的“未完 成”用法既可用于动态动词（主要是持续动词），也可用于状态动词，但它一般不适用于
表示短暂动作或 位置转移的动词，如：open, break, go, come, arrive, leave等。如用这类动词表示“未完成”，
通常只限于否定结构。
I haven't seen a film for weeks.
我已经好几个星期没看电影了。
She hasn't written to me since September.
自从9月份以来她还没给我写过信呢。

①与现在完成时“已完成”用法连用的时间状语
现在完成时表示的动作或状态发生在现在时间以前的某个未明确指出的过去
时间内，和它连用的时间状语要与现在时间有关，不能是明确地表示过去的时间状语。
a.不确定的过去时间状语：already, yet, before, recently, lately等
I've seen the film before.
我以前看过这部电影。
Have you been there lately?
近来你去过那里吗?
b.频度时间状语：often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely等
We have never heard of that.
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我们从未听说过这事。
He has sometimes played tennis.
他有时打网球。
Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.
大本钟很少出差错。
c.包含现在时间在内的时间状语：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等
I have just finished the letter now.
我现在刚写完信。
You have just missed the bus.
你刚好错过公共汽车。
Has he done much work today?
他今天做了很多工作吗？
比较：already和yet用法上的区别
already常用于肯定句，置于句中。ye t常用于否定句和疑问句，置于句末。但already有时也可用在疑问句
中暗示惊讶的心情。
She has already gone.
她早就走了。
Have you eaten your dinner already?
你已经吃过饭了?
He has not come yet.
他还没有来。

①与现在完成时“未完成”用法连用的时间状语
与“已完成”用法一样，表示具体的过去的时 间状语不能与“未完成”用法连用。与其连用的往往是指一段时间
的状语以具体表示某一动作或状态持续 了多久。
a. since +具体时间，表示动作或状态从何时开始
Since then, he has developed another bad habit.
自那以后他养成了另一个坏习惯。
He hasn't been home since he graduated.
他毕业后就没回过家。
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b. for +一段时间，表示动作或状态持续了多久
We have worked here for ages.
我们在这里工作很久了。
There has been no rain here for nearly two months.
这里已经近两个月没有下雨了。
c. until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment
到目前为止
I have not seen him so far.
到目前为止我没见过他。
Up to the present, everything has been OK.
到目前为止一切正常。
d. induring the pastlast five years
在刚刚过去的5年里
He has been away from school during the last few weeks.
过去的几个星期里他没在学校。
In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully. 在过去的几年中他
们已经和好几家跨国公司做成了生意。
e. all the while, all day一直，一整天
She has been busy all day.
她忙了一整天。

B．过去完成时
过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在“过去的过去”。
过去完成时是由“had+过去分词”构成的。
Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.
我很快就意识到我犯了一个严重的错误。
The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous. He had not flown before.
飞机上坐在我旁边的人很紧张，他以前从没乘过飞机。
Had he gone home when you arrived?你到的时候他已经回家了吗？

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①“已完成”用法
表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前或过去 某一动作之前已经完成。句中常用by引导的时间状语或以
before, until, when, than等词引导的内含一般过去时的时间状语从句。
By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.
到昨天早上5点钟时，我们已经做完了那件工作。
He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.
老师从办公室回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。
They came earlier than we had expected.
他们到得比我们预料的要早。
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
我在进大学之前就已学了5000个单词。
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.
旱了好几个月之后，昨天下雨了。
注意：
在包含before和after的复合 句中，因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过
去时代替过去完成时。
The train (had) started before I reached the station.
在我到达车站之前，列车已经开了。
After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。

①“未完成”用法
表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就已开始，一直持续到这一过去时间，还可能再持续下去。
Up to that time all had gone well.
直到那时一切都很顺利。
John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。
She said she had made much progress since she came here.
她说自从她到这儿后已取得了很大的进步。

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①“想象性”用法
过去完成时有时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法，主要用在if引导的和过去 事实相反的条件句以及wish, as if
引导的从句中。
If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded.
要是她努力的话，她就会成功了。（事实上她没努力，也没成功。）
I wish I had gone with you to the concert.
我要是和你一起去音乐会就好了。
The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years.
那两个陌生人交谈起来就像是多年的老朋友。

①表示“刚刚??就??”
过去完成时常用在hardlyscarcelybarely ... when..., no sooner ... than ...等结构中，表示“刚刚??就??”。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他刚到就又走了。
提示：
intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一个本来打算做而未
做的事。
I had meant to come, but something happened.
我原本打算来的，但有事发生了。
I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.
我本打算去看你的，但没能去成。
They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time.
他们原想帮忙的，但没能及时赶到这里。
一般过去时表示过去时间的动作或状态。过去完成时 表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状
态之前，因此它表示的是“比过去更过去”。
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已归还了我借的书。
He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons. 他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学
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习功课。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
我在车站等了20分钟车才来。

二、完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时和进行时的结合，包括现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时和过去将
来完成进行时。
A. 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时是由“havehas been +现在分词”构成的。
He is ill. He's been lying in bed for three weeks.
他病了，已经卧床3个星期了。
Your eyes are red. Have you been crying?
你眼睛红了。你刚刚哭过了吗？
What have you been doing all this time?
这半天你干什么来着？
2．现在完成进行时的用法
℃表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在
现在完成进行时常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和
for引导的状语连用。
I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently.
我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。
She has been reciting the words all the morning.
她整个上午都在背单词。
This is what I have been expecting since my childhood.
这是我从小以来就一直期待着的事情。
2表示一个近期内时断时续、重复发生的动作
You've been saying that for five years.
这话你已经说了五年了。
He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher.
自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊杂志撰稿。
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作业：
在现在完成时中, 短暂性动词一般不与时间段连用。即:不与for, since短语或how long问句连用。 短暂性
动词与时间段连用时，要转化成表示状态的词或短语。
①leave—be away (from)离开
1. She __________________ (leave) home last week.
2. She has already________________ (leave) home.
3. She_________________________________ home for a week.
A. has left B. left C. has been away D. has been away from
4. How long has she ________________________ home?
A. left B. leaved C. been away from

①die –be dead adj.死亡
1. The old man is________________ . He_____________________ ten years ago.
2. He has_______________________________ for ten years. (diedead填空)
3. ( ) How long has he___________________________ ?
A. died B. been dead C. die D. been die
①join—be in a member of 加入、成为
join the League 入团 join the Party 入党 join the army 参军
A: When did Zhao Lin __________________ the League?
B: He______________ the League last year
. He has ___________________the League for one year.

①borrowlend—keep 借用
1. A: I____________________ a book from the library yesterday.
B: How long ___________ you____________________ it?
A: I can _______________ it for a week.
2. He ______________________ the dictionary since last week.
A. borrowed B. has borrowed C. has kept D. kept
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①buy—have 买
1. A: 我买了一辆自行车。I _____________ __________________a bike.
B: 你买了多长时间了？How long ________________ you ___________ it?
A: 我上个月买的。I ______________________ it last month.
2. I ______________________ this pair of skates for two years.
A. have bought B. have had C. bought D. had

① beginstart—be on开始
The movie _____________ (start) half an hour ago. It ______________________ for thirty minutes.

①open-be open开始、开业
A: When did the factory _______________?
B: It _______________ ten years ago.
A: How long has it _____________________?
B: It has ______________________ for ten years.

℃Close-be closed 关闭、停产
A: When did the shop_______________?
B: It ______________ a month ago.
A: How long has it ___________________.
B: It has _____________________for a month.

①arrivecome—beinat 到达
arrive inat... 到达，抵达 come to... 来到......
1) A: When did you ______________ in Shanghai?
B: I __________________ here last week.
A: How long have you ____________ ______________ Shanghai?
B: I have _______________ here for a week.
2) I___________ to this school last year. I have____________ __________ this school for a year.

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