现在完成时与被动语态

1.现在完成式的概念：
现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，其结果对现在有影响。例如：
tom has gone out（go的动作发生在过去，对现在有影响。）
2.延续性动词可以和表示一段时间的时间状语连用；非延续性动词动词则不可以。
正确说法：the traIn has been In the statIon for tWo hours。
错误说法：the traIn has stopped In the statIon for tWo hours。
延续性动词
定义：动作有持续性，可以持续一段时间。 例如lIve（居住）就可以lIve一年两年
例词：lIsten，plaY，raIn，Work
非延续性动词
动作在短时间内结束，不能延续。
例如marrY（结婚）就不能marrY一年两年。
arrIve，begIn，borroW，fInsIh
3.现在完成时的构成：
（1）have（has）+过去分词：tom has gone out
（2）现在完 成时的否定和疑问形式：否定形式在has，have后加not；疑问形式将has和have
提前： has tom gone out
（3）过去分词的概念及其变化形式：
概念：它和现在形式时中的“动词的Ing形式”一样，只是英语中表达时态的一种固定形式。 变化形式：大多数动词的过去分词的外形和动词的过去式是完全一样的。只有那些不规则变
化的动词 ，它们的过去分词和过去式才会不一样。

现在完成时讲解
1 构成方式 构成： 主语（第一、二人称单复数）＋have
主语（第三人称复数）＋have
主语（第三人称单数）＋has ＋过去分词

2 基本用法
1) 表示过去发生或已完成的某个动作对现在产生的影响或结果，强调的是这个影响或结果，
常同alrea dy, just, yet等状语连用
例：I have just turned off the light. 我刚刚把灯关上。（结果是灯已经关上了）
She has lost her bike. 她把自行车丢了。（影响是他现在没有自行车骑了）
The rain has stopped now. 雨已经停了。（结果是我们可以出门了）
I have already read the book. 我已读过这本书了。（结果是已知道这本书的内容）
She has had a good education. 她受到过良好的教育。（影响是她文化水平高，有修养）

2) 表示开始于过去、持续到 现在的动作或状态，并可能继续下去（也可能不继续下去），常
同包括现在在内的时间状语连用，如：t oday, now, this week, this morning, these days,
this afternoon, recently, so far等；也同“for+时间段”或 “since＋时间点”的状语
连用
例：We have had much snow this winter. 今年冬天多雪。
She has taught in the school for ten years. 她在这所学校教书已经10年了。
I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. 我从早饭起就一直没有吃东西。
We have been busy this morning. 今天上午我们一直很忙。

I have known her since we were children. 我从小就认识她。
I haven't seen John today. 我今天没有见到约翰。
It has rained a lot these days. 这些天多雨。

3) 表示从过去某一时间到说话时这 段时间中反复发生的动作或多次动作的总和，常同频度副
词always, often, seldom, never等连用
例：He has done a lot of work in the past two years. 在过去两年中他做了许多工作。
I have learned about two hundred English words this morning. 本月我学了大约200
个英语单词。
I have been to the Great Wall twice. 我曾经去过长城两次
It has rained every day this week. 这个星期天天下雨。
She has always walked to school. 她一直步行去学校。
I have never seen such a beautiful bird. 我从没见过这么美丽的鸟。
I have often met the old man on my way to work. 我在上班的路上常常遇见那位老人。

4) 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
1．现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果，而一般过去时与现在没有联系，只
是说明某个 动作发生的时间是在过去。
比：I have washed the car. 我洗过了车。（看上去很漂亮）
I washed the car a moment ago. 我刚才洗过车了。

She has watered the flowers. 她已经浇了花。（不需要再浇了）
She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天浇的花。

I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已经写好了，但还没有寄
出。
I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago. 我上周写的那封信，3
天前寄出的。

2．现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现 在并可能延续下去，而一般过去时则单纯表示过去
某段时间内的经历。
比：It has rained for five hours. 雨已经下了5个小时了。
It rained for live hours yesterday. 昨天下了5个小时的雨。

He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已经两个小时了。
He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了两个小时，然后就回家了。

I have reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我已经复习了两课。（说话时还在
上午）
I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我复习了两课。（说话时已是下午或晚上）

3．现在完成时与一般过去时的时间状语不同 现在完成时时间标志词：

Clark became a driver two years ago. 克拉克两年前当了驾驶员。
The meeting has been on for five minutes. 会议已经开始5分钟了。
The meeting began five minutes ago. 会议5分钟前开始的。
Daisy has been up for ten minutes. 戴西起床已经10分钟了。
Daisy got up ten minutes ago. 戴西10分钟前起的床。

如果非延续性动词用于现在完成时的否定式，则可同一段时间状语连用，并可同“for＋一 段
时间”或“since＋一时间点”和“since＋句子”连用。
例：She hasn't left home for a year. 她离开家还不到一年。
I haven't seen Jamie for two months. 我两个月没见杰米了。
The old man hasn't returned to his hometown for about fifty years. 这位老人约有
50年没有回家乡了。
I haven't met her since I left school. 我毕业以来没有见到她。
We haven't heard from Kent since 2001. 自2001年以来我们都没有收到肯特的信。
非延 续性动词的否定式与till(until)结构从句连用，表示“直到??才”，指某个不发生
的动作 一直延续到某个时间点才结束。
延续性动词的肯定式与till(until)结构连用，表示该动作一直延续到某个时间点才结束

比：I didn't finish the experiment until midnight. 我直到半夜才做完实验。
I watched TV until midnight. 我看电视一直到半夜。
The flower show didn't begin till the foreign friends arrived. 花展直到外国朋友
们到才开始。
He worked in the office till the foreign friends arrived. 他在办公室一直工作到外
国朋友到达。
They didn't set out until the moon rose. 他们直到月亮升起了才动身。
They waited until the moon rose. 他们一直等到月亮升起。

7) It has been(is) ＋一段时间＋since从句
这种句型表示“自从??”，since从句通常用一般过去时。
例：It has been ten years since he came to the city. 他来这座城市已经10年了。
It is about 5 days since she fell ill. 她生病大约5天了。
It is three months since Louis lost his car. 路易斯丢车已有3个月了。

8) have (has) got的用法
have(has) got形式上是现在完成时，实际上意思与have (has)相同。have(has)got 是英国
英语，have (has)是美国英语。
例：I have got (have) a bad cold. 我得了重感冒。
Have you got a rubber? 你有橡皮吗？ =Do you have a rubber?


基本结构：主语+havehas+过去分词(done)
①肯定句：主语+havehas+过去分词+其他
②否定句：主语+havehas+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句：HaveHas+主语+过去分词+其他

④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（havehas+主语+过去分词+其他）
（1）现在完成 时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,
也就是说,动作或状态发 生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时 刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表
示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,sin ce（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose??）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变
动词
come-be
go out-be out
finish-be over
open-be open
die-be dead
??????
代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词
1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill
3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be＋awake代wakewake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代closeshut
9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词
1“be＋on”代start,begin
2“be＋up”代get up
3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there
等等
d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词
1.“be inat +地点”代替go to come to
2.用be in the army 代替join the army
3.“be inat +地点”代替move to

常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：
1. have arrived atin sw. got toreached sw. comegonemoved to sw.
→have been in ?相应的介词
2. have comegone backreturned → have been back
3. have comegone out →have been out
4. have become → have been
5. have closed opened→ have been closeopen
6. have got up → have been up；
7. have died → have been dead；
8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleepgot to sleep → have been asleep；
10. have finishedendedcompleted → have been over；
11. havemarried → have been married；
12. have startedbegun to do sth. → have done sth. ；
13. have begun → have been on
14. have borrowedbought →have kepthad
15. have lost → haven’t had
16. have put on →have worn
17. have caught get a cold → have had a cold；
18. have got to know → have known
19. havehas gone to → have been in
20. have joinedhave taken part in the leaguethe Partythe army
→have been a member of have been inhave been the Party’s memberthe league
memberthe soldier?
注意： 1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）
如yesterday(m orning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for, since连
用.
2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用
,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently,still, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet ?
3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,
如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,
如now, up to these few daysweeksmonthsyears, this morningweekmonthyear,
just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.

There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced
in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.
We have had four texts this semester.
6.现在完成时的完成用法
现在完成时的完成用法指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动 作对现在产生
了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在
的情况-- 灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时完成用法的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过 去时间状
语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如 ：never，ever，once等)、
包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year...，today等)连用。
例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
7.现在完成时的未完成用法
现在完成时的未完成用法指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还
要继续下去。
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一 直住在这儿。(动作起始于
1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经 呆了五年多了。(动作开
始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用 法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻
相连的时间状 语(如：up to now，so far)等。
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完
成或延续时 间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
8.一段时间+has passed+since从句
9. 现在完成时常和短语 意思是从过去某一确定的时
间一直延续到现在.)
Up totill now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
gone:去了没回
been to :去过
been in：呆了很久
11.不能与when连用


被动语态完全手册

一、语态概述

英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。


例如：Many people speak English.

谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。
例 如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。

主动态和被动态指的 是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从
而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主 动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被
动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。

例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)

The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)

二、被动语态的构成

被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数 和时态的变化是通过be
的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。

一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught

一般过去时：was／were＋taught

一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught

现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught

过去进行时：have／has been＋taught

现在完成时：have／has been＋taught

歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。

三、被动语态的用法

(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

例如：

Some new computers were stolen last night.

一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)

This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。

(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。

例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。

This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。

Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。

歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；

动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。

四、主动语态变被动语态的方法

(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)

(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be
的形式)。

(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：

All the people laughed at him.

He was laughed at by all people.

They make the bikes in the factory.

The bikes are made?by them?in the factory.

歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。

谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。

五、含有情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to