谓语动词的时态和语态

动词的时态和语态

英语的时态是一种动词形式.不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式. 英语动词有16种时
态 ，常用的有8种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、
过去进行时、现在 完成时、过去完成时。但高中学生需要了解13种,除了以上8种,还须
掌握以下5种:将来进行时(一 般将来进行时、过去将来进行时)、一般将来完成时、完成
进行时(现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时) 。下面分别介绍。
16种时态形式(以do为例)：

现 在
过 去
将 来
过去将
来
一 般
现在一般时
do
过去一般时
did
将来一般时
will do
过去将来一般时
would do
完 成
现在完成时
have done
过去完成时
had done
将来完成时
will have done
进 行
现在进行时
is doing
过去进行时
was doing
将来进行时
will be doing
完 成 进 行
现在完成进行时
have been doing
过去完成进行时
had been doing
将来完成进行时
will have been doing
过去将来完成进行时
wouldhave been doing
过去将来完成时 过去将来进行时
would have done would be doing
【注】构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选.
一.一般现在时
1).表示经常性或习惯性的动作或状态. 常与表示频度的时间状语连用.如:often, usually,
always, sometimes, now, seldom, now and then, every day, occasionally等.
I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning.
We have meals three times a day.
He is always ready to help others.
2).表示客观事实、普遍真理、谚语、格言、警句。
Guangzhou is situatedlies in the south of China. Everything is much lighter on the moon.
There are four seasons in a year: spring, summer, autumn and winter.
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The earth goes around the sun.
Light travels faster than sound. Practice makes perfect.
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 Actions speak louder than words.
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
Columbus proved that the earth is round.
The day before yesterday I was told that in time of danger one’s mind works fast.
3).表示主语目前的特征、性格或说话时的感觉或状态。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
He works very hard. He is very happy. I’m glad to see you again. You see what I mean.
4). 在时间状语从句、条件状语从句或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来。这时主句
是将来时或祈使句.
When he arrives, he’ll tell us all about the match. Tell him the news as soon as he comes.

When I graduate, I’ll go to countryside. What are you going to be when you grow up.
We’re to go outing if it’s fine tomorrow. I’ll not go unless I’m invited.
Even if she doesn’t come this Saturday, I’ll go fishing by myself.
注意:make sure, take care, mind, it doesn’t matter, I don’t care 后跟从句时, 从句中用一般现
在时表将来.
We must take care that no one sees us.
Our staff will do their best to make sure you enjoy your visit.
It doesn’t matter where we go on holiday.
5).表示按时刻表拟定（如火车 、飞机、轮船等定点的驶进驶出，起飞降落。）或安排好将
要发生的事情。这时句中都带有一个表示将来 的时间状语。能用于此种用法的少量动词
有：begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, take off, start , stop, return, open, close等。
The train leaves at 10 a.m. the plane for Canada departstakes off at 9:15 a.m.
The film starts at 9:30 p.m. The new term starts at the beginning of September.
The program ends at 11:10 pm When does the train stop at Jinan?
6).在某些以here，there开头的句子中用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态。
Here comes the bus!=the bus is coming here!
There goes the thief!=the thief is going there!
7).用于文章标题，小说、戏剧、电影等的剧本或图片的文字说明中。
Hundreds of people die in the earthquake. (新闻标题)
When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk.
Mary, _____ here— everybody else, stay where you are.
A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming
二.一般过去时
1).表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常常与过去的时间状语连用。yesterday,
last night, just now, at that time, 3 years ago, in1949, the other day, then…等等
He graduated from No.1 Middle School in 1978.
I went to the moviescinema last night. Marry worked in the company for five years.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome
2).表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，往往与often, usually, always, would, used to连用。
He often asked a lot of strange questions when he was a boy.
She used to walk dogs along the river in the morning.
Often at night she would hear a long low whistle and a sound of metallic noise.
3).用于一些常用结构，表示刚刚，刚才…
Oh, it’s you. I didn’t recognize you at first. I didn’t know you were here.
Sorry, I forgot to bring my money. You look young. I thought you were 30.
Sorry, but I didn’t mean to hurt you.
Edward, you play so well. But I you played the piano.
A. didn't know B. hadn't known C. don't know D. haven't known
4).在时间、条件、让步状语从句中用一般过去时代替过去将来时。这时主句中是过去将

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来时或表示将来意义的动词。
She said he would give me a gift when she came again.
They planed to go outing if it was fine the next day.
He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise
Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.
三.一般将来时
1).表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
I willshall do it again tomorrow. Tom will be here next week.
He will be six years old next month. We shall know more and more as time goes on.
2).表示事物固有的属性或必然趋。
Fish will die without water.
Oil will float on water.
一般将来时常与时间状语tomorrow, soon, next week, in (the )future, in three days等连用。
注意:won’t可用来表示 “不能,没法”,表示主语不具备某种功能.
The door won’t open. This machine won’t work.
What’s the matter with the pen? The ink won’t come out.
除了用shal lwill（美语中，一般不论人称都用will）表示将来时之外，还有5种表达将来
时的方法。
①be going to do (1)表示按照计划或安排“打算做…”（2）有迹象表明，注定要，必定要
发生某事。
He is going to watch TV this evening.
Look, dark clouds are gathering .It’s going to rain
注意：be going to表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚
至已做了某种准 备。shallwill do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时做出的决定。
“I hear Jane is ill in hospital.” “Then I’ll go to see her.”
(√)If it is fine, we’ll go finish.
(Χ)If it is fine, we are going to go finishing.
注意：be going to will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。
If you are going to make a journey, you’d better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
②be to do表示计划、安排要发生的动作,还可表示责任、义务、命令或注定要发生的动作。
The examination is to take place next week.
A meeting is to be held at 3 o’clock this afternoon.
I feel that it is your husband who is to blame.
You are to report to the police.
The doctor says the patient is not to be moved.
注意：be to多表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
③表示按时刻表将要发生的事情。
The bus leaves at ten a.m. The class begins at 2:30 p.m.

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④表示位置移动或方向的动词常用进行时表将来。表示计划好、 安排好要进行的动作。
如：go, come, leave, arrive, return, work, start等。常会有一个表未来的时间状语。
He is leaving for Japan next month. Are you staying here till next week?
⑤be about to do或be on the point of doing表示立刻要、马上要、眼下就要发生的动作。
所以一般不能与具体的时间状语连用。常与wh en表突然连用。
The talk is about to begin. He is about to leave for Beijing.
I was about to go to bed when the phone rang.
3).在句型：“祈使句 + andor + 句子”，这种结构中andor后面的句子谓语一般用将来时
或含有情态动词。
Work hard and you will succeed in time.
Let’s keep to the point or we will never reach any decision.
Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.
= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed.
= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.
四.过去将来时
表示对过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。（主要用于宾语从句中。）
He said he would never come back again.
He told me he would pay me a visit if possible.
They wanted to know when I shouldwould finish the article.
We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would leave office soon.
五.现在进行时
1).现在进行时主要表示1.说话人说话时正在发生的动作或进行的状态。 2.现阶段（不一
定说话时）正在发生的动作或进行的状态。
She is reading in the next room. (说话时正在进行)
We’re having a meeting now. (说话时正在进行)
He is teaching in the No.1 senior school of Tangyin. (现阶段正在发生的动作)
He is working in a paper-making factory. (现阶段正在发生的动作)
句中往往有now，look等提示词。有的则通过上下文暗示某动作正在进行。
----What’s that terrible noise?
----The neighbors _______for a party.
A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepare D. will prepare
注：短暂性动词可以有进行时，表一种进行的动作或状态，但不能与延续性的段时间连
用。 Leaves are falling.
2).现在进行时表将来。主要表示按计划或安排要发生的 动作，主要用于表示趋向性的小
动词。常会有一个表未来的时间状语。
I’m leaving now.
They’re getting married next month.
现在进行时表将来与一般现在时表将来的区别：现在进行时表将来，其计划性较强，并

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往往暗示一种意图; 而一般现在时表将来，则其客观性较强，多指飞机、 火车、轮船等按
时刻表或规定要发生的情况，多有具体的时间状语。
I’m not going out this evening.
What time does the train leave.
The plane takes off at two o’clock this afternoon.
3).现在进行时表强烈感情色彩。可表示满意、 称赞、惊讶、厌恶、不满等感情色彩，通
常与always, constantly, continually, forever等副词连用。也可表示动作的暂时性。
She’s always thinking of others never thinking of himself. (表赞许)
She is constantly whispering to his desk-mate in English class. (表不满和责备)
He is constantly leaving his things about.（表不满 ）
She is always asking the same question. (表厌恶)
You are always finding fault with others. (表抱怨)
You are always changing your mind. (表抱怨)
He is walking to work because his bike has broken down. (表动作的暂时性)
4).与少数系动词连用，表动作的渐进性。这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go等。
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。It’s getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
注意：不可用进行时的情况。
① 表示存在状态的动词及动词短语，如have, appear, seem, stay, exist, lie, remain, cost,
owe, ,weigh, belong to, depend on等.如:I have two brothers. This house belongs to my sister.
② 表示心理状态和情感的动词，如know, realize, think，see, believe, suppose, imagine,
agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, hope, wish,
appreciate, love, hate等。如：I need your help. He loves her very much.
③ 瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, admit, promise, decide, refuse
等。例：I accept your advice.
④ 大多数系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, look, notice, hear, smell, feel, taste, sound等。
例：You seem a little tired.
5)under+名词(construction, discussion, repair等 ).表进行和被动.
The question is under discussion.= the question is being discussed.
六.过去进行时
1 ).表示过去某一时刻或每一段时间内正在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间可用时间状
语表示，也可由 上下文暗示。
He was watching TV this time yesterday.
I was having breakfast at 7:30 this morning.
----Have Sam finished his work today?
----I have no idea. He______ it this morning.
A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done
2).某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个动作发生在whenwhile 引导的时间状语
从句中。延续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.

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Granny fell asleep while she was reading the newspaper.
Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it.
3)come, go, leave, get, reach, start, arrive, set out等一些表示趋向性的动词用作过去进行时
可表示从过去 某一时间看将要发生的动作，一般强调按计划、要求、打算进行的动作。
Mr. Smith said he was leaving for London soon.
She said she was coming to see her grandpa the next month.
4) 过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶、不满等感情色彩，也通常与always,
constantly, continually, forever等副词连用。
They were always quarrelling.
The boy was continually asking questions.
5) waswere doing或waswere about to常与when连用表示“…正在正要…这时突然…”
相当于and at this time或and then.
We were doing our home work when all the lights went out.
I was about to leave when it began to rain.
6)在介绍故事时,用过去进行时来描述故事情景或提供故事发生的背景.
It was winter. The north wind was blowing and a heavy snow was falling. A poor little boy was
walking in the street.
七.现在完成时
1)表示过去的 动作对现在造成的影响或结果,着眼点在现在.常与非延续性动词连用.并常
带有不确定的时间状语(副 词),如already, yet, just ,before, lately, recently, never, ever, not yet
等.或无时间状语.但不能和具体的过去时间状语连用(如yesterday, last year, in 1993等)。这
个动作到说话时可能已经停止或结束。
His brother has joined the Party already. I have finished reading the book.
We have just visited the farm. I have forgot his telephone number.
They haven’t seen each other recently. I haven’t seen the film before.
My father has just come back form work.
2)表示动作或状态在过去某时开始，一直持 续到现在，并还可能继续下去的动作或状态。
通常用延续性动词。常与段时间状语连用。如:so far, up to now, since, for+段时, inover the
past few years等。
I have taught English for 15 years.
Where have you been all these years？
Up to now, we have received no mews from her.
注意:现在完成时还可和包括 “现在”在内的时间状语连用.如:today, this morning, this
month, these days, this year等,表示这个动作在这个特定的时间内完成.
Have you seen her these days?
Many students have graduated from this senior high school this year.
但如果说话人感兴趣的只是在这段时间内发生了某一动作,而不是这一动作与现在的关系

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时,须用过去时态.
The conference opened this month.
Their company set up a new lab this year.
3).在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来完成的 动作。（即用现在完成
时代替将来完成时）。这时主句的谓语动词是将来时或表将来意义的动词（常为祈 使句）。
其特征为：状语从句中的谓语动词很明显或需强调发生在主句谓语动作之前。
They will go to work in the company as soon as they have graduated from the school. (强调毕
业后)
I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes. （强调先看到）
I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work. （强调“干完”）
Tell me your answer when you have solved the problem! （强调“解决”）
When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.
Don’t get off the bus until it______.
A. has stopped B. stopped C. will stop D. shall stop
4).使用现在完成时的句型
① It this is the first second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the second time that I have visited the city.
This is the first time (that)I’ve heard him sing.
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
② This is +形容词最高级+名词+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。
This is the best film that I’ve (ever)seen. This is the most interesting book that I have read.
This is the only book that he has written.
5).比较since和for：Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for twenty years.（用于过去时）
I will stay in Paris for two months. (用于将来时)
since的四种用法
① since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。
I have been here since 1989.
② since +段时间+ ago. I have been here since five months ago.
③ since +从句。
I have been here since I was born.
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。
④It ishas been +段时间+ since从句。
注意：1.此句型中常用is来代替has been使结构更简洁。后的从句用一般过去时。
3. since后的从句谓语动词有延续性和非延续 性之分，决定此句型意思的翻译。若为短暂
性动词则表示这个动作从开始到现在总共多久。若为延续性动 词则表示这个动作从结束
到现在总共多久。常见的短暂性动词有close, die, come, go, leave, break, lose, buy, join,

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receive, borrow, become, start, begin, arrive, fall, see, marry, put, pass, borrow, open等。
△since后从句为短暂性动词
It is five years since I joined the army.
It is ten years since her father died.
It is twenty tears since Nick left his hometown.
It is three months since he came to our school.
It is two years since Mary became a postgraduate student.
△since后从句为延续性性动词
It is many years since my father smoked.
It is five years since he lived in Shanghai.
It is three tears since he was a student.
It is along time since he studied English.
对比：It is two weeksHe was written to me frequently since I was ill.
It is two weeksHe was written to me frequently since I fell ill.
注意：since后从句接延续性动词的现在完成时意译为“短暂性动词”即从开始到现在总
共多久了。
It’s years since I have enjoyed myself so much. 痛快的日子我已过好几年了。
It’s years since I have had the car. 这辆车我已用了好多年了。
Since I have been at this school, we have had 3 English teachers.
I have seldom been to the theater since I have had a TV set.
⑤ It was +段时间+since…had done…或It had been +段时间+since…did…
注意：1.此句型中主句常用was或had been. 后的从句用过去完成时或一般过去时。
3. since后的从句谓语动词有延续性和非延续性之分, 决定此句型意思的翻译。若为短暂
性动词则表示这个动作从开始到现在总共多久。若为延续性动词则表示 这个动作从结束
到现在总共多久。
It was two years since Tom had been a worker. 汤姆不当工人已有两年了。
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. 我们有十来年没这么高兴了。
before的用法
一.五大含义
1.在…之前
Please turn off all the lights before you leave.
Tom had finished her homework before her mother returned.
2.还没来得及…就…
Before I could speak to him, he ran away.
Before she could think twice, the water was upon her.
3. “…才…”
The big fire lasted 4 hours before the firefighters controlled it.
4. “就…”
It didn’t take long before the wooden building was swallowed by the fire.
I had not waited long before he came back.

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5. “以免…趁…”
Please go over the new words before you forget them.
二.before用于固定句型
waswasn’t+段时间+before
It was three years before he came back.
It wasn’t long before he sensed the danger of the task.
willwon’t +be +段时间+before
It will be three years before he comes back.
It will be two weeks before everything returns to normal.
It won’t be long before we meet again.
It won’t be long before they understand each other.
注意:1.在不同语境中灵活翻译before的不同含义. 2.在3.4.含义中主句为肯定式译为
“…才…”主句为否定式译为. “就…” 所连接的前后两分句的时态是一致的.4.注
意对比掌握before与since的固定句型的差异.
untiltill的用法.(.)
1.用在肯定句中,主句的谓语动词应为延续性动词. until后时间状语的动作一发生,主句谓
语动词的动作就停止. 表示“做……直到……”
Mary waited outside until the boss called her in.
He slept until ten o’clock. 他一直睡到10点。
2.用于否定句中, 主句的谓语动词应为短暂性动词. until后时间状语的动作一发生,主句谓
语动词的动作才开始. 表示 “直到…才…”
I didn’t know how to use a computer until thenlast classyou told me.
Not until you told me did I know how to use a computer.(用于倒装语序)
It was not until you told me that I knew how to use a computer.(用于强调句)
6).havehas been to 与havehas gone to
表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“havehas been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回
来）”用“havehas gone to”.
——Where is Li Hua? －He has gone to the reading-room.
——She knows a lot about Shanghai.－She has been there.
7). 短暂动词（即瞬间动词）, 不能延续, 因此在完成时态中, 其肯定式不能和表示一段时
间的状语连用。

(Х)His grandpa has died for two years.
His grandpa has been dead for two years.
His grandpa died two years ago.
It’s two years since his grandpa died.
(Х)I have left Shanghai for 3 days.
I have been away from Shanghai for 3 days.
I left Shanghai 3 days ago.
It is 3days since I left Shanghai.
常见的短暂性动词有
: buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, begin, start,

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join, lose, finish, complete, stop, break out, receive, graduate, give, fall
等.
但短暂性动词的否定式可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。因为否定的状态是可以延续的.
I haven’t seen Mary for two years.

八.过去完成时 < br>1)过去完成时的动作表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或已经存在的状态。句
中常用 by, before, until, when 等词引导的时间状语。
By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
He had taught in Tangyin for eight years before he moved here. < br>2)过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间
或继续持 续下去。往往与for, since连用.
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
He said he had been in the Party for 10 years.
注意:要使用过去完成时应具备下面两个条件的其 中一个.1.句中有一个过去的时间状语作
为参照,而另一个动作发生在这个作为参照的一般过去时之前 须要过去完成时应.2.句中有
需用过去完成时应的时间状语.
3) 过去完成时应常用于以下情况.
①用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句,表示动作发生在这些动词之前.
She said that she had never been to Paris.
②用在状语从句中,.在过去不同时间 发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生
在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
③.在HardlyScarcelyBarely…when…以及No sooner…than… 句型中.半倒装的主句部分用
过去完成时,when和than从句一般用过去时.
Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.
No sooner had I got home than the rain poured down.
④.It washad been+段时间+since从句. since从句中谓语动词用过去完成时.
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. 我们有十来年没这么高兴了。
⑤.Itthat was the firstsecond…time +that从句.that从句谓语要用过去完成时.
It was the third time that he had made the same mistake.
⑥.表希望、想法、打算 、意图的动词，用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose，want，plan等，
He had intended to make a speech but no one gave me such a chance.
I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that moment
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
I had thought that he died ten years ago.
⑦.由beforeafteras soon as引导的时间状语从句，由于这些词本身的意义能够明确表示时

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间的先后顺序；且与主句的动作往往前后紧接着发生，因此时间状语从句中常用一般过
去 时代替过去完成时。
We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.
After he (had) finished his homework, he went to bed.
The train started to move just before he reached the platform.
They started ploughing as soon as they got to the fields.
九.将来进行时。
现在将来进行时shallwill+ be+ doing 美语中统一用will.
1).表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。
We’ll be flying to London this time tomorrow.
I shall be waiting for you in my room after supper.
Don’t come at ten o’clock tomorrow; he will be working then.
2)表示按计划将来某时要发生的动作。
They will be having their holiday in June.
They will be having an exam tomorrow.
When the oil is gone, everyone will be freezing cold.
过去将来进行时shouldwould+ be+ doing 美语中统一用would. 用法同上。
1).表示过去的将来的某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。
He asked me what I shouldwould be doing at ten the next day.
They said they would be expecting us the next week.
2)表示在过去某一时间之后即将或按计划进行的动作。
He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.
十.将来完成时 shallwill have done.
表示到将来某一时间某一动作将要完成。常用的时间状语为：by+将来某个时间。兼有一
般将 来时和现在完成时两者的特点。
By the time of next year, all of you will have become college students.
By the time you arrives, I’ll have finished it.
The problem will have been solved by the time he comes back.
By the end of this month, we surely will have found a satisfactory solution to the problem.
十一.完成进行时
现在完成进行时 havehas been doing 兼有现在完成时和现在进行时两者的特点。
表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在 ，这个动作可能刚刚结束，也可能仍然在
进行着（即：可能继续进行下去）。并常带有动作起始时间的状 语，如：since+时间点 since
last week, since 1990等或由si nce引导的时间状语从句，也可以带有表示时间长度的状语。
如:for+段时间，these days, all day等。现在完成进行时强调动作进行的过程，或强调一直
到现在为止的一段时 间里一再反复进行的动作。同时它具备进行时的“暂时性、感情色
彩等”特点。
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
It has been raining for three days.

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I have been learning English for six yearssince 1992.
Now that she is out of a job, Lucy has been considering going back to school, but she hasn’t
decided yet.
现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
(1)现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时强 调动作的延续，因此，表示动作的
完成，只能用现在完成时，而不能用现在完成进行时。
I have read the book. 我读过这本书。
I have been reading the book. 我一直在读这本书。
(2)在表示动作的延续时，虽然既 可用现在完成时，也可用现在完成进行时，但现在完成
进行时强调动作的进行。因此在需要明确表示动作 还要持续下去时，应用现在完成进行
时。
We have learned English three years.
We have been learning English three years.
(3)有些延续性动词(如teach, learn, live, stay, study, work等)，用于现在完成时或现在完成
进行时的区别不大。(只是用现 在完成进行时更强调动作的持续性)。
I have lived here for many years.=I have been living here for many years.
How long have you worked [been working] here?
(4) 现在完成时通常只陈述事实，而现在完成进行时还可表示一种感情色彩(往往表示某
动 作持续时间太长，有令人疲劳或厌倦等含义)。
I have waited for two hours. 我等了两小时。(陈述事实)
I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了两个小时。(等得好辛苦,表抱怨)
(5) 现在完成进行时通常用来 谈论较短暂的动作或情况，若要谈论时间延续较长的动作或
情况或永久性情况，则通常用现在完成时。
He has lived in Paris. 他(一直)住在巴黎。
He has been living in Paris. 他(目前)住在巴黎。(表暂时性)
(6)现在完成时强调动作的最后结果, 现在完成进行时强调动作的直接结果。（现在完成进
行时有时表示根据直接或间接的证据得出的结论。）
Now we have cleaned the room, we can move the things in.( 强调最终结果)
You look so tired. What have you been doing? (强调直接结果)
She is very tired. She’s been typing letters all day. 她很累了，她整天都在打信件。
Her eyes are red. She has been crying. 她眼睛红了。她一直在哭。
----Jim, you look so tired.
----Yes, I have been painting the door all day.
过去完成进行时
表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直持续到另一个过去时刻 ，这时这个动作可能刚刚结束，
也可能仍然在进行着（即：可能继续进行下去）。前提是有一特定的过去 时间状语，同时
也强调了动作的持续性。
The crazy fans had been waiting patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star
arrived.

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The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.
His best friends, peter, had been living here before he was admitted into Beijing University.

时态的呼应 < br>1.如果主句谓语动词的时态是现在时态,从句(主要是宾语从句)的谓语动词可以用根据情
况所 要求的时态.
She says that she lives in London.
You can see that the house hasn’t been painted.
I’ll tell you what I saw in Beijing.
I’ve told him that his brother is studying here.
2.如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态,从句的谓语动词要用过去的某种时态.
I thought you were not coming until yesterday.
He said that he would settle down in the countryside when he finished school.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
3.从句中所表示的是科学真理、格言等不受时 间限制的客观存在的情况时,宾语从句不受
主句时态的影响.
It was not until then that I came to know that knowledge comes form practice.
The teacher told the children that the earth moves around the sun.
动词的语态-----被动语态
一、被动语态概述
语态是动词的一种形式，用以 说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：
主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作 的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的
承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动 作对象的及物动词才
有被动语态。汉语往往用被、受、给等词来表示被动意义。
He opened the door.（主动语态）
The door was opened. (被动语态)
二、被动语态的构成
be+ done或getbecome+ done (口语中常用)
各种时态的被动语态举例（以动词do为例）
1.一般现在时（am is are +done）
English is spoken by lots of people in the world.
2.一般过去时 (was were +done)
The cup was broken by the boy.
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
3.一般将来时 (will shall be +done)
Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
4,过去将来时 (wouldshould be +done)
The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
5.现在进行时 (am is are being +done)

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The problem is being discussed now.
6.过去进行时 (was were being +done)
The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday.
7.现在完成时 (have has been + done)
All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.
The book has been read many times by me.
8.过去完成时 (had been + done)
They said they had been invited to the party.
By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.
9.现在将来进行时 (willshall be being+ done)
The notebook will be being protected by a jacket of clear plastic
笔记本上会一直带有一个透明塑料护封。
10过去将来进行时 (wouldshould be being+ done)
He said that he would be being interviewed for half an hour from one o’clock pm. on Friday
afternoon.
11.一般将来完成时 (shallwill have been+ done.)
All the roads will have been widened by 2012.
Every obstacle to agreement will have been removed by the end of the month.
It is predicted that he will have been brought low by misfortune by the end of the year.
据预测他年底之前会因为遭到厄运而穷困潦倒。
12.过去将来完成时(wouldshould have been+ done.)
To our satisfaction, the principle said the construction in the school would have been completed
the next year.
13.现在完成进行时 (havehas been being+ done)
Mary has been being trained for the law for a year.
14.过去完成进行时 (had been being done)
He said he had been being surrounded by the crazy fans for forty minutes.
注：将来完成进行时（一般和过去）的时态和语态不需掌握。在此略掉。
get done结构的用法
被用来代替助动词be和过去分词连用，构成被动结构，着重强调动作。.
Some glasses got broken when we were moving.
He got killed when he was crossing the road.
Our car gets cleaned about once every two months.
She got (herself) paid before she went on a holiday.
They got married last week. He fell off his bike and got hurt.
The boy got drowned last summer. She got fired because of her faults.
与多数都已形容词化了的过去分词连用，构成系表结构，表示状态的变化过程。其中get表示一种状态向另一种状态过渡、变化的动作。
We don’t want any of you to get lost.

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He went out and got drunk.
He could not wash himself or get dressed.
She got washed after she got back home from work .
Tom got changed quickly and hurried to attend the party.
She soon got tired of learning English.
You will soon get used to this kind of work.
She got pleased with her new room.
I got surprised at the news.
三、带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
These book may be kept for two weeks.
This problem must be worked out in half an hour.
四、带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语 ，
也可以是间接宾语。
He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
A present was given him by his mother for his birthday.
五、当“动词+ 宾语 +宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，
其余不动。原来的宾语补足语变为 主语补足语。
The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
A wallet was found lying on the ground.
六、动词短语变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”（即构成短语动词的介词或副词不可以漏掉）。
The children were taken good care of
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
The old man was often laughed at.
Time must be made full use of.
七、感官动词和使役动词的被动语态。
感官动词后面的宾语补足语主要有有三种形式：doing(表正在进行的动作片段), done（表
被动）和do（不带to的不定式表全过程）。但感官动词和使役动词在变为被动语态时,原
来 省略to 的不定式要还原to.感官动词常见的有feel, hearlisten to,
seewatchnoticeobservelook at以及3个使役动词makelethave.
He was seen to go upstairs.
The workers were made to work for twelve hours a day.
They were heard singing at that time. (宾补为-ing,-ed分词，改为被动后不变。)
I was kept busy all the morning. (宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，改为被动后不变。)
八、双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分
These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.
The murderer was ordered to be shot.

主动表被动的情况见专讲

15

时态专练
1. --- Oh, dear. I forgot the air tickets.
--- You ______ something.
A. have left B. are always leaving C. are leaving D. always left
2. --- I ______ so busily recently that I ______ no time to help you with your math.
--- That’s OK. I can manage it by myself.
A. have been working; have B. have worked; had
C. am working; will have D. had been working; had had
3. Remember to send me a photo of us next time you ______ to me.
A. are writing B. will write C. has written D. write
4. He ______ at the meeting, but his heart attack prevented him.
A. will speak B. is going to speak C. had to speak D. was going to speak
5. --- I beg your pardon, but I didn’t quite catch you.
--- Oh, I ______ myself.
A. am talking to B. talked about C. have talked to D. was talking to
6. I ______ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the New Year.
A. will play B. have played C. played D. play
7. I first met Tom 10 years ago. He ______ in a radio factory at that time.
A. had worked B. has worked C. was working D. has been working
8. --- What ______ when I phoned you?
--- I ______ my work, and I wanted to go out.
A. have you done; finished B. were you doing; have finished
C. did you do; had just finished D. were you doing; had just finished
9. --- Have you finished the report?
--- No. I ______ it all this week.
A. will do B. had done C. have done D. have been doing
10. I can guess you were in a hurry. You ______ your sweater inside out.
A. had worn B. wore C. were wearing D. are wearing
11. --- We ______ that you would fix the TV set this week.
--- I’m sorry. I ______ to fix it this week, but I’ve been too busy.
A. had expected; had intended B. are expecting; had intended
C. expect; intend D. expected; intend
12. --- Why? Tom, your shirt is so dirty!
--- Mum, I ______ my storeroom downstairs.
A. cleaned B. have cleaned C. was cleaning D. have been cleaning
13. They won’t buy new clothes because they ______ money to buy a new house.
A. save B. are saving C. have saved D. were saving
14. The traffic in our city is already good and it ______ even better.

16

A. gets B. got C. has got D. is getting
15. --- I will come to attend your lecture at 10:00 tomorrow.
--- I’m sorry, by then my lecture will have ended and I ______ my guests in my office.
A. is being met B. will meet C. will be meeting D. will have met
16. --- Alice came back home the day before yesterday.
--- Really? Where ______?
A. has she been B. had she been C. has she gone D. had she gone
17. I know Mr. Brown; we ______ to each other at an international conference.
A. are introduced B. are been introduced C. were introduced D. had been introduced
18. --- Where do you think ______ he ______ the computer?
--- Sorry. I have no idea.
A. has; bought B. 不填; bought C. did; buy D. 不填; buys
19. Don’t bother to look for my dictionary --- it ______ some day.
A. turns up B. has turned up C. will turn up D. is going to turn up
20. --- What do you think of this kind of TV set, which ______ in Shanghai?
--- Well, I don’t care about such things.
A. was made B. is made C. has been made D. had been made
21. --- Did he notice you enter the room?
--- I don’t think so. He ______ to the radio with his eyes shut.
A. listened B. was listening C. has listened D. had listened
22. The plane ______ at 7:00 pm, so I have to be at the airport by 6:40 at the latest.
A. has left B. would leave C. will have left D. leaves
23. The train ___ at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about nine
o’clock tonight.
A. went B. is going C. goes D. will be going
24. I used to drink a lot of tea but these days I ______ coffee.
A. prefer B. preferred C. had preferred D. am preferring
25. The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They ______ too long.
A. had been cooked B. were cooked C. have cooked D. cooked
26. --- Remember the first time we met, Jim?
--- Of course I do. You ______ in the library.
A. were reading B. had read C. have read D. read
27. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I ______ the cloth ______ well.
A. have told; washes B. have been told; washes
C. was told; washed D. have been told; is washed
28. --- Is Tom still smoking?
--- No. By next Saturday he ______ for a whole month without smoking a single cigarette.
A. will be B. will have gone C. will have been D. has been going
29. --- ______ Betty this morning?

17

--- Not yet, but she is sure to be here before noon.
A. Have you seen B. Will you see C. Do you see D. Did you see?
30. Jim talked for about half an hour yesterday. Never ______ him talk so much.
A. I heard B. did I hear C. I had heard D. had I heard
31. --- Look at the black clouds. It ______ soon.
--- Sure. If only we ______ out.
A. is raining; didn’t come B. is to rain; won’t start
C. will rain; haven’t started D. is going to rain; hadn’t come
32. He ___ articles for our wall-newspaper these three years, and he ____ about forty articles.
A. has been writing; has written B. has been writing; wrote
C. is writing; has been writing D. has written; has written
33. She ______ to the office than she got down to writing the report.
A. has no sooner got B. had hardly got C. no sooner got D. had no sooner got
34. When he was alive, the old scientist used to say that knowledge ______ from practice and
he gained his experience by doing a lot of practical work.
A. was coming B. had come C. comes D. would come
35. --- Don’t forget to bring my new books tomorrow afternoon.
--- No, I ______.
A. don’t B. do C. won’t D. will
36. I decided to go to the library as soon as I ______.
A. finished what I was doing B. finished what I did
C. would finish what I was doing D. finish what I did
37. You won’t know whether the coat fits you until you ______ it on.
A. will try B. have tried C. tried D. are trying
38. My dictionary ______. I have looked for it everywhere but still ______it.
A. has lost; don’t find B. is missing; don’t find
C. has lost; haven’t found D. is missing; haven’t found
39. ______ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
40. --- How are you planning to travel to Shanghai?
--- I ______ yet, but I ______ taking a train.
A. didn’t decide; am considering B. haven’t decided; consider
C. haven’t decided; am considering D. hadn’t decided; have considered
41. --- Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor?
--- Of course. What is it?
--- I ______ if you could take me to the station.
A. would wonder B. did wonder C. was wondering D. had wondered
42. --- Got your driving license?
--- No. I ______ too busy to have enough practice, so I didn’t take the driving test last week.

18

I’m going to next week.
A. was B. have been C. am D. had been
43. With the development of science, more new technology ______ to the field of IT.
A. has introduced B. is being introduced C. is introduced D. was introduced
44. --- Who’s the man over there?
--- It’s Jack.
--- Oh? ______ in Italy.
A. I think he’s B. I’ve thought he’s been
C. I thought he was D. I’d thought he’d been
45. --- I dropped in at your house at about ten last night, but you weren’t in.
--- I ______ regular exercises at the club.
A. did B. was doing C. had done D. have been doing
46. --- Each of the students, working hard at their lessons, ______ the book.
--- So have I.
A. is reading B. has read C. reading D. reads
47. The baby is generally healthy, but every now and then he ______ a cold.
A. has caught B. is catching C. will catch D. does catch
48. It is when the plane ______ that you’d better find out at the booking office.
A. would take off B. had taken off C. was taking off D. is taking off
49. --- I’m sorry, but there’s no smoking on this flight.
--- Oh, I ______ that. Sorry, I won’t again.
A. don’t know B. didn’t know C. won’t know D. haven’t known
50. I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he ______ it.
A. doesn’t mention B. hadn’t mentioned C. didn’t mention D. hasn’t mentioned

答案：1-5 BADDD 6-10 DCDDD 11-15 ADBDC 16-20 BCBCB
21-25 BDDAA 26-30 ABBAD 31-35 DADCC 36-40 ABDDC
41-45 CDBCB 46-50 BDDBC







19