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十六种英语动词的时态
英语共有16种时态,根据近几年曝光的四、六级考卷
分析, 时态测试重点主要有:完成时态
——现在完成时、
过去完成时、将来完成时;进行时态——现在进行时、过去
进行时、将来进行
时、完成进行时;一般时态。
一、一般时态
1、一般现在时
(1)
一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现
阶段反复发生的动作或状态,常和副词
usually,often,always
sometimes,
regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every
week 等连用。例如:
1)The moon moves round
the earth.
2)Mr. Smith travels to work
by bus every day.
(2)在由
after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,
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as long as,as soon as,the moment
以及 if,unless
等引导
的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替
将来时。例如:
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see
him.
2)I will not go to countryside if
it rains tomorrow.
(3)某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示
按规定、
计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有:be,go,come,start,
dep
art,arrive,begin,leave 等。例如:
1)The plane
leaves at three sharp.
2)The new
teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由
why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as
等
引导的从句中,也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:
1)Free
tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2)You'll probably be in the same train as I
am tomorrow.
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2.一般过去时
(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状
态,常与表示确切过去时
间的词、短语或从句连用。例如:
We went to the
pictures last night and saw a very
interesting
film.
(2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如:
1)He
always went to class last.
2)I used to
do my homework in the library.
(注意与
be used to doing 短语的区别)
3.一般将来时
1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如:
I shall
graduate next
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2)几种替代形式:
1)be going to + v.
在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发
生的事情。例如:
I'm
going to buy a house when we've saved enough
money.
2)be to + v.
表示计划安排要做的事,具有“必要”的强制
性意义。例如:
I am
to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be
about to + v. 表示即将发生的事情。例如:
He was
about to
4)be due to + v. 表示预先确定了的事,
必定发生的事。例
如:
The train is due to
depart in ten minutes.
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5)be on the point verge of +v.-ing
强调即将发生的某种事
态。例如:
The baby was on
the point of crying when her mother
finally
came home.
二、进行时态
1.现在进行时
(1)表示现在正在进行的动作,常与 now,right now,at the
mother,for the time being,for the present
等连用。例如:
Don't disturb her. She is
reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作,
常与 always,continually,
forever,constantly
等连用。例如:
My father is forever
criticizing
(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种
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语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位
置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。
常用的有:go,
come,leave,start,arrive,return 等。例如:
They are leaving for Hong Kong next
month.
(4)有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示“感觉,感情,
存在,
从属”等的动词。如:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,
notice,loo
k,appear,(表示感觉的词);hate,love,fear,
like,want,wis
h,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的动词);
be,exist,rema
in,stay,obtain(表示存在状态的动词);
have,possess,own,con
tain,belong,consist of,form(表
示占有与从属的动词);unders
tand,know,believe,think,
doubt,forget,remember(
表示思考理解的动词)。但是如
果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态。例如:
1)Tom looks pale. What's wrong with him?
(look 在此为联系动词,意为“显得,看上去”)
2)Tom is
looking for his
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(look 在此为实义动词,意为“寻找”)
2.过去进行时
过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后,另一
个过去的动作正在进行,或表示过去反复的习惯,
常与
always,continually,constantly 等动词连用。例如:
1)We were discussing the matter when the
headmaster
entered.
2)Whenever I
visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3.将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的
动作,或
表示要在将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去的动作。常用来表
示礼貌的询问、请求等。例
如:
1)This time next day they will be
sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you
be doing at six tomorrow evening?
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4.完成进行时
(现在、过去、将来)完成进
行时是(现在、过去、将
来)完成时的强调形式,将放在完成时态部分讲述。
三、完成时态
完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为:
1.现在完成时
(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的,刚刚完
成的动作(常与
yet,already,just 连用),或者过去某一
时刻发生的,持续到现在的情况(常与
for,since 连用)。
例如:
1)I have just
finished my homework.
2)Mary has been
ill for three days.
(2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:since, for, during,
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over 等引导出的短语;副词 already, yet,
just, ever, now,
before, often, lately,
recently 等;状语词组this week (morning,
month,
year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the
present
等。例如:
1)I haven't been there
for five
2)So far, she hasn't enjoyed
the summer vacation.
3)There have been a
lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中:
This (That, It)
is (was) the first (second ?) time + 定语
从句;This
(That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n. +
定语从句;
This (That, It) is (was) + 形容词最高级 + n. +
定语从句。如果
主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在
完成时;如果主句谓
语动词是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通
常用过去完成时。例如:
(1)This
is one of the rarest questions that have ever been
raised at such a meeting.
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(2)There was a knock at the door.
It was the second time
someone had interrupted
me that evening.
2.过去完成时
(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况,这个过去
的时间可以用 by,before
等介词短语或一个时间状语从句
来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完
成。例
如:
1)We had just had our breakfast when
Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year
they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)动词 expect, hope, mean, intend, plan,
suppose, wish,
want, desire
等用过去完成时,表示过去的希望、预期、意
图或愿望等没有实现。例如:
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but
I wasn't
able to get away.
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另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是:
1)was were + to have done sth., 例如:
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn't.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant,
planned, supposed,
wished, wanted, desired) +
to have done sth., 例如:
I meant to
have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型:
1)hardly,
scarcely, barely + 过去完成时 + when + 过去时。
例如:
Hardly had I got on the bus when it
started to move.
2)no sooner +
过去完成时 + than + 过去时。例如:
No sooner had
I gone out than he came to see me.
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3)by (the end of ) +
过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成
时。例如:
The
experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock
yesterday
afternoon.
3.将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未
来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作
;也可以用来表示一种猜
测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有:by (the time the
end
of ) + 表示将来时间的短语和句子;before (the end of ) +
表
示将来时间的词语或句子;when, after 等加上表示将来动作
的句子等。例如:
1)By this time tomorrow you will have
arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have
finished this composition before 9 o'clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the
train will probably
have left.
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4.完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式,有现在完成进行时,
过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时。
(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或
状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如
:
I have been looking for my lost
book for three days, but I
still haven't found
it.
(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或
状态一直延续到
过去某一时刻。例如:
It had been raining cats
and dogs for over a week and the
downpour had
caused landslides in many places.
(3)将来完成
进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个
动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如:
By the time you arrive tonight, she will
have been typing
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for hours.
四:时态一致
时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。
通常应
由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是:
1.当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时,从句的谓语根据具体
情况使用任何时态
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your
party
today.
“Did you hear that
Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but
I
don't know who bought it.”
“There's a
lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts
have
returned?”
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2.当主句谓语使用过去时的时候,从句的谓语必须使用过
去范围的时态
He said he was writing a novel.
The
teacher wanted to know when we would finish the
experiment.
He said his father had
been an engineer.
3.当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时,从句的谓语应使
用一般现在时。例如:
The teacher told them since light travels
faster than sound,
lightning appears to go
before thunder.
注:在此种情况下,即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态,
从句谓语也应用一般现在时。
4.从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况
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利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时,还应注意,若
主语动词是表示命
令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词,
从句谓语只能用虚拟语气,不能遵循时态一致原则。例如:
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
动词的语态
语态也是动词的一种形式,英语有两种
语态:主动语态
和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语
态表示主语是动作的
承受者。
1)We use electricity to run
machines. (主动语态)
2)Electricity is used
to run machines. (被动语态)
1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语
(1)在英语中,不及物动词不能用于被动语态,但有些不
及物动词(包括短语)容
易引起误用。如:appear, belong,
belong, die, escape,
fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur,
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come true, take place, consist
of。
(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词,如:become, contain,
cost, fit, have, resemble, suit 也没有被动语态。
2.被动语态的时态形式
常用的被动语态有表1 所列的几种时态形式。
表1
时间 一般时 进行时 完成时
现在
am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
过去
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was be asked was being
asked
were be asked were being asked
将来
shall be asked shall
have been asked
will be asked will
have been asked
过去
should be asked should have been asked
将来
would be asked would have been
asked
3.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词转换为被动语态时,通常被看作是一个动词,
后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如:
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1)So far no correct
conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the
rubbish should be got rid of.
4.“get +
-ed分词”的被动语态
“get + -ed
分词”结构强调动作的结果,而非动作本身,
常用来表示突发性的,出乎意料的偶然事件。例如:
The boy got hurt on his way home from
work.
另外,“get + -ed
分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事,
是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如:
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)
get
engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get
lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸)
get
married(结婚)
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5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态
(1)能带两个宾语的动词改为
被动语态时,一次只能由一
个宾语作主语,另一个宾语被保留下来。例如:
1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)
2)The visitors were shown our new
products.(被动语态)
3)Our new products were
shown to the visitors.(被动语态)
(2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时,原来的宾语补
足语变为主语补足语。例如:
1)The teacher appointed him League
secretary.(主动语态)
2)He was appointed
League secretary.(被动语态)
6.被动语态与系表结构的区别
(1)The novel was well written.(系表结构)
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(2)The novel was written by
Diskens.(被动语态)
7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思
例1:The book is selling remarkably well.
例2:The song sounds very beautiful.
能这样用的动词还有
read(读起来),clean(擦起来),
wash(洗起来),write(写起来)。
例3:My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch
needs to be
cleaned).
能像 need
这样用的动词还有:want, require, deserve,
do, owe, bind
等。
例4:The meat is cooking.
例
5:The book written by the professor is printing.
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