shielded-priori
时态
现在完成时
一.基本结构:助动词havehas+过去分词(done) 。表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影
响,
或过去发生的动作还未结束,一直持续到现在或将来,重点在于对现在的影响。
二.句型:
否定句:主语+havehas+not+过去分词+其他.
一般疑问句:HaveHas+主语+过去分词+其他.
简略答语: Yes, 主语 +
havehas.(肯定)
No, 主语 +
haven'thasn't.(否定)
三.用法
1.“已完成”用法
:表示一个过去发生并结束的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
这一类情况可以细致分为下述两种情况。
1)表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束。常和just,now,already,yet,not…ye
t等不确定的时
间状语连用。
Li Ming has just turned off
the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上。(说明现在灯关上了)
I've finished
my homework now. 现在我已经做完作业了。(说明可以交作业或做别的了)
2)表示过去动作的结果,现在仍残留着。一般不用时间状语。
I have lost
my pen. 我把笔丢了。 (说明过去某时丢的,现在我还没找到这支笔)
She has
become a teacher. 她已经当了老师。(说明她现在仍是老师)
2.“未完成”
用法。表示动作或状态从过去某时开始,持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示)
或状态(be动词表示)
,常与for(+段时间)、since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用。
①for+时段(for
a long time,for a month)
②since+过去一个时间点(译为:自从……以来,如since 1991 、since
yesterday)
③since+时段+ago (since 2 days ago)
④since+从句(过去时)
●⑤It
is+时段+since+从句(过去时)
⑥其它常见:today,this
week(month),lately,recently,these days,in the past
few days,
during the last two weeks,,so far,up
to now,till(until) now等。
He has lived here for
30 years. 他住在这儿三十年了。(现在还住在这儿)
They've known each other since childhood.
他们从小彼此相识。(现在还在往来)
How long have you studied
English? 你学英语多久了?(现在仍在学)
3. 经验性用法:表示从过去开始到目前为
止这段时间中反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态。
常与频度副词如often, always,
every week, twice等连用。
I have been to the
Summer Palace twice. 我曾经去过颐和园两次。
He has
always said so.他总是这么说.
四.现在完成时的时间状语
1.现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下时间状语表示这种含
义。
a)
用副词already、yet。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
如:We have already finished our
homework.我们已完成作业了。
They haven't finished
their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。
b)
用ever和never.多用于否定或疑问句中,表示“曾经”或“从未“等。
如: -Have
you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗?
-I
have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。
c)
用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语,如so far, just,before, up to now,
the past few years
等。
如:I have seen her
before, but I can not remember where.
我以前见过她,但记不起在哪里见过。
He has got to Beijing so
far. 到目前为止,他已经到了北京。
d) 用包括“现在”在内的时间状语,如now,
today, this morning(month, year, term)等。
如:-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't.
今天你见过他吗?我没有。
e) 表示动作发生的次数的时间状语
如:He has
been there three times the last few days.
近几天他去过那里三次了。
How many times have you been
there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次?
2.
短暂性动词不能和表一段时间的时间状语连用。如:come, go, arrive, reach,
hear, close,
leave, begin, start, lose, buy,
fall, join, die, get up等。但如果要保留表一段时间的时间状语,必
须将动
词改为延续性动词,常与for+时段、since+过去一个时间点(过去 从句)的时间状语
连用。
现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换
a) 瞬间动词的变化
buy----have borrow
-----keephave become -----be
catch a cold
-----have a cold put on -----wear
b)
用“be+形容词”代替短暂性动词
marry-----be married
fall(get) ill-----be ill
die-----be
dead fall(get) asleep-----be
asleep
wakewake up-----be awake
lose-----be missinggonelost
open-----be
open close-----be close
finish(
end )→be over go out----be out
c) 用“be+副词”代替短暂性动词
startbegin-----
be on get up→ be up
returncome
backgo back→be back leavemove →be away
comearrivereachget here(there)-----be herethere
comearrivereachget to-----be in
d)
用“be+介词短语”代替短暂性动词
go tocome to-----be
inat +地点 join the army-----be in the army
move to-----be inat +地点
如:He has been a soldier for three
years.他参军三年了。
His father has been dead
for two years.他父亲去世二年了。
The film has been
on for 5 minutes.电影已开始五分钟了。
We have
studied English for three years. 我们(开始)学英语已三年了。
五.几点注意事项
1. have been(to)与have gone(
to)的区别:
have
been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称;可与
once
,never,several times等连用。
have
gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”,常用于第三人称,
如: They
have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has
gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。
2. 不可延续性动词现在完成时的否定式,
已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一
段时间的状语连用。
如: I
haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来,我一直没有离开过这儿。
(错)I have received his letter for a month.
(对)I haven't received his
letter for almost a month.
★ 练习
一、填空
1 Have you ever ______(take) a train?
2 It
_________(be ) more than three years since Jim
______(leave) here.
3 Have you
_____(make)friends with your new classmates yet?
4 I _______(have) my lunch and I'm not hungry
now.
5 Jim has never seen a panda, _____he?
6 We ______(be) good friends since we met at
school.
7 We can't find him anywhere. Perhaps
he______(go) home.
8 He _____(read) the book
before.
9 Mr. Green _____(teach) us a lot
about social studies since September.
10 I
_____never____ (meet) her sister before.
11.
He ____________(work) in our school for five year.
12 He ______(come) to our school last yearin
2008.
13. They _______________(cook) the
supper already.
14. They ___________ (cook)
the supper half an hour ago.
二、句型转换。
1、He
has never cooked, ______ _______?(改成反意疑问句)
2、They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问)
_________ ________ have they been here?
3、The old man _________ last year. He ______
_______ ________ for a year. (die)
空)
4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)
This factory ______ _______ ________ for
twenty years.
5、Miss Gao left an hour ago.
(同义句转换)
Miss Gao ________ _______ ________
________ an hour .
6、Her mother has been a
Party member for three years .(同义句)
Her
mother _______ the Party three years ________
.
7、The Green Family moved to France two
years ago. (同义句转换)
(动词填
_______ two years ________ the Green family moved
to France.
8、The bus has arrived here. It
arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)
___________________________________________
三、单项选择
1、Both his parents look sad
.Maybe they _________what's happened to him .
A. knew B. have known C. must know
D.will know
2、He has _______ been to
Shanghai , has he ?
A. already B.never
C.ever D. still
3、Have you met Mr Li
______?
A. just B. ago C.before D.
a moment ago
4、The famous writer _____ one
new book in the past two year
A. is writing
B.was writing C.wrote D.has written 5、—Our
country
__ a lot so far .
—Yes . I hope
it will be even ______ .
A. has changed
well B. changed good
C. has changed
better D. changed better
6、Zhao Lan
______already ______in this school for two years
.
A. was studying B. will
; study
C. has studied
D. are studying
7、We ______ Xiao Li since
she was a little girl .
A. know B. had
known C. have known D. knew
8、Harry
Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
A. will see B. have seen C. saw
D.see
9、—These farmers have been to the
United States .
—Really ? When _____
there ?
A. will they go B. did they
go
C. do they go D. have they gone
10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?
—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
A. Did
; do finished B. Have done finished
C. Have done have finished D. will
do finish
11、 His father ______ the
Party since 1978 .
A. joined B. has
joined C. was in D. has been in
12、—Do
you know him well ?
— Sure .We _________
friends since ten years ago .
A. were B.
have been C. have become D. have made
13、—How long have you ____ here ?
—About two months .
A. been B. gone
C. come D. arrived
14、Hurry up! The play
__________ for ten minutes .
A. has begun
B. had begun C. has been onD. began
15、
It _____ ten years since he left the army .
A. is B. has C. will D. was
____
16、 Miss Green isn't
in the office . she_______ to the library .
A.has gone B. went C.will go D. has
been
17、My parents ______ Shandong for
ten years .
A. have been in
B. have been to
C. have gone to
D. have been
18、The students have cleaned
the classroom, ?
A. so they B. don’t
they C. have they D. haven’t they
19、
has Mr White been a member of Greener China since
he to China?
A. How soon, comes
B. How often, got
C. How long, came
D. How far, arrived
20、 His uncle for
more than 9 years.
A. has come here
B. has started to work
C. has lived there
D. has left the university
现在完成进行时
1
定义:现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要
继续下去。
2
现在完成进行时的构成:现在完成进行时是由“havehas+been+动词的现在分词”构
成
3 现在完成进行时的基本句型
肯定式 IWe have been
working.
疑问式 Have you been working?
简略回答 Yes,Iwe have. No,Iwe haven't.
肯定式 HeSheIt has been working.
疑问式
Has hesheit been working?
简略回答 Yes,hesheit
has. No,hesheit hasn't.
4 现在完成时的用法
1)在强调动作还未结束,还要继续下去。如:I've been reading this
book for two hours,
but I haven't finished it.
这本书我已读了两个小时了,但我还没读完。
I've read this
book.我已读完这本书了。
2)强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。
She
has always been working like that.她一贯是这样工作的。
3)现在完成进行时也可表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。
We've been seeing quite a lot of each other
recently.最近我们经常见面。
5 现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
1)现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性,它是现在完成时的强调形式。试比较:
We've
been living here for ten years.
We've lived
here for ten years.我们在这儿已经住了十年了。
2)在不用时间状语的情况下
,现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。而现在完成时则
表示动作在过去已结束。如:
The
students have been preparing for the
exam.(还在进行)学生们一直在准备考试。
The students have
prepared for the exam.(已经结束)学生们为考试作了准备。
3)有些表示
状态,感情,感觉的动词如:have,exist,like,hate,hear,know,sound<
br>等动词不能用于现在完成进行时,但可用于现在完成时。如:
They've known
each other since 1970. 自从1970年起他们就相互认识了。
练习:
1. — I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize
in the final.
— I think so. He ________ for
it for months.)
A. is preparing B. was
preparing
C. had been preparing D. has been
preparing
2. By the time he realizes he
_________ into a trap, it’ll be too late for him
to do anything
about it.
A. walks B.
walked C. has walked D. had walked
3. So far
this year we _______ a fall in house prices by
between 5 and 10 percent.
A. saw B. see C.
had seen D. have seen
4. Cathy is taking
notes of the grammatical rules in class at
Sunshine School, where she
______ English for
a year.
A. studies B. studied C. is studying
D. has been studying
5. Danny _________ hard
for long to realize his dream and now he is
popular.
A. works B. is working C. has worked
D. had worked
6. —I have got a headache.
—No wonder. You_________ in
front of that computer too long.
A. work B.
are working C. have been working D. worked
7.
The unemployment rate in this district_______ from
6% to 5% in the past two years.
A. has fallen
B. had fallen C. is falling D. was falling
8.
Now that she is out of job, Lucy ___ going back to
school,but she hasn’t decided yet.
A. had
considered B. has been considering
C.
considered D. is going to consider
9. —______
you ______ him around the museum yet?
—Yes.
We had a great time there.
A. Have shown B.
Do show C. Had; shown D. Did; show
10. —Hi,
Tracy,you look pale.
—I am tired. I _______
the living room all day.
A. painted B. had
painted C. have been painting D. have painted
1-5 DCDDC 6-10 CABA C