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英语时态中的一般过去时以及现在完成时讲解与练习

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2020-10-30 09:32
tags:完成时态

cluttered-火山英文

2020年10月30日发(作者:施盘)


英语时态讲解与练习

一、一般过去时
一般过去时是由动词的过去式来表示的。一般过去时表示过去某一具体时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
动词的过去式的构成分为规则与不规则两类。
一般过去时的基本构成:规则动词后+ed
1. 表示过去发生的动作,与现在毫无联系,与确定的时间状语词连用,如:then,at that time,just
now,yesterday,last year,in 1998,……ago
2. 表示过去习惯动作,只适用于动态动词
she was in Beijing,she often came to see me.
二、现在完成时(重点及难点)
构成:助动词havehas+过去分词
①表示过去发生的动作,对现在造成的结果或影响。常与already, just, yet, in the last few years, so far,
--Have you had your lunch yet?
--yes, I have. I have just had it.(现在我不饿了)
I have already posted the photos.(这些照片已不在这里了)
② 表示动作或状态从过去某个时间开始,一直延续到现在,可能刚刚结束,也可能继续下去。常与for, since
引导的时间状语连用(For+一段时间 ,Since+某一点时间),可以用how long提问。其中“for+一段时间”
用在肯定句中,动词必须是延续性动词;在否定句中,延续性 动词或短暂性动词均可。Since连接的从句
中,常用短暂性动词的一般过去时。
I have known Li Ming for three years.
They have lived here since 1996.
They have lived here since they graduated from university.
She has taught us since I came to this school.
How long have you worked in this factory?
现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果 ,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和表示
过去的时间状语连用。如yesterday, last night, three days ago, in 1990等。而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或
状态,和现在不发生联系。它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。
I have seen the film.我已经看过这部电影(我了解这部电影的内容)
I saw the film last week.我上一周看了这部电影。(只说明上星期看了这部电影,不涉及现在的情况。
He has lived here since 1992. 1992你年以来他一直住在这里。(他现在还住在这里)
He lived here in 1992. 1992年他住在这里。(不涉及现在他是否还住在这里)
have bee to和have gone to
have been to 表示曾经去过某地 have gone to 表示已经去某地了。
have bee in a place在某地待了有多久。
现在完成时的口诀:发生在过去,影响在现在。
延续性动词与终止性动词讲解
动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。
延续性动词(或称为持续性动词)
终止性动词(或称为瞬间动词、非延续性动词、非延续性动词、界限性动词)
表示动作一发生即告结束的动词叫终止性动词,
表示持续一段时间的动词叫延续性动词。
一、英语中常见的终止性动词有:leave, go,come,arrive,begin,buy,borrow,die,join,
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become,marry,graduate,become等。由于终止性动词 所表示的动作发生与结束在一瞬间完
成,所以终止性动词的完成体的肯定式既不能与表示一段时间的状语 “for +时间段”或
“ since +时间点”连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句之中。例句:
我哥哥参军两年了。My brother has joined the army for two years.(误)
我哥哥自1999年就参军了。My brother has joined the army since 1999.(误)
你哥哥参军多久了?How long has your brother joined the army ?(误)
如用延续性动词表示瞬间的行为,则必须借助come(表示动作的渐进过程),begin, get
(表示动作的变化过程)等动词。例句:
I studied English thirteen years ago.(误)
I began to study English thirteen years ago.(正)
When did you know him?(误)
When did you get to know him ?(正)
二、终止性动词肯定形式的完成时不能与一段时间状语连用。可用以下三种方法替换:
⑴时态替换法 就是把非延续性动词的完成时态,改为过去时态,然后再把“for+一段时间”改为“一段时间段+ago”,句中谓语动词用一般过去时。例句:
My brother joined the army two years ago.
The old man died ten years ago.
He left his hometown thirty years ago.
句型替换法
(2).since法
用“ It is(或has been)+一段时间+ since…”改写,该句型中since后面的谓语动词
多为终止性动词,且常用一般过去时。例句:
It is(或has been)two years since my brother joined the army.
It is ten years since the old man died.
It is(或has been)thirty years since he left his hometown.
注:It is/has been. ..since...句型中的动词若为延续性动词,计时的起点是since句
中动词结束之点。不然 应将since句中的动词改为begin to do sth.。例句:
It's five years since he studied English.他不学英语已五年了。
It's five years since he began to study English.他学英语已五年了。
(3).一段时间法
“用一段时间+has /have passed since S+V-ed”句型改写。例句:
Two years has /have passed since my brother joined the army.
Thirty years has /have passed since he left his hometown.
(4).动词替换法
若保留for +时间段,since +时间点或用在how long句型中,需将终止性动词改为相应
的延续性动词或状态动词。例句:
My brother has been in the army for two years.
Jack has been a postman for about six years.
When he came home,I had been asleep for three hours.
Of course I know him very well because we have been friends for ages.
—How long have you been here?
—About two months.
三、常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下:
leave →be away(from) borrow→ keep finish /end /stop→ be over
join the army→ be /serve in the army /be a soldier open→ be open
join the Party→ be in the Party /be a Party member
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catch /get a cold→ have a cold fall asleep→ be asleep
go to school→ be in school/be a student begin→ be on put on(上演)→be on
buy→ have become→ be marry→ be married(to) wake up→ be awake
make friends with→ be friends with open sth→ keep sth open
lose→ be lost /be missing /be gone lose one's job work→ be out of work /a job
例句:When he got to the station,the train had been away for a long time.
My brother has had a bad cold for a week.
My father joined the Party in 1945.
He has been a Party member for about fifty-five years.
Tom's brother had been in the army for three years before he became a teacher.
The film had been on for fifteen minutes when I got to the cinema.
—Excuse me.How long may I keep the book?
—Two weeks.
Kate was wearing that red coat from Monday to Saturday.
Kate has been married to John for nearly ten years.
Joe told his friends that he had been a lawyer for ten years.
The factory has been open since 1990.
四、since从句中两种时态的不同含义
我们再来分析一下since从句中使用终止性动词与延续性动词的区别。
在since从句中我们往往使用终止性动词的过去时,从句表示的时间是“从那一时刻起”,如:
Mr Brown has made quite a few Chinese friends since he came to China. 布朗先生自
从来中国以后已交了相当多的中国朋友。
He has studied very hard since he came to our school.他自从来到我们学校学习一直
非常努力。
We have been missing them since they left here.自从他们离开这儿,我们一直非常想
念他们。
注意:since从句中不可以使用终止性动词的完成时
since从句中的谓语动词是延续 性动词的一般过去时,从句表示的时间是“从那延续性动词
动作结束时算起”,如:
It’s three weeks since my aunt stayed here. (=My aunt hasn’t stayed here for three
weeks.) 我阿姨不在这儿已有三周了。
I haven′t heard from him since I lived in Shanghai. 自从我离开上海以来,一直没有
收到他的来信。)
但是如果在since从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词的现在完成时,则意味着该状态延续至今,
和一般过去时的含义完全相反。试比较:
I have been at school since I have been ill. (我生病以来一直在学校里。)
I have been at school since I was ill. (我病愈以来一直在学校里。)
弄清since从句中两种时态的不同含义,对于以下例句的理解就不会感到困难了。如:
It’s 4 years since Mr Li smoked. (李先生戒烟已有四年了。)
They asked me to have a drink with them.I said that it was at least ten years since
I had enjoyed a good drink.他们叫我去喝一杯,我说我至少有十年没痛痛快快地喝一杯
了。
I haven't heard from him since I lived in Shanghai.从我离开上海就没收到过他的来
信。
I haven't heard any noise since I slept.我醒后没听到任何噪音。
He has lived with my uncle since he has returned from abroad.(误)
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He has lived with my uncle since he returned from abroad.(正)
五、 终止性在否定句中,因为动作的否定就是一种可以延续的状态,因此,可以和for或since
引导的 时间状语连用,也可用在how long…?句型中。例句:
I haven't received his letter for two weeks.我两周没收到他的来信了。
He hasn't come here for 7days.他七天没来这儿了。
She didn't marry ten years when her husband died.她结婚还不到十年,丈夫就去世了。
六、“in+数+(时间)名词”的译法,主要以句 中动词是延续性还是终止性而定。一般说来,
如果句中动词是终止性,则译为“多久之后”。这时若要表 达“在多久之内”,则需将 in改
为within。如果句中动词是延续性,则译为“多久之内”。例句:
Jack will go to Shanghai in two weeks.杰克两周后就能抵达上海。
Tom will reach New York in a few days.汤姆几天后就能到达纽约。
I'll finish reading this novel within three days.三天内我就能读完这本小说。
They will learn Japanese in four or five years.他们四五年内就能学会日语。
七、as /so long as +从句
从句中只可用延续性动词或连系动词,不可用终止性动词。 if only +从句,则可用终止
性动词。例句:
As /So long as you insist on studying English for a long time,you'll master it.只
要你长期坚持学习英语,你就能掌握它。
As /So long as you promise our conditions, we can satisfy your request.(误)
If only you promise our conditions,we can satisfy your request.(正)只要你答应
我们的条件,我们就能满足你的要求。
一般过去时专练
( )1. The mother asked the boy _______ down the ladder, but he went on _______ instead.
A. come; climbing B. to come; to climb
C. to come; climbing D. coming; climbing
( )2. The teacher asked the students to close the windows _______ the wind from _______ the papers away.
A. to stop; blowing B. stopping; blowing
C. to stop; blow D. stopped; blow
( )3. The sick man stayed in bed, _______ very terrible.
A. felt B. feeling C. is feeling D. was feeling
( )4. Yesterday I heard a story _______ by my friend.
A. told B. telling C. to tell D. tell
( )5. The boy was made _______ there for an hour by his father.
A. standing B. stand C. to stand D. stands
( )6. I saw him _______ into the small store.
A. went B. going C. to go D. has gone
( )7. He raised his voice to make everybody in the room ______ him clearly.
A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard
( )8. Our geography teacher told us yesterday that the earth _______ around the sun.
A. was moving B. moved C. has moved D. moves
( )9. Oh, it’s you. I’m sorry I _______ know you _______ here.
A. don’t; are B. didn’t; are C. didn’t; were D. don’t; were
( )10. Mr LuXun died in 1936. He _______ a lot of famous novels.
A. wrote B. was writing C. has written D. would write
Section B
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I. Fill in the blanks with the proper form.
1. I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week.
2. _____ he ____ (finish) his work today? Not yet.
3. My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
4. Where’s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999.
6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here.
7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here ? For two weeks.
8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework.
9. He ________ (go) to school on foot every day.
10.____ you ______ (find) your science book yet?
II. Choose the best answer.
1. How long have you _______ here?
A. come B. got C. arrived D. been
2. My grandpa died _________.
A. at the age of my 2 B. for 2 years
C. when I was 2. D. my age was 6.
3. Jane has _____ to BeiJing. She will come back tomorrow.
A. been B. gone C. went D. never been
4. It is ten years _____ I last saw her.
A. after B. since C. for D. that
5.--Who will go to the station to meet Lorry?
--I will. I _____ her several times.
A. met B. have met C. had met D. will meet
6. --What a nice dress! How long _____ you _____ it?
--Just 2 weeks.
A. will, buy B. did, buy C. are, having D. have, had
7.--Do you know Lydia very well?
--Yes, She and I _____ friends since we were very young.
A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned
8. The Smiths _______ in China for 8 years.
A. has lived B. lived C. have been D. live
9. --Hello, this is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black?
-- Sorry. He ______ the Bainiao Park.
A. has been to B. has gone to C. went to D. will go to
10. --____ you ever ____ to the US?
-- Yes, twice.
A. Have, gone B. Have, been C, Do, go D. were, going
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