高中英语语法全英详解

必修一
语法点一：Be+表将来 use the present continuous tense for future plans
In English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future. The most common ways of talking
about the future we encounter use ‘will’ or ‘be going to’ followed by an infinitive（动词原形）,
and we tend to use ‘be going to’ most often for talking about future plans. Sometimes, we also use
the present continuous tense to talk about future plans.
Ex.
①
we are going to Mexico next Sunday.
②
Are you coming to the cinema?
③
He is leaving for London in two hours.
④
We are spending next winter in Australia.
Only some verbs can be used in this situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay,
return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc.
扩展：
What’s the difference between using ‘be going to’ and the present continuous to talk about future plans? Let’s
look at some more examples:
“
I’m going to play football on Saturday”
You have made a plan in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football
on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you.
“
I’m playing football on Saturday”
You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it (e.g. called your friends or booked a place to
play). In this case, it’s likely that playing football on Saturdays is a common activity for you.

语法点二：Direct speech and indirect speech(直接引语和间接引语)
Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert
speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa.
You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways:
by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)
by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing,
we place the words spoken between quotation marks (
Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the
tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that'
to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used.
1、 declarative sentence陈述句
①Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the
pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the
pronoun may not change.
In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed in indirect
speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.
He said, “I like it very much.”
→
He said that he liked it very much.
②Change in tense: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tense of
reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or
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future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.

③Change in demonstrative pronoun指示代词, temporal adverbial时间状语, adverbial of place
地点状语 and verbs.


Ps：(1)if the direct speech indicates objective truth, then there is no change in tense when it’s converted
to indirect speech.
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Ex. He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”
→
He said that light travels much faster than sound.
(2) 如果在当地转述，here不必改成th ere，come不必改为go，如果在当天转述，yesterday,
tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。
2、 imperative sentence祈使句
Imperative sentences do not normally have an expressed subject. In order to change an
imperative sentence into the indirect speech, we use a to-infinitive. Note that instead of ‘said’ we
use one of the following reporting verbs:
Ask, Tell, Advise, command, request, order, forbid, decree, propose etc.
If the imperative sentence is in negative form, then add ‘not’ in front of to-infinitive when
convert the speech.
Ex.
①
The hostess said to us, “Please sit down.”
→The hostess asked us to sit down.
②
He said, “Don’t make so much noise, boys.”
→He told the boys to not to make so much noise.
3、 interrogative sentence疑问句
Turn word order in interrogative sentence into that in declarative sentence, and use a full stop in the
end. The subject, tense, adverbial etc have to change accordingly.
(1) general question一般疑问句
General questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the connective if or whether. The
reporting verb say or said changes to ask or asked.
Ex. He said, “Are you interested in English?”
→
He asked (me) if I was interested in English.
(2) special question
Special questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the same interrogative.
Ex. “What do you want?” he asked me.
→
He asked me what I wanted.

语法点三：The Attributive Clause定语从句
Attributive clause is a sentence that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun to make clear which
person or thing we are talking about.
Ex. The man who lives next to us sells vegetable.
You must do everything that I do.
In the two examples above, man and everything are called antecedents先行词. Who lives next
to us and that I do are attributive clauses. Who and that are relative pronoun关系代词. The words to
connect main clause and attributive clause are divided into two groups, they are relative pronouns,
namely that, which, who, whom, whose, and relative adverbs, namely where, when, why.
Relative pronouns: We use who and whom for people, and which for things. We use that for
people or things.
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1. That, which, who

2. Whose
Whose replaces a genitive noun名词所有格 in an attributive clause. The antecedent can be thing
or person.
Ex. This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.
The room whose window faces south is mine.
3. When, where, why
First, when the antecedent is about reason, and it acts as an adv in the attributive clause, we will
use “why”. Second, when the antecedent is about time, and it plays the role of an adv,“when” will be
used. Third, when the antecedent is about place, playing the role of an adv of place, we will consider
adopting where.

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必修二
语法点一：（接定从讲）
4. The restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clause.限制性和非限制性
(1) Restrictive clauses limit the possible meaning of a preceding subject. They are usually not marked
by pauses in speech, and they are not set off by commas in writing. Sometimes the relative pronoun
which serves as an object in clause can be omitted.
Ex. What is the name of the tall man who just came in?
Beijing is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.
He has found the book (that) he was looking for.
(2) Nonrestrictive clauses tell you something about a preceding subject, but they do not limit, or
restrict, the meaning of that subject. They are usually marked by brief pauses in speech and are
usually set off by commas in writing. Relative cannot be omitted.
Ex. Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very long history.
Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy.
Ps: ①In restrictive attributive clause, relative adverbs behind time or place sometimes can be omitted
in spoken English.
Ex. That was the year (when) I first went abroad.
We need a place (where) we can stay for a few days.
②Why clause can only modified ‘reason’ and it can be converted to ‘for which’. In spoken English,
we can also use ‘that’ or just omit the relative.
Ex. The reason (whyfor whichthat) I bought the roses is that Mary likes them.
③‘How’ cannot be used as relative adverbs. We use in which, that, or no relative to modify ‘way’.
Ex. This is the way (how) I did it. (wrong)
This is the way(in whichthat) I did it. (correct)
④the attributive clause can also be called as relative clause.

语法点二：The passive voice
We have learned the passive voice of the simple present tense and simple past tense.
1. The simple future tense (use ask as an example)
Ps: affirmative form; negative form; interrogative form

2. The present perfect tense
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3. The present continuous tense

4. Phrasal verb短语动词
Normally, only transitive verbs can be used in passive voice, but with the addition of preposition
or adverb to intransitive verbs, some phrasal verbs serve as transitive verbs, so they have passive voice
too. Pay attention, we can’t miss any part of phrasal verb when we change it into passive voice.
At last they put out the fire.
→
At last the fire was put out.
They will put up a notice on the wall.
→
A notice will be put up on the wall.
Have you sent for a doctor?
→
Has the doctor been sent for?
Ps:
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必修三
语法点一：modal verbs情态动词
A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality – that is: likelihood, ability,
permission, and obligation. They have to be used with infinitive.
Can-could may-might shall-should will-would have to-had to must
1. Can & could
They can be used to indicate ability, permission, possibility, etc.

Ps:
Possibility:
We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible:
It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter)
We use could as the past tense of can:
It could be very cold in winter. (=Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)
We use could to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain:
If we don’t hurry we could be late. (=PerhapsMaybe we will be late)
We use could have to show that something iswas possible now or at some time in the past:
It’s ten o’clock. They could have arrived now.
Permission:
We use can to ask for permission to do something or give permission; could is more formal and polite
than can.
2. May & might
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Ps: The negative forms are may not and might not.
We use may:
① when we are not sure about something:
Jack may be coming to see us tomorrow.
② to make polite requests:
May I borrow the car tomorrow?
③When we use may not for a refusal it is emphatic:
You may not borrow the car until you can be more careful with it.
We use might:
① when we are not sure about something:
I might see you tomorrow.
It’s quite bright. It might not rain today.
②As the past tense of may for requests:
He asked if he might borrow the car.
③For very polite requests:
Might I ask you a question?
3. Must & have to

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Ps：
Must
① We use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that some
personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost certainly agrees
with the obligation.). Its negative form is must not, but when we answer a must question, we use
need not or don’t have to.
② We can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a logical deduction
based upon some clear evidence or reason.
Have to
We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means
that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary. But must indicate the speaker’s
subjective opinion, have to refers to objective one.
4. Shall & should

5. Will & would
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6. ought

Ought to is a semi-modal verb because it is in some ways like a modal verb and in some ways
like a main verb. For example, unlike modal verbs, it is followed by to, but like modal verbs, it does
not change form for person. The negative is formed by adding ‘not’ after ought (ought not to).

语法点二：Noun clauses
A noun clause is a clause that plays the role of a noun. The object clause, the predicative clause,
the subject clause, the appositive clause同位语从句.
1. The objective clause
It is a clause that functions like a noun object. It begins with conjunctions that, if, whether,
conjunctional pronoun who, whose, what, which and conjunctional adverbs when, where, how,
why, etc.
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2. The predicative clause
It is a clause that functions as the predicative. It begins with conjunctions that, as if, whether,
conjunctional pronoun who, what, which and conjunctional adverbs when, where, how, why, etc.

3. Subject clause
It is a clause that functions as the subject. It begins with conjunctions that, whether,
conjunctional pronoun who, what, which and conjunctional adverbs when, where, how, why, etc.

4. The appositive clause
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It’s a clause serves as the appositive to explain the preceding noun, which usually are fact, idea,
news, promise etc. It begins with conjunction that, conjunctional adverb how, when, where, etc.


必修四
语法点一：Agreement between subject and verb主语和谓语动词的一致
1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number and person.

2. If two subjects are joined by ‘and’, they typically require a plural verb form.

3. Do you use a singular or plural verb to match a collective noun such as team or staff? The answer
is, it depends. If these nouns are acting as a unit, use a singular verb. If the sentence indicates more
individuality, use a plural verb.
My family is a large one.
The family are sitting at the breakfast table.
This group is having a meeting.
Our group are reading the newspapers.
4. When indefinite pronoun like anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everything, someone,
somebody, something, no one, nobody, nothing, each, the other, etc serves as the subject, use a
singular verb.
Is anybody going to tell him the news?
There is nobody in the house.
Everything is ready.
5. Pronoun ‘none’ and ‘neither’ can use either singular verb or plural verb and it depends on speaker’s
intention. But when ‘none’ and ‘neither’ stand for uncountable noun, they are considered as
singular; when neither functions as an adjective to modify a singular noun, the predicate verb
should be singular.
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6.
7.
8.
9.

The verb in an ‘or’, ‘either…or’, ‘neither…nor’ or ‘not only…but also’ sentence agrees with the
noun or pronoun closest to it.
Either you or Jane is to be sent to New Zealand.
Neither he nor I have finished the experiment.
In sentences beginning with here or there, the true subject follows the verb.
There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here are the keys.
Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by such words as with, along with, together with,
as well as, like, except, besides, including, in addition to, etc. These words and phrases are not part
of the subject. Ignore them and use a singular verb when the subject is singular.
The teacher with two students was at the meeting.
The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car.
Plural nouns that indicates time, money, distance, weight is considered as a whole when they are
used as the number of a unit, so the predicate verb should be singular.
Sixty years is a long time.
Ten dollars is enough for him.
Three thousand miles is a long distance.

语法点二：the verb -ing form
Subject, object, predicative, attribute, object complement, adverbial
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语法三：构词法word formation
1. Compounding 合成

2. Conversion 转化
The characteristic of a certain word词性
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3. Derivation 派生
Prefix前缀，suffix后缀，root词根
Dis, un, in, im, non, mis, re, en, able, al, er, or, ess, less…

必修五
语法点一：verbs
The past participle
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语法点二：inversion倒装
Inversion happens when we reverse (invert) the normal word order of a structure, most commonly
the subject-verb word order. For example, a statement has the subject (s) before the verb (v).
1. Question
To make question word order, we invert the subject and the verb, with an auxiliary (aux) or modal
verb (m) before the subject (s)
What do I need to take with me?
2. There be
There are some flowers on the table.
3. Direct speech, sometimes
“Is it ready yet?” asked Hu Xin.
4. Inversion can happen after ‘there, here, out, in, up, down, away, in front of, etc’ when it is as an
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adverb or prepositional phrase of place or direction. It is used for emphasis.
Here comes the bus!
Here’s your coffee.
There goes the bell.
5. When we use an adverb or conjunction with negative meaning (e.g. never, not, not only, little,
seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly) in front position for emphasis, we invert the subject (s) and
auxiliary (aux)modal verb.
Not only was there no electricity, but also no water.
Never will he forget his first time to take a place.
Hardly had I got out of the house when it began to rain.
6. Only in front.
Only then did I begin my work.
Only in this way can you learn from your friends.
7. So, neither, nor
My sister enjoys travelling. So do I.
I don’t know and nor do I care.
8. Sosuch…that. So or such in front.
So proud was he that he never listened to any advice.
So absorbed was he in the novel that he did not notice his father at the door.
9. In sentences for wish.
Long live the People’s Republic of China!
May you have a happy holiday!
10. When ‘if’ is omitted in a subjunctive sentence.
Should you need more information, please let me know. (=if you should need more information,
please let me know.)
Had Mark invited me, I would have been glad to come. (=If Mark had invited me, I would have
been glad to come.)

语法点三：省略Ellipsis
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选修6
语法点一：the subjunctive mood虚拟语气
In a sentence, the grammatical mood conveys the speaker’s attitude about the state of being of
what the sentence describes.
1. the indicative mood陈述语气
The indicative mood is used to make factual statements, ask questions, or express opinions as if
they were facts. Any verb tense may be deployed in the indicative mood.
2. the imperative mood祈使语气
A sentence in the imperative mood expresses commands or requests. It indicates that the speaker
desires for the action expressed in the sentence to take place. In most imperative sentences, there’s an
implied you.
3. the subjunctive mood虚拟语气
The subjunctive mood is the verb form used to express a wish, a suggestion, a command, or a
condition that is contrary to fact.
① ‘If ’ in conditional clauses
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② In objective clause
1) After ‘wish’
Use past tense to indicate the condition at present, past perfect tense to indicate the condition in
the past and wouldcouldmight + infinitive to indicate condition in future.
He wishes he could paint as well as a professional artist.
I wish I had been with you yesterday.
We wish the rain would stop
2) After ‘would rather’
Use past tense to indicate the conditions at present or in future and past perfect tense to indicate
conditions in the past.
I would rather you did it.
I would rather you hadn’t told me the truth.
3) After ‘demand, suggest, order, propose, request, command, insist’, etc.
Use should + infinitive or just infinitive to express wish, suggestion, command, request, etc.
Should can be omitted.
John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies (should) be examined.
They requested that the meeting be postponed.
③ The subjunctive mood can also be used in subject, predicate, appositive clauses and the predicate
of the clauses is “should + infinitive” or just infinitive.
It’s important that we (should) attend the meeting.
It’s a pity that he (should) refuse our invitation.
My advice is that she wait till next week.
④ the subjunctive mood can be used for wish, curse, prohibition, etc.
Long live the unity of the Chinese people!
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God bless you!

语法二：the use of “it”
1. Pronoun it
① To replace the things that have been mentioned before.
My pen is missing. I can’t find it anywhere.
② Replace demonstrative pronouns like this and that.
A: Whose umbrella is that?
B: It’s Mary’s.
③ Used as impersonal pronoun to indicate time, date, place, weather, temperature, distance etc.
It’s a beautiful day.
2. Introducer引导词
① Used as dummy subject to replace the true subject in form of the infinitive, verb -ing form or clauses.
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
It’s difficult to give up smoking.
② Used as dummy object to replace the true object in form of the infinitive, verb -ing form or clauses.
I think it best that you should do more exercise.
He found it difficult to do homework.
③ We use it in cleft sentences. It emphases the subject or object of the main clause. It is (was) +
stressed constituents + that (whowhom) + other constituents.
It’s human activity that has caused this global warming.
It was Jim Brown whowhomthat you should ask.

选修七
语法点一：verbs
The infinitive动词不定式
1. Perfect infinitive
To+ have + past participle

2. Passive infinitive
To + be + past participle
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3. When “to” is omitted in the infinitive in active voice, it must re-appear in passive voice.

The passive -ing form


语法点二：the attributive clause
Some conditions that which can’t be used in the attributive clause
1. When antecedents are indefinite pronouns like ‘all, little, much, few, everything, anything,
nothing, none’, etc, the relative pronoun can’t be which but that.
All that I want is your voice.
There is not much that can be done.
2. When antecedents are modified by superlative adjectives形容词最高级, the relative pronoun
can’t be which but that.
This is the funniest film that I have ever seen.
3. When antecedents are modified by ordinal number序数词, the relative pronoun can’t be which
but that.
This is the first time that we have met.
4. When antecedents are modified by ‘the only, the very, the same, the right’, etc, the relative
pronoun can’t be which but that.
American audiences will see the same movie that was shown in Asia.
5. When antecedents are modified by ‘all, every, any, much, little, few, no’, etc, the relative pronoun
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can’t be which but that.
All the things that you told me are lies.
6. When the main clause is a special question that starts with ‘which, who, what’, the relative
pronoun can’t be which but that.
Who is the girl (that is ) sitting by the lake?
Which of those books (that are )on the table belong to you?


选修八
语法点一：verbs
Tenses


语法点二：the appositive同位语
An appositive is a noun, a noun phrase, or a noun clause which sits next to another noun(fact,
idea, news, doubt, decision, possibility, assumption, question, etc) to rename it or to describe it in
another way. It’s usually introduced by that, but sometimes what, why, whether, when, etc are ok.
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词性 part of speech
实词 notional word
虚词 structural word
派生词 derivative [di'riv?tiv]
复合词 compound [?k?mpaund]
专有名词 proper noun
集体名词 collective noun
系动词 link verb
助动词 auxiliary verb [?:g'zilj?ri]
情态动词 modal verb
不规则动词 irregular verb
使役动词 causative verb
感官动词 verb of senses
感叹词 exclamation [.ekskl?'mei??n]
人称代词 personal pronoun
物主代词 possessive pronoun
反身代词 reflexive pronoun [ri'fleksiv]
指示代词 demonstrative pronoun
[di'm?nstr?tiv]
不定代词 indefinite pronoun
名词性物主代词 nominal possessive pronoun
形容词性物主代词 adjectival possessive
pronoun [.?d?ik'taiv?l]
不定冠词 indefinite article
基数词 cardinal numeral
序数词 ordinal numeral
原形 base form
名词性从句 nominal clause
定语从句 attributive clause
宾语从句 object clause
主语从句 subject clause
同位语从句 appositive clause
时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time
地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place
方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner
让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession
原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause
结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result
目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose
条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition
简单句 simple sentence
陈述句 declarative sentence [di'kl?r?tiv]
一般疑问句 general question
特殊疑问句 special question
选择疑问句 alternative question
附加疑问句 tag question
反意疑问句 disjunctive question [dis'd???ktiv]
存在句 existential sentence [.egzis'ten??l]
肯定句 positive sentence
否定句 negative sentence
祈使句 imperative sentence
省略句 elliptical sentence [i'liptik?l]
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感叹句 exclamatory sentence [ik'skl?m?t?ri]
句子成分 members of sentences
谓语 predicate ['predikeit]
直接宾语 direct object
间接宾语 indirect object
补语 complement
主补 subject complement
宾补 object complement
表语 predicative
定语 attribute
同位语 appositive
分词 participle
不定式 infinitive [?n?f?n?t?v]
所有格 possessive case
过去将来时 past future tense
[k?n?t?nju?s]
过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense
一般现在时 simple present tense
一般过去时 simple past tense
一般将来时 simple future tense
过去完成时 past perfect tense
现在完成时 present perfect tense
将来完成时 future perfect tense
现在进行时 present continuous tense
过去进行时 past continuous tense
将来进行时 future continuous tense
直接引语 direct speech
间接引语 indirect speech
主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement
就近原则 principle of proximity
意群 sense group
语音 pronunciation speech sound
连读 linking of sounds
语调 intonation
升调 rising tone
降调 falling tone
同义词 synonym
反义词 antonym
记叙文 narrative writing [?n?r?tiv]
议论文 argumentative
writing [?ɑ:ɡju?ment?tiv]
应用文 practical writing
逗号 comma
冒号 colon [?k??l?n]
分号 semicolon
问号 question mark
感叹号 exclamation mark [?ekskl??me??n]
连字号 hyphen [?ha?f?n]
引号 quotation marks
音标 phonetic transcription
元音 vowel
单元音 single vowel
过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense 说明文 expository writing [?k'sp?zit?ri]
现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense 双元音 diphthong [?d?fθ??]
过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense
主动语态 active voice
被动语态 passive voice
虚拟语气 subjunctive mood
全部否定 full negation
局部否定 partial negation
全部倒装 full inversion
部分倒装 partial inversion
辅音 consonant
清辅音 voiceless consonant
浊辅音 voiced consonant
上唇 upper lip
下唇 lower lip
齿龈 alveolar ridge [?l?vi?l?]
舌尖 tongue tip
声带 vocal cords
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