高中英语必备语法(精华版)

高中英语语法
第一章 名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功能相当
于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语 .宾语 .表语 .同位语 .介词宾语等，因此根据它在句
中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句 .宾语从句 .表语从句和同位语从句。
一． 主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通 常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it
代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语 从句的连接词没有变化。而
it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都 可用连词that。
被强调部分指人时也可用whowhom。例如：
a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。
b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你成功与否不感兴
趣。
c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强
调句型）
d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）
2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…

It is an honor that

…非常荣幸
…是常识 It is common knowledge that
(2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句
It is natural that…
It is strange that…
(3) It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句
It seems that…

很自然…
奇怪的是…
似乎…
碰巧…
似乎…
It happened that…
It appears that…
(4) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句
It is reported that…

据报道…
已证实… It has been proved that…
It is said that…
3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
据说…
（2）It is said reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.
错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.
（3）It happensoccurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.
（4）It doesn’t matter howwhether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.
错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.
（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?
4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则
不然。例如：
a) What you said yesterday is right.
b) That she is still alive is a consolation
二．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词
之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：
I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
a) She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么。
b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否
能帮我改一下笔记。
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她对我说她会接受我的

邀请。
2. 作介词的宾语
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们
的成功取决于我们之间的合作。
3. 作形容词的宾语
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. 我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。
注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident,
convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed,
disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that
从句的看作原因状语从句。
4. it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，
特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。
5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate,
dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用
that引导的宾语从句。如：
正确表达：I admire their winning the match.
错误表达：I admire that they won the match.
6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order,

accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：
正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man.
错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.
7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess,
imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转 移到主句谓语上，从句
谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
三. 表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词< br>＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句
的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四. 同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the
people.

2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
2. 同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.
3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词 ，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同
位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句 的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以 限定，描述定的性质或特
征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消
息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that 引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）
（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）

名词性从句专项练习
1. ______ he does has nothing to do with me.
A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If
2. The manager came over and asked the customer how______
A. did the quarrel came about
C. had the quarrel come about
3. Energy is ______ makes thing work..
A. what B. something C. anything D. that


B .the quarrel had come about
D. had the quarrel come about

4. Information has been put forward ______ more middle school graduates will be
admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
5. This is ______ the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.
A. there B. in which C. where D. when
6. They have no idea at all ______.
A. where he has gone
C. which place has he gone


B. where did he go
D. where has he gone
7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ______ he would die of the
disease.
A. that B. which C. of which D. of that
8. The order came ______ the soldiers______ the small village the next morning.
A. that had to leave B. that ; should leave C. must leave D. when;
should leave
9. ______ is no possibility______ Bob can win the first prize in the match.
A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether
10. The question came up at the meeting ______ we had enough money for our
research.
A. that B. which C. whether D. if
11. Is ______ he said really true?
A. that B. what C. why D. whether
12. ______ the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.

A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where
13. It worried her a bit ______ her hair was turning gray.
A. while B. if C. that D. for
14. ______ more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.
A. Whether B. This C. who D. If
15. ______ he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.
A. What B. That C. Whether D. If
16. ____you don’t like him is none of my business.
A. What B. That C. Who D. How
17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.
A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That what
18. ____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.
A. What B. It C. All that D. That
19. It is widely______ that smoking can cause cancer.
A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped
20. ______ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B. That C. How D. Where
21. The limits of a person’s intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but
________he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.
A. where B. whether C. that D. why
22. Evidence has been found through years of study______ children’s early sleeping
problems are likely to continue when they grow up.

A. why B. how C. whether D. that
23. It is by no means clear the president can do to end the strike.
A. how B. which C. that D. what
24. Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ______ he could have expressed
it differently.
A. why B. how C. that D. whether
25. We promise _____ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the
movie star.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
26. As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose _____ suits you
best.
A. whatever B. whichever C. whenever D. wherever
27. It doesn’t matter _____ you pay by cash or credit card in this store.
A. how B. whether C. what D. why
28. Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesn’t matter ___ you have lived there
for a short or a long time.
A. why B. how C. whether D. when
29. It doesn’t matter ______you turn right or left at the crossing—both roads lead to
the park.
A. whether B. how C. if D. when
30. It suddenly occurred to him ___ he had left his keys in the office.
A. whether B. where C. which D. that

31. The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for _____ he could
find about Mark Twain.
A. wherever B. however C. whatever D. whichever
32. Scientists study ____ human brains work to make computers.
A. when B. how C. that D. whether
33. I made a promise to myself ___this year, my first year in high school, would be
different.
A. whether B. what C. that D. how
34. The notice came around two in the afternoon _____ the meeting would be
postponed.
A. when B. that C. whether D. how
35. __________ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom
36. The shocking news made me realize ________ terrible problems we would face.
A. what B. how C. that D. why
37. There is clear evidence _____ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily
pain.
A. what B. if C. how D. that
38. The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of
_____ others actually understand.
A. why B. that C. which D. what
39. I am afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is ______ he never finishes

anything.
A. that B. when C. where D. why
40. We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know______ she’ll accept it.
A. where B. what C. whether D. which
41. The villagers have already known ______ we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge.
A. this B. that C. what D. which
42. It was never clear _______ the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.
A. that B. how C. when D. why
43. His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out _____it is he is trying to
express.
A. that B. how C. who D. what
44. Our teachers always tell us to believe in ________ we do and who we are if we
want to succeed.
A. why B. how C. what D. which
45. Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach ______ to read fast.
A. what B. who C. how D. why
46. Modern science has given clear evidence ______ smoking can lead to many
diseases.
A. what B. which C. that D. where
47.I’d like to start my own business----that’s ____ I’d do if I had the money.
A. why B. when C. which D. what
48. It is still under discussion __________the old bus station should be replaced with a

modern hotel or not.
A. whether B. when C. which D. where
49. It is not always easy for the public to see _______ use a new invention can be of
to human life.
A. whose B. what C. which D. that
50. Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious ______the problem itself is.
A. what B. that C. which D. why
51. As a new graduate, he doesn’t know it takes to start a business here.
A. how B. what C. When D. which
52. some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.
A. Whether B. What C. That D. How
53. When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers
know .
A. he is entering which lane
C. is he entering which lane




B. which lane he is entering
D. which lane is he entering
54. We haven’t discussed yet ______ we are going to place our new furniture.
A. that B. which C. what D. where
55. I want to be liked and loved for I am inside.
A. who B. where C. what D. how
56. —I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.
—That’s _______I don’t agree .You should have a more active life.
A. where B. how C. when D. what

57. Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was
__ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
A. what B. that C. why D. whether
58. The fact has worried many scientists ______ the earth is becoming warmer and
warmer these years.
A. what B. which C. that
59. The companies are working together to create
best means of transport in the 21st century.
A. which B. that C. what
60. Having checked the doors were closed，and
the boy opened the door to his bedroom.
A. why B. that C. when

D. though
they hope will be the
D. who
all the lights were off，
D. where

Keys:
1—5 ABABC
21—25 BDDCD
41—45 CDDCC

6—10 AABAC
26—30ABCAD
46—50CCABA
11—15 BBCAB
1—35 CBCBB
51—55BBBDC
16—20 BCBAA
36—40ADDDC
56—60DBCCC

名词性从句在写作中的应用
1. We were driving out into the country, and we saw our English teacher riding in a
bus, and the bus was crowded.

___________________________ ____________________________________________
2. ① Kate is a new student.
② She comes from a northern province.
③ She speaks a dialect.
④ We find it hard to understand her dialect

_____________ __________________________________________________ _______
3. ① Not everyone is good at learning English.
② Children from primary school start to learn English and Chinese at the
same time.
③ This will affect their Chinese study.

_______________________________________ ____________________________
4 ① There are many wrongly-written characters in students’ compositions.
② They often use web languages when chatting on line.

_____________ __________________________________________________ ____________5.
They have much homework to do every day.
①

② They fail to memorize the new characters

______ __________________________________________________ ___________________
语言知识综合能力练习01
I'd been travelling for long hours on a lonely country road when I had a flat tyre．So
I had to stop and get the tools to 36 the problem．It certainly wasn't 37
doing this with a white shirt and suit on．
Nightfall was approaching．Suddenly a car pulled 38 from behind me．A
man got out and offered to 39 me．Seeing his unpleasant appearance and
tattoos （纹身） on his arm, I became 40 as thoughts of robberies flashed
through my mind．But 41 I could say anything he had already begun to take
the tools to change the 42 ．While watching him I happened to look back at his
car and noticed someone sitting in the passenger seat．This had 43 me．
Then, without 44 , it began to rain．He suggested that I wait in his car
because my car was unsafe．As the rain increased, getting us wet within seconds I
45 agreed．When I settled into the back seat, a woman's voice came from the front
seat．．
46 when seeing an old woman there．It must be his Mom, I thought．To my 47 ,
the old woman was a neighbor of the man who was helping me．
stopping when he saw you 48 with the tyre．
said．．He helped drive her to see her husband twice
a week in a nursing home．She also said that he 49 at the church and tutored

disadvantaged students．
The rain stopped and Jeff and I changed the tyre．I tried to offer him money
and of course he _50__ it．It was shameful that I judged people by the way they
51 As we shook hands I began to apologize for my 52 . He said,
experience that same 53 often. People who look like me don't do nice things．I
54 thought about changing the way．But then I saw this as a chance to make a
55 . So I'll leave you with the same question I ask everyone who takes time to
know me．If Jesus returned tomorrow and walked among us again, would you
recognize Him by what He wore or by what He did?
36．A．find
37．A．useful
38．A．up
39．A．carry
40．A．discouraged
41．A．when
42．A．tyre
43．A．embarrassed
44．A．warning
45．A．directly
46．A．fear
47．A．regret
48．A．working
B．make
B．easy
B．out
B．lift
B．frightened
B．until
B．suit
B．concerned
B．realizing
B．happily
B．satisfaction
B．amusement
B．repairing
C．fix
C．wise
C．on
C．drive
C．disappointed
C．as
C．expression
C．discouraged
C．knowing
C．hurriedly
C．relief
C．surprise
C．fighting
D．avoid
D．lucky
D．round
D．help
D．astonished
D．before
D．shirt
D．puzzled
D．waiting
D．unwillingly
D．excitement
D．delight
D．struggling

49．A．studied
50．A．refused
51．A．behaved
52．A．selfishness
53．A．life
54．A．hardly
55．A．point

B．performed
B．kept
B．spoke
B．stupidity
B．incident
B．actually
B．start
C．grew
C．ignored
C．looked
C．weakness
C．reaction
C．finally
C．remark
D．volunteered
D．left
D．thought
D．disability
D．change
D．probably
D．comparison
第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解
用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点 .难点，又是近几年高考的热点，
因此应给予充分的重视，现将it用法归纳如下：
一 .It用作实词
表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文 中的内容；指代一
位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间 .天气 .
气候 .距离等自然现象……
二 .It用作形式主语
替代作主语的从句 .动词不定式 .动名词，而把真正作主语的从句 .动词不定式 .动名词
置于句尾。
It 作形式主语的常见句型：
1. 代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为
(1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth.

此处adj. 通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary,
unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important,
unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear,
obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…
例 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license.
(2) It be adj. of sb. to do sth.
此处adj. 通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate,
thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.
例 It's kind of you to help me with the problem.
(3) It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型
It's no gooduse doing…
It's (well)worth doing…
It's (well)worth one's while doingto do…
It's (well)worth while doing to do
例 It's no use crying over spilt milk.
2. It替代作主语的从句常见句型
(1) It is + noun +从句
例 It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.
(2) It is adj. +clause
It's surprising that… (should)………竟然……
It's a pityshame that…(should)………竟然……
例 It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's

of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)
(3) It verb sb. + clause= It is v-ing + clause
It+surpr isedelightinterestdisappointworrydisturbannoyamaze
botherconcernfrightenpleaseanger sb. that…
例 It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so
fast.)
(4) It verb (to sb.) that…= sbsth verb to do
(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur,
transpire, turn out , work out)
例 It (so) happenedchanced that they were out.(= They
happenedchanced to be out.)
(5) It is v-ed that…=sbsth is to do
(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide,
determine, intend, plan, understand, know）
例 It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to
have gotten divorced.)
(6) It is v-ed that … (should)…
(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend
例 It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.
三 .It作主语的句型
1. It takes sb. … to do…(=sb takes…to do…)某人用多长时间做某事
例 It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to

mend our roof.)
2. It's (just)(un)like sb. to do…（不）像某人做某事的风格
例 It was (just) like him to think of helping us.
3. It's (abouthigh) time that… should v-ed…是该做某事的时候了
例 It's(abouthigh) time that we should take action.
4. It's the x-th time (that) … have v-ed…第几次做某事了
例 It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.
5. It ishas been… since …continuous v-ed(延续性动词) 某动作已有多长时间
不发生了
例 It's 10 years that he lived here
6. It was(not)… before…过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了
例 It was not long before they arrived.
四 .It 作形式宾语
用来替代作宾语的从句 .动词不定式 .动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句 .动词不定
式 .动名词置于句尾。
It 作形式宾语的常见句型：
1. verb+ it+ (forof) to doclause (verb=think, believe, suppose,
consider, feel, make, keep…)
例 I think it hard for you to do the task on your own.I think it hard that
you'll do the task on your own.
2. verb+it+ (one's) doing
(adj.=uselessworthworthwhile)(noun=no useno goodworth one's whilea waste

of timemoneyenergywords) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make,
keep…)
例 I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.
3.
importantunimportan tnecessaryunnecessarynaturalessential
(should)…
verb+it+of muchgreatnolittle importance that…(should)…
(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例 I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference.
4. verb + it+ as+ nounadj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)
例 The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his
lecture.
5. v. +it + prep. + that…
owe it to sb. that…把…归功于…
leave it to sb that…把…留给某人去做
take it for granted that …想当然
keep it in mind that…
例 Don't bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort out.
6. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like,
love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟it之
后
例 I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.
verb+it+
that …

7. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that例
外）
例 I'm for it that you will follow their advice.
五 .强调句型
It iswas+被强调部分+ that(who)… 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子
成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。
在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：
1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句
例 When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？
2. 在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句
例 It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.
3. 在强调not … until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上
例 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my
brother.
4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别
例 It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.( 强调句型)
It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句)
六 .It 常用的固定搭配
1. make it
(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功 .做到 .说定 .赶上 .及时到达
例 It's hard to make it to the top in show business.
(2).在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”

例 —Shall we meet next week?
—OK. We just make it next Saturday.
2. as it is
(1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是……”
例 We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't
finish it until next week.
(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”
例 Leave the table as it is.
3. as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，
换句话说”
例 He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.
4. if it weren't for…if it hadn't been for…用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without, or
but for, 表示“如果不是……，要不是……”
例 If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.
5. that's it
(1). 相当于That's all. That's so much. 表示“至此为止，没有别的了”
例 You can have one more sweet, and that's it.
(2). 相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”
例 — I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”
—That's it.
6. catch it 在口语中，相当于be punishedscolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示
“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”

例 We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.
7. have it
(1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”
例 Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.
(2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉”
例 I had it from John that she was going abroad.
8. have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的
条件”
例 You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a
star.
9. so it seems appears.
10. Keep at it! (Don't give up!)相当于go on,表示“继续做，不放弃”
例 My teacher asked me to keep at it.
11. Go it! (Go on!) 拼命干, 莽撞
12. Now you have done it! (You have done sth. wrong.)
13. Now you'll catch it! (You'll be punished.)
14. As it happened, … 在口语中，相当于it's a pity that…, 表示“真不凑巧，真
遗憾”
例 As it happened, they were out.
15. As it turned out,…在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最
后被证明是”
例 As it turned out, his statement was false.

16. Such as it is(they are) 在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth
much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值”
例 You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.
17. Take itthings easy. 相当于Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别人，表
示“不要慌，别担心，存住气”
例 Take it easy! He will do it well.
18. Take it from me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的
话，我敢担保”
例 You can take it from me that he will make it this time.
19. For what it is worth…在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of value,
表示“不管其价值如何”
例 Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.
20. Worth it 在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做”
例 Don't hesitate about it! It's worth it.
21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”
例 Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.
22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃
例 That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it.
23. It all dependsthat all depends 在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided
yet, 表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”
例 —Are you going to the countryside for holiday?
—ItThat all depends.

24. It's up to sb. 在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定，由……
负责，取决于……”
例 —Shall we go out for dinner?
—It's up to you.

“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练
1. Was it during the Second World War_____ he died?
which
2. Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day?

3. I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory
work.

4. Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time?

5. It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.
A. when , that , that , that , then
6. I was disappointed with the film. I had expected ______ to be much better.

7. It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.

8. ______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.

9. It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their
beauty.

10. I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.

11. It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you
are.

12. I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A. this C. it D. one
13. —Do you like ___ here?
—Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.
A. this B. These C. That D. it
14. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ___ from some
wood.
A. it B. One C. Himself D. another
15. The foreign Minister said,
peace.
A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is
16. _____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making
progress.
A. It B. As D. What
17. — How often do you eat out?
— ________, but usually once a week.
A. Have no idea B. It depends
Generally speaking
C. As usual D.

18. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed.
A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up
19. — What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball
game.
—________. Whatever you want to do is fine with me.
A. It just depends B. It's up to you C. All right D. Glad to hear that
20. It was ____ back home after the experiment.
A. not until midnight did he go

B. until midnight that he didn't go
D. until midnight when he didn't go C. not until midnight that he went
KEYS:
1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA 11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC

第三章 高中英语语法中的省略现象
在英语语言中，为了使语 言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子
成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称 之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下：
一 .并列复合句中的省略
在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如：
a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 这
个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。
b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建议使我高兴
但使汤姆生气。
c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her
homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。
d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959
年，傅彪出生于1963年。

二 .主从复合句中的省略
1．状语从句中的省略
一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after ,
till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句；由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句；
由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由 as ,than 等引导的
比较状语从句；由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应
遵循下面原则：

1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从
句中可出现如下结构：(1) 连词（as, as if , once）+ 名词; (2) 连词（ though, whether ,
when）+形容词；(3) 连词(whether, as if ,while )+介词短语；(4) 连词(when , while ,
though )+ 现在分词； (5) 连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 过
去分词； (6) 连词(as if ,as though ) + 不定式。如：
a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .庞龙曾经是个
工 人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。
b) Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后
悔的。
c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到处看似乎在找什么
东西。
d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.
Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡
锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。
e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .这次展览比被预料的有趣
的多。
f) Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak。
奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。
注意：
1) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如：
Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲
告诉她要当心。

2) 当从句的主语是 it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时 ，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。
此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如：
Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要，你最好
不要查字典。

2．定语从句中的省略
1） 一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略；
如：
Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?这
就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？（2002上海春季）
而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比较：
Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省) 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whom不可以省) 汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他
了。
2）在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代替，甚至
还可省略。如：
a) This is the first time (whenthat)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老
板。
b) He wants to find a good place (wherethat) we can have a picnic during the
“golden week ”holiday .他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。
c) Could you tell us the reason (whythat)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什
么如此不高兴吗？

3）当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时 ，从句不能用 how 来引导 ，应该用that 或 in
which ，或将它们全部省略。如：
I don't like the way (thatin which) you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。
3．宾语从句中的省略
1）在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that 一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是
由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句 ，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：
a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary. 我认为人民
币兑换率的改革是必要的。
b) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu
Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《 反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主
席已签署了主席令。
2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的 宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如：
a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when (he
will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。
b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move
abroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。
4．在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式
“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。如：
Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture
Year (should) last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形
式长期持续。
5．主句省略多用于句首。如：

(It is a ) Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾，我昨天没
有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。
6．在答语中，主句可全部省略。如：
—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from
school)Because my mother was ill. —上周五你为什么没有上学？ —因为我妈妈病了。
三 .简单句中的省略
1．省略主语
1）祈使句中的主语通常被省略 如：
(You) Open the door, please. 请开一下门。
2) 其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如：
a) (I) Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。
b) (It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。
2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分 如：
a) (There is) No smoking. 禁止抽烟
b) (Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗 ？
c) (You come)This way please.请这边走。
d) (Will you) Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗 ？
3．省略宾语 如：
—Do you know Mr. Li ? 你认识李先生吗？— I don’t know (him.) 我不认识他
4．省略表语 如：
—Are you thirsty ? 你30岁了吗？ Yes , I am (thirsty). 是的，我是。
5．同时省略几个成分 如：

a) —Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗 ？—(I am feeling ) Much better
(now) 好多了。
b) (I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好运祝你顺利。
四 .动词不定式省略，只保留to 的场合
1．不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect,
prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget ,
remember , try , manage等。如：
a)— You should have thanked her before you left . —I meant to ,but when I was
leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。（2000上海春）
b) You can do it this way if you like to .如果你想做，你可以这么做。
2．不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask , tell ,advise,
force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：
a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.
男孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)
b) She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to (come). 她想来，可是她
父母不让。
3．不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious ,
willing , ready 等。如：
— I will be away on a business trip .Could you mind looking after my cat ?
— Not at all.I would be happy to (look after your cat). —我要出差，你能帮我照顾一
下我的猫吗？—没关系，我很愿意。

4．不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to,
used to等。如：
He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他现在不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。

五 .动词不定式to 的省略
1．主语部分有to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时 ，作表语的不定式通常省去to。如：
The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。
2．作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do时，不定式通常省去to. 如：
He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence”
timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。
3．主语部分暗含to do，表语中的不定式通常省去to。如：
All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard .我想要（做）的就是上学，努力学
习。
4．当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。
如：
It is easier to say than to do . 说起来容易，做起来难。
5．在would rather…than… 等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略. 如：
I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。
6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后
作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to；why (not) do 结构 中, 不定式不带to。如：
a) I saw her enter the room. 我看见她进入了房间
b) Why not join us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢？

六．其他一些省略结构
1．名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅 .店铺 .教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物
时，常常可以省略。如：
We spent the weekend at the Mary's. 我们在玛丽家过的周末。
2．What和 how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和be动词 如：
a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom ! 这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀！
b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child. 被当作一个正常孩子对待对
他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。

省略句专项练习
1.—Lucy，could you please spare me a few minutes?
—____，but I hope
A. It doesn't matter B. That's kind of you C. I'm afraid not D. I guess so
2.—Hey，taxi!
—_____
—I want to go to the dentist's.
A. Good morning, sir. B. Nice to see you, sir.
C. Where to, sir? D. What are you going to do, sir?

3 .The doctor expresses his strong desire that the patient _____ immediately.
A. be operated on B. operated on
C. was operated on D. would be operated on
4. When he came back, he found the bag he had ____ over the seat was gone.
A. left to hang
hanging
B. left hanging C. left hung D. to leave
5 .Liu Xiang spoke slowly to the Special Olympic competitors so as to have
them____.
A. understand him B. to be understood C. be understood
understand him
D. to
6.—Are there any English story books for us students in the library?
—There are only a few, ____.
A. if any B. if have C. if some D. if has
8.— Does Betty know where her violin is?
—She saw somebody walking off with one, but she doesn't know____.
A. whose B. it C. whom D. which

9.—Aren't you the manager?
—No, and I ____.
A. don't want B. don't want to C. don't want to be D. don't
10. — How are you getting on with your work?
—Oh, I'm sorry. Things aren't going so well as____.
A. plans B. planning C. planned D. to plan
11.— What's the matter with you?
—I didn't pass the test, but I still____.
A. hope so
hope that
B. hope to C. hope it D.
12. The doctor did what he could ___ the boy, but in vain.
A. save B. to save C. saving D. saved
13.—You look happy today, Mary.
—I like my new dress and Mother ___, too.
A. likes B. does C. is D. do
14.—What happened to the boy? He was making so much noise.

—He wanted to play football, but his mother warned him ____.
A. not B. to C. not to D.
15.____ for your brother, I would not have gone to see Mr. Wang.
A. If it is not
were not
B. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If they
省略句练习
1. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. (NMET
2004全国卷II)
A. introducing
introduced
2. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss.
(NMET 2004全国卷IV)
A. questioning
questioned
3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ________ whether he was
going in the right direction. (NMET 2003 安徽春)
A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be
B. introduced C. introduce D. being
4. Generally speaking, ________ according to the directions, the drug has no side
effect. (NMET2003上海卷)
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be

taken
5. Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. (NMET 2003
上海春)
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
6. When ________ , the museum will be open to the public next year. (NMET 2002上
海春)
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
7. Though ________ money, his parents man-aged to send him to university. (NMET
2002上海卷)
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
8. The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it.
(NMET 2002)
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
9. —You 're always working. Come on, let's go shopping.
— ________ you ever want to do is going shopping. (NMET 2002北京 .安徽 .内蒙
古春)
A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That
10. Is this the reason ________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(NMET
2002上海春)
A. he explained





B. what he explained
D. why he explained C. how he explained
11. What surprised me was not what he said but ________ he said it. (NMET 2004湖

北卷)
A. the way
which
12. It is easy to do the repair. ________ you need is a hammer and some nails. (NMET
2004天津卷)
A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything
B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way
13. That's an unpleasant thing to say about your father after ________ he's done for
you. (NMET 2004全国卷)
A. something B. anything C. all D. that
14. As you've never been there before, I'll have someone ________ you the way. (MET
1990上海卷)
A. to show B. show C. showing D. showed
15. —I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
—Not at all, ________ . (NMET 1995)
A. I have no time B. I'd rather not C. I'd like it D. I'd be happy to
16. —Does your brother intend to study German?
—Yes, he intends ________ . (NMET 1998上海卷)
A. B. to C. so D. that
17. —Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight?
— ________ . (NMET 1999上海卷)
A. Yes, I'd like to go to the Grand Theatre B. I'd like to, but I have an exam
tomorrow

C. No, I won't D. That's right
18. —You should have thanked her before you left.
—I meant ________ , but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere. (NMET
2000北京春招卷)
A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to
19. ________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu
Bridge. (NMET 1994上海卷)
A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
20. ________ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often. (NMET
1995上海卷)
A. If it is not B. Were C. Had it not been D. If they were not
21. I will know what was on his mind at the time, nor will ________ . (NMET 2004 江
苏卷)
A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else
22. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither ________ any end to their
influence on man's lives. (NMET 2004 广东卷)
A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there
23. —I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible!
— ________ . (NMET 2004全国卷III)
A. Nor am I
Keys:
1—5 BCDBA 6—10 AADCA 11—15 AACBD 16—20 BBBBC 21—23 BCB
B. Neither would I C. Same with me D. So do I

第四章 主谓一致
主谓一致(Subject- Verb Agreement)，指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如: He is
going abroad. They are playing football. 可分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致.
一 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项:
1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except,
besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的
短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.
如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质.
No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟
来用餐。
2. 用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则
用复数. 如:
The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物)
用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包),
knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如:
Serving the people is my great happiness.
为人民服务是我最大的幸福.
When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.
我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。
4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.

Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会
缺席.
Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。
5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:
Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。
6. 若主语中有more than one 或many aan , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词
仍用单数。 但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如:
Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球.
More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到
More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。
7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单
数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如:
None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。
None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。

8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数.
如:
His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如:
A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。
9. 形复意单名词如:news 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics;
国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜

谈>; 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词”
等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如:
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如:
One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点。
二 内容一致原则:
1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单
复数取决于连用的名词.如:
The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车， 今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。
Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作
主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:
A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。
3. 加减乘除用单数.如:
Fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去5等于10。
4. 表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的
概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如:
Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离。

5. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复
数.如:
The British police have only very limited powers.
(2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.
(3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括 audience, committee, government, family,
enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:
The committee hashave decided to dismiss him. 委员会决定解雇他。
6. the +形容词过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如:
The injured were saved after the fire.
三 就近原则
1. 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, (有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的
主语在数上一致.如:
Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.
Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸。
Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？
2. 用连词or, either.... or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动
词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。 如：
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这
事.
He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔。
注意: one of +复数名词+whothatwhich 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。

如：
Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。
The only one of +复数名词+ 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为
单数。
Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。

主谓一致练习
1. About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____
from the north and foreign countries.
A. areis B. areare C. isare D. are
2. Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.
A. isyears B. areyear old
areyears of age
3. Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground.
A. play B. are playing C. plays D. is playing
C. isyears old D.
4. The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.
A. are B. has C. have D. is
5. Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.
A. are B. is C. were D. be
6. The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.
A. is B. are C. was D. has
7. The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.

A. are speaking



B. is speaking


C. were making a speech D. have a speech
8.
A. wants to buy the bookhis B. want to buy the booktheir
C. will buy the bookone's D. wants to have the
boughther
9. Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.
A. are B. is stayed C. is D. are left
10. Having arrived at the station, _____.
A. it was found that the train had left; B. the train had left
C. the train was found left D. he found that the train had left
11. Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called
A. stands B. standing C. which stands D. stand
12. Either of you _____ going there tonight.
A. will B. was C. is D. are
13. You as well _____ right.
A. I are B. I am C. as I am D. as I are
14. All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.
A. are B. is C. were D. was
15. -- Shall I wait here for three hours?
--Yes. Three hours _____ to wait for such a doctor.
A. are not very long for you B. is not long enough for you
book

C. was not long enough for you D. will be too long for you
16. Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.
A. have not discussed
C. has not discussed




B. have not been discussed
D. has not been discussed
17. I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me
to make further research in this field.
A. what is B. they are C. this D. which are
18. Every student and every teacher _____.
A. are going to attend the meeting
C. has attended the meeting
B. have attended the meeting
D. is attended the meeting
19. Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on
the table.
A. was eatenwere B. were eatenwas
eatenwas
20. This pair of shoes _____.
A. is her B. is hers C. are hers D. are her
C. were eatenwere D. was
21. There ______ no life on the moon.
A. is said to have B. are said to have C. is said to be D. are said to be
22. A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill
A. sheep; grass; leaves
C. sheep; grass leaf




B. sheeps grasses leaves
D. sheeps grass leafs
23. My family raise a lot of _______, including two______.

A. cattles cows B. cows cattle C. cattle cows D. cow, cattles
24. What he says and what he does_______.
A. does not agree B. do not agree
agree
25. The boy and the girl each ______ toys.
A. have their own B. has their own C. have her own D. has her own
C. does not agree with D. not
is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children.
A. woman, writes B. women write C. women writes D. woman write
27. The railway station is ______from our school.
A. two hour`s drive
hours drive
28. Mike and John`s ______.
A. father is a teacher
C. father are teachers


B. fathers are teachers
D. fathers are teacher
B. two hours` drive C. two hour drive D. two
29. A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may
seem to be aimless.
A. is occurred B. are occurred C. occurs D. occur
30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned.
A. Either the offices or
C. Both the office and




B. The offices and
D. The office and
31. Three-fourths of the homework ______today.
A. has finished B. has been finished C. have finished D. have

been finished
32. More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England.
A. is B. was C. are D. be
33. ______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard
A.A great deal of B.A great many C.A large number of
34. The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour.
sold out sold out sold out
35. There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar.
A. has
sold out
36. “All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said.
, is , are is are
37. Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at
the meeting.
A. is .
38. Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.
studying studied
39. The rich______ not always happy.

s
40. ______can be done ______done.
, have been that ,have been
been
41. Either of the plans ______equally dangerous.
has that ,has

42. The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a
theatre.
searching
searching for
43. Your trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed.
it it them them
searching for searching
44. The Olympic games ______held every four ______.
years years year year
45. He is the oly one of the students who______elected.

46. ______a good enough price for this book
yuans are yuan are yuans is yuan is
47. No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island
seen seen
48. Every means ______prevent the water from______
used to polluting
used to, polluted
49. Each of the ______in the ship.
ger has his own room
ger have their own room
50. What we need ______good textbooks.


B. passengers have their own room
s has his own room



B. get used to polluting
used to, being polluted

51. What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing.
something
something
52. Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.
going
something something
53. Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into
Chinese.
has have have has
54. Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.
hoping
55._______ has been done.
—nine percents of the work B. Half of what he promised
C. Two-fifths of the articles

答案：
1-5 BDDDB
21-25 CACBA
6-10 ABACD
26-30CBACA
11-15 ACDAB
31-35 CCADC
16-20 DBCDB
36-40CBCAD
D. Three quarter of the business
41-45 BBCBD 46-50 DBDDB 51-55 BAABB

第五章 时态 .语态专题
考试要求：
时态 .语态的语法部分的核心内容，也是高考考查的核心内容，不但单选题部分有大量
直接考查，在完型 .阅读 .写作等各大题型中，时态语态的相关知识也是基础，否则无法做
题。考查的难点是各种时态之 间的区别，以及时态的判断。

知识总结：


一般现在时用法
经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
He cycles to work every day.

客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
Water boils at 100 centigrade degrees.

表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

Columbus proved that the earth is round.

现在时刻的状态 .能力 .性格 .个性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.

一般现在时表将来：

1．下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这
主要用
来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2. 倒装句，表示动作正在进行，
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3. 在时间或条件状语从句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4. 在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

一般过去时的用法
在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an
hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
I saw Tom in the street yesterday.
I bought this TV set in Beijing last year.

表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。

When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
He always went to work by bus.
He used to act like that.

用过去时表示现在，表示语气委婉礼貌。
动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend，情态动词 could, would等用过去式表示
委婉。
Did you want anything else?
I wanted to ask you about that.
Did you want to speak to me now?
I wondered if you could help me.
Could you lend me your bike?

4）用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。

If I were a bird, I would fly to Beijing.
If he were here now, we could turn to him for help.
注意比较下列句型：
It is time sb. did sth. “时间已迟了；早该……了”：
It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示“宁愿某人做某事”：
I'd rather you came tomorrow.

一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid（久病者） all her life. (含义：她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义：她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基
州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，
有可能指刚离去)

一般将来时
shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用
于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first？
Will you be at home at seven this evening?

be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事或打算做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month.
c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds; there is going to be a storm.
be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连
用。
be going to will的用法之比较：


用于条件句时，be going to表将来，will表意愿。
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as
possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front
of the mirror.
be to和be going to 的用法之比较：
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。而be going to 则表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)

I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)

现在进行时
表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
We are waiting for you.

习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.

表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning red.
It's getting warmer and warmer.

与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往
往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind.

不用进行时的动词
事实状态的动词。have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter,
weigh, measure, continue
I have two brothers.

This house belongs to my sister.
心理状态的动词。know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree,
recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
I need your help.
He loves her very much.
瞬间动词。accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
I accept your advice.
系动词。seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
You seem a little tired.

过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
过去进行时的主 要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发
生。

常用的时间状语有：

this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last
evening, when, while
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.

现在完成时
现在完成时的构成：助动词have (has) + 动词的过去分词。has 用于第三人称单数，
have 用于其他所有人称。
现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的 某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括
现在在内的时间副词just，already, before, yet, never, ever等状语连用。
I have never heard of that before.
Have you ever ridden a horse?
She has already finished the work.
Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already.
I’ve just lost my science book.

现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态 。可以和表示
从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状语连用。 for和since，以及
so far, now, today, this week(month, year) 等。
I haven’t seen her these days.
She has learnt English for 3 years.
They have lived here since 1990.
What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years?
注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成时不能与for,
since等表示一段时间的短语连用。

现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作。

I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.

have been (to)和have gone (to)的区别：
have has been (to) 表示“曾经去过”某地，说话时此人很可能不在那里，已经回
来。侧重指经历。have has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去了”某地，说话时此人在那里，
或可能在路上，反正不在这里。
He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京。 （人已回来，可能在这儿）
He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去了北京。 （人已走，不在这儿）。

一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的 事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生
的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。过去时常与 具体的时间状语连用，而现
在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just
now, 具体的时间状语。
共同的时间状语有：this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already,
recently，lately等。
现在完成时的时间状语有：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till until, up to
now, in past years, always, 等不确定的时间状语。
分析比较下列各例句：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。）

I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
She has returned from Paris. （她已从巴黎回来了。）
She returned yesterday. （她是昨天回来了。）
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
注意：句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last week, in 1960）时，不能
使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示过去的过去。其结构是：had + 过去分词
过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态；句中常用by, before,
until, when等词引导的时间状语。
By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.

过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状 态持续到过去某个时间
或者持续下去。
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去
完成时表示“原本……，未能……”。
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the
party.

用一般过去时代替完成时的情况：
1. 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用
一般过去时。
When she saw the mouse，she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2. 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完
成时。
When I heard the news, I was very excited.

3. 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

过去将来时
过去将来时表示从过去的某一时 间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它是一个相对的时态，
即立足于过去某时，从过去的某一时间看即将 发生的事情就要用这一时态。
He said his mother would buy a bike for him
My brother told me he wouldn’t believe Jack any more.
Would it be all right if he knew his illness?
基本形式：would／should＋动词原形（其中 would 用于各种人称，should 常用于
第一人称）。
They were sure they would win the final victory．他们坚信会赢得最后胜利。
He didn't expect that we should（would）all be there．他没想到我们都在那里。
上述两个例句中的宾语从句谓语 would win 和 should（would）be 分别与其主句
谓语 were sure 和 didn't expect 相对应。

过去将来时的一些其它表达形式：

was／were＋going to＋动词原形
He said he was going to try． 他说他准备试试。
was／were＋to＋动词原形
They said the railway was to be opened to traffic on May Day．
他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车。

was／were about＋动词原形
We were about to go out when it began to rain． 我们正要出去天（突然）下起
雨来。

过去进行时（一般多为动作概念较强的动词，如 go，come， leave，start， open，
begin 等）也可用于表示将来。
I didn't know when they were coming again． 我不知道他们什么时候再来。

在时间和条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。
He said he would come to see you when he had time． 他说他有时间就来看望你。

将来进行时
将来进行时概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
She'll be coming soon.
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.

将来进行时的用法：
1. 表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Guangzhou.
明天这个时候我将在飞往广州的途中。
What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning?
明天上午八点钟你将做什么?

I hope you won't be feeling too tired.
我希望你不要太累。
We'll be watching television all evening.
我们整个晚上都将看电视。
2. 表示将来被客观情况所决定的动作或者按照安排将要发生的动作。
We'll be having tea after dinner as usual. 像通常一样，我们晚饭后将要喝茶。
The leaves will be falling soon. 树叶很快就会脱落。
We shall be having a meeting tomorrow morning. 我们明天要开一个会。
I’ll be taking my holidays soon. 我不久即将度假。
注意：将来进行时不用于表示意志，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
3. 将来进行时常用的时间状语：soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by
this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。
By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.

将来完成时
将来完 成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作或一直持续的动作。经常与
“before+将来时间 ”或“by+将来时间”连用，也可与before或by the time引导的
现在时的从句连用。
By the end of this week, I shall have finished the book.
到本周末，我将读完这本书。
By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine.
明天这时候，他们将修好这台机器。

The children will have gone to sleep by the time we get home.
到我们回家时，孩子们将已睡了。
When you come tonight at eight o'clock，I shall have written my paper.
你今晚八点钟来时，我将会写完文章了。
By next year our teacher will have taught English for twenty years.
到明年我们的老师将已教二十年英语了。
注意：将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前 已经完成或一直持续的动作或状态。使用这
种时态时，多会涉及两个动作或状态，一个在前，一个在后； 叙述前面的动作或状态，动词
要用将来完成时；叙述后面的动作或状态，动词要用一般现在时。
We will have completed the work before you come.
He says that he will have graduated from a university before you return home.

现在完成进行时的用法
1. 表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在。现在这个动作可能已经终止，也可能仍
然在进行着。
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
我等了你两个小时。(动作不再延续下去)
It has been raining for three hours.
雨已经下了三个小时了。(动作可能延续)
“How long have you been learning English?” “I have been learning English for
two years.”
你英语学多久了? ……我学了两年了。(动作可能延续)

“Why are you so dirty?” “I've been playing football.”
你身上怎么这样脏?……我刚才踢足球了。(动作不再延续下去)

2. 有些不能用现在进行时态的动词，如be，have like，love，know ，see，hear等，
同样也不能用现在完成进行时，而只能用现在完成时。
She has been ill for a long time. 她已经病了好久了。
I have not seen you for ages. 我好久没有见到你了。
区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者 基本特点的时态。由于它有现在
完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于 它有现在进行时的
特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性 .临时性 .重复性 .生动性乃至感情色彩。
现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示 的结果是直接
的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。
We have been cleaning the classroom．我们打扫教室来着。 其直接结果可能是：
我们身上都是灰。
We have cleaned the classroom．我们把教室打扫过了。 其结果是：现在教室很清
洁，可以用了。
Be careful! John has been painting the door．
约翰刚刚把门油漆过，现在油漆还未干，所以你要小心。
John has painted the door．只表示John已经刷过门了，无此含义，

现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有。

They have been widening the road．意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。
They have widened the road．意思则是已完工了。

现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。
Have you been meeting her lately？（有“经常相会”之意。）
Have you met her lately？（只是问“见过”没有。）
Who's been eating my apples？ （有强烈的感情色彩，表示愤怒不满。有“苹果未
被全部吃光”的意思。）
Who's eaten my apples？ （是完成时态，说明“苹果一个不剩了”。）
动词的语态


被动语态的构成：
be + 动词的过去分词。其中助动词be有时态 .人称和数的变化，被动语态可用于各
种时态中：
一般现在时的被动语态：主语+ amisare +过去分词
一般过去时的被动语态：主语+waswere +过去分词
一般将来时的被动语态：主语+ willshall + be +过去分词
过去将来时的被动语态：主语+would +be +过去分词
现在完成时的被动语态：主语+ havehas +been +过去分词
过去完成时的被动语态：主语+had +been +过去分词
现在进行时的被动语态：主语 + amisare +being +过去分词
过去进行时的被动语态：主语+ waswere +being +过去分词
将来完成时的被动语态：主语 + willshall +have +been +过去分词

被动语态的使用场合：
1. 当我们不知道动作的执行者或没有必要说出动作的执行者
Goodbyes were said. 彼此告别了（没必要指出谁对谁告别）。
2. 当更有必要强调动作的承受者时
Theories must be combined with practice.
理论必须联系实际（强调理论联系实际，不强调谁联系）。
3. 由于某种理由（如为了礼貌 .婉转或便于组合句法关系）而需要使用被动语态
You are expected to finish it in time. 希望你及时把它完成。

被动语态和系表结构的区别：
被动语态表示的是动作，句子中的主语是动作的对象，句中可以用介词 “by”所引导
的短语。而系表 结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态，一般没有介词“by”所引导的短语。
The book was written by a young writer. 这本书是一位青年作者写的（被动语态）。
The book is well written. 这本书写得很好（系表结构）。

表达被动意义的主动结构：
1. 可和well, easily等副词连用的不及物动词，如sell, wash, write, read, clean,
cook等。
The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。
Your composition reads well. 你的作文读起来很好。
The pen writes well. 这钢笔好写。

2. 连系动词taste, smell, sound, prove, feel, look, become, grow, turn,
remain, stay, keep等。
The flowers smell sweet. 这些花闻起来甜甜的。
The theory proved to be correct. 这个理论证明是正确的。

3. 某些动词 .短语和句型中：last, happen, take place, break out, belong to,
needwantrequire doing sth., be worth doing, be to blame等。
Great changes have taken place in my hometown. 我的家乡已发生了巨大的
变化。
It is known that Taiwan belongs to China. 众所周知，台湾属于中国。
The accident happened yesterday. 事故发生在昨天。
The meeting lasted four hours. 会议持续了四个小时。
I am to blame. 应当责备我。
The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。
The computer requires wants needs repairing. 电脑需要修理了。
易错点点拨：
1. 延续动词与瞬间动词用于完成时的区别：延续动词表示经验 .经历； 瞬间动词表示
行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

2. 用于till until 从句的差异：延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……” ；
瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到……，才……”。
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。

3. 被动结构表示主动含义： get married 结婚；be addicted to sth.沉溺于；be
seated 坐着；be lost in thought沉思着；be devoted to sth.投身于，专注于；be
interested in sth.对某事物感兴趣；be surprised 感到吃惊。