cot和tan的关系-阴阳术数
必修一
语法点一:Be+表将来 use the present
continuous tense for future plans
In English,
we have lots of ways of talking about the most
common ways of talking
about the future we
encounter use ?will? or ?be going to? followed by
an infinitive(动词原形),
and we tend to use ?be
going to? most often for talking about future
plans. Sometimes, we also
use the present
continuous tense to talk about future plans.
Ex.
①
we are going to Mexico next
Sunday.
②
Are you coming to the cinema?
③
He is leaving for London in two hours.
④
We are spending next winter in
Australia.
Only some verbs can be used in this
situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave,
start,
stay, return, play, have, work, wear,
spend, see, meet, etc.
扩展:
What?s the
difference between using ?be going to? and the
present continuous to talk about future plans?
Let?s
look at some more examples:
“
I’m
going to play football on Saturday”
You have
made a plan in your head but possibly not taken
any real action to confirm it. Also, playing
football
on Saturday is probably not a regular
event for you.
“
I’m playing football on
Saturday”
You have made a plan and taken some
real action to confirm it (e.g. called your
friends or booked a place to
play). In this
case, it?s likely that playing football on
Saturdays is a common activity for you.
语法点二:Direct speech and indirect
speech(直接引语和间接引语)
Let's first define the
terms, then look at how to talk about what someone
said, and how to
convert speech from direct to
indirect or vice-versa.
You can answer the
question What did he say? in two ways:
by
repeating the words spoken (direct speech)
by
reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported
speech).
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the
exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in
writing,
we place the words spoken between
quotation marks (
Reported or indirect speech
is usually used to talk about the past, so we
normally change the
tense of the words spoken.
We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask',
and we may use the word
'that' to introduce
the reported words. Quotation marks are not used.
1、 declarativesentence陈述句
①Change in
pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported
speech is changed according to the
pronoun of
reporting verb or object (person) of reporting
verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the
pronoun may not change.
In following
example the pronoun of reported speech is “I”
which will be changed in indirect
speech into
the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is
“he”.
He said, “I like it very
much.”
→
He said that he liked it very much.
②Change in tense: If the first part of
sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past
tense the tense
of reported speech will
change. If the first part of sentence (reporting
verb part) belongs to present or
future tense, the tense of reported speech
will not change.
③Change in demonstrative
pronoun指示代词, temporal adverbial时间状语, adverbial of
place地点状语 and verbs.
Ps:(1)if
the direct speech indicates objective truth, then
there is no change in tense when it?s
converted to indirect speech.
Ex. He said, “Light travels much faster than
sound.”
→
He said that light travels much
faster than sound.
(2) 如果在当地转述,here不必改成there,c
ome不必改为go,如果在当天转述,
yesterday,tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变
。
2、 imperativesentence祈使句
Imperative
sentences do not normally have an expressed
subject. In order to change an
imperative
sentence into the indirect speech, we use a to-
infinitive. Note that instead of ?said? we
use
one of the following reporting verbs:
Ask,
Tell, Advise, command, request, order, forbid,
decree, propose etc.
If the imperative
sentence is in negative form, then add ?not? in
front of to-infinitive when
convert the
speech.
Ex.
①
The hostess said to us,
“Please sit down.”
→The hostess asked us to
sit down.
②
He said, “Don’t make so much
noise, boys.”
→He told the boys to not to make
so much noise.
3、 interrogativesentence疑问句
Turn word order in interrogative sentence into
that in declarative sentence, and use a full stop
in
the end. The subject, tense, adverbial etc
have to change accordingly.
(1) general
question一般疑问句
General questions are changed
into the indirect speech by using the connective
if or whether.
The reporting verb say or said
changes to ask or asked.
Ex. He said, “Are you
interested in English?”
→
He asked (me) if
I was interested in English.
(2) special
question
Special questions are changed into
the indirect speech by using the same
interrogative.
Ex. “What do you want?” he
asked me.
→
He asked me what I wanted.
语法点三:The Attributive Clause定语从句
Attributive clause is a sentence that is used
to modify a noun or a pronoun to make clear which
person or thing we are talking about.
Ex.
The man who lives next to us sells vegetable.
You must do everything that I do.
In the two
examples above, man and everything are called
antecedents先行词. Who lives next
to us and that
I do are attributive clauses. Who and that are
relative pronoun关系代词. The words
to connect
main clause and attributive clause are divided
into two groups, they are relative
pronouns,
namely that, which,who, whom, whose, and relative
adverbs, namely where, when,
why.
Relative
pronouns: We use who and whom for people, and
which for use that for
people or things.
1. That, which, who
2. Whose
Whose replaces a genitive
noun名词所有格 in anattributive clause. The antecedent
can be
thing or person.
Ex. This is the
scientist whose name is known all over the world.
The room whose window faces south is mine.
3. When, where, why
First, when the
antecedent is about reason, and it acts as an adv
in the attributive clause, we will
use
“why”.Second, when the antecedent is about time,
and it plays the role of an adv,“when” will be
, when the antecedent is about place, playing
the role of an adv of place, we will consider
adopting where.
必修二
语法点一:(接定从讲)
4. The restrictive and non-
restrictive attributive clause.限制性和非限制性
(1)
Restrictive clauses limit the possible meaning of
a preceding subject. They are usually not
marked by pauses in speech, and they are not
set off by commas in writing. Sometimes the
relative pronoun which serves as an object in
clause can be omitted.
Ex. What is the name of
the tall man who just came in?
Beijing is a
city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.
He
has found the book (that) he was looking for.
(2) Nonrestrictive clauses tell you something
about a preceding subject, but they do not limit,
or
restrict, the meaning of that subject. They
are usually marked by brief pauses in speech and
are
usually set off by commas in writing.
Relative cannot be omitted.
Ex. Beijing, which
is the capital of China, has a very long history.
Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very
busy.
Ps: ①In restrictive attributive clause,
relative adverbs behind time or place sometimes
can be
omitted in spoken English.
Ex. That
was the year(when) I first went abroad.
We
need a place (where) we can stay for a few days.
②Why clause can only modified ?reason? and it
can be converted to ?for which?. In spoken
English,
we can also use ?that? or just omit
the relative.
Ex. The reason (whyfor
whichthat) I bought the roses is that Mary likes
them.
③‘How’ cannot be used as relative
adverbs. We use in which, that, or no relative to
modify ?way?.
Ex. This is the way (how) I did
it. (wrong)
This is the way(in whichthat) I
did it. (correct)
④the attributive clause can
also be called as relative clause.
语法点二:The passive voice
We have learned the
passive voice of the simple present tense and
simple past tense.
1. The simple future tense
(use ask as an example)
Ps: affirmative form;
negative form; interrogative form
2. The
present perfect tense
3. The
present continuous tense
4. Phrasal
verb短语动词
Normally, only transitive verbs can
be used in passive voice, but with the addition of
preposition
or adverb to intransitive verbs,
some phrasal verbs serve as transitive verbs, so
they have passive
voice attention, we can?t
miss any part of phrasal verb when we change it
into passive voice.
At last they put out the
fire.
→
At last the fire was put out.
They will put up a notice on the wall.
→
A notice will be put up on the wall.
Have you sent for a doctor?
→
Has the
doctor been sent for?
Ps:
必修三
语法点一:modal verbs情态动词
A modal verb is a
type of verb that is used to indicate modality –
that is: likelihood, ability,
permission, and
obligation. They have to be used with infinitive.
Can-could may-might shall-should will-
would have to-had to must
1. Can & could
They can be used to indicate ability,
permission, possibility, etc.
Ps:
Possibility:
We use the modal can to make
general statements about what is possible:
It
can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes
very cold in winter)
We use could as the past
tense of can:
It could be very cold in winter.
(=Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)
We
use could to show that something is possible in
the future, but not certain:
If we don’t hurry
we could be late. (=PerhapsMaybe we will be late)
We use could have to show that something iswas
possible now or at some time in the past:
It’s
ten o’clock. They could have arrived now.
Permission:
We use can to ask for
permission to do something or give permission;
could is more formal and
polite than can.
2. May & might
Ps: The
negative forms are may not and might not.
We
use may:
① when we are not sure about
something:
Jack may be coming to see us
tomorrow.
② to make polite requests:
May I
borrow the car tomorrow?
③When we use may not
for a refusal it is emphatic:
You may not
borrow the car until you can be more careful with
it.
We use might:
① when we are not sure
about something:
I might see you tomorrow.
It’s quite bright. It might not rain today.
②As the past tense of may for requests:
He
asked if he might borrow the car.
③For very
polite requests:
Might I ask you a question?
3. Must & have to
Ps:
Must
① We use 'must' to express a
strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually
means that some
personal circumstance makes
the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost
certainly agrees
with the obligation.). Its
negative form is must not, but when we answer a
must question, we use
need not or don?t have
to.
② We can use 'must' to show that we are
certain something is true. We are making a logical
deduction based upon some clear evidence or
reason.
Have to
We can also use 'have to'
to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have
to' this usually
means that some external
circumstance makes the obligation necessary. But
must indicate the
speaker?s subjective
opinion, have to refers to objective one.
4.
Shall & should
5. Will & would
6. ought
Ought to is
a semi-modal verb because it is in some ways like
a modal verb and in some ways
like a main
verb. For example, unlike modal verbs, it is
followed by to, but like modal verbs, it does
not change form for person. The negative is
formed by adding ?not? after ought (ought not to).
语法点二:Noun clauses
A noun clause is a
clause that plays the role of a noun. The object
clause, the predicative clause,
the subject
clause, the appositive clause同位语从句.
1. The
objective clause
It is a clause that functions
like a noun object. It begins with conjunctions
that, if, whether,
conjunctional pronoun who,
whose, what, which and conjunctional adverbs when,
where, how,
why, etc.
2.
The predicative clause
It is a clause that
functions as the predicative. It begins with
conjunctions that, as if, whether,
conjunctional pronoun who, what, which and
conjunctional adverbs when, where, how, why,
etc.
3. Subject clause
It is a
clause that functions as the subject. It begins
with conjunctions that, whether,
conjunctional
pronoun who, what, which and conjunctional adverbs
when, where, how, why,
etc.
4. The appositive clause
It?s a clause
serves as the appositive to explain the preceding
noun, which usually are fact, idea,
news,
promise etc. It begins withconjunction that,
conjunctional adverb how, when, where, etc.
必修四
语法点一:Agreement between subject
and verb主语和谓语动词的一致
1. Subjects and verbs must
agree in number and person.
2. If two
subjects are joined by ‘and’, they typically
require a plural verb form.
3. Do you use
a singular or plural verb to match a collective
noun such as team or staff? The
answer is, it
depends. If these nouns are acting as a unit, use
a singular the sentence
indicates more
individuality, use a plural verb.
My family is
a large one.
The family are sitting at the
breakfast table.
This group is having a
meeting.
Our group are reading the newspapers.
4. When indefinite pronoun like anyone,
anybody, anything, everyone, everything, someone,
somebody, something, no one, nobody, nothing,
each, the other, etc serves as the subject, use a
singular verb.
Is anybody going to tell
him the news?
There is nobody in the house.
Everything is ready.
5. Pronoun ?none? and
?neither? can use either singular verb or plural
verb and it depends on
speaker?s intention.
But when ?none? and ?neither? stand for
uncountable noun, they are
considered as
singular; when neither functions as an adjective
to modify a singular noun, the
predicate verb
should be singular.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The verb in an ?or?,
?either…or?, ?neither…nor?or ?not only…but also?
sentence agrees with the
noun or pronoun
closest to it.
Either you or Jane is to be
sent to New Zealand.
Neither he nor I have
finished the experiment.
In sentences
beginning with here or there, the true subject
follows the verb.
There are four hurdles to
jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here
are the keys.
Sometimes the subject is
separated from the verb by such words as with,
along with, together
with, as well as, like,
except, besides, including, in addition to, etc.
These words and phrases are
not part of the
subject. Ignore them and use a singular verb when
the subject is singular.
The teacher with two
students was at the meeting.
The girl as well
as the boys has learned to drive a car.
Plural
nouns that indicates time, money, distance, weight
is considered as a whole when they are
used as
the number of a unit, so the predicate verb should
be singular.
Sixty years is a long time.
Ten dollars is enough for him.
Three
thousand miles is a long distance.
语法点二:the verb -ing form
Subject, object,
predicative, attribute, object complement,
adverbial
语法三:构词法word
formation
1. Compounding 合成
2.
Conversion转化
The characteristic of a certain
word词性
3. Derivation派生
Prefix前缀,suffix后缀,root词根
Dis, un, in, im,
non, mis, re, en, able, al, er, or, ess, less…
必修五
语法点一:verbs
The past
participle
语法点二:inversion倒装
Inversion happens when we
reverse (invert) the normal word order of a
structure, most
commonly the subject-verb word
order. For example, a statement has the subject
(s) before the verb
(v).
1. Question
To make question word order, we invert the
subject and the verb, with an auxiliary (aux) or
modal verb (m) before the subject (s)
What
do Ineed to take with me?
2. There be
There are some flowers on the table.
3.
Direct speech, sometimes
“Is it ready yet?”
asked Hu Xin.
4. Inversion can
happen after ?there, here, out, in, up, down,
away, in front of, etc? when it is as an
adverb or prepositional phrase of place or
direction. It is used for emphasis.
Here comes
the bus!
Here’s your coffee.
There goes
the bell.
5. When we use an adverb or
conjunction with negative meaning (e.g. never,
not, not only, little,
seldom, rarely,
scarcely, hardly) in front position for emphasis,
we invert the subject (s) and
auxiliary
(aux)modal verb.
Not only was there no
electricity, but also no water.
Never will he
forget his first time to take a place.
Hardly
had I got out of the house when it began to rain.
6. Only in front.
Only then did I begin my
work.
Only in this way can you learn from your
friends.
7. So, neither, nor
My sister
enjoys travelling. So do I.
I don’t know and
nor do I care.
8. Sosuch…that. So or such in
front.
So proud was he that he never
listenedto any advice.
So absorbed was he in
the novel that he did not notice his father at the
door.
9. In sentences for wish.
Long live
the People’s Republic of China!
May you have a
happy holiday!
10. When ?if? is omitted in a
subjunctive sentence.
Should you need more
information, please let me know. (=if you should
need more
information, please let me know.)
Had Mark invited me, I would have been glad to
come. (=If Mark had invited me, I would
have
been glad to come.)
语法点三:省略Ellipsis
选修6
语法点一:the
subjunctive mood虚拟语气
In a sentence, the
grammatical mood conveys the speaker?s attitude
about the state of being of
what the sentence
describes.
1. the indicative mood陈述语气
The
indicative mood is used to make factual
statements, ask questions, or express opinions as
if
they were facts. Any verb tense may be
deployed in the indicative mood.
2. the
imperative mood祈使语气
A sentence in the
imperative mood expresses commands or requests. It
indicates that the speaker
desires for the
action expressed in the sentence to take place. In
most imperative sentences, there?s an
implied
you.
3. the subjunctive mood虚拟语气
The
subjunctive mood is the verb form used to express
a wish, a suggestion, a command, or a
condition that is contrary to fact.
① ?If
? in conditional clauses
② In
objective clause
1) After ?wish?
Use past
tense to indicate the condition at present, past
perfect tense to indicate the condition
in the
past and wouldcouldmight + infinitive to indicate
condition in future.
He wishes he could paint
as well as a professional artist.
I wish I had
been with you yesterday.
We wish the rain
would stop
2) After ?would rather?
Use
past tense to indicate the conditions at present
or in future and past perfect tense to
indicate conditions in the past.
I would
rather you did it.
I would rather you hadn’t
told me the truth.
3) After ?demand, suggest,
order, propose, request, command, insist?, etc.
Use should + infinitive or just infinitive to
express wish, suggestion, command, request, etc.
Should can be omitted.
John Snow suggested
that the source of all water supplies (should) be
examined.
They requested that the meeting be
postponed.
③ The subjunctive mood can also be
used in subject, predicate, appositive clauses and
the predicate
of the clauses is “should +
infinitive” or just infinitive.
It’s important
that we (should) attend the meeting.
It’s a
pity that he (should) refuse our invitation.
My advice is that she wait till next week.
④ the subjunctive mood can be used for wish,
curse, prohibition, etc.
Long live the unity
of the Chinese people!
God bless
you!
语法二:the use of “it”
1. Pronoun
it
① To replace the things that have been
mentioned before.
My pen is missing. I can’t
find it anywhere.
② Replacedemonstrative
pronouns like this and that.
A: Whose umbrella
is that?
B: It’s Mary’s.
③ Used as
impersonal pronoun to indicate time, date, place,
weather, temperature, distance etc.
It’s a
beautiful day.
2. Introducer引导词
① Used as
dummy subject to replace the true subject in form
of the infinitive, verb -ing form or
clauses.
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
It’s
difficult to give up smoking.
② Used as dummy
object to replace the true objectin form of the
infinitive, verb -ing form or
clauses.
I
think it best that you should do more exercise.
He found it difficult to do homework.
③ We
use it in cleft sentences. It emphases the subject
or object of the main clause. It is (was) +
stressed constituents + that (whowhom) + other
constituents.
It’shuman activity that has
caused this global warming.
It was Jim Brown
whowhomthat you should ask.
选修七
语法点一:verbs
The infinitive动词不定式
1.
Perfect infinitive
To+ have + past participle
2. Passive infinitive
To + be + past
participle
3. When “to” is
omitted in the infinitive in active voice, it must
re-appear in passive voice.
The passive
-ing form
语法点二:the attributive
clause
Some conditions that which can?t be
used in the attributive clause
1. When
antecedents are indefinite pronouns like ?all,
little, much, few, everything, anything,
nothing, none?, etc, the relative pronoun
can?t be which but that.
All that I want is
your voice.
There is not much that can be
done.
2. When antecedents are modified by
superlative adjectives形容词最高级, the relative pronoun
can?t be which but that.
This is the
funniest film that I have ever seen.
3. When
antecedents are modified by ordinal number序数词, the
relative pronoun can?t be which
but that.
This is the first time that we have met.
4. When antecedents are modified by ?the only,
the very, the same, the right?, etc, the relative
pronoun can?t be which but that.
American
audiences will see the same movie that was shown
in Asia.
5. When antecedents are modified by
?all, every, any, much, little, few, no?, etc, the
relative
pronoun can?t be which
but that.
All the things that you told me are
lies.
6. When the main clause is a special
question that starts with ‘which, who, what’, the
relative
pronoun can?t be which but that.
Who is the girl (that is ) sitting by the
lake?
Which of those books (that are )on the
table belong to you?
选修八
语法点一:verbs
Tenses
语法点二:the
appositive同位语
An appositive is a noun, a noun
phrase, or a noun clause which sits next to
another noun(fact,
idea, news, doubt,
decision, possibility, assumption, question, etc)
to rename it or to describe it in
another way.
It?s usually introduced by that, but sometimes
what, why, whether, when, etc are ok.
词性part of speech
实词notional word
虚词 structural word
派生词derivative [di'riv?tiv]
复合词 compound
[?k?mpaund]
专有名词proper noun
集体名词
collective noun
系动词 link verb
助动词auxiliary verb [?:g'zilj?ri]
情态动词modal
verb
不规则动词irregular verb
使役动词causative
verb
感官动词verb of senses
感叹词exclamation
[.ekskl?'mei??n]
人称代词 personal pronoun
物主代词possessive pronoun
反身代词reflexive
pronoun [ri'fleksiv]
指示代词demonstrative
pronoun [di'm?nstr?tiv]
不定代词indefinite
pronoun
名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun
形容词性物主代词 adjectival possessive pronoun
[.?d?ik'taiv?l]
不定冠词indefinite article
基数词 cardinal numeral
序数词ordinal numeral
原形 base form
名词性从句nominal clause
定语从句attributive clause
宾语从句 object
clause
主语从句subject clause
同位语从句appositive clause
时间状语从句adverbial
clause of time
地点状语从句adverbial clause of
place
方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner
让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession
原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause
结果状语从句adverbial clause of result
目的状语从句
adverbial clause of purpose
条件状语从句 adverbial
clause of condition
简单句simple sentence
陈述句 declarative sentence [di'kl?r?tiv]
一般疑问句 general question
特殊疑问句special
question
选择疑问句alternative question
附加疑问句tag question
反意疑问句 disjunctive
question [dis'd???ktiv]
存在句existential
sentence [.egzis'ten??l]
肯定句positive sentence
否定句negative sentence
祈使句 imperative
sentence
省略句elliptical sentence [i'liptik?l]
感叹句 exclamatory sentence [ik'skl?m?t?ri]
句子成分members of sentences
谓语predicate ['predikeit]
直接宾语direct
object
间接宾语 indirect object
补语complement
主补subject complement
宾补 object complement
表语predicative
定语 attribute
同位语
appositive
分词 participle
不定式
infinitive [?n?f?n?t?v]
所有格 possessive case
过去将来时past future tense
过去将来进行时 past
future continuous tense
[k?n?t?nju?s]
过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense
一般现在时
simple present tense
一般过去时simple past tense
一般将来时simple future tense
过去完成时past
perfect tense
现在完成时 present perfect tense
将来完成时future perfect tense
现在进行时present
continuous tense
过去进行时past continuous tense
将来进行时future continuous tense
现在完成进行时
present perfect continuous tense
过去完成进行时 past
perfect continuous tense
主动语态active voice
被动语态 passive voice
虚拟语气 subjunctive mood
全部否定 full negation
局部否定partial negation
全部倒装full inversion
部分倒装 partial inversion
直接引语 direct speech
间接引语 indirect speech
主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement
就近原则
principle of proximity
意群 sense group
语音
pronunciation speech sound
连读 linking of
sounds
语调 intonation
升调rising tone
降调falling tone
同义词 synonym
反义词
antonym
记叙文narrative writing [?n?r?tiv]
议论文argumentative writing [?ɑ:ɡju?ment?tiv]
说明文expository writing[?k'sp?zit?ri]
应用文practical writing
逗号comma
冒号colon
[?k??l?n]
分号semicolon
问号question mark
感叹号exclamation mark[?ekskl??me??n]
连字号hyphen [?ha?f?n]
引号quotation marks
音标 phonetic transcription
元音 vowel
单元音single vowel
双元音 diphthong [?d?fθ??]
辅音 consonant
清辅音voiceless consonant
浊辅音voiced consonant
上唇upper lip
下唇lower lip
齿龈alveolar ridge[?l?vi?l?]
舌尖 tongue tip
声带vocal cords
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