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高中英语语法讲义大全

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2020-10-30 18:16
tags:高中英语语法

rang字开头的成语-年鉴是什么

2020年10月30日发(作者:鲁藜)


高中英语语法
一、 英语词法
1、实词:
是指有实在意义,能独立承担句子成分的词

名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、
动词

2、虚词:
没有实在意义,不能独立承担句子成分

冠词、介词、连词、感叹词
二、英语句法
1、简单句
2、并列句
3
、复合句

(1)名词性从句
◆主语从句
◆表语从句
◆宾语从句
◆同位语从句
(2)定语从句
◆限定性定语从句
◆非限定性定语从句
(3)状语从句
◆时间状语从句
◆条件状语从句
◆地点状语从句
◆原因状语从句
◆方式状语从句
◆结果状语从句
◆目的状语从句
◆比较状语从句
◆让步状语从句
三、其他句型
倒装句
强调句
省略句
It 用法和There be 句型

动词时态

非谓语动词

虚拟语气

主谓一致原则

反意疑问句




第一讲:句子类型与句子成分
一、 句子种类和类型
1、句子种类
陈述句;疑问句;祈使句;感叹句
2、句子类型
简单句:
由一个主语加一个谓语构成.

并列句:
两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起 构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基
本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有:and, but, or, so, either…or..
neither...nor.. however not only…but also 等.
并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,是平行并列的关系。
Hurry up or you'll be late.
He is rich while I’m poor.

复合句: 由主句和其他从句组成。
并列复合句:含有复合句的并列句.
★I asked a man who has a wife and three children who did the cooking in his
house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it.
二、句子成分
That girl is doing her homework now.
主语:
主语是句子陈述的对象 ,说明是谁或什么情况。表示句子说的是什么人、“什么事”、
“什么东西”、“什么地方”等等。 名词、代词、数词、动名词、To do不定式、一个句
子都可以做主语。
All roads lead to Rome.
How to do it well is an important question.
谓语

谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”. 谓语动
词的位置一般在主语之后。 一般由动词或动词短语承担,具有各种时态、语态及语
气的变化。
I seldom go to the cinema.
He has already left.
We are students
She fell ill last week
宾语
宾语 ,又称受词,是指一个动作(动词)的接受者。一般而言,及物动词后面最少
要有一个宾语,而该宾语通 常为直接宾语。名词、代词、数词、动名词、To do不定
式、一个句子 都可以做宾语,而to do不定式用于宾语补足语。
We study English at school.
He enjoys listening to the music.
直接宾语:
表示动作的承受者或结果,通常指物。
Lend me your dictionary.


间接宾语
:动作所向或所为的人或物,通常指人。
Lend your dictionary to me.
注意:间接宾语跟在直接宾语之后,间接宾语前要加介词to 或for
加介词to的动词:give bring take hand lend pass read tell send show teach write do 等
加介词for的动词:fetch find pay sing buy choose find get make等
介词宾语:
位于介词后面的宾语。
He walked to the office.
宾语补足语:
及物动词后的,用以补充说明宾语的身份、状态等的词或短语。
这类常用的及物动词有:make consider cause see find call get have let
We consider think the answer (to be) right.
Electricity can make a machine run..
可做宾语补足语的:名词、形容词及其短语、不定式及其短语、过去分词 及其短语、as引
出的宾语补足语、介词短语、副词和从句。
Let the enemy in
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.
We will soon make our community what your community is now.
We take English as a useful tool for everyday work.
定语
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 主要有形容词此外还有名词、
代词、数词、 介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短
语或句子都可以作定语。 汉 语中常用‘……的’表示。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、
限制和被限制的关系。“的”是定语的标 志。
He is an interesting man.
Have you anything to say
Can you see the car downstairs?
He was the one who succeeded in the experiment.
状语
英语中,状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句 子。状语的功用:状语说明地点、
时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当
He drove his car carefully.
China is developing fast during these year, but, unfortunately, unhealthily.
He is very quick to change his mind.
To buy a computer, I need money.
Seeing his mother, the baby burst into tears.
表语
表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,补充说明主语的意义,
也叫主语补足语。表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的- ing、
从句来充当,它常位于系动词(be, become, appear, seem, look, sound, feel, get, smell,


turn等词)之 后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就
叫做表语从句。
Our teacher is very strict with us.
The book is interesting and I'm interested in it.
He looked just as he had looked ten years before.
同位语
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明 ,这个名词(或其它形式)
就是同位语。
We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.
That is her habit, reading in bed.
He gave orders that the work should be started immediately.
The question whether to confess or not troubled the girl.
三、句子基本结构(简单句)
1.主语+谓语
这种句型简称为主谓结构,其谓语一般都是不及物动词,例:
Things change.事物是变化的。
Nobody went.没有人去。
2.主语+连系动词+表语

这种句型称为主系表结构,其实连系动词在形式上也是一 种谓语动词,但实质上表语
成了谓语,例:
Mr. Turner is an artist.特纳先生是位画家。
The milk turned sour.牛奶变酸了。
She became a lawyer.她当了律师。
3.主语+谓语+宾语

这种句型可称为主谓宾结构,它的谓语一般多是及物动词,例:
We never beat children.我们从来不打孩子。
My sister will fix everything.我姐姐会料理一切。

4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语
这种 句型可称为主谓宾宾结构,其谓语应是可有双宾语的及物动词,两个宾语一个是
间接宾语,一个是直接宾 语,例:
He gave the book to his sister.他把这本书给了他的妹妹。
I'll write you a long letter.我将写给你一封长信。
5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补

这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构,其补语是宾语补语,与宾语一起即构成复合宾语.
I found the book easy.我发现这本书不难。(形容词easy作补语)
I'll let him go.我将让他去。(不定式go用作补语)
注意:有时两个 或更多的并列主语拥有一个共同的谓语,甚至并列有两个主语和两个
谓语,这样的句子仍然是简单句,例 :
Mr. Wang and I often work together and help each other.王先生和我常在一起
工作互相帮助。


第二讲:名词性从句
在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。名词从句的功能
相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语 、介词宾语等,
因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、
表语从句和同位语从句。
1、 主语从句
在句中起主语作用的句子叫做主语从句。
(1)引导主语从句的关联词有:that(不充当句子 成分,仅起引导作用,通常用it作形式主< br>语;分句置于句首时,that绝对不可以省略。),whether, who, whom, whose, what, which,
whoever, whatever, whichever, where, when, how, why。
1
That he will succeed
is certain.
2
Whether he will go there
is not known.
3
What he said
is not true.
4
Where he hid the money
is to be found out.
5
Whoever comes
is welcome.
6
How we can help the twins
will be discussed at the meeting.
7
When they

ll start the project
has not been decided yet.
(2)为避免主语 冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主
语.
①It + be+形容词(obvious, natural, surprising, wonderful, possible, likely,
certain, probable) +that从句.
It is certain that he will succeed.
②It +be +名词词组(no wonder, an honor, a good thing ,a pity, no surprise )+that
从句.
It is a pity that they have to go without her.
③It + be+过去分词(said, reported, known, thought, expected, decided, announced,
arranged) +that从句.
It is not known whether he will go there.
④It + seems, happens等不及物动词及短语 +that从句.
It seems that Mary is not coming at all.
⑤It doesn’t matter (makes no difference)+连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句.
It doesn’t matter whether he comes.
(3)注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义。whoever,
whatever, whichever等引导的主语从句一般不后置,也不用替代词it.
Whoever comes will be welcome.(whoever=the person who)来的人将受到欢迎。
总结:在下列句型中常用that 引导主语从句
◆It’s likelypossibleimportantnecessaryclear that…很可能重要的是…必要的
是…很清楚…
◆It’s said reported that…据说据报道…
◆It seemsappearshappens that…显然、明显、碰巧..
◆It’s been announceddeclared that…已经通知宣布…
◆It’s no wonder that…并不奇怪无疑…
◆It’s a pitya fact a common knowledge a common saying(俗话说)that…


注意:主语从句中 ,谓语动词一般用单数。What引导的主语从句,可根据表语决定。
What he needs _is_ that book.
What he needs _are_ some book.
2、宾语从句
在句中起宾语作用的句子叫宾语从句。
引导宾语从句的关联词有四类:that(在宾语从句中常可以省略);从属连词ifwhether;
连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever;连接副词
where, when, how, why。
They know that the habit will kill them.
It all depends on whether they will support us.
He asked how much I paid for the violin.
He made it clear to the public that he did an important and necessary job.
I find it necessary that we should do the homework.
(1)用作及物动词的宾语
They pretended
that they were reading in the room.
I didn’t know
what they were talking about.
Do you know
why winter is colder than summer?
He couldn’t tell
where his home was.
John made the boy sit still, promising
that nothing would hurt him.
(2)用作介词的宾语从句:
I was pleased by
what he told me.
He always pays attention to
whatever the teacher says.

He told of
how he helped the old woman to find her missing son.
注意:介词的宾语从句一般不用which和if来引 导,而要分别用what和whether来引导。
Are you sorry for
what you

ve done?

Everything depends on
whether we have enough experience.
不可用if
(3)用作某些形容词的宾语从句:
这类形容词常见的有sure, certain, glad, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised,
satisfied等。
I am sure
you looked beautiful that evening.
We were not surprised
that he returned three days later than expected.
Everyone was afraid
that someone might find out that he could see nothing.
Mother was very pleased
(that) her daughter had passed the entrance exams.
注意:如果宾语从句后边还有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语而将宾语从句后置。如:
We thought
it
strange
that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
He has made
it
clear
that anyone who breaks the law is to be punished.
这种句型的谓语动词有think, make, feel, find, consider.
注意的问题(重点)
r和if都可以引导宾语从句,但下列情况用whether不用if。
(1)当whether后紧跟oror not时,不用if.
I don’t know whether I will stay or not
(2)介词后面的宾语从句不能用if.
I worry about whether I hurt her feeling
(3)引导主语从句和表语从句用whether不用if


Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.(主语从句)
The question is whether it is worth doing.(表语从句)
(4) whether 可用在不定式前,if 则不能.
Please tell me whether to go or not.
(5)whether可以引导同位语从句,用以说明前面的名词的内容,if不能。如:
We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not..
(6)whether可引导一个让步状语从句表示“不管”、“无论”,而if不能。如:
Whether he comes or not, we will begin our party on time.
注意:如果宾语从句是否定时,一般用if引导
I care if he will not attend the meeting.
2、that 在名词性从句中的用法
主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that但不能省略。如:
That they are good at English is known to us all.
The problem is that we don’t have enough money.
She expressed the hope that they would come to China one day.
宾语从句中的连接词that有时可省有时又不可省,在以下几种情况中that不能省略:
(1)在主+谓+it(形式宾语)+宾补+that从句(真正宾语) 的句型中不省略
We must make it clear that we mean what we say.
(2)由and或 but连接两个或多个宾语从句时,仅可以省略第一个连词that
,第二个that 不省略.
He told me( that) he would come and that he would come on time.
3、宾语从句的时态变化规律:
①当主句是一般现在时态时将来时,从句可根据需要用任何时态。
He believes __his dream will come true some day他相信他的梦想总有一天会实现的.
Please tell me what you were doing at this time Yesterday 请告诉我你昨天这个时
候在干什么.
②当主句是一般过去时态时,从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。
He told me he
was preparing
for the examination
He told me he
had been away
from his hometown for ten years
The teacher tell us light
travels
in a straight line
注意:
1).当从句表达的是客观事实,真理,自然现象时,从句通常用一般现在时。
2)在“命令 ,要求,建议”等相关词后的名词性从句中常用虚拟语气(…)
4、注意区别if引导的宾语从句和条件 状语从句

I don’t know if he will come.
If he comes, I’ll let you know.
三、表语从句
在句中起表语 作用的句子叫做表语从句,表语从句放在系动词后面。作用:对主语进行解释
说明。连接词:that whether as if as though( if 不引导表语从句)
连接代词:who whom whose which what
连接副词:when where why how because
The question is whether we can rely on him.
That’s because we were in need of money at that time .
He looked as if he was going to cry .


That’s why I was late .
This was
what
Tom was reading.
The truth is
that
I have never been there.
This is
how
we overcame the difficulties.
The house is
where
Lu Xun once lived
注意:
连词because可 引导表语从句。主语是reason时,表语从句常用that,不用because。
四、同位语从句
同位语从句在句中充当同位语成分,其一般跟在一些抽象名词( idea ;belief ; fact ;
truth ;problem ;news 等)后面,对名词作进一步解释说明.
连词that;连接代词:who, which, what;连接副词when wherewhy how whether
1.同位语从句的格式:n.+ 连接词 + 从句
2.能接同位语从句的名词有:fact、idea, news, information, order, belief,
suggestion, advice等
3.连接词通常是that,也可根据含义选用 whether, what, when, where等来引导同位语从
句。
They expressed the hope that they would come over to visit China again.
We all know the truth that the earth goes round the sun.
They asked me the question whether the work was worth doing.
练习:that whether where how
I have no idea _________ he comes from.
He can’t answer the question ________ he got the money.
He gave us many suggestions ________ we should get up earlier and take more exercise.
I have no doubt ________ he will win.
I have some doubt ________ he will win
注意问题:
(1)

that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别:
1.定语从句是先行词的修饰语,它不涉及先 行词的具体内容。定语从句中that不但起连接
作用,而且在定语从句中充当一个句子成分,充当从句 的宾语成分时可省略。
2.同位语从句对中心词的内容作进一步的解释和说明,表明中心词的具体内容 。引导同位语
从句的that 在同位语从句中不做任何成分,只起连接作用,无具体含义,且不可省略.
在同位语从句中:that 不可以省略,不作成分;定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句作成
分,作宾语时可以省略
We are interested in the news that some foreigners would visit our school.
We are interested in the news that he told us.
when, where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别:
在定语从句中,when, where前有分别表示时间、地点的先行词;而在同位语从句中无此对
应关系
They have no idea at all where he has gone.(同位语从句)
Go and get your coat. It’s in the place where you left it.(定语从句)
练习答案:where; how; that; that; whether



五、名词性从句考点归纳及练习
(一)名词性从句的语序
1、名词性从句构成有两种
a. That + 陈述句
That light travels in straight lines is known to all.
b. 疑问词+句子的剩余成分
This is what we are looking for.
(2) 疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用陈述句语序,不能用一般疑问句语序。
How was he successful is still a puzzle. ( F )
How he was successful is still a puzzle. ( T )
Could you tell me where he lives? ( F )
Could you tell me where does he live? ( T )
(二)名词性从句连接词的选用
1、that 和what 的选用
that 和 what 都可引导所有的名词从句。但 是,what除起连接作用外,还在名词性从句中
充当成分,可做从句的主语、宾语、或表语。而tha t在名词性从句中不充当任何成分,只起
连接作用。
that what
1.______ he wants is a book.
2. ______ he wants to go there is obvious.
result is ______ we won the game.
is _____ we want to know.
_____ he told us true ?
should pay attention to ______ the teacher is saying.
7. I have no doubt _____ he will come.
8. I have no idea _____ he did that afternoon.
答案:What; that; that; what; what; what; that;what
2、if 和 whether 的选用
不能使用if 的情况:
a. 主语从句
b. 表语从句
c. 同位语从句
e. 介词后的宾语从句
f. whether to do 做动词宾语不能用if to do.
g whether or not 连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if.
Ifwhether
1. I asked her __________ she had a bike.
2. ______ we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
3、We’re worried about ________ he is safe.
4. I don’t know ___________ he is well or not.
5. I don’t know ________ or not he is well.
6. The question is _________ he should do it.
doctor can hardly answer the question ______ the old man will recover soon.
8. I don’t know _______ to go.


答案:if whether; Whether;whether;whetherif;whether;whether
Whether;whether
3其它连接代词和副词的选用
主要根据名词性从句中的具体意义,正确的选择who、which、when、where、why、 how 等
连接词,这些连接词既具有疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在从句中充当各种成分。
________ we shall hold our sports meeting is not decided.
I don’t know _________ broke the glass yesterday.
I have no idea _________ he looks like.
This is _________ I left my glasses.
答案:when:; who; what; where
(三)引导词that 的省略
1、that 可省略的情况:
单个宾语从句中的that可省略
2、that不可省略的情况:
主语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
用it做形式宾语的宾语从句
并列的宾语从句中的后几个从句的引导词that 不能省略
1.I don’t think ________ she is coming.
is a pity ________ he has made such a mistake.
reason is _________ he is careless .
news ________ our team won the match inspired us.
5.I don’t think it necessary _________ you should read English aloud.
told me __________ his father had died and __________ he had to make a living alone.
答案:可省略;不可省略;不可省略;不可省略;可省略不可省略
(四)同位语和定语从句的区别
同位语从句定语从句
expressed the hope that they had expressed.
We expressed the hope that they would come to China again.
information has been announced that more middle school graduates will be admitted into
university.
.The information that he revealed at the meeting is of great value.
答案:1、定语从句,同位语从句。2、同位语从句,定语从句
(五)注意:名词demand, suggestion, proposal, advice 等词后的同位语从句的语气要用虚
拟语气,结构为 should + do, should 可省略
He gave me a suggestion that I ( should ) be calm now.
(六)在名词性从句中,我们还须特别注意以下问题:
reason 后面的表语从句只能用that 引导, 不能用why 引导, 但reason后面的定语从句可以
用why 或者that 引导
reason ______ we didn't trust him was ______ he often lied.
reason ____ he gave for his absent was ______ he was ill
答案:1、why,that 2、that,that


六、试题精选
1. made the teacher proud was more than half of her students had been
admitted to key universities.
that because what ;because
解析 题中含有两个从句。因主语从句中缺少主语,故用what引导;表语 从句中不缺少
句子成分,故用that引导。
ation has been put forward more middle school graduates will be admitted into
universities.

解析 that从句作information的同位语,that在从句中不作句子成分,不可省略。
sure of he will be admitted by the high quality middle school or not, he feels quite
uneasy.
r
解析 此处为whether引导的从句作介词of的宾语。
five days’ climbing in the mountain, they reached they thought was the place
they’d been dreaming of.

解析 reach是及物动词,其后要跟宾语从句。 而they thought是插入语,宾语从句中缺
少主语,所以必须用what。
5. was of little importance.
matter how he might pass the examination he might pass the examination
r he passed the examination or not might pass the examination
解析 这是一个由whether引导的主语从句。no matter how与though都不能引导主语从句;
D项不是一个从句。
AIDS Day is also important in reminding us that HIV has not gone away,and there
are many things still to be done.
D.
解析 句中有多个宾语从句时,第二个that和以后的that都不能省略。that HIV has not gone
away和that there are...是remind的两个并列的宾语从句。
7.I have not found my bike yet;and now,I’m not sure I should do with the case.
r
解析 what...do with是固定搭配,what引导宾语从句并在从句中作宾语
sor Li’s book will show you can be used in other contexts.
you have observed you have observed
what you have observed what have you observed
解析 句意为:李教授的书会向你展示你所观 察到的知识怎样能适用于其他的场合。how
引导了一个宾语从句,而宾语从句中又缺少主语,所以用w hat you have observed充当宾语
从句中的主语,该主语从句用陈述语序。
old man was so angry and spoke so fast that none of his children understood
he said meant.
that what
解析 本题考查宾语从句 和主语从句。第一个what引导宾语从句,并在宾语从句中作
meant的宾语;第二个what引导 主语从句,并在该主语从句中作said的宾语。
with the letter was his promise he would visit me this coming Christmas.


r
解析 这是一个同位语从句,从句中不缺少成分,故用that来引导,用来补充说明promise
的内容。
11. is known to all is that while driving drivers should keep an eye out for road signs,on
which are words or symbols giving directions or other traffic instructions.

解析 考查主语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可以看出这个句子缺少主语从句的引导词,
主语从句中缺少主语,所以要用what。
1492 Columbus and his crew arrived was so-called the New World by the
westerners.
what which
解析 考查宾语从句。arrive是个不及物动词,如果后面跟宾语必须加上介词。在宾语
从句中缺 少了主语,所以介词后面必须用what。
13.A growing anxiety is disturbing the public the economy will continuously decline.

解析 该题考查名词性从句。that在句中引导同位语从句与前面的anxiety构成同位语,
解释说明前 面的anxiety的内容。
is no doubt,in my opinion, matters is not the speed,but the quality of the product.
what that if what
解析 that引导一个同位语从句,在这个同位语从句中又有一个主语从句what matters。
句意为:依我看,毫无疑问,重要的不是速度,而是产品的质量。
are saying that our teachers treat everyone equally,and this is I disagree.

解析 考查表语从句。disagree是个不及物动词,所以从句的结构比较完整,B选项错 误。
句意为:你说我们的老师平等地对待所有的学生,这就是我不同意你的地方。根据句意应选
where。
news is spreading around the airport is a big snowstorm will come
attacking.
which B.;that which ;that
解析 考查定语从句和表语从句。第一个空是定语从句,先行词在定语从句中作主 语;
第二个空是表语从句,句子结构完整,所以也用 that。
old woman would tell the story to passed by.
matter who er r matter what
解析 句意为:这个 老婆婆经常讲故事给任何一个经过的人。所以要从A、C两项中选
择。这两项的区别在于:A项只能引导 让步状语从句;C项既可以引导让步状语从句也可以
引导名词性从句。
’s a widespread belief among the graduates being able to speak a second
language will help them with their job-hunting.
r
解析 考查同位语从句。后一句话是对belief进行补充说明的,其句子结构比较完整,
所以要用 that引导。



七、巩固练习
1.____he does has nothing to do with me.
A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If
2. The manager came over and asked the customer how____
A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about
C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about
3. Energy is ____makes thing work..
A. what B. something C. anything D. that
4. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be
admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
5. This is ___the shenzhou V Spaceship landed.
A. there B. in which C. where D. when
6. They have no idea at all____.
A. where he has gone B. where did he go
C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone
7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.
A. that B. which C. of which D. of that
8. The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.
A. that had to leave B. that; should leave
C. must leave D. when; should leave
9. ___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.
A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether
10. The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.
A. that B. which C. whether D. if
11. Is _____he said really true?
A. that B. what C. why D. whether
12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.
A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where
13. It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.
A. while B. if C. that D. for
14. ???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.
A. Whether B. This C. who D. If
15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.
A. What B. That C. Whether D. If
16. ____you don’t like him is none of my business.
A. What B. That C. Who D. How
17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.
A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That what
18. ____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.
A. What B. It C. All that D. That
19. It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.
A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped
20. ____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.


A. What B. That C. How D. Where
21. ____he always serves the people very well is known.
A. What B. That C. Which D. Who
22.____has passed the test will get a prize .
A. Whoever B. No mater who C. Whomever D. Who
____ true that the famous scientist will give us a lecture next week?
A that B it C his D he
has not been decided ___ they will leave for New York.
A. when B why C that D what
25. Obviously___ we do morning exercises every day ___ us good.
A. that do B. if; do C what; does D. that; dose
26 It is said____ ____ was all ___ he said.
A that; that; that B what; what; what C that; which; what D that; that; which
27___ gets home first is to cook the supper.
A. Who B Whom C. Those who D. Whoever
28___ moved us most was___ he liked after the old man for more than twenty years.
A. That; that B. What; that C What; what D. That; what
29.___ you did it is not known to all.
A. Who B. What C. How D. Which
30.___ you do should be well done.
A How B. That C. Whatever D Why
31. The reason I plan to go is___ she will be disappointed if I don’t.
A. because B. that C. thanks to D. what
32. What time do you think__?
A. will Tom come back B. Tom will come back
C. is Tom coming back D. can Tom get here
33. The teacher said that light___ faster than sound.
A. Has traveled B. traveled C. had traveled D. travels
34..___ is still a question___ will win.
A. It; that B. It; who C. That; who D. This; that
35. If you know___ it was that write A Tale of Two Cities, raise your hand.
A. whom B. which C. who D. that








答案
1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA
21—25 BABAD 26—30 ADBCC 31—35 BBDBC


第三讲:定语从句
一、定语从句基本知识及疑点难点
●定义: 修饰限制某一名词或代词的句子为定语从句。一般翻译为:“……的”。
●先行词:被修饰的名词或代词为先行词。
●位置: 放在被修饰名词或代词的后面。
●关系词:定语从句必须有一个关系词引导,关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类.
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
(一)先行词
定语从句的先行词分三类:
代表人; 代表物;代表全句
The students who don’t study hard will not pass the exam..
These are the trees which were planted last year.
The Korean War broke out in 1950, when China was still in the beginning stage.
(二)关系代词
1、关系代词的基本用法。
关系代词 指代的先行词 充当从句的成分
who
whom
which
that
whose



人或物
人或物
主语、宾语
宾语
主语、宾语
主语、宾语、表语
定语
① who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时,可省略。
The man (who) I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
②whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略
The man (whom) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
He is the man whom that I saw yesterday.
③ which 指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时,可省略。
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder

which

he is using is made in Japan.
④that 指人或物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时,可省略。
A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man (that) I told you about.
⑤whose指人或物, 在定语从句中作定语 。不可省略。
This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake.
We live in a house whose windows face south.


2、关系代词用法注意点
(1) that和which都可以指物,但以下5种情况只能用that 不能用which。
①当先行词中有人又有物时。如:
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
②当先行词为不定代词all, one, few, little, no, some, any, everything, nothing, nobody, none
时。如:
This is all that I want from the school.
注意:something 后 that 和which均可用。
③当先行词被only, just, very, right, last等修饰时。如:
This is the very book that I am looking for these days.
④当先行词被最高级修饰时。如:
The TV tower is the highest building that has been built in this city.
⑤当先行词被序数词修饰时。如:
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
补充:主句是以whowhich开头的特殊疑问句时
当先行词在定语从句中作表语时
(2)只用which不用that 的情况。
①引导非限制性定语从句。
My watch, which is very old, stops again.
②关系代词前有介词时。
This is the room in which she once lived.
③先行词为that时。
The clock is that which can tell us the time.
(3) that和who都可以指人,但下面两种情况,多用who。
①先行词为all, anyone, one, ones等时。如:
All who heard the news were excited.
②先行词为those, he和people时。如:
Those who want to go please sign your names here.
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
(4) whose引导的定语从句注意点。
①whose引导定语从句,其后应紧跟名词,构成名词短语。
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
② whose与它所修饰的名词一起可以作介词的宾语。如:
The boss in whose department he worked had heard the news.他工作所在部门的老板已经听说
了这个消息。
③ whose引导的定语从句,其先行词既可以指人也可以指物。
④whose的先行词指物时,可用of which代替,但语序不同,即whose+名词 = the+名词+of
which,或= of which + the + 名词。如:
The novel whose title (= the title of which

of which the title) is Red and Black is very
interesting.
⑤whose的先行词指人时,可用of whom代替,但语序不同,即whose+名词 = the+名词+of
whom,或= of whom + the + 名词。如:
The boy whose mother (= the mother of whom

of whom the mother) is a doctor is my friend.
(4) 关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。如:


Those who are against the plan put up your hands.
Tom is one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday.
注意:在“one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式由它修饰的先行词的数来决定,但如果one前面有the only修饰时,定语从句的谓语动词只能用单
数。
Tom is the only one of the students who was praised by the teacher yesterday.
练习
1) A plane is a machine ________________ can fly. Which that
2) The car ____________ my uncle bought last week was stolen. whichthat 省略
3) The students ___________ don’t study hard will not pass the exam. Whothat
4) The woman ___________ you saw in the park is our English teacher. Whomthat
5) He talked happily about the men and books_______ interested him greatly in the school. that
(三)关系副词
1、关系副词的基本用法
关系副词 指代的先行词 充当从句的成分
when 表时间的名词名词词组 时间状语
where 表地点的名词名词词组 地点状语
why 表原因的名词 原因状语
(1) when
用关系副词when时,先行词指时间,when在定语从句中作时间状语 ,when可换成“介词+
关系代词”。如:
I still remember the day when (= on which) I first came to Nanjing.
My father was born in the year when (= in which) World War Ⅱ broke out.
(2) where
用关 系副词where时,先行词指地点,where在定语从句中作地点状语,where可换成“介
词+ 关系代词”。如:
This is the farm where (= on which) we worked when we were young.
The school where (= in which) his mother teaches is in the west of the city.
(3) why
用关系副词why时,先行词指原因,why在定语从 句中作原因状语,why可换成“介词+关
系代词”。如:
There are several reasons why (= for which) the boys should be punished.
Tom couldn’t give the teacher the reason why (= for which) he was late for school.
2、关系副词的用法注意点
(1)当先行词为time,表示“次数”时,应用关系词that 或省略。如:
This is the first time (that) the president has visited the country.
(2)当point, situation, case等词作先行词表 示“情况,境地,场合”等意思时,其后常由where
引导定语从句,where在句中作状语。如:


Can you think of a situation where this phrase can be used?
(3)当先行词是表示地点的名词,如place, room, mountain, airport等,同时又在
从句中作状语时,定语从句需要用关系 副词where引导.但表地点的先行词在从句中做主语
或宾语时,定语从句需要用关系代词which 或that引导。
练习:
1. I still remember the day _________ we spent in the forest. Thatwhich
2. I still remember the day ___________I first came to Beijing. Whenon which
3. The factory _________ we will visit is large. Whichthat
4. I’ll never forget the time _____________ we work on the farm. Whenat whitch
5. This is the house ____________ we lived last year. Wherein which
归纳:关系副词when指时间,关系副词where指地点,在定语从 句中作状语。即使先行词是时
间地点,若作从句中的宾语,只能用关系代词that, which.
(四)介词+which whomwhose引导的定语从句
1. 介词的选用原则:
(1)根据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。
This is the book on which I spent 8 dollars.
This is the book for which I paid 8 dollars.
(2) 根据先行词的习惯搭配来决定。
I remember the day on which I joined the Party.
I remember the days during which I lived there.
2. 当介词放在关系代词前面时,关系代词只能用whom(指人)或w hich(指物),且关系代词
不能省略。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbor.
I can’t find the pen with which I was writing .
3. 当介词位于定语从句末尾时,可用 whichthat(指物), whowhomthat(指人)作从句中介词
的宾语.而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。
Dad is a person________________ I can easily talk to. (whomwhothat)
Is this the play ___________ you were talking about just now? (whichthat)
4、在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不可分割,因此不能把介 词置于关系代
词之前。如:
This is the watch (that which) I am looking for.
The babies (who whom that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy.
5. 先行词是the way,意为“方式方法”时,引导定语从句的关系词用that in which或省略。
I didn't like the way _________she talked to me. (thatin which)
The way ____________he teaches English is interesting. (thatin which)
(五)非限定性定语从句
1、非限制性定语从句的定义 < br>非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。
它和主 句之间的关系比较松散,因此常用逗号隔开。
This is a good book, which is easy to understand.
2、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别
(1)限制性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切 ,若省去,主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间不
用逗号隔开。而非限制性定语从句则不然,非限制性定语 从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说
明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之间的关系比较松 散,因此常用逗


号隔开
试比较:
This is the best book that I have read.
This is a good book, which is easy to understand.
(2)限制性定语从句的 先行词总是一个名词或一个代词,而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以
是一个词,也可以是部分或整个主句 的意思。此时,一般用关系代词as或which引导。
(3)限制性定语从句可以用关系代词that引导,而非限制性定语从句则不能。
(4)在非限制性定语从句中,不能省略关系代词,而在限制性定语从句中则可以。
(5)在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词还可以作介词的宾语。
He is ill, in spite of which he keeps on studying.
3. 关系代词as, which引导非限制定语从句时的区别
(1)as和which都可指主句的整个 意思,而不是主句中的某一个词。as引导的非限制性定语
从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还 可插入主句中;而which引导的非限制性定
语从句一般置于主句之后。as 常被译为 “正如 … …”, 而 which 常被译为 “ 这一点这”
如:
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
As is known to all, the moon travels round the earth.
(2) as和which引导非限定性定语从 句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且
在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语,但as 代表 前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句
中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词 只能用which。
The two brothers were satisfied with this decision, as was agreed beforehand.
It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.
(3)as多用于下列习惯用语中
as anybody can see 正如人人都能看到的那样
as is well known = as is known to all 众所周知
as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样
as often happens 正如经常发生的那样
as has been said before 如上所述
as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的
高考衔接
(1). The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employedmore people to
keep it running, ______ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds.
A. who B. that C. as D. which
(2). _______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
A. Which B. When C. What D. As
答案:D; D
(六)几个特殊先行词后的定语从句:
① reason 为先行词时, 如果定语从句中缺少状语,则用 why 引导, 如果缺少主语宾语表
语,则用thatwhich 引导。
② the way 为先行词时,如果定语从句中缺少状语,则用thatin which 引导, 也可以省略,
如果 缺少主语宾语表语,则用thatwhich 引导。
③ situation case point spot scene 为先行词时, 如果定语从句中缺少状语, 则用 where
引导。
④ occasion(时机机会,场合)为先行词时,如果定语从句中缺少状语,则用 when 引导。


This is the reason that which he gave.
We may be trapped in such a situation where we have no one to turn to.
高考衔接
(1). --- Do you have anything to say for yourselves?
--- Yes, there’s one point ______ we must insist on. (2006 江西)
A. why B. where C. how D. ×
(2). Occasions are quite rare _____ I have the time to spend a day with my kids. ( 2008 山东)
A. who B. which C. why D. when
答案:D; D
(七)定语从句与同位语从句的区别(同前)
This is the suggestion that he put forward.
He gave me a suggestion that we should start at 5 o

clock.
高考衔接
--- It’s thirty years since we last met.
--- But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ______ we got lost on a Rain night.
A. which B. that C. what D. none
二、巩固练习
第一部分
(1). Jim passed the driving test, ________ surprised everybody in the office.
A. which B. that C. this D. it (浙江 2005)
(2). We will be shown around the city : school, museums, and some other places, ______ other
visitors seldom go. ( 北京 2002)
A. what B. which C. where D. when
(3). I can think of many cases _______ students obviously knew a lot of English words and
expressions but couldn’t write a good essay. ( 上海 2003)
A. why B. which C. as D. where
(4). The place _______ the bridge is supposed to be built should be ________the cross-river
traffic is the heaviest. (江苏 2005)
A. which, where B. at which, which
C. at which; where D. which; in which
(5). Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from _______ effects the people are
still suffering. (天津 2005)
A. that B. whose C. those D. what
答案:ACDCB









第二部分


1. His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ______ family was poor.
A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose
2. She heard a terrible noise, _______ brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
3. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
4. The weather turned out to be very good , ____ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a
child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
6.Carol said the work would be done by October, _____personally I doubt very
much.
A. it B. that C. when D. which
7.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made
the others unhappy.
A.who B.which C.this D.what
8. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase , _____ was very reasonable.
A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose
9._____ has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules.
A. As B. It C. That D. Which
10. He lived in London for 3 months , during ____ time he learned some English.
A. this B. which C. that D. same
11. Oh the wall hung a picture, _____ color is blue.
A. whose B. of which C. which D. its
er I met him , ____ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.
A. what B. which C. that D. when
13. The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands the famous tower.
A. that B. where C. which D. there
boss ____ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women.
A. in which B. in that C. in whose D. whose
15. I don’t like _____ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
16.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ._______ I got wet through .
A. It’s the reason B. That’s why C. There’s why D. It’s how
17. He made another wonderful discovery , ____ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D.I think which is
was very rude to the customs officer, ____ of course made things even worse.
A. who B. whom C. what D. which
19. a) He is an interesting speaker, and, _______ is more important, he knows his subject
thoroughly.
b) He went to the meeting, and, _______ was worse, insisted on speaking.
A. what B. which C. that D. when
20. The farmer uses wood to build a house ________ to store grain.


A. in which B. where C. which D. with which
21. I will invite _______ my daughter loves.
A. whoever B. whomever C. whichever D. whatever
can buy as many copies of this book ________ you wants.
A. that B. which C. as D. for which
23. Tom ate more food _______ was good for his health.
A. that B. as C. than D. which
24. He was hiding behind the door _________ he could see what was happening.
A. which B. from where C from which D. where
25. She wore, _______ was very uncommon in the country, a red garment.
A. what B. that C. which D. it
=She wore a red garment , _______ was very uncommon in the country.
26. The English play ____ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
27. ______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making
progress.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
28. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _____ the sailing time
was 226 days.
A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which
29. I work in a business almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
A. how B. which C. where D. that
30. There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands.
A. where B. which C. when D. that
31. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others , , of course , made
the others envy him .
A. who B. that C. what D. which
32. ________ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
A. Which B. When C. What D. As
33. Anyway, that evening, ____ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at
Rachel’s place.
A. when B. where C. what D. which
34. A story goes ______ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more that being surrounded
by clever and qualified noblemen at court.
A. when B. where C. what D. that
35. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year , 80% are sold四.答

1-5DBDBB 6-10DBBAB 11-15ABBCA 16-20BADAA 21-25 BCCBC 26-30CBACA
31-35DDDDA 36-40BDADD




第四讲:状语从句


一.基本知识及疑难点
状 语从句修饰主句中的动词,形容词,副词等,在复合句中作状语.引导状语从句的关联词是从
属连词.状 语从句用陈述句语序,一般位于复合句的句首或句末.当从句在句首时,从句后常用
逗号和主句相隔.状 语从句根据其在句中的不同作用分别表示时间,地点,原因,目的,结果,条
件,比较,让步,行为方式 等.
1、时间状语从句
表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as
soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every
time等引导。
When he was still a young man, he was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons.
It has been 15 years since he left.
I’ll tell him the news as soon as I see him.
Once you have got used to it, you will like it.
I waited till he had finished his work.
注意:
(1)when, as, while
when即可引导持续性动作,又 可引导短暂性动作。它可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同
时发生,或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。
When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.
as引导持续性动作,侧重主句和从句的动作同时发生。如:
He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
I saw your sister as she was getting on the bus yesterday.
He sang as he walked.
as也可表示“随着”,但要注意与with的区别:as 是连词接句子。with 是介词,接词或词
组。
As the day went on, the weather got even cold.(从句,故用谓语动词)
With the day going on, the weather got even cold.(介词,故用非谓语)
While:指的是“在某一时间里”, “在……期间”,从句里的动作必须是持续性的,它也强调主句和从句动作的同时发生,往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比。
While he was in London, he studied music.
While we were watching TV, he was writing a composition.
while也可做并列连词,表示对照的含义,意思为“然而”。如:
He is tall while his brother is short.
当when, as, while表示“在…一段时间里”,主从句的动作同时发生时,可以换用。如:
While (When或As) we were discussing, Mr. Smith came in.
(2)如果when和before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时不能译成“当…时候” 和“在…之
前”,而要译成“就”、“才”、“这时”等。如:
The struggle lasted four years before the North won in the end.
He almost knocked me down before he saw me.
She had not been married many weeks when the man saw her and was struck by her beauty.
I was walking in the street when I saw him.
before 的句型:
It won’t be long before sb. does sth. 不用多久某人就会……
It will be long before sb. does 要过很久某人才会……


It was long before sb. did sth. 过很久某人才做……
It will be + 一段时间+ before sb. does 某人要过多长时间才做
It was +一段时间 + before sb. did sth. 某人过了多长时间才做
(3) by the time, each time, every time, immediately, the moment, the instant, the minute,
soon after, shortly after都可以作为连词,引导时间状语。如:
By the time he was fourteen, he had taught himself advanced mathematics.
by the time+现在时,主句用将来完成时.例如:
By the time he arrives, we will already have left California.
by the time+一般过去时,主句用过去完成时.例如:
By the time he arrived, we had already left California.
Each time he came, he would call on me.
You must show him in immediately he comes.
I recognized him the moment I saw him.
(4) till和until
①如果主句谓语动词是持续动词,通常用肯定式的主句,表示“直到…为止”。如:
I worked till (until) he came back.
② 如果主句谓语动词是瞬间动词,则用否定式的主句表示“直到…才,如:
I didn’t go to bed until (till) he came back
③放在句首表示强调时一般用until。如:
Until he returns, nothing can be done.
It was not until his mother called that he got up. (not until的强调结构为it iswas not
until…that…) .(不倒装为He didn’t get up until his mother called.)
(5) 用no sooner …than 和 hardly…when 引导的从句表示“刚……就……”,主句中的动词
一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时若把no sooner, hardly 提到句首,主句倒装
He had no sooner got to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.
该句倒装为:
No sooner had he got to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.
(5)时间状语从句中谓语动词不能用任何一种将来时,只能用现在时和过去时表示将来时。
I will tell you when he comes back.
2、地点状语从句:
通常由连词where和wherever等引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
注意:不要和where引导的定语从句相混淆.例如
We shall go where working conditions are difficult.
We shall go to the place where working conditions are difficult.
3、原因状语从句:
通常由连词:because, as, since, for,now that引导。区别是:
because:表示“因为”,直接而明 确的原因和理由,语气最强,why提问的句子,一般都用
because回答。
He didn’t come because he was ill.
as:表示“因为”语气比because轻,引导从句可放主句前也可放主句后。
You needn’t go with me, as you are busy.


As I was afraid, I hid myself.
since:表示“既然”,语气比because弱。
Since you are here, you must do it.
For:表示“由于”,语气最弱,是对某一事实进行推断或补充的理由。
It must be morning,for the birds are singing.
now that意思与since相似,表示“既然”。
Now that you are in High School, you will probably spend more in reading.
Now that all the guests have arrived, let’s have our dinner.
seeing that (既然) 和 in that (因为)
Seeing that the weather is bad , we’ll stay at home.
I like the city, but I like the country better in that I have more friends in the country.
注意:
① 在强调句中强调原因状语从句,只能用because引导,不可用as或since,如:
It was because he was ill that he didn’t go with us.
② because可以引导表语从句,而as, since不可以,但仅用于以下句型:ThisThatIt is
because ……
It’s because he is too lazy.
③For引导从句不说明主句发生的直接原因,只提供一些补充说明。For 引出的句子为并列
句,有有时不一定是逻辑上的因果关系
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.
④由be cause引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不
是说明直接原因 ,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。例如:
He is absent today, because for he is ill. 他今天缺席,因为他病了。
He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了,所以今天缺席。
4、目的状语从句:
通常由that, so that, in order that, so…that, lest(以免,以防), in case(以防、免得),for fear
that(以免)等引导:
He got up early in order that he could catch the early bus.
She married him so that she might tend and comfort him.
I explained again and again in case he should misunderstand me.
注意:
①目的状语从句中谓语动词常含有may (might), can (could) should, will等情态动词。
lest ,in case, for fear that后面常用虚拟语气,也就是说其引导的状语从句常用“(should) +
动词原形” 。 例如:
I hid the book lest (=for fear that) he should see it.我把书藏起来免得他看见。
②so that., that 引导的目的状语从句不能放在句首,而in order 引导的从句则可以。
In order that I could finish my work earlier, I made a plan.
5、结果状语从句:
由that, so that, so…that, such…that引导:
It was very cold, so that the river froze.
The book is so written that it gives a quite wrong idea of the facts.
There were so many people (=such a lot of people) in the room that we could not get in.
He made such an excellent speech that every one admired him.
注意:


(1)so that 既可引导目的状语从句,又可引导结果状语从 句,其区别在于:引导结果状语
从句时通常用逗号同主句分开.
He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.(结果状语从句)
They started early so that they might arrive in time.(目的状语从句)
(2)so 和 such的用法比较:
①如果中心词是形容词或副词,则用so,如果中心词是名词,则一般用such.
The boy is so young that he can't go to school. 这男孩年龄太小,不能上学。
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
②当中心词是可数名词的单数,名词前的形容词又没有省略 时,即可用“so+形容词+aan+
名词中心词的结构,又可用“such+aan+形容词+名词中 心词”的结构。
I have such a good experienceso good an experience that I would never forget it.
③当 中心名词是不可数名词或复数名词时,一般用such.但当修饰中心名词的形容词是表示
“数量”,即 many,much ,little, few 时,不用such, 只用so.
She received so little education that she could hardly read or write.
6、条件状语从句:
由 if, unless, as long as (=so long as) (只要), in case (that) (如果,万一),suppose (that),
supposing (that), given (that) (在……的情况下,假定),granted that (就算),on condition that,
provided that, providing that等引导:
I shall not go to the cinema unless I finish my homework before eight.
You may go swimming on condition that you don’t swim too far away from the river bank.
As long as you keep on trying, you will surely succeed.
Suppose that I don’t have a day off, what shall we do?
In case John comes, please tell him to wait.
Granted that he’s not brilliant, he at least woks hard.
注意:
条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态不可用将来时,只能用现在 时态或过去时态表示将来时。
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. until C. if D. or
答案A。句意:除非你立即走,否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately,
you will be late。B、D句意不对,or表转折,句子如为 You leave immediately or you
will be late.
7、方式状语从句:
由连词:as, as if, as though引导:
The teacher told the students to do
as
he did.
Leave it
as
it is.
He heard a noise,
as if
someone was breathing.
I saw the man looking about him
as if
he wished to impress upon his mind everything.
注意:
as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实 相反,有时也用
陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛……似的,好像……
似的。例如:
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 完全


忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似
的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现
的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)
说明:as if as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如:
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看
见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒
8、比较状语从句:
由连词as…as, not so(as) …as, than等引导。
I hope it was as good as the one you lent me.
No one can be more fit for his office than he is.
He can’t run so fast as she.
注意:“the+比较级(接从句),the+比较级(接主句),这一句 型也归在比较状语从句内。如:
The more you study, the more you know.
The harder we work, the happier we feel.
以下as用于表示比较的结构
A is to B as C is to D.= A is to B what C is to D. =As C is to D, so A is to B.
例如:
Water is to fishes as air is to men.
Water is to fishes what air is to men.
As air is to men, so water is to fishes.
9、让步状语从句:
由though, although, as (虽然尽管), even if, even though, wh-ever, no matter-wh,
whether…or…(无论是……还是…),引导.
wh – ever:whatever whoever whichever whenever wherever however
no matter-wh: no matter who,no matter what,no matter which,no matter when,no matter
where,no matter how
Though he is old, yet he is active.
Although most of the people agreed, some were not willing to accepted.
Proud as the nobles are, he is afraid to see me.
We wouldn’t lose heart even if we should fail ten times.
No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong.
Whether he comes or not, we’ll discuss the problem this afternoon.
注意:
(1)让步状语从句在句中的位 置可放前也可放后,有时还可以插在主句中间,前置时,强
调主句内容,后置时强调从句内容。
(2)though与although同义,用法基本一样,前者通俗,口语化;后者较正式,多放于
句首,不能与but连用,但可以与yet, still等连用,用来加强语气。
Though ( Although ) he was tired, yet (still) he went on working.
(3)asthough引导让步状语从句时从句部分语序要部分倒装。
.+asthough+主语+谓语


Young as he is, he can read and write in several foreign language.(表语提前)
Child as he was, he had to support the family.(表语名词提前并常省去冠词)
Hard as he studies, he can not pass the exam. (副词提前)
Try as he would , he might fail again.(动词提前)
(4)
no matter what(who,which,when,etc.)与wha tever(whoever,
whichever,whenever)
的区别:

当引导让步状语从句时,两者相同,可以互换,但当引导名词性从句(主语从句,宾
语从句,表 语从句和同位语从句)时则只能用whatever(whoever,whichever,
when ever)。
However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I’ll take it.无论它有多贵,
我也要买下它。
Don’t let them in, whoever(=no matter who) they are.不管他们是谁,别让他
们进来。
下面句子不能用no matter结构(no matter不能引导名词性从句):
Whoever comes back first is supposed to win the prize.(主语从句)
I am ready to do whatever you want me to .(宾语从句)
例证:
Whatever you did, I will accept.为让步状语从句.
I will accept whatever you did.为宾语从句.
(5)提到的从句连词外,表示让步的介词短语有despite, in spite of, 后接名词。
Despite all these facts, we cannot ignore the advantages of learning through
internet.
二.例题分析
(1)when引导时间状语从句
①(2009)Peter was so excited he received an invitation from his friend to visit Chongqing.
A.where B.that C.why D.when
解析:句意:当Peter的朋友邀请他来重庆时,他很是兴奋。 此题考查状语从句,只有when
引导的时间状语从句符合题意。答案:D
(2)while引导时间状语从句
②(2009·辽宁)It just isn't fair ________ I was working as a waiter last month,my friends were
lying on the beach.
A.whenever B.though C.for D.while
解析:句意:这不公平:上个月我在做服务员时,我的朋友们却躺在海滩上。while引导时
间状语从句时,从句常用进行时态。whenever 无论何时,每次,引导让步状语从句或名词
性从 句;though尽管,虽然,引导让步状语从句;for因为,引导原因状语从句,三项均不
符合句意 。答案:D
(3)在since引导的状语从句中,动词可以是延续性的也可以是终止性的,都表示状 态或动作
的结束,但意义有所区别。
③(2010·皖南八校联考)—Haven't seen Lucy recently, what's happened?
—Oh, It's more than two months ________ she worked here.
A.which B.that C.before D.since


解析:It's more than two months since she worked here.=It's more than two months since she left
the position here.她已经有两个多月的时间不在这工作了。答案:D
(4)as引导的时间状语从句
④(2009·浙江嘉兴)National mourning (痛心,遗憾)began ________ Liu Xiang rubbed his right
leg painfully,telling 1.3 billion Chinese citizens ________he would not be crossing even one
hurdle that day.
A.as; that B.after; what C.since; why D.when; which
答案:A
(5)某些表示时间的副词、名词短语和介词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如dir ectly,instantly
immediately,the moment,the minute,the day,eachevery time,next time,the first(second,
last)time,by the time等。
⑤(2009·浙江五校联考)Alice's father always brings her a nice gift ________ he returns home
from his business trip.
A.by the time B.at the time C.every time D.in the time
答案:C
⑥(2008·山东日照高三考试)I was so familiar with him that I recognized his voice ________ I
picked up the phone.
A.while B.after C.in case D.the moment
解析:the moment=as soon as“一……就……”。句意:我对他那么熟悉以至于我一拿起电
话就辨认出是他的声音。答案:D
⑦(2008·江西师大附中月考)Fortunately somebody who happened to be passing by called fire
department ________ the fire broke out.
A.hurriedly B.quickly C.instantly D.shortly
解析:句意:幸好火灾刚一发生,碰巧从旁边经过的人打了火警电话。四个选项中 ,只有
instantly还能用作连词,意为“一……就……”。故选C项。答案:C
⑧(2008·宁夏银川月考)Betty shows great interest in this poem now,but she thought it boring
________ she read it.
A.at the first time B.the first time C.for the first time D.at first
解析:for the first time“第一次”,其后不能接从句,只能单独作状语;at first“首先”,只
能单独作状语,其后不能接从句;the first time“第一次”, 引导时间状语从句。句意:贝蒂
现在对这首诗表现出极大的兴趣,但第一次读的时候她觉得它很让人生厌 。答案:B
(6)till,until和not...until的区别:
①肯定句:主 句谓语动词必须是延续性动词,主句、从句都为肯定式,意为“某动作一直延
续到某点时间才停止”。
②否定句:主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词,从句肯定式,意为“某动作直到某时间才开
始” 。
⑨(2010·江苏赣榆中学、射阳中学、滨海中学联考)________our national football team lost the
game to a weak team as Syria by 0 to 3, I held no doubt about the new coach's ability.
A. Until B. Since C. Unless D. After
答案:A
(7)before引导从句的含义
①before引导的从句,不再用否定式谓语。
②当before引导的从句位于主句之后时,意为“……才……”。
⑩(2009·上海)You can't borrow books from the school library ________ you get your student


card.
A.before B.if C.while D.as
解析:句意:在你没有学生证之前不能在学校图书馆借书。根据常识,一个学生只有拥有学< br>生证之后才可以借阅图书馆的书籍。before 在……之前;if如果;while当……时候,然而;
as随着,因为。答案:A
(2009·金华十校模拟)Tina knocked at the door for nearly ten minutes ________ her husband
opened it.
A.when B.before C.until D.while 解析:when“当……的时候”;before“在……之前”;until“直到……才”;while “与……
同时”。句意为:在父亲开门之前,蒂娜敲了将近十分钟。答案:B
2.地点状语从句
where和wherever皆可引导地点状语从句,where指某一 固定地方,而wherever指任何一个
地方。
(2009·江苏)________unemployment and crime are high,it can be assumed that the latter is due
to the former.
A.Before B.Where C.Unless D.Until
解析:句意:在失业率和犯罪率高的地方,可以想象得到,后者是由前者引起的。
在……之前; 在……地方;除非; 直到。答案:B
3.原因状语从句
because,since,as,for和now that的用法比较:
(1)because
表示直接的原因或理由,表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系 。回答以why引起
的特殊疑问句,只能用because。
(2008·四川、甘肃延考地区)I hope you've got your own car,________ if you haven't,we may
have to hire one.
A.because B.so that C.ever since D.when
解析:because“因为”,引导原因状语从句;so that“目的是,结果”,引导目的状语从句和
结果状语从句;ever since“自从”,引导 时间状语从句;when“当……的时候”,引导时间
状语从句。句意为“我希望你有你自己的车,因为 如果你没有,我们就不得不租一辆”。本
题前后句是因果关系,应用because引导。答案:A
(2)since
表示对方已经知晓、无须加以说明的原因或事实,语气比because稍弱。
I'll do it for you since you are busy.
既然你忙,我来替你做吧。
(2009·北京崇文区)________you are unable to answer,perhaps we should ask someone else.
A.Though B.Since C.While D.So
解析: though虽然尽管;since由于;while当……时,虽然;so因此。句意:由于你不能回
答我们找别人吧。答案:B
(3)as
表示的往往是十分明显的原因,听者或读者已经知道或能看得出来,语气较弱,比较口语化。
?(2009·南通调研)Studying alone,you are free to choose what to learn and when,________you
don't need others' agreement.
A.while B.if C.though D.as
解析:句意为:当你独自学习时,你可自由地选择 学习的内容和时间,因为这不需要其他人


的同意。as表示因为,引导原因状语从句。答 案:D
(4)for
是并列连词,它引导的分句不表示直接的原因,而是用来附带解释说明 前面一句的情况。for
引导的分句常位于第一分句之后,它们之间用逗号隔开。
(2008·山东)He found it increasingly difficult to read,________ his eyesight was beginning to
fail.
A.though B.for C.but D.so
解析:句意:由于他的视力开始下降,他明显感到读书有困难。本题句子前后是因果关系,
fo r的意思是“由于、因为”;though引导的是让步状语从句,意思是“虽然……但是……”;
bu t的意思是“但是”,表示转折;so的意思是“因此、因而”,在句意上不通。所以选B项。
答案:B
(5)now that
意为“既然”,与since同义,但更突出事实本身。
?(2010·北京四中)________you want to remember its usage, you'd better make a sentence with
the new word.
A.Unless B.While C.Now that D.Even if
答案:C
(6)in that 意思是“因为”。
?(2008·江西)Animals suffered at the hands of man ________ they were destroyed by people to
make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people.
A.in which B.for which C.so that D.in that
解析:句意:动物遭受着来自于人类的灭顶之灾,因为人们摧 毁它们是为了开垦更多的耕地
来给更多人提供食物。so that“以便”,不符合句意,A、B项是 “介词+which”结构,引
导的是定语从句,根据语境,此句是表示因果关系的状语从句。in that“因为”,符合语境要
求。答案:D
4.条件状语从句
(1)通常由if,unless,once,so long as,as long as(只要)等引导条件状语从句。
?(2007·福建)You will be successful in the interview ________ you have confidence.
A. before B. once C. until D. though
解析:题干意思是:一旦你有自信,你的面试将会成功。用once,意思是:一 旦,引导条
件状语从句。答案:B
?(2009·浙江)The medicine works more effectively ______ you drink some hot water after taking
it.
A.as B.until C.although D.if
解析:句意:这种药如果你热水送服,会更加有效。if引导条件状语从句。答案:D
(2009·全国Ⅱ)All the dishes in this menu,________ otherwise stated,will serve two to three
people.
A.as B.if C.though D.unless
解析:句意:这个菜单上所有的菜,除非有特别说明,会满足两到三人的需要。本题 unless
后省略了主语和be动词。答案:D
(2009·北京)You may use the room as you like ________ you clean it up afterwards.
A.so far as B.so long as C.in case D.even if
解析:句意:你可以任意使用这个房间,只要你之后打扫干净。so far as “就……而言”;
so long as=as long as表示唯一条件“只要”;in case “以防,万一”;even if “即使,尽管”。


答案:B
(2009·陕西)My parents don't mind what job I do ______ I am happy.
A.even though B.as soon as C.as long as D.as though
解析:句意:我的父母不在乎我从事什么样的工作,只要我高兴就好。本题考查状语从句。
as long as引导条件状语从句,意为“只要”。as soon as一……就……;even though虽然,
尽管;as though好像。答案:C
(2)on condition that,suppose(that),supposing that(假如),in case(万一),provided(that),
providing(that)(倘若)等也可 引导条件状语从句。
(2008·上海春)Please remind me of the meeting again tomorrow ________ I forget.
A.though B.so that C.in case D.until
解析:句意:请明天再次提醒我开会,以免我忘了。in case“以防”,如:Take an umbrella in
case of rainin case it rains.A项“虽然……但是……”;B项“为了,以便”;D项“直到……
为止”。答案:C
(2007·宁夏银川一中期中)________ we can't get the necessary equipment,what shall we do?
A.Think B.Guess C.Suppose D.Figure
解析:句意:假设我们不能得 到必要的设备的话,我们怎么办?supposesupposing是连词,
意为“假设,假如”。如 :SupposeSupposing it rains,what shall we do?假如下雨的话,我
们怎么办?答案:C
(2007·山东济宁二模)You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting ________ you don't
mind taking the night train.
A.provided B.unless C.though D.until
解析:provided(that)或providing,引导条件状语从句,意 为“以……为前提;在……条件下”,
故选A项。答案:A
5.让步状语从句
(1)①though,although,even if,even though引导让步状语从句。
②由though与although引导的让步状语从句中不再使用but,与中文不同。
③even if的从句含有强烈的假设性,而even though则多与此相反。
(2009·北京海淀区)Once again he failed to hand in his homework________ he had been given
enough time to do it.
A.in case B.as though C.so that D.even though
解析:此题考查状语从句。应注意看到once again 他再一次没交作业,尽管给他充足的时
间。in case “万一”,as though “似乎,好像”,so that “如此……以至于”,even though “尽
管”。答案:D
(2009·湖南)________ the police thought he was the most likely one,since they had no exact
proof about it,they could not arrest him.
A.Although B.As long as C.If only D.As soon as
解析:句意:虽然警察认为他最有可能是罪犯,但没有确凿的证据,他们不 能逮捕他。句子
前后的逻辑关系为转折关系。答案:A
(2009·北京宣武区)________you disagree with her,her idea is still worth considering.
A.If only B.Even if C.Instead of D.Despite of
解析:考查前后句的关系。句意为:“尽管”你不赞同她,可她的观点还是值得考虑的。
答案:B
(2)一些疑问代词或疑问副词+ever,如:whoever,whateve r,whichever,whenever,wherever,
however也可引导让步状语从 句,这些词也可用no matter who,no matter what,no matter


which,……来代替。
(2008·山东菏泽月考)As long as I can remember,________ I called,his wife would answer the
phone.
A.however B.whenever C.whatever D.whichever
解析:however“不管怎样”;wh enever“无论什么时候”;whatever“不管什么”;whichever
“不管哪一个” ,这四个词都可以引导让步状语从句。句意:在我的记忆中,不管我什么时
候打电话,他妻子都会接。答 案:B
(3)as,while,whether作“尽管”讲时也可引导让步状语从句。
(2009·皖北联考)Much ________ he states he has a good taste of his own,he can't avoid being
influenced by advertisement.
A.that B.which C.as D.
解析:as引导让步状语从句,“尽管他不断声称自我感觉良好,但他不可避免地受广告影响”。
答案:C
(2008·重庆)All people,________ they are old or young,rich or poor,have been trying their best
to help those in need since the disaster.
A.even if B.whether C.no matter D.however
解析:句意:自这次灾难以来,所有的人,不管他们是年老的还是年轻的,富有的 还是贫穷
的,都在尽自己最大的努力去帮助那些需要帮助的人。whether...or...是固定 搭配,意为“无
论是……还是……,不管是……还是……”。答案:B
(2009·郴州质量监测)________ governments,universities and research institutes only have a
limited budget to do fieldwork,people whose hobby is to study botany devote a great deal of
money and time to it.
A.Until B.Unless C.While D.For
解析:while“尽管”;until“直到……才……”;unless“除非”;f or“因为”。由句意知应选
C。答案:C
6.目的状语从句
(1)由so that,in order that,for fear that引导从句,谓语常含may,might ,can,could,will,
would等情态动词。
(2009·北京海淀区)Keep ourselves and our hearts open________ we can experience the great
joy that friendship can bring.
A.so that B.even though C.as if D.ever since
解析:so that“因此”;even though“即使”;as if“好像”;ever since “从那以后”。
答案:A
(2)in case引导的目的状语从句表示“以防,以免”。
He left early in case he should miss it.
他走得很早以免错过了它。
(2009·合肥质检)—Mary,I have got a new cell phone number!
—Oh,hold on.I'll put it down just ________.
A.in need B.in case C.in time D.in use
解析:in need “需要”;in case “以防万一”;in time “及时”;in use “有用”,此处表示
“我写下来以防万一。”答案:B
(2008·江西遵义重点中学联考)—Mum,what should I prepare before I leave for the lecture?
—Well,get your notebook ready ________ you have something significant you need to put down.
A.so that B.in case C.on condition that D.as though


解析:句意:——妈妈,在我去听报告之前,需作什么准备吗?——嗯,准备了笔记本以防有些重要的东西要记下来。(just)in case(...)—because of the possibility of ing 因为可
能发生某事;以防万一;万一。如:It may 'd better take an umbrella(just)in case(it
does).可能下雨,你最好带把伞,以防万一(下起来)。答案:B
7.结果状语从句
(1)so that表示结果和目的时的区别:so that表示目的时,在从句中往往有can,could,may,
might等情态动词。
(2009·西城)So many uses have been discovered of this wood ________ the supply of this
special tree is becoming smaller and smaller.
A.then B.what C.that D.which
答案:C
(2007·上海)Pop music is such an important part of society ________ it has even influenced our
language.
A.as B.that C.which D.where
解析:“such a(an)+形容词+单数可数名词”意为“如此……以至于…… ”,表示“流行歌
曲是社会中如此重要的部分,以至于它已经影响了我们的语言”。such...as 和such...that句型
不同,前者as引导的从句是定语从句,而后者that引导的从句是状 语从句。答案:B
(2)so...that与such...that句型区别:so为副词,修饰 形容词、副词,不能修饰名词;such是
形容词,用来修饰名词。常见结构是:
so+形容词副词+that从句
so+形容词+a(an)+单数名词+that从句
so+manyfewmuchlittle+复数名词不可数名词+that从句
such+a(an)+adj.+单数名词+that从句
such+形容词+复数名词+that从句
such+形容词+不可数名词+that 从句
(2010·湖南四市九校联考)In recent years,________ many riders—including last year's winner,
Floyd Landis, and several riders this year—have been accused of taking drugs to help them that
the most difficult race no longer seems special.
A.such B.as C.so D.too
答案:C
(2008·四川非延考区)I haven't seen Ann for ________ long that I've forgotten what she looks
like.
A.such B.very C.so D.too
解析:句意:我有很长时间没见着安了,我已忘记她长什么样了。sosuch...th at如此……以
致于,即so+.+that,而such+n.+that,long为副词,故用s o。答案:C
三、巩固练习
1.(2010·厦门外国语学校)I'm sorry you've been waiting so long, but it'll still be some time
________ Brian gets back.
A.before B.since C.till D.where
答案:A
2.—Lucy,the boy was frightened by the terrible noise from the next room.
—Take him________it's quiet,I think.
A.when B.where C.what D.before
答案与解析:B 题意为:“露西,这个男孩被从隔壁发出的可怕的噪音吓到了。”“带他到

< p>
安静的地方。”where引导地点状语从句,意为“在……地方”。
3.He will surely finish the job on time________he's left to do it in his own way.
A.so that B.so long as C.in case that D.for fear that
答案与解析:B 题意为:只要让他用自己的方法做这件事,他肯定能按时完成工作。so that
意为“以便,结果是”;so long as意为“只要”;in case意为“万一”;for fear that意为“惟
恐,害怕”。根据题意选B。
4.—Did the policeman let you in?
—No,________I told him who I was.
A.if B.once C.as though D.even though
答案与解析:D 题意为:“警察让你进来了吗?”“没有,即使我告诉了他我是谁。” if意
为“如果”,once意为“一旦”;as though意为“好像”;even though意为“即使”。
5.—Anything else should we pay attention to if we go camping,Mum?
—Nothing a raincoat________it rains.
A.as long as B.in case C.if D.now that
答案与解析:B 题意为:“妈妈,如果我们去野营,有什么需要注意吗?”“没什么。带件
雨衣以防下雨。”as long as意为“只要”;in case意为“以防”;if意为“如果”;now that意
为“既然”。
6.—Did you catch the early bus this morning?
— had left the stop________I arrived there.
A.as soon as B.as the time C.by the time D.during the time
答案与解析:C by the time,each time,every time,immediately,the moment等词或短语
常可用作连词,引导时间状语从句,主句用过去完成时态表明用by the time。
7.—We have decided to go for a picnic tomorrow, you going with us?
—Well,________you are going,so will I.
A.when B.since C.if D.while
答案与解析:B 题意为:“迪克,我们明天准备去野餐,你和我们一起去吗?”“哦,既然
你 们去,我也去。”since意为“既然”,if意为“如果”,“打算要去了”所以不是“假设”
而是 “因果”。故选B。
8.________much I dislike the idea of begging in the street,we should still show consideration for
those who are in difficult situations.
A.However B.How C.Whatever D.No matter
答案与解析:A 题意为:不管 我多么讨厌在街上乞讨这种主意,我们仍然应该体谅那些处
于艰苦境况的人。however意为“不管 多么,无论如何”,等于no matter how;whatever意
为“不管什么”,等于no matter what。根据题意选A。
9.________I feel pity on earthquake victims in Wenchuan,I can't really do very much to help
them but contribute my pocket money.
A.As long as B.When C.While D.Even
答案与解析:C 题意为:虽然我同情汶川 地震的受难者,但我除了捐钱不能做什么去帮助
他们了。while此处引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然 ;尽管”,符合题意。
10.________great achievements China may have in the future,it is likely that many of them will
be born in Western China.
A.If B.Whatever C.As D.However
答案与解析:B 题意为:无论中国将来取得多大的成就,很可能许多来自西部。whatever
相当于no matter what,用来引导让步状语从句。if意为“如果”;as意为“因为”;however


意为“无论怎样”,三项皆与题意不符。
11.________the total number of farmers has decreased over the past 10 years,the size of the
average farm has more than doubled.
A.While B.Since C.Because D.As
答案与解析:A 考查连词用法。句 译为:虽然十年来农民的数量减少了,但农场的平均面
积却增加了一倍多。此处while表示“虽然; 尽管”,引导让步状语从句。
12.Simon thought his computer was broken________his little brother pointed out that he had
forgotten to turn it on.
A.until B.since C.after D.because
答案与解析:A 题意为:西 蒙以为电脑坏了,直到他的弟弟指出他忘了打开电脑。主句为
肯定句时,表示其动作或状态一直延续到u ntil引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词所表示的动
作发生为止。其他各项均与句意不符。
13.________life pace continues to speed up,we are quickly losing the art of enjoyment.
A.With B.When C.As D.While
答案与解析:C 题意:随着生活节奏的加快,我们正迅速失去享受生活的乐趣。as ,when,
while均可引导时间状语从句,意为“在……时候”,但表示两个发展变化中的情况时 常用
as,意为“随着”;with是介词,后不接从句。
14.________scientists know where a storm will happen,winds will suddenly change,carrying the
storm to a new direction.
A.Even if B.Since C.Despite D.Unless
答案与解析:A 题意为:即使科学家们知道暴风雨将在哪里形成,风向会突然改变,携带
着暴 风雨到一个新的方向。even if意为“即使”;since意为“因为,既然”;despite意为“尽
管”;unless意为“除非”。
15.The little boy was allowed to go swimming________he kept near the other boys.
A.on condition that B.in case C.now that D.by the time
答案与解析:A 题意为:这个小男孩被允许去游泳如果他离其他男孩很近的话。on condition
that意为“如果”;in case意为“以防”;now that意为“既然”;by the time意为“到……时
候为止”。
16.It was thought that things would get worse,but______it is,they were getting better.
A.because B.when C.as D.after
答案与解析:C 题意为:原以为事情会变得更糟,但是实际上,事情变得越来越好。as it is
为固定说法,意为“实际上”,符合题意。
17.It is difficult for any of us to eat better,exercise more,and sleep enough,________we know
we should.
A.because B.even though C.as if D.unless
答案与解析:B 题意为:对于任何人来说吃得好,锻炼得多,睡眠充足都很困难, 即使我
们知道应该这么做。前后分句表示是一种让步关系,所以用even though“即使”。
18.—Could I use yours?
—I'm sorry,it isn't here.I'd get it for you________I could remember who borrowed it.
A.except that B.now that C.if only D.even though
答案与解析:C 题意为:“我能用你的吗?”“很抱歉,它不在这里。只要我能记起来谁拿
的 ,我就把它拿给你。”except that意为“除……之外”;now that意为“既然”;if only意为
“要是”,even though意为“即使”。
19.You can't understand the novel well________you understand the writer who wrote it.


A.though B.whether C.otherwise D.unless
答案与解析:D 题意为:如果你不了解写这部小说的作者,你就不能很好地理解这部小说。
t hough意为“尽管”;whether意为“是否”;otherwise意为“否则”;unless意为 “除非;如
果不”。
20.We should be able to do the job for you quickly,________you give us all the necessary
information.
A.in case B.though C.provided that D.even if
答案与解析:C 题意为:假如你给我们所有需要的信息,我们能够为你很迅速地完成这个
工作。provided that意为“只要,如果”,引导条件状语从句,符合题意。
21.He asked me just to sit down and drink some water______I could say anything about my
travel plan.
A.while B.when C.if D.before
答案与解析:D 题意为:我还没来得及说关于我旅行计划的事情,他让我坐下喝一些水。
be fore此处可译成“还没来得及”,引导时间状语从句。
22.—________my mailing address is different from my living address?
—Then you must write both in the form.
A.As if B.What if C.Even if D.Only if
答案与解析:B what if意为“倘若……该怎么办?”;as if意为“似乎,好像”;even if意
为“即使”;only if意为“只有”。
23.________he was the last man I wanted to see,I did all in my power to help him.
A.As B.Now that C.Though D.However
答案与解析:C 题意为:尽管他是 我最不愿意见到的人,但我还是尽力帮了他。根据句意
选择C项。as可引导时间或原因状语从句,引导 让步状语从句时,要倒装。now that是“既
然”的意思。而however是“无论多么”的意思。
24.Many Olympic athletes hold that the most important thing is not to win but to participate,
________ the most important thing in life is not the success,but the struggle.
A.as though B.just like C.such as D.just as
答案与解析:D 考查连词与介词的辨析。语境为:许多奥林匹克运动员认为,最 重要的是
参与,而不是获胜。正如人生中最重要的是奋斗而不是成功。just as“正如,正像”,后接句
子。just like 也有“正如,正像”之意,后接名词或代词。
25.One of the successful people's strong points is that they can succeed________others fail.
A.if B.when C.how D.where
答案与解析:D 题意:成功的人的优势之一就是他们能在别人失败的地方成功。where引
导地点状语从句。





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