archaeological-一米阳光是什么意思
第十二章 直接引语和间接引语
引述某人的话一般采用两种形式:一种是直接引语(Direct
Speech),即原封不动地引用原话,
把它放在引号内;另一种是间接引语(Indirect
Speech),即用自己的话加以转述,被转述的内容
不放在引号内。
一、
直接引语变间接引语
A. 陈述句的间接引语
直接引语是陈述
句,变为间接引语时,在多数情况下都构成一个that引导的宾语从句,引述
动词通常是say,
tell等。与此同时,间接引语中的人称、时态和其他方面也要相应有所变化。
The
foreigner aid to me, I like Beijing very
much.那老外告诉我:我很喜欢北京。
→ The foreigner told me
that he she liked Beijing very much.
那老外告诉我说他(她)很喜欢北
京。
She said, We are very
fond of sports. 她说:我们都喜欢体育运动。
→ She said
that they were very fond of sports. 她说他(她)们都喜欢体运动。
I'll go over the grammar lesson once again,
he said. 他说:我将把语法课再复习一遍。
→ He said he would
go over the grammar lesson once again.
他说他将要把语法课再复习一遍。
(that可省略)
B. 疑问句的间接引语
1.一般疑问句和反意疑问句
一般疑问句改为间接引语时,要用陈述语序,并要加连词if 或 whether,其主句动词常用ask,
wonder, want to know, didn't know等。句末不用问号。
My teacher asked me, Do you like American
country music 我老师问我:你喜欢美国乡村音乐
吗?
→ My
teacher asked me ifwhether I liked American
country music. 我老师问我是否喜欢美国乡
村音乐。
You
haven't been to Beijing, have you asked he.
他问:你没去过北,是吗?
→ He asked me ifwhether I had
been to Beijing. 他问我是否去过北京。
2.否定的一般疑问句和选择问句
如果直接引语为否定的一般问句或选择疑问句时,用whether…or 连接。
She
said, Don't you know my telephone number
她说:你难道不知道我的电话号码吗?
→ She asked me whether I
knew her telephone number or not. 她问我是知道她的电话号码。
Do you like this one or that one Tom asked.
汤姆问:你是喜欢这个还是那个?
→ Tom asked me whether I
liked this one or that one. 汤姆问我是喜欢这个还是那个。
3.特殊疑问句
间接引语为特殊疑问句时,间接引语前仍然用特殊疑问词作为连词引
导宾语从句,注意从句
必须用陈述语序,主句谓语动词常用ask。
He asked,
How do you like it 他问:你觉得怎样?
第 1 页 共 7 页
→ He asked me how I liked it.
他问我觉得它怎样。
She asked
me, What's the matter with you 她问我:你怎么啦?
→ She
asked me what was the matter with me. 她问我我怎么啦。
How many books do you have she asked.
她问:你有多少本书?
→ She asked me how many books I
had. 她问我有多少本。
4.其它
英语中有些疑问句并非提出疑
问,而是表示请求、劝告、建议等。这种疑问句变为间接引语
时,往往采用其他的形式。
①.suggest doing
Shall we all go to the film
tonight said Michael. 迈克尔说:我们今晚都去看电影,好吗?
→
Michael suggested going to the film tonight.
迈克尔建议今晚都去看电影。
What about having a drink he
asked. 他问:喝杯怎么样?
He suggested having a
drink. 他建议喝一杯。
②.advise sb to do
Why
don't you go hiking asked James. 詹姆士问:你为什么不徒步旅行?
James advised me to go hiking. 詹姆士建议我去徒步旅行。
③. offer to do
He said, Would you like
me to post the letter 他说:你要我寄信吗?
He offered
to post the letter. 他主动提出寄信。
④.ask sb to do
Will you please bring your reference book
here tomorrow she said to me.
她对我说:劳驾你明天把
你的参考书带来好吗?
→ She asked me to
take my reference book there the next day.
她让我第二天把我的参考书带去。
C. 祈使句的间接引语
1.
直接引语为祈使句时,间接引语往往用复合宾来表示,其结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补
足语(动词不
定式)。引述动词可根据口气选用tell, ask, order, command,
request等词,句中please
去掉。
She said to me,
Please have a rest. 她对我说:请休息一下。
→ She asked
me to have a rest. 她要求我休息一下。
Don't all
answer at once, she said to the pupils.
她对学生说:大家不要齐声回答。→ She told the
pupils not to
answer all at once. 她叫学生不要齐声回答。
2.带有let的祈使句(表示请求,建议或命令),可用suggest + -ing形式或suggest
+that从句
来表示其相应的意思。
Let's go for a walk,
said the girl. 那姑娘说,让我们去散散步吧。
→ The girl
suggested going for a walk. 这女孩建议去散散步。
The
teacher said, Let Lily tidy the classroom.
老师说:让莉莉整理教室。
→ The teacher suggested that
Lily should tidy the classroom. 老师建议让莉莉整理教室。
D. 感叹句的间接引语
第 2 页 共 7 页
1.直接引语是感叹句变为间接引语时,多采用宾语从句结构,既可用what或how引导,也
可用t
hat引导。
What a clever boy you are! my teacher
said to him. 老师对他说,你是个聪明的孩子啊!
→ My teacher
told him what a clever boy he was.
老师对他说他是一个多聪明的孩子啊。
→ My teacher told him that
he was a very clever boy. 老师说他是一个非常聪明的孩子。
He
said, How well you look! 他说:你看起来气色多好啊!
→ He
said how well I looked. 他说我看起来是气色多好啊。
→ He
said that I looked very well. 他说我看起来气色很好。
2.有些感叹句可以根据原句的意思,采用适当的动词变为陈述句,不需用间接宾语来转述。
Help! he cried. 他喊到:救命啊!
→ He called
for help. 他大声呼救。
What terrible weather it
is! he said. 他说:多么糟糕的天气!
→ He complained
about the terrible weather. 他抱怨这糟糕的天气。
Happy
Christmas! he said. 他说:圣诞快乐!
He wished me a
happy Christmas. 他祝我圣诞快乐。
二、
间接引语中的词语变化
直接引语变为间接引语时,间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、
物主代词、指示代词、时间
和地点状语以及主谓语词序往往要作相应的变化。
A.
时态的变化
1.时态的变化
①现在时间推移到过去时间
直接引语中的时态
一般现在时
现在完成时
现在进行时
现在完成进行时
间接引语中的时态
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去进行时
过去完成进行时
The old man said,
I have lived in this street since 1960.
→The
old man said that he had lived in that street
since 1960. 那老人说他自从196年起就住在那
条街上了。
He
said, Is it raining
→ He asked if it was
raining. 他问是不是正在下雨。
②过去时间推移到过去的过去
第
3 页 共 7 页
直接引语中的时态
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去进行时
间接引语中的时态
过去完成时
过去完成时(不变)
过去完成进行时或不变
She said to me, I wrote a letter to my parents
three days ago.
→She told me that she had
written a letter to her parents three days
before.她告诉我她三天前已给
她母亲写了一封信。
What were
you doing at seven p.m. yesterday he asked
→ He asked me what I was doing at seven p.m. the
day before. 他问我前一天晚上七点在干什
么。
③将来时间推移到过去将来时间
直接引语中的时态
一般将来时
Isamare going to do
Isamare to do
间接引语中的时态
过去将来时
Waswere going to do
Waswere to do
He
said, We shall get ready by eight o'clock.
→He said that they could get ready by eight
o'clock. 他说他们将在8点前准备好。
We are to meet at the
school gate, she said to me.
→ She told me
that they were to meet at the school gate.
她告诉我他们约定在校门口见面。
④间接引语中保持原来时态不变
在下列情况下,间接引语中的谓语动词时态可以保持不变。
a.
主句为现在时或将来时,间接引语的时态保持不变。
He thinks, She will
be back in a month.
→ He thinks she will be
back in a month. 他想她将在一个月后回来。
He says, I
have accepted her invitation.
He says he
has accepted her invitation. 他说他已接受了她的邀请。
比较:
间接引语中的谓语动词时态对比。
Sarah said
to me, I have two brothers. 莎莎对我说:“我有两个弟弟。”
Sarah told me that she has two brothers.
莎莎告诉我说她有两个弟弟。(说话才认为这情况是真
实的)
Sarah told
me that she had two brothers.
莎拉告诉我说她有两个弟弟。(说话者对此没有什么把
握)
第 4 页 共 7 页
b. 间接引语表示的是现在的习惯动作、科学真理、客观事实、格言等。
The geography teacher said to the students,
The earth moves round the sun.
→ The
geography teacher told the students that the earth
moves round the sun. 老师告诉学生地球
围绕太阳转。
He
said, Every dog has his day.
→ He said that
every dog has his day. 他说是人皆有出头日。
c.
间接引语中动词表示的动作说话时仍在进行或状态仍然存在,时态可保持不变。
He said,
The window is broken.
→ He said that the
window is broken.他说玻璃窗碎了。
Just now Brown
said, My son is ill today.
→ Brown told me
just now that his son is ill today.
布朗刚才告诉我说,他儿子今天病了。
d.
间接引语中有明确的过去时间状语,仍可用一般过去时,不必改为过去完成时。
The girl
said, I was born in 1978.
→ The girl said
that she was born in 1978.那女孩说她生于1978年。
She
said, My teacher was busy yesterday.
→ She
said that her teacher was busy yesterday.
她说她老师昨天很忙。
2.情态动词的变化
情态动词在间接引语中都可
以改为过去式,must表示必、推测、禁止等意思时,可不变;表
示必须时可不变,也可用had
to 或would have to。
The senior said, All men
must die.
→ The senior said that all men
must die. 那老者说人总是要死的。
She said, I must go to
see the doctor tomorrow afternoon.
→ She
said she mustwould have to go to see the doctor
the next afternoon. 她说第二天下午她一
定得去看医生。
He
said to me, We used to go there every year.
→ He told me that they used to come here every
year. 他对我说他们过去每年都来这里。(used to
在间接引语中不变)
B.
代词的变化
1.人称代词的变化
①当主句的主语是第一人称时,引语中的人称代词不变。
I said, You did
quite well in the exam yesterday.
→ I said
that you had done quite well in the exam the day
before.我说你那天考得不错。
②直接引语中主语是第一人称时,在改为间接引语时,其人称与主句中的主语的人称一致。
He
said to Tom, I'll do my best to catch up with
others.
→ He told Tom that he would do his
best to catch up with others.
他告诉汤姆他将尽他所能赶
上其他人。
③直接引语中主语是第二人称时,在改为间接引语时,其人称和主句的宾语相一致。
He
said to her, Where did you put the glasses
→ He asked her where she had put the glasses.
他问她,她把杯子放哪儿了。
提示:
如果主句中无宾语,应根据语境或想象,自添
适当的宾语;如果直接引语中有呼语,则将其
改为间接引语的宾语。
第 5 页 共 7 页
Mother asked, Where have you been
→ Mother asked me where I had been.
母亲问我去哪儿了。
Why are you late again, John the
teacher asked.
→ The teacher asked John why
he was late again. 老师问约翰为什么他又迟到。
④直接引语中主语是第三人称时,在改为间接引语时不发生变化。
He said to
Tom, She can help them.
→ He told Tom that
she could help them. 他告诉汤姆她能够帮助他们。
2.物主代词的变化
You should not overlook your
fault, Mum said to me.
→ Mum told me that I
should not overlook my fault. 妈妈对我说我不应该忽略我的缺点。
The two boys
said, We have lost our dog.
→ The two boys
said they had lost their dog. 这两个男孩说他们的狗丢了。
3.指示代词的变化
直接引语中的指示代词
this
these
间接引语中的指示代词
that
those
She said, This is the house in which Lu Xun once
lived.
→ She said that that was the house in
which Lu Xun had once lived. 她说那是鲁迅曾经住过的房
子。
I bought these flowers for you, Jane said.
Jane said that she had bought those flowers
for me. 简说那些花是她为我买的。
I grow these tomatoes
myself, he said.
→ He aid that he grew
those tomatoes himself. 他说那些胡萝卜是他自己种的。
C.
时间和地点状语的变化
1.时间状语的变化
He said, I
spoke to them yesterday.
→ He said that h
had spoken to them the day before. 他说他前一天跟他们讲过话了。
The student said, We have learned about
3,000 English words so far.
→ The student
said that they had learned about 3,000 English
words by then. 那学生说到那时为
止他们已学会了3,000个英语单词。
2.地点状语的变化
当直接引语变间引语时,地点状语here通常变为there
。但如果说话人所在地点就是引述人所
在地点,那么仍然使用here.
Come
here, please, he said.
→ He asked me to
come here. 他叫我到这里来。(引述人地点不变)
→ He asked me
to go there. 他叫我到那里去。(引述人地点发生变化)
第 6 页 共 7 页
Here she burst out into a flood of
tears, he said to me.
→ He told me that she
had burst out into a flood of tears there.
他告诉我说,谈到那个地方她就放
声大哭了起来。
第 7 页 共 7 页
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