高中英语语法归纳总结材料

高中英语语法总结
第一章 主谓一致
(一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以
下为注意事项:
1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(像), but
(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是),
5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.
如:Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。
6. 若主语中有more than one 或many aan , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的
谓语动词仍用单数。 但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数.
如:
Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球.
More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到
including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.
如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质.
No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外,
没有一个人迟来用餐。

2. 用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词
用单数, 否则用复数. 如:
The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物)
用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹
面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。

3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如:
Serving the people is my great happiness.
为人民服务是我最大的幸福.
When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.
我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。

4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜
欢去游泳.
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有
学生开会缺席.
Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请
去帮忙。

More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。

7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西
时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如:
None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。
None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。

8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓
语动词必须用复数. 如:
His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.
如:
A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。

9. 形复意单名词如:news 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics,
economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如:
Arabian Night <天方夜谈>; 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时,
谓语动词用单数。

10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of
+ 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如:
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如:
One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点。

(二) 内容一致原则:
1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主
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语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:
The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车， 今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男
孩吃了。
Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number
of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:
A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被
猪吃光了。

3. 加减乘除用单数.如:
Fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去5等于10。

4. 表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做
为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如:
Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离。

5. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体
名词通常用作复数.如:
The British police have only very limited powers.
(2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing,
luggage 等.
(3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括 audience, committee, government,
family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:
The committee hashave decided to dismiss him. 委员会决定解雇他。

6. the +形容词过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复
数.如:
The injured were saved after the fire.

(三) 就近原则
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1. 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, (有时主语不止一个时)谓语动
词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如:
Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.
Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸。
Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？

2. 用连词or, either.... or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等连接
的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。 如：
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老
师都不知道这事.
He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔。
注意: one of +复数名词+whothatwhich 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词
为复数。如：
Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。
The only one of +复数名词+ 引导的定语从句中，定语从句
的动词应为单数。
Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一个饲
养宠物的人。

第二章：非谓语动词
不定式（infinitive）、分词（participle）、动名词（gerund）是非谓语动词 ，
在句子中不能作谓语
．．．．．．．．．
。以下表格列出了他们各自在句中的作用。 （√表示可以在
句中担任的语法成分，×则表示不可以。）
作用
种类
主语 宾语 宾语补足语 表语 定语 状语
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动名词 √ √ × √ √ ×
分 词 × × √ √ √ √
非谓语动词在句中的特点、性质、用法、区别及使用注意事项分述如下：
第一节、非谓语动词作主语
可作主语的非谓语形式为：不定式和动名词。其表达形式为：

不定式：主动态 to do; 被动态 to be done; 动名词：主动态 doing; 被动态 句子结构可知，待选项在句中作主语，又因为人与expose为被动关系，
being done。
例1：To act like that is foolish.
例2：It is impossible for me to buy the car with cash. 要我用现金买
那辆车是不可能的。
例3：Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
例4：—— What made you so late for work today ?
—— Driving to the office was very slow this morning because of
heavy traffic.因为交通拥挤，今早开车上班非常慢。
一般说来，动名词和不定式作主语，可以互换，其意义没有多大差别，但须
注意以下两点：
1．表示具体的，尤其是未发生的动作，倾向用不定式（如例2）。
表示无时限的泛指动 作（如例3）或描述当时的情况（如例4），倾向用动名词。
2．在下列句型用动名词作主语
It is no good doing.（……没有用）
There is no doing. （……不可能）
It is no good arguing with him. 和他争论没有用。
There is no knowing what may happen. = It is impossible to know what may
happen.
练习 1．（改错）As is known, learn a foreign language well requires great
efforts.
2．（改错）Though flying balloons are easy, balloonists must watch
the weather carefully.
3．（选择）_______ to sunlight for too much will do harm to one’s
skin.
A. Exposed to B. Exposing C. Having exposed D. Being exposed
答案1．learn → learning 原形动词不能作主语。
2．are → is 单个动名词作主语，谓语用单数。
3.答案D。句义：遭太阳暴晒对皮肤有害。本题考查动名词作主语。分析
所以选D。
第二节、非谓语动词作表语
可作表语的非谓语动词为：不定式，动名词。
1．Your task this morning is to deliver the mail to Professor Smith. 你
今天上午的任务是把这个邮件送给史密斯教授。（不定式解释主语内容）
2．My hobby is collecting stamps. （动名词解释主语内容）
练习1. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____it
more difficult.（99全国）A. not make B. not to make C. not making
D. do not make
2.分析句子是否正确: What we do is prepare our students to face fierce
competitions when they enter society.
答案1、B。is后有两个表语，两者必须在结构上对称。第一个表语为不定式to
make life easier，则第二个表语也应该为不定式，所以选B。
2、正确。当主语部分有实义动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略to; 若
没有实义动词do,表语中to不能省略。
第三节、非谓语动词作宾语
可作宾语的非谓语动词为：不定式和动名词。
1．不定式作宾语
例1．He demanded to know the truth.
例2．The car failed to stop at the red light. 那辆轿车看到红灯没有停。
英语中有相当数量的动词，只能以不定式作宾语。如： agree（同意），decide,
refuse, pretend（假装），manage（设法），promise, seem, happen, hope, wish,
offer to do（表示愿望）afford to do（买得起，承担得起），bother todo（特
意），choose to do（愿意或决定） attempt seek to do（试图） learn to do
（学习或学会）
短语would like（love）to do，would prefer to do（更愿意），be about to
do（即将）, 介词 but except to do
例1）I have no choice but to give up the plan.
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2）There was nothing we could do except wait.
注：but except前有实义动词do, 其后to必须省去
请注意以下几点：
1）疑问代词如what，which；疑问副词如when, whether（why除外）引导的不
定式可作know, decide等的宾语，在意义上相当与一个未曾发生的宾语从
句。
例1．We haven’t decided what steps to take next.
→ We haven’t decided what steps we should take next.
2．I really don’t know whether to write to her or give her a phone
call.
→ I really don’t know whether I should write to her or give her a
phone call.
这种结构也可以作主语和表语
例1．What to do next remains to be discussed. 下一步该怎么办有待于讨
论。
例2．Our difficulty is where to get enough money.
2）为了避免重复，不定式可省去与前边重复的动词原形，而保留“to”。
例：—— Would you like to go for a picnic with me ?
—— I’d love to, but I can’t spare any time at present.（to后
省略了go for a picnic with you）
3）不定式的时态与语态：
主 动 语 态 被 动 语 态
形 式 时 间 概 念 形 式 时间概念
to do (一般时)
1）未发生2）和谓语动作
同时
to be done 同 左
to be doing (进谓语动作发生时，正在进
行时) 行

to have done (完发生在谓语动作之前 to have been 同 左
成时) done
不定式的进行时和完成时常用在下列句型中： seem appear（似乎）to
happen（碰巧）to pretend to be said（据说）to be reported（据报导）
to
be thought supposed considered believed（据认为）to be known（知
道）to
请注意：考查不定式的时态和语态，主要集中在以上句型中，是高考的重点
和热点。
I happened to be standing next to him when he fell down.
The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad
daylight
yesterday. 据当地报纸指导，这家银行昨天在光天化日之下遭到抢劫。
He is known to have been arrested by the police. 人们都知道他曾被警察
逮捕过。
4）was were to have done ；would like to have done
wished（hoped wanted intended meant）to have done
表示当时想做，而实际不能做到
I was to have picked you up at the airport, but I forgot about it.
I intended to have helped you out but I had no money then. 我当时真
想帮助
摆脱困境，可是我那时身无分文。

2．动名词作动词或介词的宾语
I can’t imagine marrying a girl of that sort. 我很难想象与那种女子结
婚后的情形。
I narrowly missed being killed in the car accident. 在那次车祸中我死里
逃生。
He admitted having stolen my bicycle. 他承认偷了我的自行车。
There is no point in arguing any further.再争议下去毫无意义。
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1）下列动词必须带动名词结构作宾语：
understand（理解 ），admit（承认），keep（on）（继续），practise（练习），
finish（完 成），imagine（想象），miss（错过，避免），avoid（避免），escape
（逃避 ），suggest（建议），dislike（讨厌），enjoy（喜欢），delay（推迟），
excuse（原谅），mind（介意），appreciate（感激），oppose（反对）。
另外，有的词既可带动名词做宾语，亦可带不定式做宾语补足语，请区别清楚。
如： allow doing（比较：allow sb. to do） advise doing（比较：advise
我一直为卖掉这个农场而后悔不已。
We regret to tell you that you owe the bank &100. 我们很遗憾地
告诉你，你欠银行100英镑。
第四节、非谓语动词作状语
作状语的非谓语动词为：分词和不定式
1．现在分词和过去分词的区别
1）现在分词表示主动，译为“令人……”；过去分词表示被动，译为“感到…这”
sb. to do）
2）下列短语必须带动名词结构作宾语：
be worth（值得），pay attention to（注意），object to（反对），can’t
help（不自禁），devote oneself to（致力于），put off（推迟），be get
used to（习惯于），feel like（想要），look forward to（盼望），get down
to（开始做，认真做某事），how what about（……怎么样），There is no
point (in) doing sth (做某事毫无意义)
3下列动词可以用不定式作宾语，也可以用动名词作宾语，但有明显的语义差别。
remember doing 回忆起过去做过的事
remember to do 记住要做的事
forget doing 忘记了曾做过的事
forget to do 忘记该做的事
regret doing 对已发生的事表示后悔
regret to do 对现在要发生的事表示抱歉
mean doing 意味着，意思是
mean to do 打算，想要
try doing 试一试某种方法
try to do 设法去做一件事
比较1．I don’t mean to give up the plan. 我不打算放弃这个计划。
A break down on our way would mean our walking for hours. 汽车
半路抛锚意味着我们要步行几个小时。
比较2．I have always deeply regretted selling（having sold）the farm.
是两者最重要的区别
The weather of this summer is disappointing.
My parents will be disappointed with me if I fail the exam.
描述事物或事情的性质一般用现在分词。
描述人的情感一般用过去分词。
I don’t think it surprising for such a bad man to have been punished.
（it指“象这样的坏人受到惩罚”这件事）
There was a surprised expression in her eyes.她的眼里流露出惊讶的神
情。（人的表情是情感的具体表现，故应用过去分词来修饰expression）
2）现在分词通常表示动作正在进行；过去分词通常表示动作已完成。
Power stations employ falling water to produce electricity.
The ground is covered with fallen leaves.
2．现在分词的时态与语态
主 动 语 态 被 动 语 态
形 式 时 间 概 念 形 式 时 间 概 念
doing
1）正在进行
2）与谓语动作同时
being done 动作正在进行
having done 分词动作发生在谓语动作之前 having been done 同左
3．分词表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随或补充说明等
a）分词做时间、原因、条件、让步状语的表达形式如下：
doing done
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having done S（主语）+ V having been done S（主语）+ V

（主动关系） （被动关系）
Not understanding its meaning, he asked the teacher to explain the word.
（表原因：understanding 与句子主语he之间是主动关系，同谓语动词asked
同时发生）
Having made a decision, they immediately set out to work.（表时间：make
“We can’t going out in this weather,” said Bob, looking out of the window.
（04重庆）
The boy sat in the dark room, frightened and trembling. 男孩一个人做
在黑洞洞的房间里，吓得浑身发抖。
注意：作伴随状语的分词，与谓语动作同时 。这是判断一个动词是否作伴随状
语的主要尺度。请注意下列固定短语在作状语时的表达形式：
Generally speaking 一般地说 Strictly speaking 从严格意义上说
a decision与句子主语之间是主动关系且发生于谓语动词set out之前）
Having been experimented many times, this new product will be put into
mass production. 由于这一新产品已实验过多 次，不久将投入批量生产。（表原
因：experimented与主语product为被动关系，且 先于谓语动词put之前发生）
词作上述状语时，它的位置可置于主句之前，也可置于主语之后。
例：They, having made a decision, set out to work.
选择：The research is so designed that once_____nothing can be done to
change it.（02全国） A. begins B. having begun C. beginning
D. begun
本题考查状语从句的省略，难度较大。若 时间、原因、条件和让步状语从句的主
语与主句主语相同，且从句部分有be时，可省略从句主语及be 。省略后的形式
如下：
(1) when（while, until, once, as, if, though等）+ doing 从句谓语动词
与主语为主动关系
（
2) when（while, until, once, as, if, though等）+ done从句谓语动词与
主语为被动关系
表示“某一事件的开始”，b egin既可用主动态，也可以用被动态。状语从句表
达形式：（1）Once it beings。这种形式，不具备省略条件。
（2）Once it is begun。具备省略条件（有be）。省略后的形式为：Once begun。
所以本题选D。
b）分词作伴随状语时, 其形式为：（1）doing（2）done。究竟用现在分词还是
过去分词，取决于该动作与句子主语是主动还是被动关系
Judging from by … 根据…判断 Given Allowing for 考虑到
Given their inexperience, they have done a good job. 在缺少经验的
情况下，他们的工作算是做得不错。
4．不定式用作表目的，结果，方式和形容词原因状语
1）目的
To win over the undecided voters, they are working twice as hard.
为了把尚未拿定主意的选民争取过来，他们正在加倍努力工作。
He got up early not to miss the first bus.（not to也可用so as not
to或in order not to这一强调形式）
2）结果
不定式作结果状语，常见结构有：
too adj adv to do ; too adj + a + n to do
so adj adv as to do such + n as to do
The boy is too young to dress himself.
He was too shrewd（精明的）a businessman to accept our offer.
他是个非常精明的商人，不会接受我们的开价。
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio ? 请把收音机开小一点。
He can’t have done such a terrible thing as to keep you waiting so
long.
他不可能做出这样糟糕的事，让你等这么长的时间。
注意：表示一种事先没有预料的结果，用不 定式。不定式前可用only来加强
意想不到的语气。如：(04福建卷)The news reporters hurried to the
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airport ,only to be told the film stars had left. 然而，要表示在事
情发展过程中必然会产生的结果，就要用分词来表达。分词前可加thus, 加
强必然的语气。The new machine will work twice as fast, thus greatly
请特别记住下列动词的宾补形式，表达的意义及判断的依据。
1 make（使）+ O + C + do 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。
done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。
reducing costs. 新机器的运转速度提高一倍，因而大大降低了成本。
3）方式状语
结构： S（人，物）be + adj to do
特点（1）句子的主语在逻辑关系上为不定式动作的宾语
（2）形容词为：easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, dangerous
等。
books are interesting to read, but boring to learn.
有些书读起来很有趣，但学起来很讨厌。
telephone number is easy to remember. 他的电话号码很难记。
man is difficult to deal with. 那个人很难对付。
river is dangerous to swim in.
注意 ：以上句子，尽管句子的主语和不定式动作为被动关系，但只能用主要
形式；若不定式动词为不及物，应 加上适当介词，如例4。
4）形容词原因状语。这类形容词通常是表示情感或评价行为表现的形容词。
I am shocked to hear the news of his sudden death.
You were silly not to have locked your car. (04湖南)
第五节、非谓语动词作宾语补足语
作宾语补足语的非谓语动词是不定式
．．．
和分词
．．
。
英语中有相当一批动词必须以不定式作宾语补充语。
My parents don’t allow me to stay out late.
She waited impatiently for him to make up his mind.
这些动词和短语为：
wish, want, ask, require request（要求）；order, warn（警告） allow
permit, forbid（禁止）, expect, remind（提醒），encourage, inspire（激
励）call on（号召，要求）， depend on, long for sb. to do
（渴望）
S + be made to do 主语与不定式动作为主动关系。
done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。
注：句型“O”代表宾语，为名词或代词；“C”代表宾补。
例：Those who won’t work should be made to work. 那些不愿工作的人
应强制他们去工作。
He couldn’t make himself heard. 他无法让别人听到他说的话。
2．Keep（leave）+ O + C doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。
（使处于某种状态）
done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。
S + be + kept（left） doing 主语与分词动作为主动关系。
done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。
例：Now students are kept burying themselves in books all day.
现在的学生被迫整天埋头读书。
His work was left undone. 他丢下工作不去干。
3． find（发现）+ O + C doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。
done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。
S + be +found doing 主语与分词动作为主动关系。
done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。
例：（03全国）A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking
in the kitchen.
4． doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系
with + O + C done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系
to do（动作未发生）
例： lay on the grassland with his jacket covering his stomach.
他躺在草地上，把上衣盖在肚子上。
a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly- elected
president is having a hard time. （02上海春季）由于很多棘手的问题
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要解决，那为新当选的总统处境艰难。
5．catch sb. doing ; be caught doing
该句型表示（偶然或突然）撞见、发现。
例：He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket
done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。
例：He has never heard her sing so well before.
I didn’t notice you carrying a pack when you came in.
Never before had he felt himself so powerfully attracted to the
of a passenger. （04北京春季）他向四周看，突然发现一个人把手
伸进一个旅客的口袋
6． do 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某人做某事。
have（使）+ O + C doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某一动作一直进行。
done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。
(表示：1)让某事由别人做。2)表达主语的遭遇。）
例: would you like to have handle the complication problem?
2. Paul had his hand burned seriously while cooking dinner.
保罗在做饭时，手被严重烫伤。
7. get+ O + C to do宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。Get sb to do = have sb.
do。
done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。get sth done = have sth.
done。
例：You’ll never get her to agree.
When are going to get your hair cut ?
8．感官动词hear, listen to, see, look at, notice, watch, observe, feel
等。
do 宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作全过程已结束，或经常
hear + O + C 性发生
doing 宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作正在进行。
done 宾语与宾补动作是被动关系。
to do主语与不定式动作为主动关系。该动作全过程已结束或
经
S + be +heard 常发生
doing主语与分词动作为主动关系。该动作正在进行。
scientific idea.
改错：
1）Now more talented young people are hoped to go to work in Western
China.
A B C D
2）I demand you all to take your work quite seriously.
A B C D
3）His appearance immediately made all the children becoming excited.
A B C D
4）This song has never been heard to be sung so well.
A B C D
5）With much work remained to be done, we have to put off the trip
until next week.
A B C D
答案：1）B错 are hoped → are wished hope sb. to do典型病句
2）B错 to take →（should）take
demand句型：1）demand to do 2）demand that (should)do
3）C错 becoming → become 现在分词doing不能做make的宾补。
4）C错 to be sung → sung
5）B错 remained → remaining。 remain “剩下”是不及物动词，
只有主动形式。
注意：以上动词的宾补形式的考查是高考的重点和难点。
第六节、非谓语动词作定语
1．不定式作定语
在三种情况下需用不定式作定语：
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1） 动作未发生，被修饰的名词在逻辑关系上是不定式动作的宾语。不定式
用 主动形式还是被动形式，由句子的主语与不定式的逻辑关系决定。
It seems to me that I have nothing to take home to my children.
在我看来今天我们没有东西可以带给孩子了
She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role
b）若动作正在进行用being done。
c）动作未发生，用to be done。
例1：Many things impossible in the past are common today.
A．considering B．to consider C．considered D．being
considered
to play in making the earth a better place to live．（03上海春季）
她会告诉我们为什么 她强烈地认为在使地球成为更好住处这一点上，我们每
个人都有可以发挥的作用。
若作定语的不定式动词为不及物动词，需加适合介词。如：
Now I feel very lonely because I can’t find anyone to talk with.
2）被修饰的词为抽象名词，如need, way, reason, right等，不定式解释
其内容。
There is no need to quarrel with him.
Please give your reason to refuse him.
3）被修饰的词，其前有序数词first, second, last, only作定语。
He is always the first（one）to get to school every day.
She was the only one to survive in the air crash. 她是这次空难中唯
一的幸存者。
2．分词作定语
以下情况常用分词作定语： 1）被修饰名词与作定语的动词为主动关系，该动作正在进行，或与谓语动作
同时进行，或是经常性 行为时，用现在分词。
When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door reading
“sorry to miss you; will call later.”（99全国）
现在分词作定语在意义上相当于一个时态为进行时或一般时的定语从句。
reading“sorry to miss you; will call later.”= which read “sorry
to miss you; will call later.”
2）若被修饰的名词与作定语的动词为被动关系，动词采用以下三种形式：
a）动作已发生或为经常性行为，用done。
2：People are talking about the play in two days at the theatre.
A．to perform B．being performed C．performed D．to be
performed
例1答案为C。例2答案为D。
典型例题
1) They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案：A. 因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长
的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2) The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
答案：A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。

第三章 倒装结构
一 全部倒装
（全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通 常只用与一般
现在时和一般过去时。）常见的结构有：
1. here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go,
lie, run。例如：
1) There goes the bell. 铃声渐渐消失了。
2) Then came the chairman. 然后主席就来了
3) Here is your letter. 这是你的信。
2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：
1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机下面发出了一颗
导弹。
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2) Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不
能完全倒装。例如：
1) Here he comes. 他来了。
2) Away they went. 他们走了。

二 部分倒装
（部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助 动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓
语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语
之前。）
1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly,
at no time, in no way, not until… 等。例如：
1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没看过这样的表演。
2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你在哪儿都不
会找到这个 问题的答案。
3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 妈
妈直到孩子 睡着才离开房间。
注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如：
1) I have never seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。
2) The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.妈妈
直到孩子睡着 才离开房间。

2. 带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有： not ,
never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only ,
not once , under on condition , hardly … when , no sooner …than …
等。例如：
1) Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the
sender. 他不仅拒 收了礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。
2) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚要
出门时有个 学生来找她。
3) No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她
刚要走时一个 学生来看她。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结
构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结
构。例如：Not only you but also I am fond of music. 我和你都喜欢音乐。

3. 表示也、也不的so, neither, nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。
例如：
1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack. Tom能说法语，我也能。
2) If you won't go, neither will I. 如果你不去，我也不去。

注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。
意为的确如此。例如：
1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom让我去踢足
球，我去了。
2) ---It's raining hard. ---So it is. ---雨下得很大。 ---的确
很大。

4. only放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），全句语序要部
分倒装。例如：
Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好
英语。
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被请
了三次才来开会。
注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非
常严重时才会卧床休息。

三 as, though 引导的倒装句
as though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分
词, 实义动词提前）。此时应注意：1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词；2) 句首是实
义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起
放在主语之前。
例如：Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
尽管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意。
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注意: 让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但
是 though 和yet可连用。

四 其他部分倒装
1. so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得
动都不敢动。
2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：
May you all be happy. 望大家开心愉快。
3.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，
把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：
Were I you, I would try it again. 如果我是你，我就再试一次。

第四章 定语从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时
也可以修饰部分或整个句子。
< br>被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系
词（关系代词或关 系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
关系副词有：when, where, why, how。
关系代词和关系副词 放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语
从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省 略。
定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1 、关系代词引导的定语从句
1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作
用如下：
Is he the man whothat wants to see you?（whothat在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom that I saw yesterday.（whomthat在从句中作宾语）
2) whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），
例如：Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、
宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which that had never been seen before appears in the
countrysid（which that在句中作宾语）
The package (which that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
(which that在句中作宾语)
*关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法区别：
1）不用that的情况：
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
c) 多用who 的情况
①关系代词在从句中做主语
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.
②先行词为those, people 时
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the
cloth.
③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时
One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.
④在There be句型中
There is a stranger who wants to see you.
⑤在被分隔的定语从句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行词后接两个
以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very
modest and studies very hard.
There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what
he does.

2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any,
little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
34

11

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。
He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.
c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
The first English book that I read was Prince and the Pauperby Mark
4、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and
this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
Twin.
d)先行词既有人，又有物时。
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.
e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate.
f)关系代词在从句中做表语
He is not the man that he used to be.

2 、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代 替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常
和介词+ which结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
I'm surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem.
注意：
①在非限制性定语从句中，介词+ which结构不能代替关系副词。
如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep
Negroes as slaves.
②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。
Is this the book which (that) she was looking for?

3、名词数词代词 形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句
She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.
There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.
There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.

as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
用法区别：
(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
As we all know, he never smokes.
(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主 语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；
若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。
(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预
料等时。
She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.
(4)As 的用法 the same… as; such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一
样……。
I should like to use the same tool as is used here.
We should have such a dictionary as he is using.

第五章 名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功
能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语
等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语
从句、表语从句和同位 语从句。
一． 主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动 词之前或由形
式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语 从句的连接词没
有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么
成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用whowhom。例如：
a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电
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影真可惜。
b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你成功与
否不感兴趣
c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发
生的。（强调句型）
d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）
正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.
错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.
（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?

2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
It appears that… 似乎…
(4) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…
It is said that… 据说…
3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：
（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
（2）It is said reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next
week.
错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is
said.
（3）It happensoccurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.
（4）It doesn’t matter howwhether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，
而that 则不然。例如：
a) What you said yesterday is right.
b) That she is still alive is a consolation
二．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动
词) 或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：
I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
a) She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么
b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否
能帮我改一下笔记。
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她对我说她会接受
我的邀请。
2. 作介词的宾语，例如：
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.
我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。
3. 作形容词的宾语，例如：
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. 我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。
注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain,
confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried,
sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt,
satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语
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从句。
4. it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则
放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就
会结婚了。
5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn,
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.

四. 同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，
celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定
式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：
正确表达：I admire their winning the match.
错误表达：I admire that they won the match.
6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy,
order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise,
congratulate等
例如：
正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man.
错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.
7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy,
gue ss,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到
主句谓语上，从句谓 语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。

三. 表语从句
表语从句在复合句中 作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语
＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的 连系动词有be, look, remain, seem
等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that…
和It is because 等结构。例如：
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short
time.
2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.
例如：
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised
all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the
general.

2. 同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.

3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既 代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾
语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接 主句与从句的作用，不充当句中
任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先 行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定
的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明 。例如：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他
告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第 一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that
在从句中作宾语）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息
是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）

—It's up to you.
第六章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解
用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高
考的热点，因此应给予充分的 重视，现将it用法归纳如下：
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一、It用作实词
表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的
内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那
件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象……
二、It用作形式主语
替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不
定式、动名词置于句尾。
It 作形式主语的常见句型：
1. 代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为
(1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth.
此处adj. 通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary,
unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong,
important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill- mannered,
polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit,
useful, useless, dangerous…
例 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license.
(2) It be adj. of sb. to do sth.
此处adj. 通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel,
considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly,
foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.
例 It's kind of you to help me with the problem.
(3) It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型
It's no gooduse doing…
It's (well)worth doing…
It's (well)worth one's while doingto do…
It's (well)worth while doing to do
例 It's no use crying over spilt milk.
2. It替代作主语的从句常见句型
(1) It is + noun +从句
例 It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at
office.
(2) It is adj. +clause
It's surprising that… (should)………竟然……
It's a pityshame that…(should)………竟然……
例 It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness
.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your
rudeness.)
(3) It verb sb. + clause= It is v-ing + clause

It+surpr isedelightinterestdisappointworrydisturbannoyamaze bot
her
concernfrightenpleaseanger sb. that…
例It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she
drove so fast.)
(4) It verb (to sb.) that…= sbsth verb to do
(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen,
occur,transpire, turn out , work out)
例It (so) happenedchanced that they were out
. (= They happenedchanced to be out.)
(5) It is v-ed that…=sbsth is to do
(verb=say,report,think,believe,hope, expect, agree,
accept,decide,determine,intend, plan, understand, know）
例 It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are
said to have
gotten divorced.)
(6) It is v-ed that … (should)…
(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend
例 It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.
三、It作主语的句型
1. It takes sb. … to do…(=sb takes…to do…)某人用多长时间做某事
例It took the men a week to mend our roof.
(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)
2. It's (just)(un)like sb. to do…（不）像某人做某事的风格
例 It was (just) like him to think of helping us.
3. It's (abouthigh) time that… should v-ed…是该做某事的时候了
例 It's(abouthigh) time that we should take action.
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4. It's the x-th time (that) … have v-ed…第几次做某事了
例 It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.
5. It ishas been… since …continuous v-ed(延续性动词) 某动作已有多
keep it in mind that…
例 Don't bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort out.
6. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy,
长时间不发生了
例 It's 10 years that he lived here
6. It was(not)… before…过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了
例 It was not long before they arrived.
四、It 作形式宾语
用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词
不定式、动名词置于句尾。
It 作形式宾语的常见句型：
1. verb+ it+ (forof) to doclause (verb=think, believe,
suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例 I think it hard for you to do the task on your own.I think it
hard that you'll do the task on your own.
2. verb+it+ (one's) doing
(adj.=uselessworthworthwhile)(noun=no useno goodworth one's
whilea waste of timemoneyenergywords) (verb=think, believe,
suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例 I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.
3. verb+it+
importantunimport antnecessaryunnecessarynaturalessential
that … (should)…
verb+it+of muchgreatnolittle importance that…(should)…
(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例 I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference.
4. verb + it+ as+ nounadj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)
例 The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend
his lecture.
5. v. +it + prep. + that…
owe it to sb. that…把…归功于…
leave it to sb that…把…留给某人去做
take it for granted that …想当然
like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like,
see to 宾语从句紧跟it之后
例 I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.
7. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that
例外）
例 I'm for it that you will follow their advice.
五、强调句型
It iswas+被强调部分+ that(who)… 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何
句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。
在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：
1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句
例 When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？
2. 在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句
例 It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.
3. 在强调not … until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上
例 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she
was my brother.
4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别
例 It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.( 强调句型)
It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句)
六、It 常用的固定搭配
1. make it
(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达
例 It's hard to make it to the top in show business.
(2).在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”
例 —Shall we meet next week?
—OK. We just make it next Saturday.
2. as it is
(1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是……”
例 We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably
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won't finish it until next week.
(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”
例 Leave the table as it is.
3. as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是
13. Now you'll catch it! (You'll be punished.)
14. As it happened, … 在口语中，相当于it's a pity that…, 表示“真不
凑巧，真遗憾” 例 As it happened, they were out.
15. As it turned out,…在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end,
说，可以说，换句话说”
例 He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.
4. if it weren't for…if it hadn't been for…用来引导虚拟语气，相当
于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是……，要不是……”
例 If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.
5. that's it
(1). 相当于That's all. That's so much. 表示“至此为止，没有别的了”
例 You can have one more sweet, and that's it.
(2). 相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”
例 — I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”
—That's it.
6. catch it 在口语中，相当于be punishedscolded for doing sth. wrong.
表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”
例 We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class
again.
7. have it
(1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”
例 Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.
(2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉”
例 I had it from John that she was going abroad.
8. have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具
有成功的t条件”
例 You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to
be a star.
9. so it seems appears.
10. Keep at it! (Don't give up!)相当于go on,表示“继续做，不放弃”
例 My teacher asked me to keep at it.
11. Go it! (Go on!) 拼命干, 莽撞
12. Now you have done it! (You have done sth. wrong.)
表示“最后被证明是” 例 As it turned out, his statement was false.
16. Such as it is(they are) 在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth
much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值”
例 You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.
17. Take itthings easy. 相当于Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别
人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气” 例 Take it easy! He will do it
well.
18. Take it from me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相
信我的话，我敢担保” 例 You can take it from me that he will make
it this time.
19. For what it is worth…在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of
value, 表示“不管其价值如何”
例 Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.
20. Worth it 在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做”
例 Don't hesitate about it! It's worth it.
21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”
例 Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.
22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃
例 That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it.
23. It all dependsthat all depends 在口语中，相当于it hasn't been
decided yet, 表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”
例 —Are you going to the countryside for holiday?
—ItThat all depends.
24. It's up to sb. 在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决
定，由……负责，取决于……” 例 —Shall we go out for dinner?

第三章 省略现象

在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省
去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的
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种种省略现象分析如下：
一、并列复合句中的省略
在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如：
a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a
policeman. 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。
b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建议
使我高兴但使汤姆生气。
c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing
George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.
美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。
e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .这次展览
比被预料的有趣的多。
f) Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were)
to speak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。
注意：
1) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如：
her homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。
d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出
生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。

二、主从复合句中的省略
1．状语从句中的省略
一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由
when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从
句；由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句；由though ,
although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由 as ,than 等引导的
比较状语从句；由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语
从句在省略时应遵循下面原则：
1) 当状语从句的主语与 主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词
be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：(1) 连词（as, as if , once）+ 名词; (2)
连词（ though, whether , when）+形容词；(3) 连词(whether, as if ,while )+
介词短语；(4) 连词(when , while , though )+ 现在分词； (5) 连词
(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 过去分词； (6) 连
词(as if ,as though ) + 不定式。如：
a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .庞龙
曾经是个工人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。
b) Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习，
要不然你会后悔的。
c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到处看
似乎在找什么东西。
d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President
Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street.
当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。
2) 当从句的主语是 it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时 ，可以把it和系动词
be一起省略。此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。
如：
Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如
果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。
2．定语从句中的省略
1） 一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可
以省略；如：
Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness
in his work?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？（2002上海春季）
而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比
较：
Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省) 你昨天见到的汤姆
病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whom不可以省) 汤姆病倒了，
你昨天见到他了。
2）在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代
替，甚至还可省略。如：
a) This is the first time (whenthat)he had trouble with the boss.这
是他第一次麻烦老板。
b) He wants to find a good place (wherethat) we can have a picnic during
the “golden week ”holiday .他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。
c) Could you tell us the reason (whythat)he was so unhappy ? 你能告
34

18

诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗？
3）当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时 ，从句不能用 how 来引导 ，应该用that
1．省略主语
1）祈使句中的主语通常被省略 如：
或 in which ，或将它们全部省略。如：
I don't like the way (thatin which) you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑
他的行为。
3．宾语从句中的省略
1）在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that 一般可以省略；但如果及物
动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句 ，那么只有第一
个that可以省略。如：
a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.
我认为人民 币兑换率的改革是必要的。
b) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that
President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《 反分裂国
家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。
2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的 宾语从句，可以全部或部
分省略。如：
a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know
when (he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知
道他什么时候来。
b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move
abroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。
4．在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚
拟语气形式“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。如：
Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the
China- France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.法国总统
希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。
5．主句省略多用于句首。如：
(It is a ) Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.
很遗憾，我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。
6．在答语中，主句可全部省略。如： —Why were you absent from school last
Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. —上周
五你为什么没有上学？ —因为我妈妈病了。
三、简单句中的省略
(You) Open the door, please. 请开一下门。
2) 其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如：
a) (I) Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。
b) (It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。
2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分 如：
a) (There is) No smoking. 禁止抽烟
b) (Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗 ？
c) (You come)This way please.请这边走。
d) (Will you) Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗 ？
3．省略宾语 如：
—Do you know Mr. Li ? 你认识李先生吗？— I don’t know (him.) 我不认
识他
4．省略表语 如：
—Are you thirsty ? 你30岁了吗？ Yes , I am (thirsty). 是的，我是。
5．同时省略几个成分 如：
a) —Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗 ？—(I am feeling ) Much
better (now) 好多了。
b) (I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好运祝你顺利。

四、动词不定式省略，只保留to 的场合
1．不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：love, like, care, wish,
hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade ,
agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：
a)— You should have thanked her before you left . —I meant to ,but when
I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。
—我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开 的时候我却找不到她了。（2000上海春）
b) You can do it this way if you like to .如果你想做，你可以这么做。
2．不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask ,
tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect,
order ,warn 等。如 ：
a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told
34 19

him not to. 男孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)
b) She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to (come). 她
想来，可是她父母不让。
3．不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy, glad ,eager ,
anxious , willing , ready 等。如：
— I will be away on a business trip .Could you mind looking after my
cat ? — Not at all.I would be happy to (look after your cat).
—我要出差，你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗？—没关系，我很愿意。
4．不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：be able to, be going to, have to,
ought to, used to等。如：He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他现在
不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。

五、动词不定式to 的省略
1．主语部分有to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时 ，作表语的不定式通常省去to。
如：
The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必须做的惟一事情
是按按钮。
2．作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do时，不定式通
常省去to. 如：
He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-
“independence” timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，
什么也没有做。
3．主语部分暗含to do，表语中的不定式通常省去to。如：
All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard .我想要（做）的就
是上学，努力学习。
4．当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时
不可省略。如：
It is easier to say than to do . 说起来容易，做起来难。
5．在would rather…than… 等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略. 如：
I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿
去看电影。
6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make,
let ,observe 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to；why (not) do 结构
20 34
中, 不定式不带to。如：
a) I saw her enter the room. 我看见她进入了房间
b) Why not join us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢？

六．其他一些省略结构
1．名词所有 格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指
出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：
We spent the weekend at the Mary's. 我们在玛丽家过的周末。
2．What和 how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和be动词 如：
a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom ! 这对Tom来说是个多么大
的胜利呀！
b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child. 被当作一
个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。


第八章 被动语态
一、语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语
态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：
English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。

主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是
句子结构，从而 是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的
句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词 组)作谓语动词的句子。例如：
He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)
The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)

二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词 be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化
是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teac h为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构
成。
一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught

一般过去时：was／were＋taught
一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught
现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught
过去进行时：have／has been＋taught
现在完成时：have／has been＋taught
记忆歌诀：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。
注意：区分被动语态与“be+过去分词”结构
be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有 时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”
表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主 要动词，动作的
对象是主语；当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：
1 如果强调动作或句中 有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，
否则为系表结构。例如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表结构) The glass
was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被动语态)
2 如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如：The magazine is
published in Shanghai.这家杂志出版于上海。(被动语态)The door is locked.
门锁着。(系表结构)The door has alreadyjust been locked.门已经刚刚被
锁上。(被动语态)The shop is opened.这家商店开门了。(系表结构) The shop
is opened at 8 a.m. everyday.这家商店每天上午八点开门。(被动语态)
3 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表
结构中的系动词 be只有一般时态和完成时态。

三、被动语态的用法
1 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：
1) Some new computers were stolen last night.
一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)
2) This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。
2 强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如：
1) This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。
2) Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必
须得到保证。
记忆歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；动作承受者需强调，被动
语态运用到。
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四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
1 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2 把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)，根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和
数，以及原来主 动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。
3 把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：
1) All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.
2) They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby them
in the factory.
记忆歌诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”
来使用。

五、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态 动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，
原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
记忆歌诀：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。例如：
1) We can repair this watch in two days. = This watch can be repaired
in two days.
2) You ought to take it away. = It ought to be taken away.
3) They should do it at once. = It should be done at once



第9章祈使句

一. 祈使句的句式特征
祈使句常常是表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、请求或命令等。因此，祈使句中
一般没有主语，但根据其 句意，实际上是省略了主语you。祈使句句末用感叹号
或句号，朗读时，常用降调。在表达请求或劝告 时，在祈使句前或句末可加, 上
please，以使句, 子的语气更加缓和, 或客气。祈使句一般没有时态的变化，也
不能与情态动词连用。例如：
Keep off the grass!勿踩草地！
Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那个小房间里。

二. 祈使句的肯定句式
祈使句的肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型：
1. 行为动词原形＋其他成分。例如：
Make sentences after the model.根据例句造句。
2. Be动词＋其他成分（形容词、名词或介词短语等）。例如：
Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时要小心。
3. Let, ＋宾语＋动词原, 形＋, 其他, 成分, 。例如：
Let him go back now.让他现在回去吧。

三. 祈使句的否定句式
祈使句的否定句式，通常情况下在句首加上Don’t或Never，一般分为以下四
种类型：
1. 在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t，构成“Don’t＋行为动词原形＋其他成分”。
例如：Don’t say that again!别再那样说了！
2. 在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t，构成“Don’t be＋其他成分（形
容词、名词或介词短语等）”。例如：Don’t be careless.不要粗心。
注意：在这种句型中be不能省略；否定副词not不可置于be之后。
引起的祈使句的否定 形式有两种：（1）Let开头的祈使句，如果后面跟第
一、第三人称名词或代词的宾格，可在Let前 加Don’t，也可在Let后宾格的
名词或代词后面加not。（2）如果以Let’s开头的祈使句 ，必须在Let’s后
加not。例如：Don’t let me go with her tomorrow.
＝Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要让我明天跟她一起去。
Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.
无论什么时候我们碰到她，都不要告诉她真相。
4. 在公共场合的提示语中，否定祈使句常用“No＋名词V- ing形式”结构，表
示“禁止做某事”。例如：NO PHOTOS! 禁止拍照！

四. 祈使句的反意问句
祈使句的反意疑问句须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其疑问部分。通常有
以下三种形式：
1. 祈使句为肯定句式，其反意疑问句表示请求时，通常用will you；表示邀请、
劝说时，用won’t you。例如：
Be sure to write to us, will you?你一定要给我们写信，好吗？
22 34
Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you?
今晚来和我们一起吃饭，好吗？
2. 祈使句为否定句式，其反意疑问句通常只用will you。例如：
Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?
不要在会议室抽烟，好吗？
3. Let开头的祈使句构成反意疑问句时，除Let’s用shall we外，其他均用
will you。例如：
Let the boy go first, will you?让个那男孩先走，好吗？
Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we？
晚饭后我们去散步，好吗？

五. 祈使句的回答
祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作，所以回答祈使句时，一般用will或
won’t。在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时，要注意两点：一是“形式一致”，即
Yes与will 保持一致；No与won’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”，即Yes是“不”
的意思；No是“是”的 意思。在回答时，要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条
件。例如：
--- Don’t go out, please. It’s raining heavily outside.请不要出去。
外面雨下得很大。
---- Yes, I will. I have to meet my brother at the airport.不行，我得
去机场接我弟弟。

六. 祈使句与陈述句的并列使用
祈使句后接陈述句时，须用连接词连接。如果祈使句与陈述句表示的是一种顺承
关系时，要用并 列连词and来连接；如果祈使句与陈述句存在一种否定条件关系
时，要用并列连词or来连接。例如：
Leave it with me and I will see what I can do.
把它留给我吧，我想想有没有办法。
Hurry up, or we’ll be late.
快点，否则我们要迟到了。

七. 祈使句与条件状语从句的连用
祈使句与条件状语从句连用时，条件状语从句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：

情况
一般情况
构成方
法
加 -s
读音
1.清辅音后读s;
2.浊辅音和元音后读
z;
例词
car----cars
book---books
bag---bags
bus-buses

license-licenses
watch-watches
baby---babies
以s, sh, ch, x
等结尾的词
加 -es 读 iz
读 iz
avoided.
A. Having checked B. Check C. If you check D. To check
析：如果空白处选填B（Check） 项，则视为祈使句，但后一分句前没有并列连
接词and连接；如选A或D项（分词或不定式），句中逻 辑主语some spelling
mistakes又不能执行这个动作，故均不符合句子结构。因 此，只有C项（条件
状语从句）符合句子结构及句意。

第十章 名词
英语中，名词用以表示人或事物的名称，是各级各类考试的热点之一， 主要
测试考生辨析近义词和近形词的能力。名词不但有单复数的变化，而且有普通名
词和专有名 词之分，还有用法独待的所有格形式。

1.名词复数的规则变化

2.名词复数的不规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。
如： two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较： 层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano ---pianos radio---radios
zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可，如：zero---zeros zeroes
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof ---roofs safe---safes
gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves knife---knives leaf--- leaves
wolf---wolves
wife---wives life ---lives thief---thieves；
c. 均可,如： handkerchief: handkerchiefs handkerchieves

3.不可数名词数的表示方法
1）物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
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以ce,se,ze, 加 –s
(d)ge等结尾的
词
以辅音字母+y
结尾的词
变y 为
i 再加
es
读 z
Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.
如果他明天来这儿的话，叫他给我来个电话。

八. 祈使句的强调形式
祈使句的强调形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助动词Do（Do在句中无意义）。例
如：Do shut up!快住口！

九. 特殊形式的祈使句
在英语中，有些祈使句不是 以动词原形来引起一个祈使句，而是以一个名词短语
来充当，且后接一个带有并列连接词的分句。实际上 ，这个充当祈使句的名词短
语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如：
More water and the young trees couldn’t have died.＝If you had given them
more water, the young trees couldn’t have died.如果你给那些小树多浇点
水，他们就不会死了。

十. 运用祈使句的误区
祈使句往往容易与不定式、分词或条件状语从句相混淆。在平时的练 习或测试中，
如果稍不留神，就会出错。因此，要认真审题，认真分析句子结构，并根据上下
文 语境，作出正确判断。例如：
___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be

比较：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are
sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。
This factory produces steel. (不可数) We need various steels.
(可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。
Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2） 抽象名词有时也可数。
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
如： a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice 一条建议

4.定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有例外。
1) 用复数作定语。 如：
sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages school外语学校
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而
定。
如：men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train (货车)
arms produce 武器生产
4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如：two-dozen eggs 两打（二十四个鸡蛋）
a ten-mile walk 十里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树
a five-year plan. 一个五年计划

5.不同国家的人的单复数
名称 总称(谓语用复数) 一个人 两个人
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
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瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two
Australians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two
Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国人 the Americans an American two Americans
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans

6.名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称
为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1）单数名词词尾加，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加，如the boy's bag
男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。
2）若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗
争。
3） 凡不能加的名词，都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系，
如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4）在表示店铺或教堂名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不 出现它所修
饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。
5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示分别有；只有一个's，则表示
'共有'。
如：John's and Mary's room（两间） John and Mary's room（一间）
6） 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。如：

第十一章 冠词
一、冠词的种类

冠词可分成不定冠词a，an和定冠词the。
二、泛指和特指的定义
1．泛指：一般提及人或事物，不作具体说明叫泛指。下列两种情况为泛指
a）未明确交待的人或事物
I met her in a coffee shop near the station. 我在车站附近的一家咖啡
馆遇到她的。
b）表明数量“一”
He asked for a book and two magazines. 他要一本书和两本杂志。
2．特指：具体指明人或物叫特指，其基本意思是“这，那”。下列三种情况为
特指。
1）上文提到过的人或物
I bought a book yesterday. The book is of great value.
昨天我买了一本书，这本书很有价值。
2）说话人或听话人心中都有数的人或事物
—— When will the meeting be held?
—— At 2:00 o’clock in the afternoon.
3）带有限制性的后置定语
The movie directed by Mr. Zhang Yimou was a great hit.
张艺谋执导的那部电影极为叫座。

a(n) 与物质名词连用，可表示种类或一杯之量。
Maotai is an excellent wine. Bring me a coffee, will you?

四、需要用定冠词的其他几种情况
1．用于表示世界上独一无二的事物名词之前。
the sun, the moon, the earth, the world, the sky
2．用于表示方位名词，序数词和形容词最高级之前。
sail to the east turn to the right
This is the most expensive of all the clothes.
This is the third time that he has been elected chairman of the Student
Union.
3．与某些形容词或分词连用，代表一类人或事物。
I was brought up to respect the old. 我从小就接受教育，要敬爱老人。
The beautiful can never die. 美是永恒的。
4．用在表示江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠，建筑物等名词之前。
the Pacific（Ocean）太平洋 the South-China sea 南中国海
the Sahara 哈拉沙漠 the Persian Gulf 波斯湾
the Beijing Station 北京车站
5．用于姓氏的复数形式之前，表示“夫妇”或“一家人”。
The Turners are sitting at lunch table. 特纳一家正吃午饭。
6. 由普通名词构成的专有名词（如国家，党派等）前。
例：the United States; the Communist Party of China
7. 用在表示发明物的单数名词前。
The telephone was invented by Bell.
8．用在某些固定短语中：
on the spot 当场 on the whole 总的来说
for the most part 多半，在多数情况下 out of the question 不可能
三、冠词使用的基本规则

1．可数名词

单数可数名词
复数可数名词
泛指
a book
books
特指
the book
the books
表示泛指，单数可数名词用不定冠词a（an），复数名词不用冠词。
表示特指，可数单数名词和复数可数名词，均用定冠词the。
2．物质名词和抽象名词
物质名词和抽象名词不用冠词。
Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。
Wisdom is better than strength. 智慧胜于力量。
特指的物质名词和抽象名词，用定冠词the。
The snow in front of the house is beginning to melt. 房前的雪开始
融化了。
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五、不用冠词的其他几种情况
1． 物质名词，抽象名词（见第三章），人名，地名等专有名词前。
Air is important to us.
Beijing is the capital of China.
2．表示季节、月份、周日、节假日（中国传统节例外）名词之前。
I like spring most. I’m going to return to England at Christmas Day.

若具体指明哪一年的季节，应有定冠词。
The war broke out on the spring of 1942.
3．表示学科、球类、棋类和三餐名词之前
He is good at maths. I like playing football.
I often go to school without breakfast.
注：强调一顿饭或特指某顿饭可用冠词。
Mother cooked me a nice dinner this morning.
The dinner cooked by my mother tastes delicious.
4．表示正式的或独一无二的职位、头衔的名词，在句中作宾补或同位语。
He has been elected chairman of the student union.
Mandela, president of South Africa, was awarded the Nobel prize for
peace in 1997. 南非总统曼德拉于1997年获得诺贝尔和平奖。
5. 在与by 连用的交通工具名称之前。
例:by taxi, by bike, by boat
但注意：get into a taxi, take a bus, on the train 等表达形式。
6．某些固定短语中，要求不用冠词。
at present 目前 take part in 参加 in peace 平安，平静 by chance
碰巧
注意：有些词组中有无冠词含义不同。
at table 在进餐 in hospital 住院
at the table 坐在桌子旁 in the hospital 在医院工作或参观等
be in charge of 负责… out of question 不成问题
be in the charge of 由…负责 out of the question根本不可能
by day在白天
by the day按天计算

7．高考中冠词考查热点
选择：Summers in south of France are for most part dry and
sunny.（2000年春季高考）
A．the ；不填 B．不填 ；the C．不填 ；不填 D．the ；the
答案为D。分析：方位名词要用定冠词the，故可考虑的选项为A、D。for the
most part为固定短语，故答案为D。近几年来，高考试卷对冠词的命题方
式大多 数情况是，一空考 冠词的基本用法，一空考固定短语中冠词使用。
因此在我们学习固定短语中，一定要留神并准确记忆固定 短语中名词前使用
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的冠词。






第十二章 情态动词
情态动词具有一定的词义，没有人称和数的变化 ，不能单独充当谓语。它和
谓语动词连用，表示“请求，愿望，建议，推测”等意义
第一节 交际
1．表示“请求”，请别人做事。用will, would, can , could。
句型：（1）Will Would you（please）do … ？ （2）Can Could you
do … ?
在这两个句型中would, could比will, can更正式、客气。
Will Would you please explain the text once again ?
Can Could you tell me what time Flight 312 arrives?
2．询问是否“许可”。用can could，may might
句型：（1）May Might I do … ? （2）Can Could I do…?
在这两个句型中could, might比can, may更正式、客气。
— Could I use your car ?
— Yes, of course, you can ?（回答必须用can）
— Might I have a look at your new computer ?
— Yes, you may（回答必须用may）或Please go ahead.
3．自己想做，要求对方做决定, 即征询对方意见。用shall，用于第一人称和
第三人称。
句型：Shall I（we, he, she it, they）… ？译“要不要…？”
— The room is so dirty. Shall we clean it?
— Of course. （03全国春季）
Shall these goods be sent over to you at once ? 要不要把这些货物马上
送给你？
4．表示规劝，建议

1）正面的规劝，表示“最好”，“应该”，或“必须”做某事。
①表示“最好”，用had better，may might as well或It is better
best to do sth.
You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers
may not like the design of the furniture. （04上海春季）
If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better
forget it—you’ve got some big bills coming. （04广东卷）（better
forget it相当于You had better forget it.）
②表示“有义务或有必要”，用should或ought to。 即“应该”。
If you see anything unusual, you should call the police.
③用must 译：“必须”。
The guide required that all passengers must wear seat belts.
导游要求所有旅客必须系安全带。
2）反面的规劝，表示“不必”，“不应当”，或“不许”做某事。
①表示“不必”，用needn’t 或 don’t have to 。
--- I don't mind telling you what I know.
--- You needn’t. I'm not asking you for it. (04江苏卷)
You needn’t return don’t have to return the book now. You can
keep it till next week.
②表示“不应该”，用shouldn’t 或 oughtn’t to。
We shouldn’t throw cold water on them. 我们不应当给他们泼冷水。
③表示“不许”,用mustn’t。
You mustn’t smoke in class. 上课时不准吸烟。
needn’t don’t have to → shouldn’t → mustn’t 语气逐步加强
5．须区别或注意的情态动词
1）can, could与be able to的区别
a）表示能力时can和be able to可以互换使用
I can am able to speak English. She could was able to read novels
at ten.
b）表示在过去某一特定场合下，一次性表现出来的能力，只能用was were
able to。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get
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out.
A．had to B．would C．could D．was able to（答案D）
2）shall用在主语是第二、第三人称的陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的许诺
或命令。
Work hard and you shall be paid. 好好干，你会得到报酬的。（许诺）
You shall leave here at once. = You must leave here at once. （命
令）
shall也用于法律、法令或规章等正式文件中，表示义务或规定。译“应，
必须”。
The fine shall be paid in cash. 罚款应以现金交纳。
3）need和dare的用法。改错：
1）To become a member of this club, one need attend three meeting and
pay his fees regularly. A B
C
D
2）We do need masses of young people who dare accept all kinds of
challenges.
A B C D
a）need（需要），dare（敢于）可作行为动词用，句型need to do, dare to < br>do。也可作情态动词，但不能用在肯定句。在肯定句中只能作行为动词使用，
故第一题B错，n eed → needs to；第二题C错，accept → to accept
b） need,作情态动词用时，无人称变化。need用于否定句和疑问句中；dare
用于否定句、疑问 句和条件句中。
You needn’t work so hard. → You don’t need to work so hard.
— Need I go at once.
— Yes, you must. No, you needn’t.
Mary dare not touch the snake. → Mary doesn’t dare（to）touch the
snake.
Dare you walk through the forest at night ?
If the enemy dare enter our country, we will fight against them to
the end.
如果敌人胆敢进入我国，我们就和他们战斗到底。
4）should的用法。

should除表示“应该”外，还可用于表示情 感、意志等句中的that从句。
译“竟然、居然”。例如：
You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _____ be so rude to
a lady.
A. might B. need C. should D. would （答案C）（01
上海）
第二节 推测
1．根据某一事实、现象推测可能发生的情况。用must, may, might。下表比较
了三者表示推测肯定程度的差别，以及对不同情况推测的表达方式。
大

可
能
性


小
对当前情况的推测 对已发生情况推测 对将来可能发生的情况
must be
be doing
may be
be doing
might be
be doing
must have done
may have done
不能
may do
于否定句，但不能用于疑问句。在疑问句中，同样使用can could。
例：1. —Is John coming by train?
— He should, but he________not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can C. need D. may 答案D （02全国）
2. — Your son may return to Nanjing tomorrow by way of Hong Kong.
— Wonderful! But how can he come, by air or sea?
2．根据经验或惯例对某一情况进行推测，用should或ought to，常译成“按
理应该…”或“可能会……”。
It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack should be here at any moment.
时间已将近7点了，按理Jack该回来了。

第三节 反思
1．表示“当时本应该做，而实际上没有做”，用：
①should have done或ought to have done
②could have done或might have done
might have done might do
句型①责备的语气强于句型②
例：1. Mr. White should have arrived at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’
t’ show up.
might have given you more help, even though he was busy.
2．表示“当时没有必要”做某事
①needn’t have done 当时做了某事，但事实上没有必要
You needn’t have told him the news; he knew it already.
didn’t have to do 通常指当时某事没有必要做且没有做。
She told me that she had a daughter and didn’t have to have another
baby.

第四节 虚拟语气
虚拟语气是指所说的话只是一个与事实相 反的主观愿望或假想。虚拟语气可
用于条件状语从句、名词从句以及其他结构中。
一、if引导的非真实条件中的虚拟语气。
1、三种形式。具体情况见下表：
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例：You must be tired. Go home and have a good rest. （对目前的推测）
The light is on in the lab. Mr Li must still be doing experiments.
（对目前的推测）
Sorry I'm late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back
to sleep again.
（对过去的推测）（2000北京春季）
注：1）must表 示推测仅用于对当前和已发生的情况，不能用于推测将来可能发
生的事情。must表示推测仅用于肯定 句。在否定句和疑问句中，必须用can
could取代must。
Mr Li can’t still be doing experiments at present.
My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared．Who ___________ have
taken it？
A．should B．must C．could D．would 答案C （03上海春
季）
2）may might可以用于推测将来可能发生的情况，既可用于肯定句，也可用

假设类型
与现在事实
相反
与过去事实
相反
将来不可能
发生
if条件句谓语动词形式
动词用过去时形式（be用
were）
had done
主句谓语动词形式
would could might + do(动词
原形)
would could might have done
4、含蓄虚拟条件句。
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是以其他形式表现出来。
1）介词短语but for 或 without。译：“要不是，要是没有”。
例：1. But for electricity (= If it were not for electricity), there
would be no modern industry.要是没有电，就不会有现代化工业。
2. Without your help (If it had not been for your help), we could
not have succeeded.当初没有您的帮助，我们不可能成功。
2）or 或otherwise。句型：did(过去时)，or otherwise would have done.
例：I ran all the way to school, otherwise I would have been late.
我一路跑到学校，否则，我就会迟到了。
3）but句型：（1）would do but do (一般现在时)
（2）would have done but did (一般过去时)
My daughter would gain weight but she doesn’t eat enough.
---- Why didn’t you help him out?
---- I would have but I didn’t have money.
5、wish后的宾语从句和if only引导的感叹句中的虚拟语气。
wish后的宾语从句和if only引导的感叹句表达的是与客观事实相反的愿望
需用虚拟语气。wish that从句 = if only + 从句 译：“要是……就好了”
或 “但愿……”。
1）愿望与事实相反。从句谓语动词用：were或did (过去时形式)
I wish I knew the answer to the question. = If only I knew the answer
to the question.我要能知道那个问题的答案就好了。
2）愿望与过去事实相反。从句谓语动词用：had done (过去完成时形式)
---- We had a great time last night.
---- I wish that I had not been ill yesterday. = If only I had not
been ill yesterday.
昨天我要是不生病那该多好啊！
3）愿望将来不大可能发生。从句谓语动词用：would could might do
I wish that it would be fine tomorrow. = If only it would be fine
tomorrow.
但愿明天是个好天气。
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were to do或should do would could might + do(动词
原形)
例：1. If there were no gravity, we would not be able to walk on the earth.
假如没有引力，我们就不可能在地球上行走。
2. We would have succeeded if we had made enough preparations.
当初要是作了充分的准备，我们就有可能成功。
3. This kind of boiler is very safe. If it were to go wrong, the
controlling system would cut off the fuel oil supply automatically.
这种锅炉很安全。万一锅炉发生故障，控制系统会自动切断燃油的供给。
2、if虚拟条件句的省略。
若虚拟条件从句中有were, had, should, 可把if省略，而把were, had,
should提到主语前面，成为倒装结构。
例： I were you, I would accept the challenge. → Were I you, I would
accept the challenge.
2. If you had informed me earlier, I wouldn’t have signed the contract.
→Had you informed me earlier, I wouldn’t have signed the contract.
当初你要早点告诉我，我是不会签那个合同的。
3、错综时间条件句。
在 这种虚拟条件句中，从句动作和主举动作发生的时间不一致，因此，从句
和主句的谓语动词要根据各自所 指的不同时间选择适当的动词形式。
例：1. If I were you, I would have taken that job. （从句指现在，主
句指过去）
你错过了这么好的机会。我要是你，我当时就接受那份工作。
2. Had her husband not been killed in the war, she would not be
helping others with housework now. （从句指过去，主句指现在）
如果她的丈夫那时没有死与战争的话，她现在不会帮人做家务了。

6、“(should) + 动词原形 ”的形式在名词从句中的运用。
在这些从句中should可以省略，具体运用在以下三种情况下。
1）用在谓语动词为sug gest（建议），insist（坚持），adivse（建议），order
（命令）， desire（希望），demand（require， request）（要求、请求） 的
宾语从句中。
2）suggestion, advice（忠告）, order, demand, desire（愿望）等名词
后的同位语从句或表语从句中。
3）在固定句型中：
It is important necessary (essential) (必要的) desirable (希望)
that (should) do
例：1. I suggest that our manager (should) go there by sea. 我建议
我们的经理由海路去那里。
2. Our desire is that we (should) get a rise in salary as soon
as possible.
我的愿望是能尽快涨工资。
3. It is essential that you (should) win the voter’s hearts. 赢
得选民的心是绝对必要的。
第十三章时态
在英语中，通过不 同的时态，表示或区别在不同时间发生的动作或出现的情
况，要准确地使用不同的时态，关键要弄清各种 时态的定义和用法。在近年英语
高考命题中对时态的考查是一个重点，所考查的主要是一般过去时，现在 完成时，
现在进行时，过去进行时。
3．表示客观真理，科学事实，格言及没有时限的客观存在
Knowledge is strength.
Light travels faster than sound.
Japan lies to the east of China.
选择：1．I ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play
since the new year.
A．will play B．have played C．played D．play
2．—— Can I help you, sir ?
—— Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it .
A．didn’t work B．won’t work C．can’t work D．doesn’
t work答案1. D乒乓球打得出色是一个的基本能力和特征，因此要用一般
现在时。
2. D收音机不响，反应的是收音机目前的工作状况，故用一般现在时。
改错： 1．Make sure that you will pick me up after work.
2．I’ll see to it that I will return the reference book on
time.
答案：1）will pick → pick 2）will return → return
在see to it that… 和make sure that…句型中，从句动词用一般时，表示
将来时。
二、一般过去时
基本用法：
1．表示在一个特定的过去时间，发生的事件 或人或物的客观情况。该时态常
跟一个表示过去时间的状语连用。如：yesterday, the night before（前
天晚上），once（曾经），
the other day = a few days ago, just now = a moment ago（刚才）
I got to know him two years ago.
He was seriously ill last week.
2．也可表示过去经常性或重复发生的动作或情况。
As a child, I would go to sea along with my father.
China is different from what it used to be.
情态动词would do可表示过去习惯性动作；used to be do可表示过去
习惯性动作或状态。
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一、一般现在时

基本用法：
1．表示包括现在时刻在内整个阶段经常性和习惯性动作
The bank opens at 8:00 a.m. on weekdays.
However busy I am, I write to my mother regularly.
2．表示人或物基本特征，特性及目前的状态
Now I am busy; I can’t spare time for a holiday.
That street is in bad condition, and smells terrible.

选择：1．—— Your telephone number again ? I quite catch it.
—— It’s 9568422.
A．didn’t B．couldn’t C．don’t D．can’t
2．—— We could have walked to the station, it was so near.
—— Yes. A taxi at all necessary.
A．wasn’t B．hadn’t been C．wouldn’t D．won’
t
3．—— Come on it, Peter. I want to show you something.
—— Oh, how nice of you ! I you to bring me a
gift.
A．never think ；are going B．never thought ；were going
C．didn’t think ；were going D．hadn’t thought ；were
going
简析：
1. A“没听清楚”发生在对方当时报电话号码那个过去时刻，故用一般过去时。
2. A。根据对话的情 景可知，甲乙双方都在谈论过去发生的事情。甲方用虚拟语
气，责备自己当时未能步行去车站，乙方强调 当时乘出租车没有必要，故用一般
过去时。
3. B。思维动词think, know, expect等，时态使用的原则是：表示现在的看法、
知晓用一般现在时；表示过去的看法、知晓，而 这种思维活动现在已不复存在，
用一般过去时。根据对话可知，乙方没想到‘“甲方会给他带来礼物”， 发生在未
见到礼物之前。一旦见到礼物，这种想法即刻消失，故think应用一般过去时。
答 案B比C语气强，更符合对话的情景，因此B为最佳选项。
在以下句型中，必须用一般过去时表示将来发生的动作：
1．It is（high about）time（that）you went bed. 你该去睡觉了。
2．I would rather they came tomorrow. 我倒希望他们明天来。
三、现在完成时
1．表达形式：主动语态have has done ；被动语态have has been done
2．基本用法：
1）表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个过去时刻，到说话时已完成，并与
现在的情况有联系。
I have turned on the electric heater（电热器）in the room.
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（I turned on the electric heater, and the room is getting warm now.）
He has taken away my reference book.
（He took away my reference book, and now I can’t use it.）
选择：The price , but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A．went down B．will go down C．has gone down D．was going
down
答案为C。作者对今后物价是 否能继续走低，心怀疑虑，而他此时的心态是
由物价下跌这一动作引发的，故用现在进行时。
2）表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到现在。可能刚结束，
也可能继续下去。


· ·
起点 Now
He has been in Beijing for two years.
We have had plenty of rain here since we parted last month.
自上个月我们分手以来，这里下了很多雨。
表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻持续到现在的时间状语还有in the past
（last）few years, ever since, so far, up to the present（直到现在），
until now, in recent years等。
选择：—— How are you today ?
—— Oh, I as ill as I do now for a long time.
A．didn’t feel B．wasn’t feeling C．don’t feel D．haven’
t felt
答案为D。译：我很 长时间没有象今天这样周身不适。本句的实质是：今天我
身体状况最差，而这以前情况基本正常，即no t feel ill。这种正常身体
状况从过去延续到今天截止。故应用现在完成时。
关于现在完成时，请注意以下三点：
1）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时表示的动作 或状态或与在有
联系，它强调的是对现在的影响。一般过去时表示的动作或状态已成为历史，
不 复存在，与现在无关系。
He has worked in Paris for two years. （现在人仍在巴黎。）
He worked in Paris for two years. （现在人已不在巴黎。）

2）可用句型It is +（一段时间）+ since（主语）+（动词的过去时），解决
瞬间动词不能与一段时间连用的矛盾。如：
It is ten years since he left Shanghai.
It is about two years since I got married to Jane.
3）下列句型的分句中动词用现在完成时。如：
It is the
first
time（that）I
have visited
China. 我是我第一次访问
中国。
This is
the most beautiful
（形容词最高级）city that I
have ever seen
.
答案为C。“未收到来信”这种情况持续到那个时候，而不是 现在。根据过
去完成时的第二种用法，应用过去完成时。
例3：用正确时态填空
I （mean）to go on Monday, but I have stayed at their request.
答案为had meant。动词hope, wish, intend, mean, want, expect等，
其过去完成时可表示“过去未曾实现的希望，打算或意图”。
五、现在进行时
这是我见过的最美丽的城市。
四、过去完成时
1．表达形式 主动语态had done ；被动语态had been done
2．基本用法
1）在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已完成的动作。
had done

· · ·
Now
例：He said that he had arrived three days before.
2）动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。
例：By the time he came we had worked for two hours.
had done
· · ·
Now
例1：—— Mary came back yesterday.
—— Where she ?
A．had; been B．did; go C．has; been D．had; gone
答案为A。乙方要问的是“在昨天之前，她去过哪里”，属过去的过去。故
应用过去完成时。
例2：Until then, his family from him for two months.
A．didn’t hear B．hasn’t heard C．hadn’t heard D．heard
nothing
译：到那个时候，他家人已有两个月没有收到他的来信。
1．表达形式：主动形式：am is are doing
被动形式am is are being done
2．基本用法
表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。
The students are preparing for the entrance exam at present.
表示目前的变化、发展和进展过程，需要用现在进行时。
Selecting a mobile phone for perponal use is no easy task because
technology is changing so rapidly.
请注意以下两点：
1．现在进行时与一般现在时的区别 ：一般现在时表示的动作，其特征为经
常性；现在进行时表示的动作，其特征具有暂时性。经常性与暂时 性是区分
这两种时态的主要尺度。
例：—— Is this raincoat yours ?
—— No, mine there behind the door.
A．is hanging B．has hung C．hangs D．hung
答案为A。这段对话大多发生在下班，会议或社交活动 结束后，人们各自找
自己的雨具这样的场合。“雨衣挂在门后”是临时性的，故用现在进行时。
2．进行时与always, continually, constantly, forever等副词连用，作
为一种修辞手段，用于表达赞扬、不满、抱怨等情绪。
He is always thinking of others. 他总是为别人着想。（赞扬）
At school he was constantly playing trick on others. 在校读书时，他
老是捉弄人。（厌恶）
六、过去进行时
1．表达形式 主动态：was were doing ；被动形式：was were being
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done
2．基本用法
用于表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一阶段正在进行的动作。
I was making a long-distance call to my near relative before you
arrived.
In those years we were having a hard time.
例：1.—— Hey, look where you are going !
—— Oh, I’m terribly sorry. .
A．I’m not noticing B．I wasn’t noticing C．I haven’t noticed D．I
don’t notice
into the house when no one .
A．slipped; was looking B．had slipped; looked
C．slipped; had looked D．was slipped; looked
1. 答案为B。“走路时心不在焉，不注意前进方向”，发生在甲 方责备他之
前那段已过去的时间里。故应用过去进行时。
2.译文：汤姆乘着没有人注意，溜进房屋。答案为A。when, while, as引
导 的时间状语从句，若主句动作与从句动作同时进行，且一长一短。那么持
续时间长的动作用进行时，持续 短的动作用一般时。本题中“溜slip”发
生在没有人注视这一过程中，“溜slip”为短动作，故 用一般过去时，而watch
“注视”持续时间长，应用过去进行时。
的雷声，天就要下雨了。
2）am is are to do
用于表示按计划、安排要进行的动作
The meeting is to be held tomorrow.
注1： 该结构也可当情态动词用，表示“命令”、“可能”
You are to be back by 9 o’clock at the latest. 你必须最迟在9点之
前回家。
This kind of book is nowhere to be bought. = This kind of book can’
t be bought anywhere.
注2：用在if 条件句中，表示“想”。If we are to be there in time, we’
ll have to hurry up.
3）be about to do
用于表达某动作马上要发生
Be quick ! Flight No. 302 to Tokyo is about to take off.
改错：Allention please ! The concert is about to start in five minutes.
删去in five minutes。 be about to do不能与具体时间状语连用。
4）转移动词go, come, start, leave, arrive, return, sail等以及win,
lose, die可用进行时表示将来时。
The ship is sailing for Shanghai tomorrow.
It seems to me that our team is losing.
七、一般将来时
1．基本用法 表示将来或即将发生的动作
2．表达形式 主动形式：shall will do ；shall will be doing
被动形式：shall will be done
shall用于第一人称，will用于所有人称
I won’t be free tonight.
I will be waiting for you outside after school.
一般将来时其他表达形式如下：
1）am is are going to do
用于表示a）预先打算做某事。b）有迹象表明即将发生的动作。
We are going to visit the Great Wall at weekends.
Listen to the loud crash of thunder. It’s going to rain. 听那震耳
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八、过去将来时
1．基本用法 表示在过去某一时刻尚未发生的动作或存在的状态。
2．表达形式
主动语态：should would do 被动语态：should would be done
I never imagined that he would become a doctor.
I promised my boss that I would finish this work by the end of this
month.
一般将来时的其他表达形式，也适用于过去将来时
I felt that something terrible was about to happen.
请注意：①when, once, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句
②if, unless, so long as等引导的条件状语从句
③even if, though, whenever, whether…or（不管…还是…）等引

导的让步状语从句
若从句动作未发生，应用一般时表示将来时。
I will let you know if he comes back.
He said that he wouldn’t lose heart even if he failed.




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