懒的成语-ASLA
必修一
语法点一:Be+表将来 use the present
continuous tense for future plans
In English,
we have lots of ways of talking about the future.
The most common ways of talking
about the
future we encounter use ‘will’ or ‘be going to’
followed by an infinitive(动词原形),
and we tend
to use ‘be going to’ most often for talking about
future plans. Sometimes, we also
use the
present continuous tense to talk about future
plans.
Ex.
①
we are going to Mexico
next Sunday.
②
Are you coming to the
cinema?
③
He is leaving for London in two
hours.
④
We are spending next winter in
Australia.
Only some verbs can be used in this
situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave,
start,
stay, return, play, have, work, wear,
spend, see, meet, etc.
扩展:
What’s the
difference between using ‘be going to’ and the
present continuous to talk about future plans?
Let’s
look at some more examples:
“
I’m
going to play football on Saturday”
You have
made a plan in your head but possibly not taken
any real action to confirm it. Also, playing
football
on Saturday is probably not a regular
event for you.
“
I’m playing football on
Saturday”
You have made a plan and taken some
real action to confirm it . called your friends or
booked a place to play).
In this case, it’s
likely that playing football on Saturdays is a
common activity for you.
语法点二:Direct speech
and indirect speech(直接引语和间接引语)
Let's first
define the terms, then look at how to talk about
what someone said, and how to
convert speech
from direct to indirect or vice-versa.
You can
answer the question What did he say? in two ways:
by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)
by reporting the words spoken (indirect or
reported speech).
Direct speech repeats, or
quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct
speech in writing,
we place the words spoken
between quotation marks (
Reported or indirect
speech is usually used to talk about the past, so
we normally change the
tense of the words
spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell',
'ask', and we may use the word
'that' to
introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are
not used.
1、 declarative sentence陈述句
①Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of
the reported speech is changed according to the
pronoun of reporting verb or object (person)
of reporting verb (first part of sentence).
Sometimes the
pronoun may not change.
In
following example the pronoun of reported speech
is “I” which will be changed in indirect
speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting
verb that is “he”.
He said, “I like it very
much.”
→
He said that he liked it very much.
②Change in tense: If the first part of
sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past
tense the tense
of reported speech will
change. If the first part of sentence (reporting
verb part) belongs to present or
future tense,
the tense of reported speech will not change.
③Change in demonstrative pronoun指示代词,
temporal adverbial时间状语, adverbial of
place地点状语
and verbs.
Ps:(1)if the direct speech
indicates objective truth, then there is no change
in tense when it’s
converted to indirect
speech.
Ex. He said, “Light travels much
faster than sound.”
→
He said that light
travels much faster than sound.
(2) 如果在当地转述,he
re不必改成there,come不必改为go,如果在当天转述,yesterday,
tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。
2、 imperative
sentence祈使句
Imperative sentences do not
normally have an expressed subject. In order to
change an
imperative sentence into the
indirect speech, we use a to-infinitive. Note that
instead of ‘said’ we
use one of the following
reporting verbs:
Ask, Tell, Advise, command,
request, order, forbid, decree, propose etc.
If the imperative sentence is in negative
form, then add ‘not’ in front of to-infinitive
when
convert the speech.
Ex.
①
The
hostess said to us, “Please sit down.”
→The
hostess asked us to sit down.
②
He said,
“Don’t make so much noise, boys.”
→He told the
boys to not to make so much noise.
3、
interrogative sentence疑问句
Turn word order in
interrogative sentence into that in declarative
sentence, and use a full stop in
the end. The
subject, tense, adverbial etc have to change
accordingly.
(1) general question一般疑问句
General questions are changed into the
indirect speech by using the connective if or
whether.
The reporting verb say or said
changes to ask or asked.
Ex. He said, “Are you
interested in English?”
→
He asked (me) if
I was interested in English.
(2) special
question
Special questions are changed into
the indirect speech by using the same
interrogative.
Ex. “What do you want?” he
asked me.
→
He asked me what I wanted.
语法点三:The Attributive Clause定语从句
Attributive clause is a sentence that is used
to modify a noun or a pronoun to make clear which
person or thing we are talking about.
Ex.
The man who lives next to us sells vegetable.
You must do everything that I do.
In the two
examples above, man and everything are called
antecedents先行词. Who lives next
to us and that
I do are attributive clauses. Who and that are
relative pronoun关系代词. The words
to connect
main clause and attributive clause are divided
into two groups, they are relative
pronouns,
namely that, which, who, whom, whose, and relative
adverbs, namely where, when,
why.
Relative pronouns: We use who and whom for
people, and which for things. We use that for
people or things.
1. That, which,
who
2. Whose
Whose replaces a genitive
noun名词所有格 in an attributive clause. The antecedent
can be
thing or person.
Ex. This is the
scientist whose name is known all over the world.
The room whose window faces south is mine.
3. When, where, why
First, when the
antecedent is about reason, and it acts as an adv
in the attributive clause, we will
use “why”.
Second, when the antecedent is about time, and it
plays the role of an adv,“when” will be
used.
Third, when the antecedent is about place, playing
the role of an adv of place, we will consider
adopting where.
必修二
语法点一:(接定从讲)
4.
The restrictive and non-restrictive attributive
clause.限制性和非限制性
(1) Restrictive clauses limit
the possible meaning of a preceding subject. They
are usually not
marked by pauses in speech,
and they are not set off by commas in writing.
Sometimes the
relative pronoun which serves as
an object in clause can be omitted.
Ex. What
is the name of the tall man who just came in?
Beijing is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to
visit.
He has found the book (that) he was
looking for.
(2) Nonrestrictive clauses tell
you something about a preceding subject, but they
do not limit, or
restrict, the meaning of that
subject. They are usually marked by brief pauses
in speech and are
usually set off by commas in
writing. Relative cannot be omitted.
Ex.
Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very
long history.
Yesterday I met Li Ping, who
seemed to be very busy.
Ps: ①In restrictive
attributive clause, relative adverbs behind time
or place sometimes can be
omitted in spoken
English.
Ex. That was the year (when) I first
went abroad.
We need a place (where) we can
stay for a few days.
②Why clause can only
modified ‘reason’ and it can be converted to ‘for
which’. In spoken English,
we can also use
‘that’ or just omit the relative.
Ex. The
reason (whyfor whichthat) I bought the roses is
that Mary likes them.
③‘How’ cannot be used as
relative adverbs. We use in which, that, or no
relative to modify ‘way’.
Ex. This is the way
(how) I did it. (wrong)
This is the way(in
whichthat) I did it. (correct)
④the
attributive clause can also be called as relative
clause.
语法点二:The passive voice
We have
learned the passive voice of the simple present
tense and simple past tense.
1. The simple
future tense (use ask as an example)
Ps:
affirmative form; negative form; interrogative
form
2. The present perfect tense
3. The present continuous tense
4.
Phrasal verb短语动词
Normally, only transitive
verbs can be used in passive voice, but with the
addition of preposition
or adverb to
intransitive verbs, some phrasal verbs serve as
transitive verbs, so they have passive
voice
too. Pay attention, we can’t miss any part of
phrasal verb when we change it into passive voice.
At last they put out the fire.
→
At
last the fire was put out.
They will put up a
notice on the wall.
→
A notice will be put
up on the wall.
Have you sent for a doctor?
→
Has the doctor been sent for?
Ps:
必修三
语法点一:modal verbs情态动词
A
modal verb is a type of verb that is used to
indicate modality – that is: likelihood, ability,
permission, and obligation. They have to be
used with infinitive.
Can-could may-might
shall-should will-would have to-had to must
1. Can & could
They can be used to
indicate ability, permission, possibility, etc.
Ps:
Possibility:
We use the modal can
to make general statements about what is possible:
It can be very cold in winter. (= It is
sometimes very cold in winter)
We use could as
the past tense of can:
It could be very cold
in winter. (=Sometimes it was very cold in
winter.)
We use could to show that something
is possible in the future, but not certain:
If
we don’t hurry we could be late. (=PerhapsMaybe we
will be late)
We use could have to show that
something iswas possible now or at some time in
the past:
It’s ten o’clock. They could have
arrived now.
Permission:
We use?can?to ask
for permission to do something or give permission;
could is more formal and
polite than can.
2. May & might
Ps: The negative forms are
may not and might not.
We use may:
① when
we are not sure about something:
Jack may be
coming to see us tomorrow.
② to make polite
requests:
May I borrow the car tomorrow?
③When we use may not for a refusal it is
emphatic:
You may not borrow the car until you
can be more careful with it.
We use might:
① when we are not sure about something:
I
might see you tomorrow.
It’s quite bright. It
might not rain today.
②As the past
tense of may for requests:
He asked if he
might borrow the car.
③For very polite
requests:
Might I ask you a question?
3.
Must & have to
Ps:
Must
① We use
'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use
'must' this usually means that some
personal
circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and
the speaker almost certainly agrees
with the
obligation.). Its negative form is must not, but
when we answer a must question, we use
need
not or don’t have to.
② We can use 'must' to
show that we are certain something is true. We are
making a logical
deduction based upon some
clear evidence or reason.
Have to
We can
also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation.
When we use 'have to' this usually
means that
some external circumstance makes the obligation
necessary. But must indicate the
speaker’s
subjective opinion, have to refers to objective
one.
4. Shall & should
5. Will & would
6. ought
Ought to is a semi-modal verb
because it is in some ways like a modal verb and
in some ways
like a main verb. For example,
unlike modal verbs, it is followed by to, but like
modal verbs, it does
not change form for
person. The negative is formed by adding ‘not’
after ought (ought not to).
语法点二:Noun clauses
A noun clause is a clause that plays the role
of a noun. The object clause, the predicative
clause,
the subject clause, the appositive
clause同位语从句.
1. The objective clause
It is
a clause that functions like a noun object. It
begins with conjunctions that, if, whether,
conjunctional pronoun who, whose, what, which
and conjunctional adverbs when, where, how,
why, etc.
2. The predicative clause
It
is a clause that functions as the predicative. It
begins with conjunctions that, as if, whether,
conjunctional pronoun who, what, which and
conjunctional adverbs when, where, how, why,
etc.
3. Subject clause
It is a clause
that functions as the subject. It begins with
conjunctions that, whether,
conjunctional
pronoun who, what, which and conjunctional adverbs
when, where, how, why,
etc.
4. The
appositive clause
It’s a clause serves as the
appositive to explain the preceding noun, which
usually are fact, idea,
news, promise etc. It
begins with conjunction that, conjunctional adverb
how, when, where, etc.
必修四
语法点一:Agreement between subject and
verb主语和谓语动词的一致
1. Subjects and verbs must
agree in number and person.
2. If two subjects
are joined by ‘and’, they typically require a
plural verb form.
3. Do you use a singular or
plural verb to match a collective noun such as
team or staff? The
answer is, it depends. If
these nouns are acting as a unit, use a singular
verb. If the sentence
indicates more
individuality, use a plural verb.
My family is
a large one.
The family are sitting at the
breakfast table.
This group is having a
meeting.
Our group are reading the newspapers.
4. When indefinite pronoun like anyone,
anybody, anything, everyone, everything, someone,
somebody, something, no one, nobody, nothing,
each, the other, etc serves as the subject, use a
singular verb.
Is anybody going to tell
him the news?
There is nobody in the house.
Everything is ready.
5. Pronoun ‘none’ and
‘neither’ can use either singular verb or plural
verb and it depends on
speaker’s intention.
But when ‘none’ and ‘neither’ stand for
uncountable noun, they are
considered as
singular; when neither functions as an adjective
to modify a singular noun, the
predicate verb
should be singular.
6. The verb in an ‘or’,
‘either…or’, ‘neither…nor’ or ‘not only…but also’
sentence agrees with the
noun or pronoun
closest to it.
Either you or Jane is to be
sent to New Zealand.
Neither he nor I have
finished the experiment.
7. In sentences
beginning with here or there, the true subject
follows the verb.
There are four hurdles to
jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here
are the keys.
8. Sometimes the subject is
separated from the verb by such words as with,
along with, together
with, as well as, like,
except, besides, including, in addition to, etc.
These words and phrases are
not part of the
subject. Ignore them and use a singular verb when
the subject is singular.
The teacher with two
students was at the meeting.
The girl as well
as the boys has learned to drive a car.
9.
Plural nouns that indicates time, money, distance,
weight is considered as a whole when they are
used as the number of a unit, so the predicate
verb should be singular.
Sixty years is a long
time.
Ten dollars is enough for him.
Three
thousand miles is a long distance.
语法点二:the
verb -ing form
Subject, object, predicative,
attribute, object complement, adverbial
语法三:构词法word formation
1. Compounding 合成
2. Conversion 转化
The characteristic
of a certain word词性
3. Derivation 派生
Prefix前缀,suffix后缀,root词根
Dis, un, in, im,
non, mis, re, en, able, al, er, or, ess, less…
必修五
语法点一:verbs
The past participle
语法点二:inversion倒装
Inversion happens when we
reverse (invert) the normal word order of a
structure, most
commonly the subject-verb word
order. For example, a statement has the subject
(s) before the verb
(v).
1. Question
To make question word order, we invert the
subject and the verb, with an auxiliary (aux) or
modal verb (m) before the subject (s)
What
do I need to take with me?
2. There be
There are some flowers on the table.
3.
Direct speech, sometimes
“Is it ready yet?”
asked Hu Xin.
4. Inversion can happen after
‘there, here, out, in, up, down, away, in front
of, etc’ when it is as an
adverb or
prepositional phrase of place or direction. It is
used for emphasis.
Here comes the bus!
Here’s your coffee.
There goes the bell.
5. When we use an adverb or conjunction with
negative meaning . never, not, not only, little,
seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly) in front
position for emphasis, we invert the subject (s)
and
auxiliary (aux)modal verb.
Not only
was there no electricity, but also no water.
Never will he forget his first time to take a
place.
Hardly had I got out of the house when
it began to rain.
6. Only in front.
Only
then did I begin my work.
Only in this way can
you learn from your friends.
7. So, neither,
nor
My sister enjoys travelling. So do I.
I don’t know and nor do I care.
8.
Sosuch…that. So or such in front.
So proud was
he that he never listened to any advice.
So
absorbed was he in the novel that he did not
notice his father at the door.
9. In sentences
for wish.
Long live the People’s Republic of
China!
May you have a happy holiday!
10. When ‘if’ is omitted in a subjunctive
sentence.
Should you need more information,
please let me know. (=if you should need more
information, please let me know.)
Had Mark
invited me, I would have been glad to come. (=If
Mark had invited me, I would
have been glad to
come.)
语法点三:省略Ellipsis
选修6
语法点一:the
subjunctive mood虚拟语气
In a sentence, the
grammatical mood conveys the speaker’s attitude
about the state of being of
what the sentence
describes.
1. the indicative mood陈述语气
The
indicative mood is used to make factual
statements, ask questions, or express opinions as
if
they were facts. Any verb tense may be
deployed in the indicative mood.
2. the
imperative mood祈使语气
A sentence in the
imperative mood expresses commands or requests. It
indicates that the speaker
desires for the
action expressed in the sentence to take place. In
most imperative sentences, there’s an
implied
you.
3. the subjunctive mood虚拟语气
The
subjunctive mood is the verb form used to express
a wish, a suggestion, a command, or a
condition that is contrary to fact.
① ‘If
’ in conditional clauses
② In objective clause
1) After ‘wish’
Use past tense to indicate
the condition at present, past perfect tense to
indicate the condition
in the past and
wouldcouldmight + infinitive to indicate condition
in future.
He wishes he could paint as well as
a professional artist.
I wish I had been with
you yesterday.
We wish the rain would stop
2) After ‘would rather’
Use past tense to
indicate the conditions at present or in future
and past perfect tense to
indicate conditions
in the past.
I would rather you did it.
I
would rather you hadn’t told me the truth.
3)
After ‘demand, suggest, order, propose, request,
command, insist’, etc.
Use should + infinitive
or just infinitive to express wish, suggestion,
command, request, etc.
Should can be omitted.
John Snow suggested that the source of all
water supplies (should) be examined.
They
requested that the meeting be postponed.
③ The
subjunctive mood can also be used in subject,
predicate, appositive clauses and the predicate
of the clauses is “should + infinitive” or
just infinitive.
It’s important that we
(should) attend the meeting.
It’s a
pity that he (should) refuse our invitation.
My advice is that she wait till next week.
④ the subjunctive mood can be used for wish,
curse, prohibition, etc.
Long live the unity
of the Chinese people!
God bless you!
语法二:the use of “it”
1. Pronoun it
① To
replace the things that have been mentioned
before.
My pen is missing. I can’t find it
anywhere.
② Replace demonstrative pronouns
like this and that.
A: Whose umbrella is that?
B: It’s Mary’s.
③ Used as impersonal
pronoun to indicate time, date, place, weather,
temperature, distance etc.
It’s a beautiful
day.
2. Introducer引导词
① Used as dummy
subject to replace the true subject in form of the
infinitive, verb -ing form or
clauses.
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
It’s
difficult to give up smoking.
② Used as dummy
object to replace the true object in form of the
infinitive, verb -ing form or
clauses.
I
think it best that you should do more exercise.
He found it difficult to do homework.
③ We
use it in cleft sentences. It emphases the subject
or object of the main clause. It is (was) +
stressed constituents + that (whowhom) + other
constituents.
It’s human activity that has
caused this global warming.
It was Jim Brown
whowhomthat you should ask.
选修七
语法点一:verbs
The infinitive动词不定式
1. Perfect infinitive
To+ have + past participle
2. Passive
infinitive
To + be + past participle
3.
When “to” is omitted in the infinitive in active
voice, it must re-appear in passive voice.
The
passive -ing form
语法点二:the attributive clause
Some conditions that which can’t be used in
the attributive clause
1. When antecedents are
indefinite pronouns like ‘all, little, much, few,
everything, anything,
nothing, none’, etc, the
relative pronoun can’t be which but that.
All
that I want is your voice.
There is not much
that can be done.
2. When antecedents
are modified by superlative adjectives形容词最高级, the
relative pronoun
can’t be which but that.
This is the funniest film that I have ever
seen.
3. When antecedents are modified by
ordinal number序数词, the relative pronoun can’t be
which
but that.
This is the first time
that we have met.
4. When antecedents are
modified by ‘the only, the very, the same, the
right’, etc, the relative
pronoun can’t be
which but that.
American audiences will see
the same movie that was shown in Asia.
5. When
antecedents are modified by ‘all, every, any,
much, little, few, no’, etc, the relative
pronoun can’t be which but that.
All the
things that you told me are lies.
6. When the
main clause is a special question that starts with
‘which, who, what’, the relative
pronoun can’t
be which but that.
Who is the girl (that is )
sitting by the lake?
Which of those books
(that are )on the table belong to you?
选修八
语法点一:verbs
Tenses
语法点二:the
appositive同位语
An appositive is a noun, a noun
phrase, or a noun clause which sits next to
another noun(fact,
idea, news, doubt,
decision, possibility, assumption, question, etc)
to rename it or to describe it in
another way.
It’s usually introduced by that, but sometimes
what, why, whether, when, etc are ok.
词性 part
of speech
实词 notional word
虚词
structural word
派生词 derivative
[di'riv?tiv]
复合词 compound ? [?k?mpaund]
专有名词 proper noun
集体名词 collective noun
系动词 link verb
助动词 auxiliary verb
[?:g'zilj?ri]
情态动词 modal verb
不规则动词
irregular verb
使役动词 causative verb
感官动词 verb of senses
感叹词 exclamation
[.ekskl?'mei??n]
人称代词 personal pronoun
物主代词 possessive pronoun
反身代词
reflexive pronoun [ri'fleksiv]
指示代词
demonstrative pronoun
[di'm?nstr?tiv]
不定代词 indefinite pronoun
名词性物主代词
nominal possessive pronoun
形容词性物主代词
adjectival possessive
pronoun [.?d?ik'taiv?l]
不定冠词 indefinite article
基数词 cardinal
numeral
序数词 ordinal numeral
原形
base form
名词性从句 nominal clause
定语从句
attributive clause
宾语从句 object clause
主语从句 subject clause
同位语从句 appositive
clause
时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time
地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place
方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner
让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession
原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause
结果状语从句
adverbial clause of result
目的状语从句 adverbial
clause of purpose
条件状语从句 adverbial clause
of condition
简单句 simple sentence
陈述句
declarative sentence [di'kl?r?tiv]
一般疑问句
general question
特殊疑问句 special question
选择疑问句 alternative question
附加疑问句 tag
question
反意疑问句 disjunctive question
[dis'd???ktiv]
存在句 existential sentence
[.egzis'ten??l]
肯定句 positive sentence
否定句 negative sentence
祈使句 imperative
sentence
省略句 elliptical sentence
[i'liptik?l]
感叹句 exclamatory sentence
[ik'skl?m?t?ri]
句子成分 members of sentences
谓语 predicate ['predikeit]
直接宾语
direct object
间接宾语 indirect object
补语
complement
主补 subject complement
宾补
object complement
表语 predicative
定语
attribute
同位语 appositive
分词
participle
不定式 infinitive [?n?f?n?t?v]
所有格 possessive case
过去将来时 past
future tense
过去将来进行时 past future continuous
tense
[k?n?t?nju?s]
过去将来完成时 past future
perfect tense
一般现在时 simple present tense
一般过去时 simple past tense
一般将来时
simple future tense
过去完成时 past perfect
tense
现在完成时 present perfect tense
将来完成时 future perfect tense
现在进行时
present continuous tense
过去进行时 past
continuous tense
将来进行时 future continuous
tense
现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous
tense
过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense
主动语态 active voice
被动语态 passive voice
虚拟语气 subjunctive mood
全部否定 full
negation
局部否定 partial negation
全部倒装
full inversion
部分倒装 partial inversion
直接引语 direct speech
间接引语 indirect
speech
主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement
就近原则 principle of proximity
意群 sense
group
语音 pronunciation speech sound
连读
linking of sounds
语调 intonation
升调
rising tone
降调 falling tone
同义词
synonym
反义词 antonym
记叙文 narrative
writing [?n?r?tiv]
议论文 argumentative
writing ?[?ɑ:ɡju?ment?tiv]
说明文
expository writing [?k'sp?zit?ri]
应用文
practical writing
逗号 comma
冒号 colon
[?k??l?n]
分号 semicolon
问号 question mark
感叹号 exclamation
mark [?ekskl??me??n]
连字号 hyphen [?ha?f?n]
引号 quotation marks
音标 phonetic
transcription
元音 vowel
单元音 single vowel
双元音 diphthong [?d?fθ??]
辅音
consonant
清辅音 voiceless consonant
浊辅音
voiced consonant
上唇 upper?lip
下唇
lower?lip
齿龈 alveolar?ridge [?l?vi?l?]
舌尖 ?tongue tip
声带 vocal?cords
铬镍钢-模型的拼音
日晒伤-溱洧怎么读音
邯怎么读-sell过去式
revive是什么意思-首字母大写
26的英语怎么读-pharmacy
halogen-漫不经心是什么意思
褶子什么意思-怎样写读后感
载体读音-元音字母发音规则口诀
-
上一篇:高中英语语法课教案
下一篇:高中英语语法知识点总结(最全) (牛津高中英语)