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高中英语语法讲解

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2020-10-30 19:28
tags:高中英语语法

朱礼庆-闾丘

2020年10月30日发(作者:韩增)


高中英语语法讲解
辅 导 资 料


第1讲 主 语
概念梳理:
所谓主语就是一个句子的行为主体。任何一种语言在行文组句以实现交际目的 时,都要
有一个主语(当然有时也可以省略),从这个意义上讲,主语其实没什么复杂的,你想怎样用就怎样用,只要符合你的交际目的就行。
但是,就英语而言,如果主语和谓语联系在一起了,哇 噻!就会出现一些烦人的、俺们
不得不记忆或者理解的规则。这些规则就成了各类英语考试的“考点”。 但反过来又一想:
管他的,理解了这些规则,俺们既可以应付考试,又可以在交际时尽量不出现错误,可 谓“一
箭双雕”,何乐不为?你说是不是嘛,哈?

言归正传:
1小节 名词充当主语

名词充当主语在考试和作文时的考点或者难点主要集中在如下几个方面:
一是集体名词充当主语时:
集体名词通常有两个含义:
整体概念:此时谓语动词应该用单数;
具体成员:此时谓语动词应该用复数。
请你比较:
The population of the earth is increasing fast. 地球上的
人口
正在快速增长。
One third of the population here are workers. 这里
人口中的
13 是工人。

The company was set up last year. 这家
公司
是去年成立的。
The company are mostly young men. 这家
公司的成员
大都是年轻人。

The team is well organized. 这个

组织得很好。
The team are all good players. 这个队的
队员
都是好样的。

——哦,这个问题好像中学英语老师讲过。那么这类名词到底有好多呢?
——哈哈哈,有不少 呢!但建议你把下面列出来的这类名词记住就OK了。兄弟姐妹们,
记忆的东东就只能靠你们自己了哈, 老师是帮不上半点忙噢!正所谓:记得到,做得到;记
不到,做不到!在记忆的过程中,同时也增加了词 汇量!好了,现在请记忆哈:

army
军队(团体),军人(成员)
; band
乐队(团体);乐队队员(成员);

1


board部局(团体);部局成员(成员);
cabinet
内阁(团体);内阁成员(成员)

cavalry
骑兵(团体);骑兵们(成员);
choir
唱诗班(团体);唱诗班成员(成员);
city城市(团体);市民(成员); class
班(团体);班上的同学(成员)

club
俱乐部(团体);俱乐部会员(成员);
committee
委员会(团体),委员(成员)

company
公司(团体);公司员工(成员);
council
议会(团体);议会会员(成员);
country
国家(团体);国民(成员)
; crowd
一群人(团体);群众(成员);

faculty
院系(团体);院系教师(成员);
family
家庭(团体),家人(成员)

government
政府(团体);政府官员(成员);
group
群团体(团体);团体成员(成员);
hotel旅馆(团体);全体旅馆的人(成员);

jury陪审团(团体);全体陪审员(成员);
litter动物的一窝(团体);一窝的动物们(成员); mob团伙(团体);团伙成员(成员);
orchestra管弦乐队(团体); 管弦乐队成员(成员); offspring后代(团体);子女们(成员);
opposition反对党(团体);反对党成员(成员); party党团(团体);党团成员(成员);
population总人口(团体);部分人口(成员);
press
新闻出版界(团体);新闻出版界(成员)

school
学校(团体);全校学生(成员);
society
社会(团体),社会成员(成员);
team队(团体);队员(成员); village村庄(团体);村民(成员)。


记忆方法建议:
从以上的单词可以发现,这类名词大多表示的是机关、团体、团队,且有具体的组成人
员。从这个意义上 讲,集合名词远不止上面所列。抓住了这个特点,就是没被列出,只要理
解了它的意义,也能判断是不是 集合名词。
特别注意1:
以下集合名词由于难以判断是团体还是成员,所以在现代 英语中,他们充当主语时,谓
语动词单、复数均可:
audience
观众(团体,泛指);观众(成员,特指)
coupl
e一对(团体,泛指);一对(成员,特指)

crew
工作人员(团体,泛指);工作人员(成员,特指);
public公大众(团体);公众人员(成员);

staff
工作人员(团体,泛指);全体工作人员(成员,特指);
特别注意2:
以下有生命特性的集合名词(明显没有机关、团体的特征)充当主语时,谓语动词大多
用复数:
cattle
(牛);
folk
(人们伙伴)
; people
(人们)
; police
(警察)
;
gentry
(上层人士)
; kindred
(亲戚)
; clergy
(牧师)
; militia
(民兵);

youth
(年轻人);
mankind
(人类)
; vermin
(害虫)
; personnel
(全体人员)

特别注意3:
以下无生命特性的集合名词充当主语时,谓语动词大多用单数:
scenery
(风景)
; weaponry
(武器)
; machinery
(机器)
; clothing
(衣服)
;
poetry
(诗歌)
; jeweler
(首饰)
; millinery
(女帽)
; cutlery
(餐刀具)
;
stationery
(文具); crockery(陶器); hosiery(卫生衣); footwear(鞋类);
underwear(内衣类); glassware(玻璃制品); hardware(五金器具); merchandise(商品);
foliage(叶子)


二是多个名词充当主语:
多个名词充当主语时与谓语动词在数上应保持一致。在实际运用中,如下情况应给予特

2


别注意:

特别注意1:
由and连接的两名词被each, every,no修饰时,谓语动词要用单数。如:
Each boy and (each) girl has a dictionary. 每个男孩每个女孩都有一本字典。
特别注意2:
由and连接的两个名词只有前一个名词有 冠词时,谓语动词试用单数(因为实际上是一个人、物或一
类概念)。试比较:
a1) A doctor and nurse is here. 医生护士在这儿。(指同一类概念,表人。)
a2) A doctor and a nurse are here. 有一个医生和一个护士在这儿。(指两个人)
b1) A table and chair is needed. 需要一套桌椅。(指同一类概念,表物。)
b2) A table and a chair are needed. 需要一张桌子和一把椅子。(指两个物品)
c1) An editor and author is coming. 一位编辑兼作者要来。(指身兼多职的同一个人)
c2) An editor and an author are coming. 一位编辑还有一位作者要来。(指不同的两个人)
特别注意3:
两个名词之间含有选择意味的连词,如:or; either...or...; neither...nor...; both...and...时,由于是选择性,
只择其一,故要用就近原则,这一点与There b e句型的be用单复数完全一样。(注:由both...and...连接的
主语、谓语动词即可用复 数,也可用就近原则。)试比较:
a) Either you or he is a student. 要么你,要么他是一个学生。
b) Either he or you are a teacher. 要么他,要么你是一个老师。
c) There is a pen and two books. 有一支笔、两本书。
d) There are two books and a pen. 有两本书,一支笔。
e) Both you and he is a teacher. =Both you and he are teachers. 你和他都是老师。
特别注意4:
当两个及以上的主语名词被含有否定意思的词,以及表示排除的词如not; not...but...;besides; except等
连接时,从逻辑上判断,谓语应当与肯 定的主语而不是否定的主语保持一致。因为否定的主语从逻辑上看
被排除在外了,自然不能左右谓语。如 :
a) Not you but he is a teacher. 不是你,而是他才是个老师。(you被排除在外,不能左右谓语。)
b) You but he are good. 除了他你很不错。(he被排除在外,不能左右谓语。)
c) He besides you is good 除了你以外,他也不错。(you被排除在外,重心是He,但you 和he都好。)
特别注意5:
用作主语的名词之后常常接一个附加成分,如介词短语、状语、定语等,但中心词还是这些短语前面的名词,谓语动词以中心词为基准而不是这些短语后的名词为基准。由于它们紧靠谓语,极易误按就近原则处理,应特别小心。如:
a) He as well as you is good. He as well as you are good.(不可接受)
他,还有你都不错。(as well as you是做补充说明。)
b) The woman with five children is a nurse. The woman with five children are a nurse.(不可接受)
带着五个孩子的那位妇女是个护士。
(with 短语是一个定语,就中心词The woman进行限定说明,为次要成分,不能左右谓语。)
类似的短语还有:together with; along with; in company with; accompanied by陪伴; rather than; no less than,
more than, in addition to除…之外, combined with结合…, including包括…, 等。
特别注意6:
当主语是形容词这类名词化的词用作主语时,谓语动词大多用复数,但如 特指时,也可用单数,
试比较:

3


a) The poor are living a hard life. 穷人生活艰苦。(形容词名词化表示一类人,复数概念。)
b) The dead was a friend of mine. 死者生前是我的一位好友。(形容词名词化特指某一人,单数概念。)

三是“单复数同形”名词充当主语:
英语中,不少名词单复数同形的名词。它们充 当主语时,谓语动词是单数还是复数要从
意义上去判断。一般情况下,表示单数时通常有一个aan, this, that或者one,表示复数时一
般有these, those,或者没有限定词,但如果是the,就要看情况而定了。比较:
AThisThat fish is in the well.
TheseThose fish are in the well
Fish are in the well (Fish is in the well.因为可数名词的单数一定要有限定词)
The fish is in the well. (这条鱼)
The fish are in the well. (这些鱼)
为便于记忆,现分类列举部分如下:
A:鱼类名词:bass鲈鱼,carp 鲤鱼,cod 鳕,dace 雅罗鱼,flounder比目鱼,halibut大比目鱼,haddock
黑线鱼, herring鲱鱼,mackerel鲐鱼,perch河鲈,pike狗鱼,sardine 沙丁鱼,salmon大麻哈鱼,skate鳐,
trout鳟鱼,fish 鱼等等。
【注】 fish表示各种鱼时用fishes。
B:动物类名词: antelope羚羊,bison野牛,buffalo水牛,crab螃蟹,deer 鹿,duck 鸭子,elk糜,
grouse松鸡,moose驼鹿,reindeer驯鹿,sheep 羊,snipe沙锥鸡,swine 猪,woodcock山等等。
【注1】一般情况下,如果动物表示了肉,则多为不可数名词,谓语要用单数。如:Lamb is delicious
(羊肉味道不错。) 这一点要特别注意。
【注2】duck指家鸭复数用ducks。
C:以“ese”,“sh”,“ch”结尾的表示民 族、国籍的名词:Chinese中国人,Japanese日本人,Vietnamese
越南人,L ebanese黎巴嫩人,Portuguese葡萄牙人,Burmese巴拿马人,Maltese马尔他人 , British英国人,
Spanish西班牙人, French法国人 Swedish瑞典人, Polish波兰人, Dutch荷兰人, Danish,丹麦人等。
【注】如果这些名词前是aan,表示“一个”,是the则表示“全体”,如果要用表示“特指”,通常在后< br>面加manmen。比较:
The French are brave. But one day, I met a French, and the French is not brave. (不妥)
The French are brave. But one day, I met a French, and the Frenchman is not brave. (妥)
D:某些单位名词与数字连用时。这些常见单位名词有:hundred, thousand, million, billion, score, dozen,
gross, stone, brace, yoke, head等等。如:two hundred head of cows.
【注】 如果以上单位名词不与具体的数字连用,则用复数形式,例如:Dozens were killed in the
accident(不少人在这场事故中丧生); hundreds head of cattle (数百头牛) 等。
E:表示度量衡单位的汉语译音词,如:yuan元,jao角,fen 分(注意英语的cents分),mu亩,zhang
丈,chi尺,cun寸,li里等。如:It cost me ten Yuan.这花了我十元钱。
F:其它,如:counsel律师,kin 家庭,vermin歹徒,works作品,headquarters总部,gallows绞刑),
links连接),innings活跃期,foot步兵,horse骑兵,sail船,aircraft航 天器,craft船、飞行器,cannons
火炮),precise梗概,faux pas失言,失礼,chassis支架,bob先令(美元),series条例,species物种等等。


四是专用名词名词充当主语:
专用名词充当主语时谓语动词一般用单数 ,但如果是
山脉、群岛、瀑布
,则多用复数。
请比较:
The United Nations is an international organization.

4


The Olympics are held every 4 years.

五是以ics结尾的科学或者疾病名词名词充当主语:
以ic s结尾的科学或者疾病名词名词充当主语时,作为学科或者疾病名称时,谓语动词
用单数,如果转意表示 具体的实践活动、性能、现象等,则谓语动词用复数。例如:
Tactics differs from strategy. 战术与战略不同(学科名称)
His tactics are successful. 他的战术是成功的(具体的实践活动)
Ethics is important. 论理学是很重要的(学科名称)
His ethics are not good. 他的论理学学的不好(具体实践活动)
常见的这类名词有:
mathematics数学, physics物理学, optics光学, acoustics声学, electronics电学, mechanics力学, statistics
静力学, plastics塑材料学 ,ethics论理学, politics政治学, classics古典文学, linguistics语言学, tactics战术,
economics经济学, measles麻疹, diabetes糖尿病, mumps腮腺炎, shingles疱疹, aids,等等。

2小节 句子充当主语

句子充当主语也就是我们经常说的主语从句。句子充当主语在考试和作文时的考点或者
难点主要集中在如下三个方面:

一是引导词的正确使用(句子充当宾语和表语与此用法完全相同):
句子充当主语时引导词的正确使用只需要搞定如下3点就OK了:
OK1:
句子主语含有“疑问”的意义时,是什么疑问意义就用什么样的疑问词。例如:
When he will come is still unknown. 他什么时候来还是不得而知。(时间疑问意义)
How often he goes back is a secret. 他多久回来一次是个秘密。(频率疑问意义)
How soon he will be back depends on the weather. 他好久回取决与天气。(时间疑问意义)
My question is when he will come (句子充当表语)
I want to know when he will come (句子充当宾语)
特别注意:由于并不是疑问句,所以千万不要使用疑问语序! 这在实际应用过程中最容易出现过失性错误,
切记!
特别提醒:请一定要模仿以上例句造句!这比资料上给更多例句效果好上百倍!
OK2:
句子主语含有“是否”的意义时,只能用Whether(句子充当宾语时还可用if)。例如:
Whether he will come is still a problem. 他是否愿意来还是个问题。
Whether I can do it well depends on my time. 我是否能做好这事情取决于我的时间。
I want to know whetherif he will come (句子充当宾语)
What I want to know is whether he will come (What引导当主语从句;whether句引导表语从句)
特别提醒:请一定要模仿以上例句造句!这比资料上给更多例句效果好上百倍!
OK3: < br>句子主语既没有“疑问”的意义,也没有“是否”的意义时,必须使用That,此时的
That 没有任何实际意义,它只是一个不可缺少的符号,表示:这是一个句子在充当主语。
例如:
That he will come is a pleasure. 他要来是件令人愉快的事。

5


That you came on time is a successful. 你们能按时到就是成功。
特别注意:由于句子主语既没有“疑问”的意义, 也没有“是否”的意义,受母语迁移的影响,极易把That
漏掉,这是在实际应用过程中最容易出现的 过失性错误,切记!

二是引导词What 和That的正确使用(句子充当宾语和表语与此用法完全相同):
正如OK3所讲:句子主语既没有 “疑问”的意义,也没有“是否”的意义时,必须使
用That,此时的That没有任何实际意义,也 不在主语从句中充当任何成分,它只是一个不
可缺少的符号,表示:这是一个句子在充当主语。但Wha t就不同了,它不仅在从句中要充
当成分,而且还有“什么”、“……的”的含义。请比较:
What you will say is not important. 你要说什么是不重要的。
(What引导一个主语从句,在从句中充当say的宾语,表示“什么”的意义。)
What he wanted is a pen. 他想要的就是一支钢笔。
(What引导一个主语从句,在从句中充当wanted的宾语,表示“……的”的意义。)
What is needed is not a must. 需要什么不是一种必须了。
(What引导一个主语从句,在从句中充当主语,表示“什么”的意义。)
That he wanted a pen is his willing. 想要一支钢笔是他的心愿。
(That引导一个主语从句,在从句中没有充当成分,也不表示具体的意义,但绝对不能省略。)
That she will come is what I hope. 她要来正是我所希望的。
(That引导一个主语从句,在从句中没有充当成分,也不表示具体的意义,但绝对不能省略 ;What
引导一个表语从句,在从句中充当hope的宾语,表示“……的”的意义。)
What I want to say is that you did well.
(What引导主语从句,并句充当从句的宾语,表示“……的”的意义;that引导表语从句,that无实
际意义,不充当成分,但绝对不能省略。)

三是引句子充当主语时与谓语的关系:
句只充当主语时谓语动词一般用单数。哈哈哈,太简单了哈。但-----是-----:
W hat引导的主语从句如果表示“……的”的意义时,谓语动词一般要视所代表的具体
内容而定。请比较 :
What I want are some books. 可以理解为:Some books are what I want.
我想要的是一些书(一些书是我想要的。)
What I want is some money. 可以理解为:Some money is what I want.
我想要的是一些钱(一些钱是我想要的。)

3小节 To doDoing充当主语

某个动作充当主语在汉语中也是常见的语言表达手段,它与英语在语 序上是一样的,因
此在实际英语表达,又特别是英语作文或者汉译英中极易受母语迁移而出现误用,这种 误用
通常表现在如下几个方面:

一是直接使用动词原形充当主语:如:
做这样的事情是有必要的。
Do such things is unnecessary. 错误(受母语迁移影响)
To do such things is unnecessary. 正确
Doing such things is unnecessary. 正确

6


记忆建议:
在英 语中,如果是某个动作充当主语,要么在动词前加个“帽子”To,要么在动词后面
加个“尾巴”-in g,绝对不可受母语迁移影响直接使用动词原形。
特别提醒:请一定要模仿以上例句造句!这比资料上给更多例句效果好上百倍!

二是To do 与Doing的误用,如:
1a: It is a fine day today, and going out for a walk may be a pleasure. 错误
1b: It is a fine day today, and to go out for a walk may be a pleasure. 正确
2a: To get up early and do exercise is his habit. 错误
2b: Getting up early and doing exercise is his habit. 正确
3a: To see is believing. 错误Seeing is to believe. 错误
3b: To see is to believe. 正确Seeing is believing. 正确
理解梳理:
现代英语中的To do 或者Doing充当主语时,在意义上已经没有太大的区别,但如果有
环境明显地表示了经常性行为,原则上用Doing为佳,如以上例2b;如果有环境明显地表
示了一 次性或者将来性行为,原则上用To do为佳,如以上例1b。
To do 或者Doing同时充当主语和表语时,前后形式必须保持一致,如以上3b:。
特别提醒:请一定要模仿以上例句造句!这比资料上给更多例句效果好上百倍!

三是To do 与Doing逻辑主语的误用,如:
1a: He to come tomorrow is my willing. 错误
1b: For him to come tomorrow is my willing. 正确。
2a: He doing morning exercise is good to his health. 错误
2b: His doing morning exercise is good to his health. 正确
理解梳理:
作为动词,无论它充当谓语,还是不充当谓语(即非谓语动词),都应该有 一个行为动
作的执行者。有时,由于行为者指向不明,可以省略,如:To see is to believe (Seeing is believing.
百闻不如一见)。但是,如果要具体地说出行为动作的执行者,则To do前应该加上of sb 或
者for sb,形成for sb. to do或者of sb. to do这一不定式的复合结构;Doing前应该加上名
词或者代词的所有格形式,形成one’s doing这一动名词的复合结构。切记!切记!再如:
1: Of you to do so will be unfriendly = It will be unfriendly of you to do so. 你这样做会不友好。
2: For you to do so is important. = It is important for you to do so. 你这样做是很重要的。
3: For you to do such things needs much time. 对你而言要做这样的事情需要大量的时间。
4: His offering me every day is a great help in my life. 他每天这样资助我对我一生帮助甚大。
特别注意:
一般情况下,不定式的复合结构是for sb. to do,如以上例句2、3。如果不定式的复合
结构充当了主语,且后面是“be + adj”这一“系表”结构,同时,offor sb. to do中的sb.
可以和be + adj形成意义正确的句子时,则通常用of sb. to do而不用for sb. to。再看下面的
比较翻译例句:
你这样做太善良了:
Of you to do so is kind.可以理解为You are kind to do so.(不用for)
对你来说这样做是很重要的:
For you to do so is very important. 不可理解为You are important to do so,否则在意义上就 会发生变化
(important表示重要的、重大的,主语不能是人。如果主语是人,则为有地位的, 显要的;神气十足的。

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所以不可用of)
当然啦,通常情况下,人们很少用“offor sb. to do + be + adj”,而是用 “It be + offor sb. to do”这一
形式主语结构代替。

四是不定式(短语)的错用:
1:做什么并不重要。
To do what is not important.(错误. 受母语迁移影响)
What to do is not important. (正确)
2:

什么、什么时候

才是重要的。
What to do and when to do are not important. = What and when to do are not important.(错误)
What to do and when to do is not important. = What and when to do is not important.(正确)
3:

什么、

什么取决于你喜欢什么。
What to read and what to write depends on what you like. (错误)
What to read and what to write depend on what you like. (正确)
理解梳理:
“疑问词+不定式”我们成之为“不定式短语”,千万不要受母语迁移影响出现“不定式+
疑问词”的过 失性错误;不定式或者“不定式短语”充当主语谓语动词要用单数如例句1。
-----老师,如果多个不定式或者“不定式短语”同时充当主语时谓语动词怎么办呢?
- ----哦,我差点忘记告诉你们了哈:如果是指同一性质的事情,谓语动词还是用单数,
如例句2;如 果是指不同性质的多件事情,则谓语动词用复数,如例句3,OK没?另外俺
还要告诉你们的是:多个动 名词(短语)充当主语时,谓语动词的单、复数同不定式或者“不
定式短语”噢。
Weeping
(哭泣)
and wailing
(大声嚎哭)
does nothing towards solving the problem.
(Weeping and wailing指一回事情)
Reading three classical
(经典)
novels and making some social investigations
(社会调查)
are
assignments for students during the holiday.
(Reading three classical novels and making some social investigations
指不同性质的两件事情
)

4小节 几种特殊情况下主语的谓语问题

以上是使用主语时应注意的三个主要的方面 ,了解了他们,主谓一致问题就了解了大半。
但下面一些情况也常会冷不丁的出现在各类考试中,稍不注 意就错瓜了。这类知识点比较散,
不好记忆,为便于你们记忆,俺还是尽可能归类哈,归的不好一定要理 解噢!

一是与数词或者数量词有关的情况:
英语中,一些表示数量的词或者短语 充当主语时,谓语动词的单、复数形式容易出错,
具体表现在如下几个点点儿上:
A点:
One and a half 后面如果接可数名词,要用复数名词,但用单数谓语动词。例如:
One and a half bananas is left on the table.(= a banana and a half)
One and a half dollars was spent on sugar. (= one dollar and a half)
但1:Half a +单数可数名词,接单数谓语动词。例如:
Half a dollar was spent on sugar.
但2:Half the +集合名词,接单、复数谓语动词均可,具体看表示整体还是成员。例如:

8


Half the audience was (were) bored.
B点:
一些表示数量的短语如果是“a…of…”,此时的a…of实际是一个定语的成分修 饰后面的名词,而谓语
动词应与of后面的名词保持一致;但如果是“the…of…”,此时的of实 际是前面名词的定语,故谓语动词
应与of前面的名词保持一致。例如:
a number of(大量的) :A number of students were absent. (A number of充当定语,修饰核心名词students)
the number of(…的数量):The number of pages in this book is 900. (of …充当定语,修饰核心名词number)
a total of(总共): A total of 50 thousand trees are planted this spring. (A total of充当定语,修饰核心名词trees)
the total of(…的总数):The total of the trees planted this spring is 50 thousand. (of …充当定语,修饰核心名词
total)
an average of(平均):An average of 5 books are read each month.
the average of(…的平均数):The average of books read is 5 each month.
C点:
一些不定数量的词 (有时也常与of连用)和名词连用充当主语,谓语动词要看后面的名词是可数的< br>(用复数),还是不可数的(用单数)而定。例如:
I have some friends. Some are boys and some are girls.
I have some money. Some is for you and some is for her.
Some of the books are interesting.
Some of the foot is unfit to eat.
类似常见有:all (of); half(of); remainder(of); the rest(of); the following(of); plenty (of); part of; enough of;
none of; most of; a lot of; lots of; abundance of (大量的…); bulk of (大部分的,大半的…); mass of(大
部分的,大半的…); a heap of(大量的…); heaps o(大量的…)f; a world of(庞大的,许许多多的…); a
flood of(大量的,如洪水般涌来的…); a store of(成堆的…); a percentage of(大比例的…); two thirds of
(23的…); per cent of; a proportion of(一定比例的…)等等。上述数量词中的a如果变成了the,则谓语
动词要用单数。
但是:下列情况充当主语时,谓语动词用单数:
a series of(一系列的…); a portion of(一部分的…); a species of(一种…); a piece of; little; a little; only a little;
quite a little; much; much more; a great deal of; an amount of; many a; more than one。例如:
A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by her. 据说她要举办一系列的心理学讲座。
A large portion of her poems was published after her death. 她的大部分诗作是在其死后发表的。
Many a little makes a mickle. 积少成多
More than one defendant is involved in this case. 这个案件涉及到不止一个被告。

二是与What主语从句有关的情况:
What从句充当主语时,谓语一般用单数形式。但如 果是“系表”结构,且表语是复数
名词时,谓语动词用复数。例如:
What you said is quite to the point. = Quite to the point is what you said. 你的话到点子上了。
What we need are qualified teachers. = Qualified teachers are what we need.我们需要的是合格的教师。
但是:多个What从句充当主语时,如果叙述的是一个 整体或者相同性质的事情,谓语
用单数,反之用复数。例如:
What she says and (what she ) does do not agree. (say和do是两件事情)
What she says and (what she ) does does not matter much.(say和do是一件事情,总指其行为)
What seems to be a cat is something else. (what = a thing that…)
What seems to be a cat is something else. (what = things that…)

9


5小节 总结 练习

总结1

现在,咱们用“框架”的形式对前面的内容进行总结,如下:

主 语











名 词





































































句子充当主语
























t
h
a
t





To doDoing


































特殊
情况
中的
一有
点多
哈?
你记
住了
多少
啊?
特殊
情况
中的
二还
是好
理解
哈?
各项的特殊点记得几个呀?
That 与what

















区别理解了吗?
总结2(拓展)
< br>通过前面的讲解我们发现:主语和谓语发现了联系,就出现了“主谓一致”这一语法现
象。但是在 实际的考试中,其它一些“一致”现象也会经常出现在考试中,它们与“主谓一
致”并称“一致现象”。 除了“主谓一致”性问题外,还有:
A:名词与代词的一致性问题:
当一个名词首先出现后 ,无论它处在什么成分的位置上,随着意义表达的需要,都有可
能再次出现。此时,为了简洁,我们通常 会使用代词来替代前面已经出现的名词,这种现象
我们就称为“名词与代词的一致”性问题。一般情况下 ,这种一致性问题主要表现在如下几
个方面:
1:人称代词的单、复数要与名词的单、复数保持一致。例如:
The family are all brave, and they are loved by everyone. (family指成员,人称代词用they)
We are a family of three, and it is not big. (family指整体,人称代词用it)
特别提醒:
这种情况其实很好理解,即:只要搞 清楚了名词充当主语谓语动词的单、复数,就一定知道代词的单、

10


复数形式!此时,无论这个名词跑到哪个位置,其代词的单、复数形式是不会变的。 < br>比较难一点的是集体名词,它需要你根据具体的内容去判断该集体名词是整体还是成员,进而确定是
用it的相应形式,还是they的相应形式——此为理解。
另外就是单- 复数同形的名词,你要判断它到底是单数还是复数以决定人称代词用单数还是复数——此
为记忆。
2:人称代词的性要与名词保持一致。例如:
That boy is brave. He is my friend.
(boy
阳性名词
,人称代词用he , his, his, him, himself; 复数用they, their, theirs, them, themselves的相应
形式。)
That girl is brave. She is my friend.
(girl
阴性名词
,人称代词用she , her, hers, herself; 复数用they, their, theirs, them, themselves的相应形
式。)
A teacher is coming. HeShe teaches English.
(teacher阴表示人的中性名词,人称代词视具体情况用she , her, hers, herself; 或者he , his, his, him,
himself的相应形式;复数用they, their, theirs, them, themselves的相应形式。)
There is a car. It is mine.
(a car.阴表示物的
中性名词
,人称代词视具体情况用it, it, its, itself;复数用they, their, theirs, them,
themselves的相应形式。)
特别注意:
如果是自己特别喜欢的心爱之物或者宠物,也可以用she , her, hers, herself的相应形式。例如:
There is a car. She is mine.
3:关系代词要与名词保持一致。
关系代词就是引出定语从句的引导词that, which, who, whom, whose。我们晓得,定语从句必须要有一
个先行词,这个先 行词主要是名词,而名词的类别又决定定语从句的引导词。通常情况下这类,这类现象
有两点容易出现失 误:
一是先行词是集体名词时容易出现失误,即将整体(应该用which或者that)错误理解为 成员(应该
用whowhom或者that)。例如:
The class which is in the meeting room are being praised. (错误。从句意判断The class不表整体而表成员)
The class who are in the meeting room are being praised. (正确)
二是先行词既表人也表物,引导词当用that,因为that既表人也表物。例如:
It reminded me of my teacher and his novel which I like best. (错误)
It reminded me of my teacher and his novel that I like best. (正确)

B:分词逻辑主语的一致性问题:
在大多数情况下,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随的现在分词 或者过去分词的逻辑主语其
实就是句子的主语。例如:
Hearing the bad news, tears came into her eyes. (错误)
Hearing the bad news, she burst into tears. (正确。Hearing的逻辑 主语就是句子的主语she,因为是同一
个人,被省略了。从这个意义上讲,该句实际上是下一个时间状 语从句的省略)
= When she heard the bad news, she burst into tears.

Translated into English, he found the sentence had an entirely different word order. (错误)
Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. (正确。Translated的
逻辑主语就是句子的主语the sentence,因为是同一个事物,被省略了。从这个意义上讲,该句实际上是下

11


一个时间状语从句的省略)
= When it was translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
特别注意: < br>如果表示时间、原因、条件、伴随的现在分词或者过去分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,我们也可以
在表示时间、原因、条件、伴随的现在分词或者过去分词加上其真正的逻辑主语,这样的句子就成了独立
主格的句子。根据这个原则:
错误句:Hearing the bad news, tears came into her eyes.也可以改为:
She hearing the bad news, tears came into her eyes.(含有现在分词,表示主动的独立主格的句子)
等于:Hearing the bad news, she burst into tears. (现在分词充当状语表主动的简单句子)
等于:When she heard the bad news, she burst into tears. (时间状语从句的句子)
错误句:Translated into English, he found the sentence had an entirely different word order.也可以改为:
It translated into English, he found the sentence had an entirely different word order.(含有过去分词,
表示被动的独立主格的句子)

等于: Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. (过去分词充
当状语表被动的简单句子)
等于:When it was translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.

当然,少数特殊结构如Generally speaking, Judging from不受一上规则的限制。

C:并列(平行) 比较结构中成分的一致性问题: 所谓并列平行表示:为使句子保持平衡,同一句子中的并列成分原则上要求在结构上保
持一致。例如 :
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. (正确。均为动名词充当表语)
Her job is washing, to clean and take care of the children. (错误)

这种情况的关键词是and表示并列,or表书选择,but表示转折

所谓你叫结构表示:在比较结构中,我们常常用一个代词来替代比较的对象以避免名词
的重复。一般情况下,用that替代抽象或者不可数名词(见例句1);用the one替代同一类
可数名词的单数(见例句2),用the ones替代同一类可数名词的复数(见例 句3);用it替
代同一类可数名词的单数(见例句4),用they的相应形式替代同一类可数名词的 复数(见
例句5);用those替代人的复数(现代英语也可以用the ones了。见例句6)。例如:
例1:The climate of Daxian in not so changeable as that of Chongqin. (The climate抽象名词)
例2:The pen you lost is better than the one you bought yesterday. (同一类,都是笔,但不是掉的那支笔。)
例3:The pens you lost are better than the ones you bought yesterday. (例2的复数形式)
例4:I lost my pen yesterday, but now I find it in my desk. (同一支)
例5:I lost my pens yesterday, but now I find them in my desk. (例4的复数)
例6:The students here are fewer than those (the ones) there. (代替人的复数)


测试练习(1-1)

一、单选
1, Lessing is so poor that even five dollars ____a big sum to him.
A, is B, are C, add D, equal
2, It is not I but you who ____the first to run to the goal in that competition.

12


A, is B, was C, are d, is going to
3, Part of the books ____ arrived.
A, is B, have C, was D, has
4, ____to finish quickly.
A, No every student wants B, No every student want
C, Not every student wants B, Not every student want
5, Every means ____ been tried since then.
A, has B, have C, are D, is
6, The office staff ____ gathered to hear the speaker speak.
A, is B, are C, be D, will
7, The total number of articles published on cancer ____ amazing.
A, are B, is C, have been D, be
8, A large number of cars ____ parked in front of my house.
A, is B, are C, was D, has
9, There ____ in this room.
A, are too many rooms B, are too much room
C, are plenty of rooms C, is plenty of room
10, The wheel and axle ____ a rotating lever.
A, is B, was C, are D, were
11, Ignorance and negligence ____ this mistake.
A, cause B, have caused C, has caused D, are
12, Truth and honesty ____ always best policy.
A, are B, is C, have been D, become
13, No sulfur and no phosphorus(磷)____ present in this product.
A, are B, were C, will D, is
14, Every hour and every minute ____ important.
A, are B, were C, is D, will
二、改错:
15, What is (A)large and (B)what is small are (C is)only relative(D).
16, There have been (Ahas)little (B)change in the patient’s condition since (C)he was out of (D)danger.
17, Two of them (A)went out, the rest were doing (B)his (Ctheir)homework in (D)the classroom.
18, A good artist like (A)a good engineer learns as (B)much from their (Chis)mistake as from (D)success.
19, Prof. Peter, with (A)4 of his graduate students, are (Bis)attending a symposium in (C)Daxian on (D)energy.
20, As (A)the crowd began to assemble (B)in (C)the meeting hall, the president began to scan your (Dtheir)face.
21, Not only all (A)the plants but also the sun are (Bis)in (C)constant motion(D).
22, When he was (A)a little boy, Mark Twain would walk (B)along the piers, watch (C)the river
boats, swimming (Dswim)and fish in the Mississippi, much like his famous character, Tom
Sawyer.
23, Having been elected (A)president (B)of (C)our institute, a short acceptance speech was given
by Prof. Adams(D prof. Adams gave…).
24, Upon (A)returning (B)from (C)class, a letter was found in the mailbox.(D I found…)

第1讲就OVER了哦!
请注意第2讲哈!

13


第2讲 谓 语
概念梳理:
一个主语出现之后,根 据交际的需要,常常需要对主语干什么进行说明,这个“干什么”
的部分就是谓语,它由动词充当,所以 又叫谓语动词(没有充当谓语的动词叫非谓语动词)。
从这个意义上讲,谓语是相对于主语而言的。 < br>由于谓语是由动词充当,而动作又有其发生的时间、方式等,从这个意义上讲,了解谓
语动词,就 是了解其时态、语态和语气。
接下来,俺们就进入第1小节:谓语动词的时态。

1小节 谓语动词的时态

时态概念:
所谓谓语动词的时态,就是一个句 子中动作发生的时间。时间概念有三层含义:现在、
过去、将来;动作发生的方式也有三层次含义:经常 性(一般性)、进行性、完成性。我们
只要把动作发生的时间和动作发生的方式进行组合,就得出了最常 见的9大时态形式,不
信?自己组合。
组合方法:在“时间”中任选一点,与“方式”中的任意一点进行组合;反之亦然:

现在 过去 将来

动作发生的时间


一般 进行 完成

动作发生的方式

哈哈哈,我说简单嘛,是不是哈?但问题是:这 些时态组合出来之后怎样用呢?别急嘛,
俺接下来就要告诉你了哈!
具体用法特点:
现在,俺以“动作发生的时间”为起点,按“现在”、“过去”、“将来”的顺序,分别与
“动作发生 的方式”中“一般”、“进行”、“完成”进行组合,将得出的时态形式依次进行讲
解。
1)一般现在时(现在一般时):
概念及基本用法:表示动作经常发生或者状态经常存在(即 :过去如此,现在如此,将
来还是如此)。除第3人称(你,你们;我,我们之外的万物都是第3人称) 单数外,全部
使用动词原形。第3人称单数一般现在时,谓语动词要加-s,或者- es,或者变y为i加es
是初中内容,不需要俺再说了哦,这也太简单了哈?
当然啦,基本用法通常也与一些时间状语在一起,如often, sometimes, usually, always,
never, twice a month(类似), every week(类似), on Sundays(类似), occasionally, normally,
generally, weekly(类似), now and then, every so often, as a rule, rarely等等。
特殊用法:有时,一 般现在时并不表示经常想的动作或者状态,这就是该时态的特殊用
法,也是考试中最常见的,或者是学生 在运用时最容易出现错误的地方。
特1:表示将来(结构类):
当主句是一般将来时态,时 间状语从句或者条件状语从句中的谓语动词要用一般现在
时态形式表示将来。例如:

14


If he comes here, I will give you a telephone call.
(comes一般现在时态形式表示将来)
这是最常见的。但是:
If she comes here, I want to go with her. (comes一般现在时态形式表示将来)
首先:主句中的want不是一般将 来时态,事实上,从意义上看,want本身就含有将来的意味,因
此want通常不再与shall. will ,be going to等表示“将来”的词连用表示将来,而是直接用一般现在时态的
形 式表示将来。类似的还有think, believe, hope, consider等。如:
If she comes here, I thinkbelieve that she can do it well.
其次:当主句含有准情态动词would rather do, had better (had best) do, would like to do,也可以在意义
上表示将来。如:
If truth is to be known, one had best wait instead of searching for it. 如果真理要为人所知,最好是等待
而不是追求。
再次:如果时间状语从句或者条件状语从句中 使用了will,则它不是助动词“将来”的意义,而是
情态动词“愿意”的意义。例如:
If she will come here, I will give her a hand. 如果她
愿意
来,我会帮助她。
最后:当主句是一般将来时态时,宾语从句或者定语从句的 谓语动词也常用一般现在时态形式表示
将来。例如:
Let’s see who gets there first. (宾语从句)
Anyone who does it will get a gift. (定语从句)

特2:表示将来(词汇类):
一般现在 时态也可以表示:按照时间表将要发生的动作或者事件,或者事先安排好了
的动作,这些事件或者安排一 般不随意变化,且多有一个确切的时间状语。但是并不是所
有的动词都可以这样用,具有该用法特点的动 词通常有be to do, arrive, begin, come, go, start,
depart, end, leave, sail, stop, return, dine, finish, open, close, move, take off, retire, meet等表示
“移动”含义的动词。例如:
----When does he leave for the city?
----He leaves next week. (对话情景表明事先安排好了)
The plane takes off at 8 and arrives here at 12. (按照时间表将要发生的动作)

特3:表示进行:
表示瞬间动作。即:用来表示动作的完成和说话时间几乎是同时的情况,或 者一系列的
动作和说话时间几乎是同时进行的情况,如实况报道、操作表演解说、图片的文字说明、剧< br>本或者电影文学脚本的说明部分、新闻标题、小说章节标题等。例如:
I declare the meeting open. (表示动作的完成和说话时间几乎是同时)
U.S. President holds talks with British Prime Minister (新闻标题)
I have a chance
(小说章节标题)


特4:表示过去:
当主句是过去时态,而宾语从句表示了客观事实时,宾语从句的 谓语也常使用一般现在
时态形式(哈哈哈,初中内容)。例如:
He said the earth moves around the sun.
He said Chaucer
(乔唆)
writes this novel.



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2)现在进行时:
概念及基本用法:表示此刻正在 进行的动作,就这么简单。但是:现在进行时态还可以
表示如下几种特殊情况:

特1:表示将来:
表示最近计划或者安排将要发生的事情或者即将开始或结束的动作,常用于go, leave,
come, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, do, dine
(宴请,用餐)
, give, have, pay, join,
punish, spend, sleep, take, change, fly, work, wear, see, lunch, play等动词。例如:
I am changing my hotel.我打算换旅馆。
Imagine I am seeing the Mona Lisa. 你想想啊, 我终于要见到《蒙娜丽莎》了。
特别注意:一般现在时 和现在进行时都可以表示将来,但前者强调了按时间表将要发生的动
作,所以多有一个确定的时间状语; 后这却没有一个确定的时间状语,如果有,则强调了主
语的“决心”。请比较:
I am leaving tomorrow. 我明天一定要走(强调主语要走的决心)
I am leaving. 我要走了(只强调主语要走的计划)
He is meeting the manager tomorrow. 他明天一定要见到经理(强调他要见到经理的决心)
He is meeting the manager. 他要见经理(只强调主语要见经理计划)

特2:表示一段时间内正在进行,但此刻并未进行。例如:
We are learning English at college. (may not be learning now.)
他正在大学里学英语(也许此刻并没有学)
I am reading a novel recently. (may not be reading now.)
我正在读一本小说(也许此刻并没有读)
She is generally going to bed at 11. (but now not going to bed.)
她通常11点睡觉(但此刻并没有睡觉。)

特3:表示某一动作的重复,而且使人 有一种厌恶、不高兴、抱怨等感情色彩,有时也表示
赞叹,这种情况下通常与always, forever, continually, constantly, perpetually等连用。例如:
He is always losing his keys.
他总是把钥匙搞掉。(抱怨)
She is forever doubling my words.
她一直都是那样怀疑我的话。(不满)
He is continually remembering me of what I owe him.
他老是不停地在我面前提起俺欠他的。(厌烦)
Mr. Chi is always thinking of doing more for the people.
迟先生总是想到要为人民多做些事情。(赞叹)

特4:表示反复多次或者习惯性的动作。例如:
He is jumping there.
他在那里跳个不停。(只是在陈述一个动作)。再比较:
He is always jumping there.
他老师喜欢在那里跳。(表示一种厌烦)
The boy is hitting his dog.
这孩子一个劲地拍打他的狗。(只是在陈述一个动作) 。再比较:

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The boy is always hitting his dog.
这孩子老是喜欢拍打他的狗。(表示一种不理解)

特5:表示被动。例如:
This kind of book is printing. = This kind of book is being printed.
= This kind of book will be printed.
书正在印刷之中。
Nothing is doing. = Nothing is being done. = Nothing will be done.
什么也没干。

现在进行时态表格总结

现在进行时态


基本 表示将来 表示某表示重复 表示反复表示被动

用法

注意那些一时间注意那些多次或习注意其他

动词 副词 惯性动作
正在进几种表达


(注意:如果你能看着以上表格说出几个例句,就证明你真正的理解了)

特6:总结:
一般情况下,瞬间动词或者状态性动词(从汉语意义就可以判断出来)是没有进 行时态
的。如果瞬间动词或者状态性动词出现了进行时态形式,就表示该动词在意义上发生了变化,如“特4”。再如:
The rain is stopping. (雨渐渐停了下来。表示渐进)
The rain stops. (雨突然停了下来。表示突然)
People are lying on the beach. (人们在海滩上

着。暂时性的)
The city lies at the foot of the hill. (这城市
坐落
在山脚下。永久性的)
She is living in Dazhou. (她暂居住在达州。暂时性的)
She lives in Dazhou. (她居住在达州。永久性的)
需要特别注意的是:状态性动词也没有被动语态 形式,如果用了被动形式,就表明它由状态
转变成了动态性动词。比较:
This kind of book sells well.
这书销路不错误(状态)。
This kind of book is selling (参见特5)well. = This kind of book is being sold well.
这书现在正卖的红火(动态)。
A picture hangs on the wall.
墙上挂有一幅画。(状态)
A picture was hung on the wall yesterday.
有一幅画是昨天挂到墙上去的。(动态)

3)现在完成时:
用法特点1:
表示表示动作的发生时间是在过去,但对现在产生了影响,因此它的着眼点还是现在。

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例如:
She has last her wallet. 她的钱抱掉了(再在没钱花了)
He has laid the table. 他把桌子摆好了(可以吃饭了或者在上面做事了)
He has bought a car. 他买了车了(现在有车了)
I have forgotten his telephone number. 我把他的电话号码忘了(现在联系不上他了)
需要特别注意的是:通常情况下,这种用法可以和表示现在在内的时间状语连用,如now,
today, this morning, this year等;但也通常和一些表示不确定的、过去的时间状语连用,如
yet, just, before, recently, once, lately等;也可以和表示频率的时间状语连用,如often, ever,
never, sometimes, twice, on several occasions等;但绝对不能和特定的过去时间状语连用,如
in 1900, last year, yesterday, last night 等;但要注意,in the pastlast years只能与现在完成时
态连用,如果在含有过去时态的句子里,就要用过去完成时态了。比较:
Great changes have taken place in the past 30 years.
He said that great changes had taken place in the past 30 years.

用法特点2:
表示某个动作从过去某个时间开始延续到现在,并可能进行延续下去。例如:
He has worked here for over 20 years.
他在这里已经工作20年了(也可能还要继续工作下去)
Up to now, we have received no news from her.
到现在我们还是没有她的消息(也可能还会继续没有
消息)
需要特别注意的是:通常情况下,这种用法通常和表示一段时间的状语连用,如up to
now, up till now, up to present, forin the pastlast daysweeksmonthsyears , these few
daysweeksmonthstears, since, for a long time, so far等。
另外请特别注意:
在美国和加拿大英语中,在否定句中可以用in代替for表示一段时间。例如:
He has not been here in 4 months
(美)
. = He has not been here for 4 months
(英)
.
同时in也可以 表示“在…时间以后”,但只能用于将来时态,而且只能接时间段而不是
时间点。请比较after:
She will be back in 3 hours.
她3小时后回来(3 hours时间段,将来时态,用in)

She was back after 3 hours.
3小时好面她回来了(3 hours时间段,过去时态,用after)
She will be back after 3 o’clock.
她3点种后回来(3 o’clock时间点,将来时态,用after)


用法特点3:
一般情况下,瞬间动词的完成形式不能与延续性的时间状语连用,这是逻辑意义 ,很好
理解。但其否定形式则可以和延续性的一段时间连用,因为瞬间动词的否定表示了状态,而
状态是可以延续的。也好理解哈?例如:
We have not seen her for a long time.
俺们有好长一段时间没看见她了。
I have never touched beer for a whole week.
俺有整整一周没沾啤酒了

特别注意:千万不要把表示目的的同表示时间的混淆了。请比较:
He has gone for two days.
他走了天了(错误)。
他走了,要离开天(正确)
She has come here for a week.
她已经来这里一周了(错误)。
她已经来了,要呆1周(正确)。

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用法特点4:
一些特殊情况下的现在完成时态要求:
NO1:
时间、条件、让步状语从句中要用现在完成时态表示将来完成时态。如:
I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework.
作业完成了我就去看你(“完成”作业在先,“看”在后,两个动作都还没发生, 要先完成第1个动作,
故用现在完成时态形式表示将来完成时态,再做第2个动作。)

NO2:
在“ItThis iswill be the firstlast, second, third…+n +that…”结构中,that结构中的谓语
动词通常用现在完成时态形式。例如:
This is the first time (that) I have heard her sing.
这是我第1次听她唱歌。

It is the second time (that)we have met each other.
这是我们第2次见面了。

It’s the first good novel(that) I have seen for ages.
这是我很就以来看过的第1部优秀的小说。
但:This was the first time (that) I had heard her sing.
It was the second time (that)we had met each other.
It was the first good novel(that) I had seen for ages.

NO3:
在“ItThis is + the +
形容词最高级
+
名词
+ that…”结构中,that结构中的谓语动词通
常用现在完成时态形式。例如:
It is the best film that I have ever seen.
这是我所见过的最好的电影了。

This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.
这是他所写的最有趣的一部小说了。

但:It was the best film that I had ever seen.
This was the most interesting novel he had ever written.

NO4:
由since(表示“自从……”的意义)引导出从句时,主句通常要求用现在完成 时态形
式。例如:
I haven’t heard from her since she went away.
自从她离开后我就再也没有她的消息了。
It has been a long time since we met each other.
= It is a long time since we met each other
我们已经有一段时间没相互见面了。
需要特别注意的是:since作介词后面接时间点的名 词;作连词后接从句,从句谓语用瞬间
动词,如果接延续动词,则表示该动作的结束而不是开始。比较:
We have not seen each other since she lived here.
自从她
离开
这里以后,我们就就再没见面(正确)
自从她
居住
这里以来,我们就就再没见面(错误)
It ishas been 5 years since he was in Army.
他退伍已经5年了(正确)
他参军已经5年了(错误)


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用法特点5:
与现在完成进行时态和一般过去时态的对比:
NO1:与现在完成进行时态的对比:
在有对比的情况下,现在完成进行时态表示动作发生在 过去,但仍在进行中,而现在
完成时态则强调动作对现在的影响。请比较:
I have read this book.
我已经读过这本书了(读完了,并知道书的内容)

I have been reading this book.
我还在读这本书(还没读完,还在读)

但现在完成进行时态的被动形式仍用现在完成被动式表示。请比较:
The builders have built the building.
建筑工人已经建好了这建筑物。

=The building has been built.
The builders have been building the building.
建筑工人还在建这建筑物。
=The road has been finished.

NO2:与一般过去时态的对比:
一般过去时态仅仅是在叙 述曾经发生过的事情,不强调该动作对现在的影响,而现在
完成时态则强调了该动作对现在的影响。请比 较:
He has come here.
他已经里到这里了。

He came here.
他曾经来过这里。
Have you invited him to the party? 你邀请他参加舞会了吗?(舞会也许还没开始,也许还没结束)
Did you invite him to the party? 你邀请他参加舞会了吗?(舞会已经结束)


现在完成时态表格总结

现在完成时态


表示动表示动作的瞬间动词与特殊情况下的与一般过去

作对现持续注意常现在完成时现在完成时态和现在完成

在的影
见副词 态的关系 要求 进行的区别


现在时态的四种形式

现在进现在完现在完

现在一
行时态 成时态 成进行

般时态


4)一般过去时态
基本概念:
所谓过去一 般时态是指过去发生了或者经常发生的动作。从这个意义上讲,了解了现在
一般时态的用法特点,只需要 把它移到过去的时间就可以了。请比较:
He goes to bed at 8 every day.
他每天8点上学。

He went to bed at 8 every day.
他过去霉天点上学。

She tells me that she won’t go if it rains.
她经常告诉我说如果下雨她就不会去。

She told me that she wouldn’t go if it rained.
她曾经告诉我说如果下雨她就不会去。

用法特点:
每一种语言都有自己的特殊用法,因此,关于一般过去时态,下列情况应当特别注意:

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NO1:
部分动词如hope, want, wish, wonder, think, intend等以及情态动词的过去形式可以表示
一种委婉的语气。比较:
What did you want?
(委婉、客气)

What do you want?
(态度生硬,不礼貌)

I wondered if you would do it for me.
我想知道你十分愿意那我做这件事情(态度诚恳)

I wonder if you will do it for me.
我想知道你十分愿意那我做这件事情(态度生硬,不礼貌)

I would like to go with you.
我想要和你一起去。(态度诚恳)

I will like to go with you.
我想要和你一起去。(纯粹的将来)

NO2:
在对话中注意逻辑意义与一般现在和一般过去时态的变化运用。请比较:
I didn’t know you are (were) here.
我(当时)并不知道你在这里。

I don’t know you are here.
(逻辑错误)

前句的逻辑表明:既然两人在对话,那么就知道“你现在 已经在这里了”,不然不会有
两人的对话了,所谓的“不知道”,只是说明刚才“不知道”,而不是现在 “不知道”,因此
用了didn’t know。再如:
——Be careful! You are in danger. 小心!你回有危险。
——Sorry. I didn’t realize. 对不起,我(当时)没意识到。(但现在意识到了)
至于前句中的(were)是为了和didn’t know保持形式上的一致,语法上称为“过去表现
在”,多用于宾语从句中。再比较:
He said that you are (were) a good student.
他说你是个好学生(现在是)。
He says that you were a good student.
他常说你曾经是个好学生(现在不一定了)。

He says that you are a good student.
他常说你是个好学生(现在是)。

——Who is the woman in the picture ?
(问话人不知道)
——She was my mother.
(暗含“妈妈去世了”的意义)

——She is my mother.
(暗含“妈妈在世”的意义)

也可以这样表达
“妈妈去世了”的意义
:She is my mother, but she is dead.
(是我的妈妈是个客
观事实;死是状态,也是事实,故为
is
)
或者:She is my mother, but she died.
(是我的妈妈是个客观< br>事实;死是动态,应为发生了,故为
died
)

以上情况在形式和理 解上虽然简单,但随着环境和逻辑意义的变化,其变数也大,在考
试中最容易出现过失性错误,应该特别 小心。

NO3:
用动词的过去时态形式表示一种虚拟语气,主要有如下集中情况:
A:在It is (high about) time that …结构中,that从句的谓语动词用一般过去时态形式。例如:
It is high time that we were off.
It is time that we went to bed.
但:It was high time that we had been off.
It was time that we had gone to bed.
但:It is the first that I have done so.
这是我第1次这么做。(见P19用法特点4:NO2)

但:It was the first that I had done so.


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B: 在If非真实条件句中,if从句谓语要用一般过去时态形式、主句谓 语用情态动词“would+
原形动词”表示与现在事实相反;
if从句谓语要用一般过去时态形式或者were to 或者“should+原形动词”、 主句谓语用
情态动词“wouldshould+原形动词”表示与将来事实相反。请比较:
If he were indoors, he wouldn’t feel so cold.
(与现在事实相反)

If I were to do the work, I should do it in different way.
(与将来事实相反)

特别注意:此时的If可以省略,并到倒装为:
Were he indoors, he wouldn’t feel so cold.
Were I to do, the work, I should do it in different way.
但:如果是对过去的事情进行 相反的假设,IF从句就必须用过去完成时态形式,而主句则
要用shouldwould have done。例如:
If I had come here yesterday, I would have seen her.
特别注意:此时的If可以省略,并到倒装为:
Had I come here yesterday, I would have seen her.


C: 在But that…(要不是……) 构中,But tha t结构中的谓语动词用一般过去时态形式,表示
对发生了的事情进行相反的假设,但主句要用would have done表示。请比较::
She would have come to see you but that she was ill.
要不是生病,她就来看你了(没能来看你)

She came to see you but you were out.
她来看你,但你出去了(普通的转折连词:但是)


D: 在wish that+句子; if only+句子
(要是……就好了)
;would (that)+句子
(要是……就好了)

O that+句子
(要是……就好了)
;Would to God +句子
(但愿……)
;Imagine that;as ifthough;it is not
as ifthough…
(才不…呢)
;…than if;If it were not for…
(要不是……);
would rather that, would
sooner that, had better that, would as soon that, just as soon that
(这5个都表示:宁愿……)
等 结构中,
要求后面的句子用一般过去时态形式表示对现在进行的假设。例如:

I wish (that) she werewas here. 但愿她现在在这里(事实上现在不在)。
但:I wished (that) she had been here.
我当时真希望她在这里(事实上当时不在)。

If only she werewas more cautions.
要是她现在谨慎些就好了(事实上她现在不谨慎)。

但:If only she had been more cautions.
要是她当时谨慎些就好了(事实上她当时不谨慎)。


Would (that) I could fly.
要是我能飞就好了。

但:Would (that) I had seen her before she died.
我要是能在她死前见上她一面就好了。


O that she were with me.
她现在要是和我在一起就好了。
但: O that she had been with me.
她当时要和我在一起就好了。

Would to God she would return safely.
但愿她平安归来。


Imagine that he were laughed by these shallow people.
设想一下他遭到了那些浅薄之人的嘲笑。
但:Imagine that he had not taken those measure, what would have happened.
想象一下,如果他没

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有采取那些找高的措施,情况又会这样呢?

He talks as ifthough he knew all about it.
他谈起来好象全知道似的。

但:He talked as ifthough he had known all about it.
他当时谈起来好象全知道似的。

It is not as ifthough he were poor.
他(现在)才不穷呢。

但:It is not as ifthough he had been poor. 他当时才不穷呢(现在穷了)

He feels happier in living alone than (he would feel) if he were living with his family.
他(现
在)感觉自己独住比和家人一起住要愉快些。
但: I can learn more from his words than (I could learn) if I had read ten books.
我从他的话中学
的东西比我读(已经读过的)10本书的东西还要多些。

If it were not for you,he wouldn’t(shouldn’t) be better.
要不是你,他现在不会这么好。

但:If it had not been for you, he wouldn’t(shouldn’t) have been better.
当时要不是你,他就不会
这么好。

I would rather that you did it now.
我宁愿你现在就做。

但:I would rather that you had done it.
我宁愿你做过这事情。


以上所列本项内容在用法上有共同点,考的是记忆 而不是理解。哈哈哈哈哈,兄弟们,
记去吧。嘿嘿嘿嘿……

5)过去完成时态
基本概念及其用法特点:
简单地说就是过去之过去发生的动作,因此它在用发特点上有两个明 显的特征:要么有
一个过去之过去的时间,要么有两个发生在过去动作的对比。例如:
They had got everything ready before the year of 2007.
( 过去之过去的时间)

They had got everything ready before I came here.
(两个发生在过去动作的对比)

这一基本用法特点应该很好理解。但如下一些特殊用法就应该特别留意了:

NO1:在hardlyscarcelybarely…when…; no sooner…tha n…
(都表示:一……就……)
结构中,主
句的谓语动词通常要求用过去完成时态形式 。例如:
He had hardly gone to bed when the bell rang.
No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.
注意:hardlyscarcelybarely no sooner放在句首时,要用一般问句形式的倒装形式。再如:
Hardly had he gone to bed when the bell rang.

NO2:主句是一般过去时态,比较结构中的hope, expect, think, want等动词要用过去完成时
态。这点虽然简单,但容易出现过失性错误。例如:
He did better than we had hoped.
Things went more smoothly than we had expected.
The TV play wasn’t as interesting as we had wanted.


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NO3:intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think, believe, be inclined to do的过去完
成时态形式以及had better have done, should like to have done表示“本打算做某事,但事实
上内有做”的虚拟意义。例如:
I had intended to call on you yesterday. (but in fact not)
He had been inclined to be a teacher. (but in fact not)
I had wanted to help but I had no time then. (but in fact not)
NO4:其他形式下的过去完成时态形式表示的虚拟意义。
亲爱的读者,从P18 “3)现在完成时”开始,俺就用了大量的“但:”。在那些“但”
里,就包含了大量的其他形式下的过 去完成时态形式表示的虚拟意义。为了训练你们的独立
归纳能力,请自己去找哈,俺就不在这里重复了哈 ,那样会浪费掉你我大量的宝贵时间哦。
6)将来完成时态
表示在将来某个时间或者动作之 前要完成的动作。用法比较简单,基本上从逻辑意义就
可以判断,而且运用的频率不是很高。例如:
I shall have finished it by next Friday.
下星期五之前俺就能完成了。

She will have written it tomorrow at noon.
她明天中午就可以写好了。

By next Monday, she will have studied here for three years.
下星期天,她就在这里学习3年了。
7)现在(一一般)将来时态
基本含义及其用法
表示将来发生的动作或者存在的状态;
Shall do…(一人称) Will do…(二、三人材)
特殊用法:
NO1:BE GOING TO DO
表示“决定、打算做某事,或者有迹象表明将要、可能发生的事情”。
I am going to go with you. Is it going to rain?
There is going to be a film in our college.
与WILLSHALL的区别:
WILLSHALL表示主语认为、相信 、希望或者假定要发生(可能很久才发生)的事情,而
BE GOING TO DO则表示主语本身计划、安排马上要做的事情,或者迹象表明事情马上就
要发生。比较:
I believe that China will become one of the richest countries in the world.
Listen to the wind. We are going to have a rough crossing.
BE GOING TO 可以用内在时间、条件、原因状语从句中,而WILLSHALL不可以,如果
用就表示了“意愿 ”。比较:
If you are going to attend the meeting, you’d leave now.
If you will (愿意) do it yourself, I will (愿意) be with you
NO2:现在进行时态表示的将来:
下列动词的现在进行形式可以表示计划安排好了的将来时态:
Join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, meet, move, sleep, have, do stay, arrive, leave, speak, start,
go, come等。与一般现在时态表示将来的区别:
上述动词的一般现在时态形式也可以 表示将来,但要求其主语通常是事物而不是人,而进行
时态形式的将来时态通常要求主语是人而不是事物 。比较:
The train leaves at 9 (正确) The train is leaving at 9 (不妥)
I am leaving now. (正确) I leave (不妥)
NO3:BE TO BE ABOUT TO表示的将来:

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表示计划或者安排,或者用来追求意见:
Am I to take over(接替)his work? The highway is to be opened in May.
但如果不是人所能安排、计划的,就不能这样用了。比较:
I think I am to faint.(晕倒是不能自己安排的,所以不能这样用)
I think I am going to faint (晕倒可以有迹象,所以可以这样用,因为BE GOING TO可以表
示有迹象表明将要发生什么事情)
BE ABOUT TO 意义同BE TO, 但不能和具体的时间状语连用,但经常接一个WHEN(这
时突然)。例如:
The talk is about to begin.(正确)
The talk is about to begin soon. (有具体的时间状语soon,不妥)
I was about to go out when he came. 我正要出门,这时他来了
NO4:特别注意:
WILL可以表示拒绝做某事,用于事物,有拟人化的特点;例如:
The door won’t open 这门打不开
WII I ?和WILL WE?可以表示“当然可以”“那还用问”。例如:
——Will you do me a favor? ——Will I? Of course I will.
——Will you try again? ——Will I?
8)过去进行时态
表示过去某个时 间进行或者持续的动作。从这个意义上讲,了解了现在进行时态,就知道过
去来进行时态的用法了。
9)将来进行时态
表示将来某个时间将要进行或者持续的动作。从这个意义上讲,了解了现在 进行时态,就知
道将来进行时态的用法了。但还是要注意:
一般将来时态既可以表示纯粹的将 来,也可以表示意图,而将来进行事态之表示纯粹的将来,
不表示说话人的意图。比较:
He won’t cut the grass 他拒绝决割草(有意图)
He won’t be cutting the grass. 到时他是不会割草(纯粹的将来,无意图)
1, He claimed ___ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.
A. being badly treated B. treating badly
C. to be treated badly D. to have been treated badly
2, In the time of inflation, the value of money drops as ___ .
A. price is arising B. price arises C. prices are rising D. prices rise
3, He ___ a letter to her to explain the whole thing, but he didn’t.
A. should write B. ought to have written
C. ought to write D. should be writing
4, It’s about time the police ___ illegal off-course horse betting.
A. do away with B. did away with
C. have done away with D. should have done away with
5, It’s Sunday. You ___ school.
A. didn’t need to go to B. needn’t have gone to
C. mustn’t go to D. couldn’t go to
6, Somebody has told you the truth, ___ ?
A. hasn’t he B. didn’t he C. haven’t they D. didn’t they
Passable keys: DDBBBC

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2小节 谓语动词的语态
谓语动词的语态包括主动语态和被动语态。这里我们重点讨论被动语态。
被动语态之能运用于 及物的动态动词,
状态性动词是没有被动语态的
。在使用被动语
态时应该注意如下几点 :
NO1

被动形式的表现方式:
一般被动形式:amisarewaswere done
进行被动形式:amisarewaswere being done
完成被动形式:havehashad been done
不定式的被动形式:to be done(一般式);to have been done(完成式)
动名词的被动形式:being done(一般式); having been done(完成式)
注意:在口语中,其它一些特殊的系动词如get, appear可以替代be

NO2

不及物动词加上介词后构成了及物性动词短语可以使用被动形式。例如:
She was much looked up to for her kindnesses. 她因多行善事而受人尊敬。
The ticket has been spoken for. 票已经被人定了。
The problem has been gone into. 问题已经得到了解决。
The house was once lived in by a monk. 这房子曾有一个和尚住过。
但:如果不具备及物性,不能用被动。例如:
The fact speaks for itself(事实不言自明). 不能说:Itself is spoken for by the fact.
因为这里的itself并不是FOR的宾语,而是反身代词充当了状语,所以speaks for不
具备及物的特性,不能用被动形式。再如:
Things are looking up. (情况看来有好转) 不能说:Things are being looked up.
因为这里的up其实是一个副词而不是介词,因此还是不及物的特性,不能使用被动
形式。

NO3

“动词+名词+介词”构成的短语有两重被动形式。例如:
Take care of…: He was taken care of. = Care was taken of him.
Make use of…: The book was made use of. = Use was made of the book.
Pay attention to…: The situation was paid attention to. = Attention was paid to the
situation.

NO4

一些动词的进行时态形式本身 就表示了被动的含义,所以也可以不必再用被动形式
(当然,用进行被动形式也是可以的)。例如:
The meet is cooking.
The cakes are baking.
The cow is milking.
这类动词常见的还有:brew
(煮)
, owe
(欠),
build, print, sell, beat, fry
(煎)
, blind, air
(晾晒)
, show
(播
发),
fire
(开火),
sound
(吹响),
prepare, take(采取), finish, complete
(完成),
reprint
(重新装订)


NO5

一些动词如sell, write, hang, smell, taste等同时具有动态(此时为及物动 词,可以使
用被动形式)和状态(此时为不及物动,没有被动形式)。这类动词较多,要在平时的单词< br>
26


记忆中注意它们的词性(可参考NO4)。比较:
This kind of book sells well. (状态,无被动)
This kind of book was sold out yesterday (动态,可用被动)
NO5

一些在“It be + adj + to do”结构中,用主动表示被动。例如:
It is hard to understand this article.
=To understand this article is hard
=The article is hard to understand.
The fish is not fit to eat.
= To eat the fish is not fit.
= The fish is not fit to eat.

NO6

感官动词如look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound等通常也用主动表示被动。例如:
T he follower smells sweet.
The dish tastes delicious.

NO7

want, deserve, need, require, replay, stand, take(下工夫做…), won’t bear(不堪想象做…),
be worth后面通常用DOING的主动形式表示被动。例如:
The book is worth reading.
This point deserves mentioning.
The coat requires mending.
The children need looking after.
The table wants cleaning.
The rule will take some learning.
That won’t bear thinking of.
最后特别注意:不要把被动式与系表结构相混淆,因为有些“使”动词的过去分词形式实际上已经转化为形容词了。请比较:
When he heard what he said, he was very surprised. (系表)
He was surprised by what he said. (被动)

3小节 谓语动词的语气


特别注意:本小节很多内容在时态部分实际上已经将了,这里再次出现是为了加深印象。
谓语动词的语气主要集中在虚拟语气上。所谓虚拟语气,就是对事实进行相反的假设。
1) if非真实条件句表示的虚拟:
if非真实条件句是虚拟语气最常用,最基本的形式。这一基础虚拟形式主要包括如下
三种格式:
A) 与过去事实相反:“if+主语+过去完成形式(条件从句),主语+wouldshould + have +
过去分词(结果主句)。”表示的含义为:对曾经发生的事情进行一种相反的假设,而事实上
情况却并非如此。例如:
a) If he had been here, he would have helped you. 如果当时他在这儿,他就会帮你了(事实
上:他未在这儿,他未能帮你。)
b) If he had come yesterday, you would have watched the pop performance.如果你昨天来,就
能看上这场演出了(事实上:你未能来,也未能看到。)

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【注】 此结果主句中的if条件句如是be动词,口语中也可以用were来取代had been,例如:If he were
here, he would have helped you. 但在解题时仍最好用had been。
B) 与现在事实相反:“if+主语+动词过去 式(条件从句),主语+shouldwould动词原形
(主句)。”表示的含义为:所表示出的愿望 、态度、看法等与现在的事实相反。例如:
a) If I were you, I should do it better. 如果我是你,就能把它做得更好(事实上:我不是你,
我也未做。)
b) If I had a spare dictionary, I would lend it to you. 我要是有多余的字典,就把它借给你
(事实上:我现在没有,也就不可能借给你。)
C) 与将来事实相反:“if+主语+动词过去式(条件从句);主语+shouldwould+动词原形。 ”
表示的含义为:所表示的愿望、看法等在将来也不可能成为事实或成为事实的可能性很小。
例 如:
a) If you dropped your computer, it would break. 如果你把你的电脑摔在地上,它是会被
摔坏的 (事实上:没有人会把自己的电脑摔在地上。)
b) I know, you will not live there. But if you lived there for a while, you would change your
mind about that place. 我知道你不会住在那儿。但如果你在那儿呆上一段日子,你就会改变
对那个地方的看法了 (事实上:你在那儿呆上一段日子的可能性极小。)
【注1】: 从以上B),C) 可以看出表示: 表示与现在事实相反和表示与将来事实相反在动词的表现形
式上是一样的,这无疑会给理解造成歧义。这 就要求我们从特定的上下文去判断,或者,加上一个表示现
在(经常)或将来的时间状语。试比较:If he were here, he would help you.该例句既可以理解为“如果他(现
在)在这儿,他就会帮你了”(事实上:他现在不在这儿。) 也可以理解为“如果他(等会儿,明天,后天?)
来这儿,他是会帮你的”(事实上:他来这儿的可能极 小,或不可能会来这儿。) If he were here now, he would
help you.(事实上:他现在不在这儿。) If he were here tomorrow, he would help you.(事实上:他明天来的可
能极小或根本不可能来这儿。)
【注2】 除了以上可以通过加表示将来的时间状语外,对于将来虚拟,更习惯用if+主语were to,这种
说法被认为是最正规的格式,其实现的可能性也最小。此外,还可以用 “if+主语+sh ould?,”其可能性介
于以上两者之间。试比较(以下两对比句,前句表达的正规程度胜过后一句) :
a) If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.(几乎没有可能)
b) If it should snow tomorrow, they would not go out.(有较小可能性)
c) If it snowed tomorrow, they would not go out.(有较大可能性)
如果明天下雪,他们就不出去了。

【注3】: 正如本项【注2】中所述,表示将来的虚拟从句除了用 “ if+主语+were to ”或“if+主语+
过去时;”以外,还可以用“if+主语+wouldshould+动词原形,” 其虚拟程度居中(见 【注2】:中的例句。)
如此,在从句和主句中就会同时出现should或 would,此时,如果主句表示了一种结果,则常常用陈述语
气或祈使语气表示虚拟语气以免与从句的 shouldwould重复。如:
If we should fail this time, we should be punished.(正确)

If we should fail this time, we are punished.(最佳)
如果我们这次失败,就要挨批评(结果主句,最好用陈述语气表虚拟)
2) 关于if非真实条件句(if虚拟语气)的延伸:
如前所述,if非真实条件句(if虚拟句)有三种基本句型(对过去、现在、将来的假设) ,
根据这三种基本句型,可以延伸出各种虚拟形式,常见的有:
A) 延伸出混合虚拟句:
混合虚拟语气,又叫交叉虚拟语气,请看以下三个对比例句:
a) If you left now, you would arrive there in good time.
b) If you had left yesterday, you would have arrived there in good time.

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c) If you had left yesterday, you would arrive there in good time now.
一般情况下 ,无论你对过去、现在、还是将来进行假设,使用怎样的非真实条件句,就
应当使用相应的非真实主句。 如例句a)为“如果你现在走,你就能及时赶到那儿 (事实上:
并未现在走;)”例句b)为“如果你 昨天就走,你(昨天)就能及时赶到那儿了(事实上:昨
天未走。)”两个句子的主句和从句分别使用了 相对应的谓语动词形式来表示虚拟,动作都
处在同一时间之内。但在实际语言交流过程中,主句与从句所 叙述的动作不在同一时间之内,
如从句是过去,主句是现在;从句是现在,主句是将来等。如从句是过去 ,即“如果你昨天
走的话”,而主句又是现在,即“那么你现在已经按时赶到那儿了”,故例句c) 的 意义为“如
果你昨天走的话,你现在就按时赶到那儿了(事实上:昨天未走,今天也未赶到。)”再如:
If you had followed the doctor, you would be better now。如果你昨天听了医生的话,今天就会
好一些了(事实上:昨天没听医生的话,今 天也未见好转。)以上这种情况,我们就称为“混
合(交叉)虚拟语气。”
B) 延伸出倒装虚拟句:
首先请看下列对比例句:
a) If I were you, I would do it better = Were I you, I would do it better.
如果我是你会做得更好。
b) If I had time, I would go with you.= Had I time, I would go with you.
如果有时间就和你去。
c) If it should be necessary, I would come.= Should it be necessary, I would come.
如果有必
要,我会来的。
由以上对比例句不难看出,if非真实条件句中的if是可以省去的,此时,从句中的were,
should, had应当提前至句首。在现代英语中,从句中的could, did, would也可以提前,但用
得较少。例如:If time would permit, I should like to speak more. =Would time permit, I should
like to speak more.再如: If he read more, he could understand it. = Read he more (or: Did he
read more,) he could understand it.等等。这种情况就叫倒装虚拟条件句。
【注1】 如果if非真实条件句是否定的,否定词不能前置。如不能说Weren't he there, Hadn't he been there
等,而只能说(如果省略if的话)Were he not there; Had he not been there。
【注2】口语中, if非真实条件句中的be也可以用was。但使用was时,通常不省略if而用倒装句。
如最好说I f he were to go,?;也可以说(口语中)If he was to go,?。但不能说Was he to go,?而可以说Were
he to go,?。
【注3】有一种表示祝愿虚拟形式也是倒装方式,即:May +主语+动词原形;或副词+动 词原形+主
语。这种虚拟形式是为强调而倒装,而不是表“虚拟。”例如:May you succeed!(祝你成功!); Long live China!
(中国万岁!)
C) 延伸出含蓄虚拟句:
首先请看下列对比例句:
a) He could certainly do better under favorable condition.=If condition were favorable, he
could certainly do better. 如果条件有利,他一定能干得更好。
b) Such mistakes could have been avoided.=If we (you, they,?) had been more careful, such
mistakes could have been avoided. 如果我们(你们,他们,?)小心一些,这样的错误是可
以避免的。
c) Make any noise and you would be discovered.=If you should make any noise, you would
be discovered.只要发出一点声响就会被发现。
从以上对比例句不难看出,不少情况下,就是没有if非真实条件状语的限定, 主句仍用
虚拟形式。实 际上,这是因为:由于if非真实条件句所假设的情况从特定的上下文中可以
判断出来,或者主句中的某 一个词、词组已经暗示了这种非真实的条件,所以,没有必要将
之说出来,这就是我们常说的“含蓄假设 条件句”或“含蓄虚拟语气。”由于假定的情况没

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有直接说明 ,就加大了学习者理解上的难度,但只要理解了上下文的含义,或抓住了某一个
关键,其实也不难理解。 再比如:
d) Without guidance they could not be able to succeed. 如果没有人引导他们的话,他们是
不会成功的 (关键词without暗含if they were not guided。)
e) I was away that day. Otherwise I would have attended the lecture. 那天我不在家,否则,
我是会去听讲演的 (关键词Otherwise暗含if I had not been away。)
D) 延伸出无主句虚拟句:
如前所述,既然当我们从特定的上下文或某一个关键词或词组可以判断 出主句的虚拟含
义而省去if非真实条件从句(即含蓄虚拟句),同样,我们也可以省去主句而保留从句 的虚
拟形式。应当牢记的是,并非所有的三种if非真实条件句都可以省去主句而保留从句,它
只局限于if only, but 等少数几个词,或者词组,表示的是一种愿望,而且是以感叹句的方
式出现。汉语多理解为“要是?就好了(该有多好)!”由于已清楚地表达虚拟含义,故无须
说出主句 。
a) If only I knew where he lives!
要是我知道他住哪儿就好了!(用了一般过去时表示现在。)
b) If only I had not lost my purse!
要是我没把钱包弄掉该有多好啊!(用了过去完成时表示过去。)
c) Had I but taken your advice!
我要是当时听了你的劝告就好了!(用了过去完成时表示过去。)
d) Had he but come yesterday!
要是他昨天能来该多好啊!(这里的come是动词的过去分词形式,而不是原形。)

【注】以上例句中的If only所列出的句子,其谓语动词用一般过去式表现形式还是用过去完成时 态的
形式,取决于是对现在进行假设(用一般过去形式)还是对过去进行假设(用过去完成形式),其用 法特点
与wish后面接宾语从句用法完全相同。试比较:
a) I wish he were here now. 我希望他现在就在这儿 (现在不在。)
b) If only he were here now! 他现在要是在这儿该多好啊! (现在不在。)
c) I wished he had been here yesterday. 我希望他昨天在这儿。
d) If only he had been here yesterday!

他昨天要是在这儿该多好啊!(= Had he but been here yesterday!)

3) 与虚拟语气有关的谓语动词:
我们前面讨论了虚拟语气最基本的三种形式 (即:在if非真实条件句中对现在、过去、
将来分别进行 非真实假设。),也讨论了由这三种基本形式发展而来的四种延伸形式,从某种
意义上讲,讨论的问题理 解成份居多。
我们知道,英语中有些谓语动词之后如果接了that宾语从句,that宾语 从句的谓语动词
常用原形(美式用法)或should加动词原形(英式用法)来表示一种虚拟语气。那 么,到
底有哪些这样的谓语动词呢?通常有:advise, propose, recommend, vote, suggest
(建议)
;move
(提议)
,intend, insist
(坚决要求),
demand, require, request, desire, ask
(要求),
urge, advocate, order,
command, appoint
(命令)
, direct, instruct, decree, enjoin
(命令),
ordain
(规定)
,stipulate(规定),
arrange, prescribe
(规定)
, prefer, resolve
(决心)
, settle
(决定),
determine等等。例如:
a) He asks that he (should) be given more time to do it. 他要求给予更多的时间做这事。
b) I vote that she (should) go at once. 我建议她马上走。

【注1】以上所列谓语动词如果改为“It iswas done that?”结构,则“that?”从句中的谓语动词也常
用“ (should+)动词原形。”如:
a) It is desired that she come (or should come) in time. 希望她能按时来。
b) It is settled that you (should) leave us then? 那么,你离开我们已是定了?


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【注2】 如果以上所列动词转化为名词性并用作主语,后面接一个that表语从句,或这些动词转化 为
名词后,后面接一个that引出的同位语从句,则同位语从句中的谓语动词也常用 “(should+)动词原形”
(另外还有idea, motion, proposition, rule, regulation, stipulation, plan, arrangement, policy, resolution等名词用
法相同)。试比较:
a) He suggests that all this be (or should be) done at once.= His suggestion is that all this be (or should be )
done at once. 他建议所有这一切必须马上做。
b) His suggestion that all this be (or should be) done has been discussed by us. 我们已经讨论了他关于所有
这一切必须马上做的建议。
以上三句中,第一句是sugg est引出的宾语从句,为“他建议这一切都要马上做”;第二句的suggestion
是名词做主语 ,后面接that表语从句,为“他的建议是这一切都要马上做;”第三句的suggestion是名词,后面接that同位语从句,为“他这一切都要马上做的建议已经讨论了。”

【注3】 以上所列动词中,有些动词只有表示括号内的汉语意思时,从句谓语动词方可使用虚拟形式,
否则,当选用所需要的时态。试比较:
a) He suggested that it be finished by the end of this year. 他建议这应当在本年底以前完成。
b) His face suggests that he is ill. 他的脸色表明(显示)他病了。
c) She insisted that she be sent to work there. 她坚决要求派她去那儿工作。

d) She insists that she is well. 她坚持认为她身体健康。
4) 与虚拟语气相关的形容词:
本项内容与前面“3)”所讨论的内容一 样,记忆的成分大于理解的成分,只是由前面“3)”
所讨论的动词(含转换为名词)转向本项的形容词 罢了。这是因为,英语中有些形容词作了
表语,会影响从句的语气,这种情况通常有二:
A) 下列形容词(含转换为形容词的动词分词)作了表语,其that主语从句的谓语动词
常用“(s hould +)动词原形”:desired, proposed, recommended, stipulated, requested, suggested,
arranged, decided, ordered, necessary, essential, imperative, important, urgent, advisable, desirable,
possible, strange, odd, incredible, natural, monstrous, surprising, shocking, amazing, disappointing
等。当然,这些形容词多以“It is (was)?that?”的句型出现 (It是形式主语,that是真正主
语。) 例如:
a) It was suggested that our college be moved to Xi Wai Town.
人们建议我们学院迁至西外镇。
b) It is desired that she get ready soon.
希望她能快点准备好。

c) It is necessary that he be sent to work there at once.
他马上派往那里工作是很有必要的。


【注】 以上形容词后所接的that从句也可用陈述语气表示事实而非个人情绪。如:It is possible that he
will pass the exam.。当然,到底用陈述语气还是虚拟语气,还是要从上下文的语境来判断。如:He studies very
hard. So it is possible that he will pass the exam.。此句由于“He studies very hard”的出现,that从句如用虚拟
便显不妥,而当用陈述语气了。
B) 下 列形容词(含转换为形容词的动词的过去分词)如果在句子中作了表语,主语又
是人,则形容词后的th at从句也常用“(should+)动词原形”,其句型通常为“主语(多为人)+be
+ adj.+ that?从句。”这类形容词通常有:anxious, eager, keen, desirous, determined, sorry,
disappointed, rejoined, surprised, shocked, amazed, ashamed等。如:
a) I am anxious that nobody know where she is going.
我担心的是没有人知道她要去哪里。
b) We are eager that the new head come as early as possible.
我们急切盼望新上司尽快早点来。
c) Quite honestly, I am not so keen that a stranger use my book.
老实说我不在意陌生人用我书。

【注】 以上形容词后面所接的that从句中,谓语动词也有可以用陈述语气,方法同“C)”中的“【注】。”
5) 情态动词与虚拟语气:
英语中,情态动词的过去式常可以表示一种虚拟含义,它不仅可以用于if引出的非真

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实条件句中的从句和主句中,如If you would be interested, I should be very glad to send you a
copy of my book.,还可以用于没有if的非真实从句的主句中,即“含蓄虚拟句”中,如:
That would be your life in the future,或在in order that?; so that?等引出的状语从句中,如:
I live so that others could live better。当然,重要的是不要把这种虚拟的含义与情态动词的过
去形式表 示一种命令,如should,或委婉的语气如would混为一谈。关于这一点,只能从具
体的语境去 理解,而且不难理解。除此之外,我们主要应注意如下几种较为特殊的用法:
A) should +have +过去分词:
表示对发生的事情进行相反的假设,常常表示一种 抱怨,责备,多译为“本应?,”表
示的内涵为“本应?,而事实上并未如此。”但要注意,不要把它与 过去将来完成时混为一
谈。试比较:
a) The flowers are dry. You should have watered them.
这些花都枯萎了。你该给它们浇水才是 (与事实相反,即:没浇水。)
b) He said that the work should have been finished by the end of this year.
他说这些工作应在本年底以前完成 (过去将来完成时。)
c) It is too late. They should have come earlier.
现在太晚了,他们该早一点来的 (与事实相反, 即:没有早来。)
d) He told me that the project should have been carried out by the end of the next five-year
plan. 他告诉我说这项工程将在下个五年计划底以前实施完毕 (过去将来完成时。)
B) could have +过去分词:
表示与过去事实相反的设想,为“本来能、可以”之意,即:表示本应具备的一种能力,
而实际上未能。
a) If I could have gone with you, I should have been glad. 当时要是能和你们一道去,我会
是多么高兴 (事实上未能和你们一道去。)
b) You could have given him a hand. 你当时本可以帮他一把的 (事实上未能帮他。)
C) might have +过去分词:
表示与过去事实相反的可能性的假设,为“本可以。”如:
a) I might have fulfilled the work earlier.
我本可以早一些完成这项工作的 (事实上未能完成。)
b) He might have been there on time. 他本可以按时到那儿的 (事实上未按时赶到。)

【注】“ may have +过去分词”可以表示一种猜测,表示某事可能已经完成。如:He may have been there
now。他现在也许已经到那儿了。此时,它不表虚拟,只表猜测。
D) would have +过去分词:
对发生的事情表示一种虚拟、假设、条件,用于二、三 人称。英式英语也可以用于第一
人称,为“也许会、也许可能。”如:
a) If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
如果你早一些来就能见到他了(未见着。)
b) We would have lived in the same hotel. 我们或许住同一个旅馆(可能性极小。)
E) must have +过去分词:
must与完成时连用时用法与may一样,都不 表示虚拟,而是就发生的事情进行猜测,
只是must加完成时是对发生了的事情进行肯定的猜测,多为 “一定?”之意,而may加完
成时表示的可能性较小,多为“也许已经?”之意。试比较:
a) He must have been there. 他一定去过那里。
b) He may have been there. 他也许已经到了那儿。
6)其它一些虚拟语气的表现形式:
1) as if ( as though ):
该连词词组引出的状语可以用一般过去时表示与现在相反的事实,也可以用过去完成时

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表示与过去相反的事实,还可以使用陈述语气表示可能的事实,到底用什么,要视上下文 特
定的语言环境来确定。试比较:
a) He speaks as if as though he were a girl. 他说起话来就像是一个女孩(与现在事实相
反,他不可能是个女孩。)
b) He talks as if though he had been there himself, but in fact he did not.他谈起话来好像他
曾去过那里似的(事实上未去,与过去事实相反。)
c) He looks as if as though he is a teacher.
他看起来像个老师(事实上他可能是一个老师。)
2) even if ( even though ):
该连词词组引出一个从句,表“让步”,为“即使?。”如果 这一让步不是事实而是假设,
则要用虚拟,用法同as if ( as though )。试比较:
a) Even if Even though he had been busy, he would have helped us. 即使他当时很忙,他也
会来帮我们的 (即:他当时并不忙,所以更会帮我们。)
b) I know you are a student. But even though even if you are a student, you have to obey the
rule. 我知道你是个学生,但就算你是一个学生,也应遵守规矩(是事实,不用虚拟)
3) would rather, would sooner, had better,(would) just as soon:
这几个词组常被视为特殊的助动词,后面接动词原形,如:You had better go at onc e.。
但它们都有一个特殊的用法,即后面接一个that宾语从句,此时,从句动词常用一般过去式< br>表现在或将来的一种愿望,用过去完成式表示过去的一种愿望。如:
a) I would rather you came tomorrow.
我宁愿你们明天来(事实上明天不会来。)
b) I would sooner you did it now.
我希望你现在就做这事(事实上现在不会做。)
c) I would rather you had not made such a mistake.
我宁愿你未犯过这样的错误(事实上犯过。)
4) want, think, suppose, hope, believe, plan:
以上几个动词有一个共同的 用法特点,即:使用其过去完成时态形式,表示“本?”(而
事实上并未)。但如只使用一般过去形式, 则只表示当时的想法,结果、事实如何,未作强
调。试比较:
a) I had wanted to go with you. 我本打算和你一道去的(事实上:并未去。)
b) I wanted to go with you. 我曾想和你一道去(也许去过,也许未去,未作说明。)
c) I had thought that he had died. 我本以为她早死了(事实上:并未死。)
d) I thought that he (had) died.我想他可能死了(死了还是未死,未作说明)
5) wish:
wish后面接宾语从句时,从句动词常用一般过去形式表示 现在或将来一种不可能实现的
愿望;用过去完成形式表示过去一种不可能实现的愿望。如果表示的愿望可 能实现,则当用
hope,而不能用wish。试比较:
a) I wish you could take my advice.
我希望你能接受我的观点 (事实上你现在或将来不会接受。)
b) I wish she were here now. 要是她现在就在这儿就好了(事实上现在不在这儿。)
c) I wish you had called me yesterday. 要是你昨天能给我来个电话就好了
(并未给电话。)
d) Looking back on it, I wish we had not given in so easily. 回想起来,真后悔咱们不该那
么轻易地就让步(事实上已经让步。)
e) I hope you can understand me. 我希望你能理解我(事实上可能会理解。)
f) I hope he can come to give us a hand.
希望他能来帮我们一把(事实上可能会来帮我们。)
6) prefer:
prefer后面接宾语从句时,从句动词的用法特点与后面接宾语从句时一样,如:
a) I should prefer that you were not here tomorrow.
=I should prefer you not to be here tomorrow.

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我倒希望你明天不会在这里。(事实上明天你会在这里)
b) I preferred that you had not been here yesterday
我宁愿你昨天不在这里。(事实上你昨天在这里)
7) It iswould be (high, about) time that?:
是一个常见的句型,为是做?的时候 了,此时,that从句的谓语动词常用一般过去式,
因为该句型表示“我们做某事的时间已经过了,或 早就该这样做了”之意。此时的time前
可用about或high加以强调,但注意不要将之与“I t is the first (second, third,?) time that?”
结构相混,因为该结构为“这是?第一(二,三?)次做某事,”要用陈述语气。试比较:
a) It is highabout time that I went there. 是我去那儿的时候了(暗含:我早就该去了,而
事实上还没去。)
b) It is the first time that I will go there. 这将是我第一次去那儿(还没去,但就要去了。)
c) It is the first time that I have been there. 这是我第一次去那儿(去了,回来了。)
8) lest:
该连词为“惟恐”、“免得”之意,在被连接的状语从句 中,常用“(should+)动词原形”;
如用于be afraid, fear, worry一 类动词后则无实际意义,但lest引出的从句仍用“(should+)
动词原形。”例如:
a) The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it (should) go wrong on the way. 司机仔
细检查了发动机,惟恐车在路上出毛病。
b) I was afraid lest the kid (should) fall down the staircase. 我担心(怕)这孩子会从楼梯上
跌落下来。
9) whether:
whether引出的让步状语从句,表示“不管?还是”之意时,whether如果省略,则从句
主 谓倒装,此时,从句谓语动词用原形。如:
a) He will be here on time, drive or take he the train.
=Whether he drives or takes the train, he will be here on time.
无论他是开车来还是坐火车来,他总会准时到达。
b) All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
=Whether they are large or small, all magnets behave the same.
磁场无论大小,特性都是一样。
10) 另外还有: in case that?(以防);for fear that?(生怕、以免);take it for granted
that?.(视?为当然);God (Heaven) forbid that?(千万别、绝对不?)等。其中的that从
句谓语动词也可以用“(should +)动词原形”表示虚拟,如:I dare not tell you what he did, for
fear that you (should) be angry with me.(我不敢告诉你他做过的事,我怕你生我的气)。

第3讲 宾语

宾语的考点重要 在如下2个方面:

第1小节
不定式或者动名词充当的宾语


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英语中有 些动词后面只能接不定式充当宾语,而有的又只能接动名词充当宾语,有的两
着均可,但意义有别,而有 的两着均可,但意义无别。为了便于记忆,俺们只需要记忆两中
形式即可:只能接动名词充当宾语;两着 均可,但意义有别。
只要不在你的记忆范围之内的,
概以“接不定式”论处。哈哈哈哈哈。

NO1:只能接动名词充当宾语的情况:
It be (no) good (use) doing something, It be useless (senseless, nuisance) doing something, It be
worth doing something,; admit, advise, acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, avoid, adore,
appreciate, bar, can not help, can not stand, complete, confirm, consider, contemplate, confess,
defer, delay, deny, detect, detest, discourage, discontinue, dislike, doubt, enjoy, envisage, escape,
evade, excuse, facilitate, fancy, favor, feel like, finish, forbid, forgive, give up, grudge, hinder,
hold off, involve, imagine, incur, keep (on), leave off, loathe, look like, mind, miss, mention,
necessitate, prohibit, put off, postpone, practise, permit, prevent, quit, pardon, recall, recollect,
remain, report, require, resent, recommend, resist, resume, risk, relish, shirk, stop, suggest, shun,
save, urge, visualize (visualize)等

NO2:两着均可,但意义有别: 英语中,有些谓语动词之后既可以接不定式作宾语,也可以接动名词作宾语,但含义
不同:不定式作 宾语表示动作未发生;动名词作宾语表示动作发生过。但这些谓语动词数量
不多,而且复现率高,建议学 习者首先记住它们(参见“第四章·非谓语动词”的相关部分)。
这里再简要归纳如下:
A:forget to do:忘了去做某事;forget doing:忘了作过某事。试比较:
I forget to tell you. 我忘了告诉你。
Iforget telling you. 我忘了告诉过你的。
B:remember to do :记得去做某事;remember doing:记得做过某事。试比较:
Remember to tell him. 记得告诉他(或别忘了告诉他)。
I remember telling him. 我记得告诉过他。
C:go on to do :接着去做另一件事;go on doing:继续做原来在做的事。试比较:
Let's go on to learn Lesson 3. 接下来让我们继续学习第三课。
Let's go on learning Lesson 3. 让我们继续学习第三课。
D:stop to do 停下来去做另一件事;stop doing 停止做(原来在做的)事。试比较:
Let's stop do the exercise. 让我们(停止手里的事)去做练习。
Let's stop doing exercise. 让我们停止做练习。
E:meant to do sth. 打算做某事;mean doing sth. 意味着。试比较:
He meat to go with you. 他打算和你们一起去。
He meant going with you. 他的意思是和你们一起去。
F:send sb to do sth.(作宾补:让某人去做谋事);send sb doing sth.(作宾补:使某人
匆忙做某事)。试比较:
I sent him to do that. 是我让他去做的那件事。
The bad news sent him going home. 这坏消息使他急忙回了家。
G:regret to do 抱歉做某事;regret doing 懊悔,遗憾做某事。试比较:
Iregret losing her. 失去了她,我很痛苦。
Iregret to say I cant help you. 很抱歉,我不能帮你。
【注】:事实上,人们现在都习惯用regret doing,只有少数几个表示“告诉”、“告知”、“通知”的动词

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如say,tell,inform等才用不定式(见以上两个例句)。另外,表示“对发生了的事情感 到后悔”的regret doing
也可以说regret to have doing. 例如:I regret going with you. = I regret to have gong with you . (但如果regret 是
过去时态时,最好说:I regretted having gone with you.)
H:try to do it. 全力做某事;try doing .(想知道结果而)尝试做谋事。试比较:
I'll try to do it well. 我会尽力把它做好。
I'll try doing it in another way. 我会尝试用另一种方法去做。
【注】有时,“try to do ”在口语中常用“try and do”取代,但如果try 是过去式或trying的形式,则
不用and取代to,而仍用“trying to do ”或“tried to do”。例如:I will try and do. 一般不说:I am trying and
do. 或者 I tried and do.而说 I am trying to do或者 I tried to do.

I:can't help to do 不能帮助做某事;can't help doing 情不自禁做某事。试比较:
I can't help to carry it for you. 我不能帮你拿这东西。
I can't help laughing. 我情不自禁笑了起来。

第2小节
不定式或者现在分词、过去分词充当的宾补

所谓宾补就是在宾语后面接一个成分,使宾语和后面的成分构成意义上正确的句子。例
如:I saw him crying. 宾语是“him”, 宾补是“crying”,两者的意义是“他在哭”。 能充当
宾补的词类很多,但难点集中在不定式、现在分词、过去分词上。
NO1:不定式充当的宾补:
不定式充当宾补表示动作的经常性或者完成性。但:
A:
英语中,有些动词之后通常不直接跟一个不定式充当宾语,而应当在不定式之前一个疑问 句,构成不
定式补语才能充当宾语。如:tell to do (误),但tell howwhat…to do (正),know to do (误),但know
howwhat…to do(正);或加上一个名词或代词,如:tell sb to do (正),know sb to do (正)。

B:
英语中,有些动词之后只 能接动名词作宾语,但如果在动词与动名词之间加上一个名词或代词,则动
名词应该改为不定式,如:c onsider doing (正),consider do (误);consider sb .doing(误)。但consider sb. to
do(正)。


C:
谓语是感官动词,不定式充当宾补时的to要省略,大后年在被动句中,to不能省略:
I saw him come. = He was seen to come.
He makes me work day and night. = I am made to work day and night.

NO2:现在分词充当的宾补:
现在分词充当宾补表示动作的
进行性和主动性
。如果表示进行被动,则为being done;
一般主动为doing,完成主动则为having done。但在被动句中,现在分词保持不变。如:
I saw him coming. = He was seen coming. 不能说He was seen to be coming.
I found him cutting the grass. = He was found cutting the grass. 不能说He was found to be
cutting the grass.

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I found the boy being punished. = The boy was found being punished.
I found the boy having finished his homework. = The boy was found having finished his
homework.
NO3:过去分词充当的宾补:
过去分词充当宾补表示动作的
被动性和完成性
,其一般被动形式为done,完成形式为
having been done。但在被动句中,过去分词保持不变。如:
I found the boy punished. = The boy was found punished.
I found his homework having been finished. = His homework was found having been
finished.

NO4:With + 名词+非谓语(宾补)结构:
语法上,这种结构是独立主 格结构的一种,这种结构中的非谓语动词实际上是介词
WITH的宾语的补足成分,此时非谓语动词的用 法特点和前面的NO1-NO3用法特点相同。
例如:
He sat there, (with) her chin cupped in her hand.
chin与cup的关系是被动关系,故用了非谓语动词中的过去分词。
He has made great success (with) the teacher to help him.
teacher与help的关系是主动的关系,且为一次性动作,故用了非谓语动词中的不定式。
He is making great success (with) the teacher helping him.
teacher与help的关系是主动关系,且动作正在进行,故用了非谓语动词中的现在分词。
注意,这种结构中的WITH也可以省略。

以下内容有助于你对以上NO1-NO4的进一步理解。

宾语与宾语补足语的关系
顾名思义,宾语补足语是对宾语进行进一步补充说明,以使整个句子表达更为清楚,其
位置是在宾语之后。有时,一个句子是否接宾语不足语,含义不同,如:I found him.(我发
现找到他了);I found him happy.(我发现他很快乐);而有时, 一个句子如果没有宾语补足
语,逻辑意思是不完整的,如:Please let me(请让我)。此时,必须加上一个宾语补足语,
使逻辑意义完整。如:Please let me be (alone,through……)(分别为不定式作宾补,形容词
作宾补,副词作宾补….. )。这里必须牢记的一点是:宾语和宾语补足语实际上一种逻辑意义
上的关系。即:可以把宾语看作主语 ,把宾补看成是系表结构(当然,不是形式上的主语与
谓语或系表关系,而不仅仅是这样去理解)。请比 较:
a1) Please let me go.(相当于:I go 这一主谓关系)
a2) I asked him to go with me.(相当于:He goes with me.这一主谓关系)
a3) I saw him coming.(相当于:He was coming.这一主谓关系)
a4) I found him happy.(相当于:He had been found 这一主谓关系)
以上4个例句是非谓语动词充当宾补,与宾语存在逻辑上的主谓关系,其中,例句a1)
和a2) 为不定式充当宾补,表示动作发生过或经常性,将来性或一次性动作。不定式充当宾
补是否要“to”,取决于主句谓语是否为“感官动词”(参见“第三章 动词”的相应部分)。
但要注意:不定式作宾补也有主动与被动之分。试比较:
I want you to buy a computer.(主动)
I want a computer to be bought(by you).(被动)
I saw them beat the boy.(主动)

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I saw the boy was beaten by them.(被动)
以上例句a3) 为动名词作宾补,强调了动作的进行。它有主动与被动之分。试比较;
I found him building a house.(主动)
I found a house being built(by them)(被动)
I saw the teacher punishing the students.(主动)
I saw the students being punish (by there teacher)(被动)
以上例句a4) 为动词的过去分词作宾补,它强调的是被动,而且动作已接束。试比较;
I want a house to be built.(不定式的被动作宾语 将来性)
我想建一所房子。
I want a house being built.(动名词的被动作宾补 进行性)
我想正在建一所房子。
I want a house built.(过去分词作宾补 完成性)
需要注意的是:
1
在许多情况下,宾语与非谓语动词形式的宾语补足语这 一简单句形式完全可以用一○
个宾语从句这一复杂句型来替换,方法是,把宾语用作主语,但必须用作主 格形式,把非谓
语用做谓语。试译:
我看见他进了房间。
I saw him
(宾格,宾语
) enter the room.
(不定式作宾补)
I saw(that)he
(主格,在宾语从句中用作主语)
entered the room.
(从句中的谓语)
我看见他来了。
I saw him
(宾语,宾语)
coming.(
非谓语作宾补)

I saw(that)he
(主格,主语)
was coming.
(从句谓语)
我发现他被绑住了。
I found him
(宾语,宾语)
tied.
(非谓语动词做宾补)
I found that he
(主语,从句主语)
had been tied.
(从句谓语)
2
英语中的名词,其主格与宾格同形,不像人称代词那样有明显的主格或宾格形式,○
它到底是一个宾格,后面接非谓语动词作宾补,还是主格,用作宾语从句的主语,后面接从
句作谓语,就 只能从时态、语态、主谓一致等逻辑意义去判断了。试分析:
I found the boy punished.
分析:取“the boy”的宾格形式,“punished”则当作宾补,有 逻辑上的主谓关系,表
示被动,为“我发现这孩子挨批评了”, 语法结构、逻辑意义正确;取“the boy”的主格形
式,则是一个省略了“that”的宾语从句,“the boy”当作从句主语,“ punished”当作从句
谓语,含义当为“我发现这孩子批评”,逻辑意义错误。故如将该句看成是 一个省略了that
的宾语从句,从逻辑意义上看,应将punished的主动式改为was punished 或had been punished
这一被动形式,即:I found (that)the boy was had been punished.
再分析:
I see the teacher enter the room every day.
分析:取“the teacher”的宾格形式,则“enter the room”当为省去了“to”的 不定式作
宾补,为“我看见他每天进这个房间”,语法结构、逻辑意义正确;取“the teacher”的主格
形式,则当为省略了that的宾语从句,“the teacher”为从句主语,“enter the room”为从句
谓语,为“我看见他每天都进哪个房间”,逻辑意义正确,但是,由于the teacher是第三人
称单数,“enter the room”为一般现在时,正确的时态形式当为“enters the room”,故该例句
如果理解为省略了that的宾语从句应当为:I saw(that) the teacher enters the room every day.
当然。如果我们例句中的“the teacher”由单数改为复数,则两种理解都正确。试比较:

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I see the teacher(
宾语)
enter the room(
宾补)
every day.
(不定式作宾补)
I see (that) the teacher(
主语)
enters(
谓语)
the room every day.
(宾语从句)
I see the teachers(
宾语)
enter the room (
宾补)
very day.(两种理解均可)
通过以上分析我们不难发现,“主语 +谓语+宾语+非谓语作宾补”这一简单句结构与“主
语+谓语+(that)+主语+谓语”这一复合 句结构极易混为一谈。区分的方法有二:一是看谓
语后的代词是主格还是宾格,是宾格,只能是由非谓语 充当的简单句;是主格,则一定是省
去了that的宾语从句。试比较:
I saw him

(宾语)

come.(
宾补

(由不定式充当宾语的简单句)
I saw he came.(省去了that的宾语从句)
二是谓语后的名词虽然主宾格同形,但从时 态、主谓一致、主动与被动及逻辑意义上可
以判断出是属于非位于充当宾补的简单句还是省去了that 的宾语从句。试比较:
We observed the building
宾语
destroyed.
宾补
(正)
We observed the building
(从句)主
was had been destroyed
(从句)谓
.(正)
We observed the building destroy.(误)
We observed the building destroying.(误)
We observed the building destroys.(误)
(the building 不能发出“destroy”的动作,故只能为被动形式)

第4讲 状 语
< br>状语的难点主要集中在非谓语动词充当的状语和一些特殊的状语从句的引词上。我们现
在分两个小 节来分别阐述。

第1小节 非谓语动词充当的状语

1,关于不定式作状语
不定式(短语)用作状语时常常表示两大含义:一是表示“目的,”此 时,它既可用于
“前位,”也可用于“后位。”如:
In order toTo catch the first train, he got up early.
=He got up early in order toto catch the first train.
为了能够赶上头一班火车,他起得很早。
(此时的不定式状语表目的,实际上相当于一个由so that或in order that引出的 状语从句。
从这个意义上讲,不定式作状语表目的实际上相当于一个目的状语从句的简单形式。故以上< br>例句可以写为:He got up early so thatin order that he could catch the first train. 这种主从复合
句的形式。)
问题在于:此时的不定式作状语放在“后位”时,不要将之与不定式作宾语或不定式作
宾语补足语混为一 谈。试比较:
a) He made some candles to get light.
他做了一些蜡烛来照明。
(to get light是不定式作状语表目的,相当于:He made some candles so thatin order that
he could get light from them.故千万不能误将“to”去掉。)
b) He made me work day and night.

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他让我夜以继日地工作。
(这里的work作了宾语补足语,故千万不要将“ to”加上,因为made在这里是使动
动词,其后应按接动词原形作宾补。)
c) He did what he could to help me.
他尽其所能来帮助我。
( 千万不要认为这里的could是情态动词,后面应接动词原形而误将本句中的to省去。
因为这里的c ould后面省去了一个do,而to是不定式在作状语表示“目的,”全句相当于:
He did what he could (do) to help me.。)
不定式作状语的另一个含义是 表示一种结果,此时它只能用于“后位,”而且通常有指
示词“too…to”、“enough…to ”或“only to”,此时,它们相当于一个由so…that或so that
引出的结果状语从句。试比较:
a1) He is too old to do it. 相当于一个从句:
a2) He is so old that he couldn’t do it. 他太老了,不能做这事。
b1) He is old enough to join the army. 相当于一个从句:
b2) He is so old that he can join the army. 他年龄够参军。
c1) He fall off the horse only to break his legs.相当于从句:
c2) He fall off the horse so that he had his legs broken.
他从马背上摔了下来,结果把脚摔断了。
【注1】:在上述“too…to”表示结果的不定式中,如果句子中的形容词是easy, ready, inclined, apt等,
则表示的不是否定而是肯定,此时的too相当于quite或very much,而to do是easy, ready, inclined, apt等的
形容词宾语而非状语表结果。如:He is too ready to speak. = He is too talkative. (他太爱说话了) 。这种结构
类似于I am glad to see you中的to see you是glad形容词的宾语,为“我很高兴见到你。” 假如理解为结果
状语,则为“我很高兴,结果见到了你”,虽然逻辑意义欠妥。
【注2】:有时,不定式作状语表示结果时,也没有“too, enough, only”这样的提示词,此时,就要视
上下文或逻辑意义来判断了。如:He went to town to earn money to leave his wife at home alone. (他进城挣钱
去了,结果留心下妻子独自一人在家。)
特别注意:不定式的否定形式为not to do;一般主动形式为to do;一般被动形式为to be done;
完成主动形式为to have done;完成被动形式为to have been done。


2,关于分词充当状语的一般情况
分词充当状 语有两种情况:一是现在分词作状语表示注定的意义;二是过去分词充当状
语表示被动的意义。
无论是现在分词还是过去分词充当状语,都可以用来表示时间、原因、条件、结果、伴
随,并相当于一 个相应的状语从句。此时,分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语,因此,我们可
以从这一点去判断是主动还是 被动,进而确定是该用再分词还是过去分词。试比较:
a) When I arrive there, I will call you. 相当于:
Arriving there, I will call you. (I arrive表示主动,用现在分词)
我到了那里的时候,会给你打电话。(表时间,多用于前位。)
b) Because he knew much about it, he did it well. 相当于:
Knowing much about it, he did it well. (He knew表示主动,用现在分词)
由于对此了解甚多,所以他做得很好。(表原因,多用于前位。)
c) If you had come earlier, you could have seen him. 相当于:
Having come earlier, you could have seen him. (you had come表示主动,用现在分词)

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如果你能早一点来,你就能见到他了。(表条件,多用于前位。)
d) Though they knew all this, they made me pay for damage. 相当于:
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.(they knew表示主动,用现在分词)
尽管他们了解这一切,还是要我赔偿损失。(表让步,多用于前位。)
e) The old man fell so that he struck his head against the door and cut it.相当于:
The old man fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it.
这老人跌倒了,结果头碰在了门上划破了。(表结果,只用于后位。)
f) He sat there, and (he) was reading a book. 相当于:
He sat there, reading a book.
他坐在那儿读书。(表示伴随,只用于后位。)
g) We walked in the dark as we groped our way forward. 相当于:
We walked in the dark, groping our way forward.
我们在黑夜中走着,摸索着前进。(我们在黑夜中摸索着前进)
通过以上对比例句不难看出,大多数情 况下,我们可以把一个状语从句简单化,简单化
之后的形式,就是分词作状语,其简化步骤是:第一步去 引导词,第二步去掉从句主语(要
求与主句主语是同一人或物),第三步看谓语动词是主动的还是被动的 ,如果是主动的,用
现在分词,如果是被动的,用过去分词。前面给出的是现在分词(表示主动)的例句 ,下面
再给出几个过去分词(表示被动)的例句:
h) When the town is seen from the hill, it looks beautiful.
=Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful. (It 等于the town,与see是被动关系,
用过去分词)
从山上往下看,这座城镇显得很美丽。(表时间或条件)
i) Since I was moved by what you did, I must do my work well.
=Moved by what you did, I must do my work well. (I was moved by…是被动关系,用
过去分词)
由于被你的行为感动,我一定做好我的本职工作。
j) He continued to walk up and down and he was greatly disturbed by the news.
=He continued to walk up and down, greatly disturbed by the news. (he was greatly disturbed
by…是被动关系,用过去分词)
他继续来回走动着,这消息扰乱了他的心思。(表伴随)
【注】:分词作状语表示伴随时(现在分词表 主动,过去分词表被动),没有类似的状语从句,而是相
当于一个由?连接的并列句,表示某一动作或者 状态伴随着主要的动作而发生,与形容词作状语表示伴随
是一样的。

3,关于分词作状语的特殊情况
有时为了强调,分词作状语时常出现下列特殊形式:
一是分词前的从属连词:
为了强调,常常在分词前保留时间状语从句引导词(时间从属连词)when, while, before,
after, once以及条件从属连词if或让步从属连词though, although(现在分词表主动,过去
分词表被动,这一原则依然不变。)。例如:
a) When getting there, I will come to see you.
=Getting there, I will come to see you.
=When I get there, I will come to see you.
我到了那里会去看他。

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b) Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.
=Recovered, he went all out to do his work.
=Once he was recovered, he went all out to do his work.
一旦恢复了健康,他又全力以赴地投入了他的工作。
c) ThoughAlthough beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence and
practised even harder.
=Beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence and practised even
harder.
=ThoughAlthough they were beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose
confidence and practised even harder.
虽然被对手打败,但队员们并没失去信心,而是更加努力地训练。
二是分词的逻辑主语: < br>如前所述,分词作状语从某种意义上讲是将一个状语从句简单化了。此时,分词的逻辑
主语实际上 就是主句的主语,因为是同一主语,所以被省去了(参见以上“A)”关于分词
的一般情况)。但是,分 词作状语时的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致的情况也是常见的,此
时,分词前的逻辑主语就必须保留,进 而出现了“逻辑主语+分词”这一特殊的形式,语法
上叫
“分词的独立主格形式。”
其 作用与分词作状语时没什么区别,只是多了个逻辑主语。
(现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动)试比较:
a1) He arriving there, I will call you.
=When he arrives there, I will call you.
他到的时候,我会打电话给你。
a2) Arriving there, I will call you.
=When I arrive there, I will call you.
我到的时候,(我)会打电话给你。
b1)The chairman having announced the agenda of the conference, the delegates left the
assembly hall.
=When the chairman announced the agenda of the conference, the delegates left the
assembly hall.
主席宣布完会议议程后,代表们就离开了会议厅。
b2) Having announced the agenda of the conference, the chairman left the assembly hall.
=When he announced the agenda of the conference, the chairman left the assembly hall.
主席宣布完会议议程后,(他)就离开了会议厅。(he就是the chairman)
c1) Everything done, he left his office.
=After everything was done, he left his office.
事情做(被动,故用过去分词)完后,他就离开了办公室。
c2) Finishing everything, he left his office.
=After he finished everything, he left his office.
他做完事情后,(他)就离开了办公室。
d1) Your homework finished, you may go.
=IfWhen your homework is finished, you may go.
作业做完后(作业被做,故用过去分词),你得把它交上来。
d2) Finishing your homework, you may go.
=IfWhen you finish your homework, you may go.
你做完作业后,得交上来。

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e1) All my savings gone, I started looking for jobs.
e2) Mike gone, I went on with my job.
【注】:这里的gone表示“用光了的”、“走(消失)了的。”
三是在“withwit hout+宾格(逻辑主语)+分词”结构中作状语。其中,现在分词表示
主动,多用来表示伴随或原因 ;过去分词表示被动,多用来表示时间、原因、伴随、方式等。
试比较:
a) He came home greatly pleased, with his boy running after him.(表伴随)
他愉快地回到了家,儿子跑着跟在后面。
b) With his breath running out, he stopped for a while.(表原因)
c) I was working, without anybody interrupting me.(表伴随)
我当时正在工作,没有任何人打扰我。
d) With him taken care of, we felt quite relieved.(表原因)
他能得到很好的照顾,我们感到放心。
e) He lay in the ground, with his legs injured.(表伴随)
他卧倒在地,两腿受伤。
f) With both arms outstretched, he met the boy running towards him.(表方式)
他伸出双臂,迎接向他跑去的男孩。
通过以上例句我们会发现,从纯语法的角度看,“withwit hout+宾格词+分词”作状语与
“逻辑主语+分词”作状语在表达的意义上并没有什么不同。从这个 意义上讲,两种形式是
可以互换的,只是加上“withwithout”后表示了一种强调而且更口语 化,又特别是在表示
方式或伴随时更是如此。我们可以这样理解:“withwithout+宾格词( 逻辑主语)+分词”表
示强调。例如:
When I arrive there, I will call you. 等于:
Arriving there, I will call you.为了强调时间,也可以保留连词而说:
When arriving there, I will call you.(强调)
以上主从句中的主语是一致的。如果从理解上按此原则处理主从句主语不一致的情况则
当为:
When he arrives there, I will call you.等于:
He arriving there, I will call you.为了强调时间,也可以保留连词(理论上):
When he arriving there, I will call you.(强调,理论上正确。)
而事实上,人们在实际的语言运用过程中,更多地使用With him arriving there, I will call
you,这一“with+宾格(逻辑主语)+分词”的形式 来取代“从属连词+逻辑主语+分词”形
式表示强调。据此,以上例句中的“When he arriving there,…”在理论上是正确的,但用“With
him arriving, …”更显自然。
四是在一些不及物动词之后常用现在分词表示目的或方式状语。 其中,go之后的现在
分词多为目的状语而且多表示一种娱乐或体育活动;come, lie, sit, stand等之后的现在分词多
为方式状语。例如:
Let’s go swimming.(目的状语)
让咱们去游泳吧。
He came running towards us.(方式状语)
他跑着来到我们这边。
He lay thinking over the matter.(方式状语)
他躺着反复思考这问题。(试比较:He lay, thinking over the matter.他躺着,反复思考着
这个问题。分词作状语,表示伴随。)

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4,分词的独立主格形式与动名词复合结构的区别:
A: 关于“逻辑主语+现在分词”与“所有格+动名词”的区别
“逻辑主语+doing” 是现在分词的独立主格形式,在句子中充当状语,而“所有格+doing”
是动名词的复合形式,在句 子中充当主语、宾语或表语,两者不可混淆。试比较:
a1) He coming here, I will call you.(独立主格结构作状语)
他来时,我会电告你。
a2) His coming made me happy.(名词复合结构作主语)
他的到来使我高兴。
b1) The teacher staying here for the night, the boy felt quite safe.(独立主格结构作状语)
由于有这位老师留下来过夜,所以这小孩感到很安全。
b2) The teacher’s staying here for the night made the boy feel safe.
(动名词复合结构作主语)
这位老师留下来过夜使得这小孩感到很安全。
B:关于done与being done以及done与doing作状语时的区别
如前所 述,分词作状语时,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动。但是,英语中有不
少现在分词或过去分词已 经转化为形容词,在句子中表示的不是某一动作而是一种状态,其
真正的动词是“be”。试比较:
a1) Because he was moved, he could say nothing.
这里的moved是一个转化了的形容词,真正的动词是“was” ,所以,如果要用分词
作状语取代状语从句,应说:
Being moved, he could say nothing.不能说:
Moved, he could say nothing.
由于很激动,所以话也说不出来。
a2) Because he was moved by what you said, he could say nothing.
这里的moved由于by…短语的出现,与was构成了动作上的被动,was是助动 词,
所以,如果要用分词作状语取代状语从句,应说:
Moved by what you said, he could say nothing.不能说:
Being moved by what you said, he could say nothing.
由于被你的行为深深地感动,他连话都说不出来了。
同理,请看下列对比例句:
b1) Because it is interesting, the story can be accepted by children.
这里的interesting是现在 分词转化过来的一个形容词,在这里作了表语,“is”才是
真正的动词,所以,如果要用分词作状语取 代状语从句,应说:
Being interesting, the story can be accepted by children.不能说:
Interesting, the story can be accepted by children.
由于这个故事很有趣,所以能被孩子们所接受。
b2) Because the new teacher is interesting the children, she is accepted by them.
这里的“is”是助动词,与interest ing一起构成谓语动词的进行时态形式,表示此时
的一种状态为主动关系,所以,如果要用分词作状语 取代状语从句,应说:
Interesting the children, the new teacher is accepted by them.不能说:
Being interesting the children, the new teacher is accepted by them.
由于激发了学生的兴趣,这位新老师为孩子们所接受。
【注】:分词作状语时,其否定形式一律在分词前加“Not”,如果分词是完成形式,则既可以说“N ot having…”,

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也可以说“Having not…”但“Not having…”用得更为普遍。

5,其它一些特殊的情况: < br>英语中,有些分词形式充当状语是规定不变的,换言之,这些规定结构中的分词不考虑
与主句主语 的关系,我们把这种现象称为“分词的独立成分”,需要死记:
以现在分词形式出现的独立成分通常有:GenerallyStrictly speaking, …(总的说来);
Frankly speaking(坦白地说);Considering…(就? 而言、而论);excepting…(除?之外);
talking of…(说、谈到?);Judging from…(根据?判断);allowing for…(考虑到? );
counting…(算上?);assumingsupposing…(假如?)barrin g…(除去?)。等等。
以过去分词形式出现的独立成分通常有:Put frankly(坦白地说);Taken as a whole(总
的来说,?);all told(总计、总共);all said and gone(毕竟);…considered(考虑到?);…accomplished(?完成之后);given…(假如?允许);given that…(假如?);granted…
(就算?是正确的);granted that…(就算? );turned+时间(?时间到来时);…expected
(?除外)等等。例如:
a) She will be here, turned the Women’s Day.
她三·八节会来这儿。
b) Given more time, I can do it better.
如果给我更多的时间,我会做得更好。
c) Given his health, you had best give him a hand.
考虑到他的健康,你最好帮他一下。
d) Granted you idea, you may make mistakes.
就算你的观点(看法)是正确的,你也会出错。
e) Granted that you are wiser, you may make mistakes.
就算你聪明,也会出错。
【注】:也有语法学家把过去分词形式如given, granted, turned等等放在名词 之前,看成是“逻辑主语+
过去分词”这一独立主格结构的倒装形式。如:Given more time, I can do it better.等于:More time given, I can
do it better (也有语法学家认为这里的Given(过去分词形式)本身是个介词,为 “假如?允许”之意。)而
本辅导资料的观点是:一方面,这种结构其实就是一个状语从句简化为分词状 语,如:Given more time, I can
do it better. = If I am given more time, I can do it better. 而 More time given, I can do it better. = If more time is
given, I can do it better.另一方面,英语中一些动词的过去分式或现在 分式在词性上已经演变为一个介词或连
词,如:Given his support, I think we will win the election. (这里的given就是一个介词,为“如果有?;设
想有?;考虑到?”

第2小节 不同状语从句的引词

A) 表示时间的状语从句
A1) 基本概念
表示时间的状语从句叫时间状语从句,用以说明主句发生的时间,大多置于“前位”并
用逗号分开(有时也置于“后位”,主从句之间不用逗号)。可以用来引出时间状语从句的连
词有:w hen, whenever, as, while, before, after, until, till, since, ever since, as soon as, once(等于
when), the moment(等于when), by the time(等于when), the day(等于when), hardly…when,
no sooner …than等等。
A2) 用法特点

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a) 关于when与whenever的区别:
when引出一个时间状语 从句时地的是“在一个具体的时间,”而whenever引出一个状
语从句时强调的是“在任何一个不 确定的时间。”试比较:
a1) When you go there, please tell me.
当你去那儿的时候,请告诉我一声。
a2) Whenever you go there, please tell me.
无论你何时去,都请告诉我一声。
(前句强调“只是在去的时候告诉我,”后句强调“无论你何时去,都要告诉我。”)
再如:
a3) When I was in school, I met Edward.
我是在学校的时候见到的爱德华。
a4) I will go whenever I am free.
我什么时候有空就什么时候去,(一旦有空,我就去)
通过以上例句,如何正确使用when或whenever,取决于逻辑意义。
B) 关whenever与no matter when
两者均表示“每当”、“无论如何”,强调“在任何不具体的时间 ”,作状语时可以互用。
但是,no matter when只具备副词功能,故只能引出状语从句, 而whenever还具备名词功能,
可以引出主语从句、表语从句或宾语从句。试比较:
b1) Whenever we meet with difficulties, they will come to help us.
=No matter when we meet with difficulties, they will come to help us.
每当我们遇到困难,他们总会来帮助我们。(引出状语从句,可以互用)
b2) Whenever he is to go means nothing to us.不可说:
No matter when he is to go means nothing to us.
无论他什么时候走对我们来说都无所谓。(引出主语从句表语从句或宾语从句,不能
用no matter when。)
C) 关于when, while ,as:
三个连词在引出时间状语从句时既可以互换,但又有各自的用法特点:
可以互换的情况是:三 个词都可以表示“同时,”即:主从句的动作同时发生,但前提
是从句的动作应是表示状态或延续性的动 词,不能是瞬息动词。如:
c1) I entered whenwhileas the meeting was going on.
正在开会的时候我进去了。(两个动作发生在同时,was going on表示了状态)
c2) I was reading whenwhileas she was writing.
她在写作的时候我在阅读。(两个动作发生在同时,而且write是延续性动词。)
不能互 换的情况是:when可以表示动作的先后,而as与while则强调主从句的动作同
时发生;whe n引出的时间状语从句可以是瞬息动词或延续性的动词,而while与as要求用
延续性动词;例如:
c3) When the clock struck twelve, all the lights went out.不可说:
WhileAs the clock struck twelve, all the lights went out.
当钟敲响十二下时,灯全熄了(瞬息动词,不宜用whileas。)
c4) When I went into the room, he was at work..不可说:
WhileAs I went into the room, he was at work.
当我走进房间时,他正在工作(瞬息动词,不宜用whileas。)
c5) When I arrived at the station, the train had left不可说:
WhileAs I arrived at the station, the train had left.

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我到达车站时,火车已经开走了。(表示了动作的先后,不宜用whileas)
【注1】:when置于“后位”还可以表示“just at that moment”(这时突然 )之意,此时的when相当于
一个并列连词的作用,而whileas无此意。如:I was reading when there was a knock at the door.(我正在读书,
这时有人敲门。不宜用whileas。)
【注2】:while 置于“后位”有“然而、但是”之意,相当于but。只是but表示转折,前后主语多为
一致,在内容 上多为前后相对。而while强调的是对比,前后主语多不一致,此时,when无此意。如:I stayed
there while he was away. (我呆在那儿而他却走了。) I stayed there, but I did not see him. (我呆在那儿,但并没
见到他。)
【注3】:as有强调伴随的含义,即从句子的动作伴随主 句而发生,此时的as多理解为“(伴)随着?,”
而whenwhile无此意。如:As time goes on, great changes have been taking place in China. (随着时间的推移,
中国正发生着巨大的变化。)
D) until与till的区别:
两个词在含义和用法上基本没什么区别,可以互用。但要注意,在含有until, till的肯定
句式中,主句的谓语大多为延续性动词,表示这一动作一直延续到until, till所表示的时间时
才结束。例如:
d1) He waited tilluntil you came.
他一直等到你来。) 即:wait的动作一直延续到“你来”时才结束。) < br>而在含有untiltill的否定句中,情况刚好相反,即:主句谓语动作大多为瞬息动词,表
示这一动作直到untiltill所表示的时间才开始。如:
Do not open the door untiltill the bus stops.
车停了才能开门 (即:open这个动作要到“车停了”才开始发生。)
[注]:在句首时及与not连用时 ,习惯上多用until。口语中,句首用till为英式用法,
句首用until为美式用法。
E) sinceever since的用法特点:
since与ever since引出时间状语从句时含义基本一样,只是ever since的语气较since
重。sinceever since引出状语从句表时间时应注意:
一是在有since引出的时间状语从句中,主句多用完成时态,since从句多用一般过去时。
如:
How have you been since I saw you last?
(从上次见到你后)这一向你可好?
They have seen each other often since they met.
他们自相识后经常见面。
Henry came to Da xian last week. Since he left school, he had lived in Chengdu.
亨利上周到达县来了。自从他毕业后,他都住在成都。
二是在since引出的从句中,从句动词大多为瞬息动词,如果是延续性动词或状态性动
词,则表示这 一动作或者状态的结束。如:
It is three years since he was in school.
他毕业已经三年了(而不是在学校三年)。
Since he served in the army, many new soldiers have been recruited.
自他退伍以来,又征募了许多新兵。(而不是自从服兵役以来)
有时,在特定的上下文中,s ince时间状语从句中的延续性动词也有以表示开始而非结
束。虽然这种情况并不多见,还是要视具体 的逻辑意义去判断此时的动词表开始还是结束。
例如:
I have joined the army for two years. Since I served in the army, I have been going through

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rigid training.
以上例句中,由“I have been going through rigid training”可以看出,since 中的ser ved
表示“开始”而非结束。全句意思为:我参军已经三年了。自我参军以来,就受到严格的训
练。
三是sinceever since的其它时态形式
正如前面第 一个问题讨论的那样,在含有since时间状语的句子中,主句多用完成时态,
since从句多用一 般过去时态。但在实际的语言运用过程中,由于环境和强调重心的变化,
也会出现如下时态形式:
A) 在“It be+时间名词+since时间从句”中的It is...比It has been...更显自然。如:
It is three years since he joined the army. (更显自然)
It has been three years since he joined the army. (可以)
B) since从句动词如用状态、延续动词的现在完成时态形式,则表示该动作或状态的开
始,与前面所讨论的如用延续动词的过去式表示该动作结束刚好相反。试比较:
Since he has been here, I have not seen him yet.
自他来到这儿(现在仍在这儿),我就一直没见过他。
Since he was here, I have not seen him.
自从他离开这儿(现在不在这儿了),我就一直没见过他。
C) 有时主句也可以用一般现在时强调现在的一种状况。如:
I am working to work since my bike broken down.
=I have been walking to work since my bike broken down.
自从我的自行车坏了以后,我一直走着上班。(强调了现在的一种状况,如果 只用现
在完成时,则表示现在也有可能没有“走着上班”了。)
F) by the time...the moment...(相当于:when);the day..., the next time(相当于:下次?时),
every time...(每当?时); once..., immediately..., directly...等等。
以上 所列单词,或者词组是一些常见的特殊连词,后面接一个句子引出时间状语从句,
未注明含义的在意义上 相当于as soon as...这些特殊的连词没有什么用法特点只须记住即可。
如:
By the time he comes, tell him where I am.
他来的时候请告诉他我在哪儿。(相当于When he comes,?)
He hurried there the momentimmediatelydirectlyonceas soon as he heard of the news.
他一听到这个消息,就立刻赶到那儿去了。
Every time he comes here, he will come to see me.
每当他来到这里的时候,总会来看我。
Next time you come, remember to come to see me.
下次你来时,别忘了再来看我。

[注1]:by the time为when,后面必须接一个从句,而by this time为then(这时、即时),后面不能接
从句,不可混淆。如:By the time you come here, remember to bring your wife.再次到这儿来时,别忘了带上
你的妻子。By this time, he was in danger.那时,他已非常危险了。
[注2]:by the time..., the moment..., the day..., the next time, every time...后面的从句前也可以加上一个
“when”,但这一说法已很少见。如:By the time you come again,...可以说By the time when you come again,...。
G) 关于hardly...when, no sooner...than...
hardly...when..., no sooner...than...在含义上完全相当于as soon as...,只是前两个连词词组
在使用时可以使用倒装形式,而as soon as...不行。如:
We had hardly gathered in the wheat when it began to rain.

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=Hardly had we gathered in the wheat when it began to rain.
=As soon as we gathered in the wheat, it began to rain.
我们刚把小麦收割完,就开始下雨了。
I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.
=No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
=As soon as I reached home, it began to rain.
我刚到家,就开始下雨了。

[注1]:as soon as可以用于将来时,而hardly...when与no sooner...than...多用于过去式,其中的主句多
用过去完成时,见以上例句。
[注2]:as soon as还有“如?一般早(或快)”,此时,它表示的不是时间而是比较状语从句。如:He did
not arrive as soon as we expected他们到得不是我们希望的那么早。
2、地点状语从句
地点状语从句较为简单,通常是由where或wherever, no matter where...引出,其含义为
“在?地方”或“无论在任何地方(wherever, no matter where)”,此时,它实际上相当于一
个“?please where...”引出的定语从句。试比较:
Where there is a will, there is a well.(地点状语从句)
=In the place where there is a will, there is a well.(定语从句)
有志者,事竟成 。
We must go where one is most needed by the motherland.(地点状语从句)
=We must go to the place where one is most needed by the motherland.(定语从句)
我们必须到祖国最需要的地方去。
Put the book where it is.(地点状语从句)
=Put the book back to the place where it is.(定语从句)
把书放回原处。

[注]:no matter where为连接副词,故只能引出地点状语从句,如:We must go no matter where the Party
direct us.(党指向哪里,我们就奔向哪里。)而whe rever除了具备副词外,还具备名词特性,可以引出主语从
句,宾语从句和表语从句。如:Wher ever you will go can be accepted.(无论你愿意去哪里都是可以接受的。)
3) 原因状语从句
顾名思义,原因状语从句是用来表示原因的。通常情况下,用来引出原因状语从句的连
接副词及短语有s ince, because, as, now that, in that, seeing that, given that, for(等立连词)。
A) 关于since, because, as与for
四个词后面都可以接一个句子表示“原因”。但是,since, because, as是从属连词(连接
副词),引出的是一个原因状语从句,强调的是一种“因果”关系。如:
He hurried home because his mother was ill.
他匆忙回家的原因,是因为他母亲病了。即:“他母亲病了”的原因才产生了“他匆忙
回家”的结果。)
而for虽然汉语也译为“因为?”,但它实际上是一个并列连接词,连接了一个独立的
分句,对前面的事情作进一步的补充说明,两句之间没有逻辑上的“因果”关系。例如:
It must have rained last night, for the road is wet.
昨晚一定下过雨,因为路是湿的。
(这里的for是不能用since, because, as来替换的,因为“路是湿的”这一原因,不可能
导致“下雨”这一结果。但是,如果把两句易位,则由于“下过雨”这一原因,会导致“路
是湿 的”这一结果。故可以说The road is wet forbecauseas it rained last night.)
通过以上分析我们可以看出,有些句子,既可以看成是逻辑上的因果关系,也可以看成

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是对前句作补充说明,此时,四个词可以互用,关键看说话人强调的重心何在。如果 它在
逻辑上不可能出现“因果关系”,则只能用for了。再如:
It is getting bright, for the birds are singing.
天亮了,因为鸟儿都在“唱歌”了。
(只能用for,“鸟叫”这一原因,不可能导致“天亮”的结果。)
B) 关于since, because, as
首先,since, because, as 引出一个原因状语从句后,主句前不能再用“so”(因此),或
者,如果主句前用了so,则从句前不 能再用since, because, as。如:
Because he was ill, so he was late.不可接受,而说
Because he was ill, he was late.或
He was ill, so he was late.
其次,because引出的原因状语从句可以放在主句之前或之后(但多放句末),而since, 与
as多放于主句之前。如:
Because he is in bad health, he is often absent.=He is often absent because he is in bad health.
因为身体不好,所以他常缺席。
AsSince I am ill, I will not go. 我累了,所以不想去。

[注]:since, as引出原因时,是 大家都明知的,理由之外才是叙述的重点。而because引出原因时,也
许有人不知道,所以,叙述 理由是重点。故应注意用哪样的词最恰当。如:“因为正在下雨,所以我不想去”。
“下雨”是明知的, 故用since, as为好;“我实在不想去,因为我病了”。“我病了”不一定大家都知道,说
出不 想去的理由是叙述重点,故用because为好。正因为如此,我以在回答why提问时多用because。 如:
——Why not come?
——Because I was ill(不宜用since,as)
第三,在含有because的否定句中,becaus e从句前如无逗号分开,not修饰全句,我们
称为否定转移,如用逗号分开,则not只修饰主句。试 比较:
You should not despise a man because he is poor.你不能因为一个人的贫困而轻视他。
You should not despise a men, because he is poor.你不能轻视他,因为他贫穷。
He was not kind to me because I was clever.他不是因为我聪明才对我亲切。
He was not kind to me, because I was clever.他对我不亲切,因为我聪明。
C) now that, in that
now that, in that在含义上没什么区别,都为“鉴于?;既然?原因在于?,”只是在使
用now that时,that可以省去,在使用in that时,that不能省去。如:
Now (that) the weather has cleaned up, we can start our journey.
既然天气放晴,我们可以启程了。
Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes.
批评与自我批评之所以重要,就在于它能帮助我们改正错误。
D) seeing that, given that..., considering that...
正如“分词 作状语”中所讨论的那样,分词还可以用作独立成分。除此之外,有一些分
词还可以转化为介词,其后直 接跟名词,也可以转化为从属连词,引出一个表示原因的从句,
为“鉴于?”之意。如:
Seeing (that) he is ill, we will do the work for him.
鉴于他有病,我们得替他做这项工作。
Given (that)Considering (that) he will support us, we can win the election.(这里given的是
一个连词)
考虑到有他支持我们,我想我们能赢得这场选举。

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Given his support, I think we will win the election.(这里的given是一个介词。)
另外:for one thing…, for another…:一方面,,,,另外一方面
E) 一些特殊原因状语从句的表现手法
E1)“过分+as it iswas”:由于?
The article, published as it was in a small magazine, remained unknown for a long time.
=As the article was published in a small magazine, it remained unknown for a long time.
由于这篇文章发表在一个小杂志上,所以长时间鲜为人知。
E2) “现在分词+as+主语+does”:由于?
Living, as I do, so remote from town, I rarely have visitors.
=As I live so remote from town, I rarely have visitors.
因为我住在离城很远的地方,所以很少有朋友来访。
E3) not that?,but( that)?:不是因为?,而是因为?
Not that I dislike the work, but (that)I am unequal to do it.
不是因为我不喜欢这个工作,而是因为我不能胜任。

4) 条件状语从句
条件状语从句是一个句子充当状语、修饰主句发生的前提条件。
引出条件状语从句的通常有三种情况:一是单个的连词;二是连词词组;三是分词或分
词词组。
A) 单个连词引出条件状语从句
引出条件状语从句的连词通常是if, unless (if not), once等。如:
a) If I have enough money next year, I will go to Beijing.
如果明年我有足够的钱,我打算去北京。
b) You can not go to Beijing with him unless you finish your homework.
如果你不能完成作业,你不能和他一道去北京。
c) Once you hear the story, you will never be able to forget it.
如果你一旦听了这个故事,你就不会把它忘掉。

[注1]:关于if表示虚拟,请参见“虚拟语气”。
[注2]:当主句为一般时 态或祈使句时,条件状语从句要用现在表将来。即:一般现在表一般将来,
小在进行表将来进行,现在完 成表将来完成。如:
a) If you go there, I will go there, too.(一般现在表一般将来)
b) If you have finished your homework, please tell me.(现在完成表将来完成)
c) If you are working there this time next week, you will see him.(现在进行表将来进行)

[注3 ]:如if句中用了will,则此时的will不是一个动词表“将来”,而是一个情态动词表“意愿”:
If you will go there, I will go with you. 如果你愿意去那儿,我愿陪你去。
B) 连词词组 (短语连词) 表条件
可以用来表示条件状语从句的连词词组有:as long as?(只要?)互换于so long as?
(只要?);but that?(要不是?); in case that; on condition that; in the event that等等。如:
a) You ca go as long asso long as you promise to be back as soon as possible.
只要你答应尽可能早一点回来,你就可以走。
b) I should have started but that the weather was so bad.
要不是天气太坏的话,我早就出发了。(事实上没出发)
c) But that I saw it, I could not have believed it.
要不是亲眼所见,我简直不会相信。(事实上现在相信了)

[注]:but that在含义上完全同but for,用法特点也完全一样,即:主句要用“情态动词的过去式+完

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成时态形式”, but that从句动词用一般过去式。只是but for后接名词或代词,but that后接句子。试比较:
a) But for your help, I should have failed. =But that you help me, I should have failed.
要不是你的帮助,我就不会成功了(失败了)。
b) In case he is here, let me know.假如他来了,告诉我一声。
c) In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her. 如果她还不知道,我会告诉她的。
C) 分词引出条件状语从句
英语中,分词有一些分词本身具有连词词性,其后引出句子可以表示条件,如:provided
that(倘若?;在?条件下); providing that(倘若?;在?条件下); given that(考虑?到);
considering that(考虑?到); supposing that(假如?)等等。如:
a) Supposing he is not here, what shall we do?假如他不在这儿,你该怎么办?
b) Provided that there is no opposition, I will act as representative of our class.
倘若没有反对的话,我将担任本班的代表。
c) I shall go providing it does not rain.倘若不下雨的话,我就去。

[注1]:Supposing引出条件状语从句,supposing也可以使用Suppose, 其后的从句动词也可以用一般
过去形式表虚拟,如:SupposingSuppose it rained, we would still go.(如果下雨,我们还是要去。)
[注2]:SupposeSupposing可以独立使用,其后只接一个句子,句子动词多用过去形式,表示 一种委
婉的祈使语气。例如:SupposeSupposing we started tomorrow.我们明天就动身吧。
[注3]:providedproviding 比if更文雅,表示的是真实条件而不是假设。此时,它与if表示真实条件
相同。试比较:
a) If the scheme of that country had succeeded, it would have meant serious for the people of Southeast Asia.
如果那个国家的阴谋得逞,东南亚人民将大遭其殃。(非真实条件,只能使用if)
b) I will go with you, provided that you lent me your bike.
要是你肯借自行车给我,我就同你一起去。(即:如果不借自行车给我,我就不去,最好用provided)
c) You may come provided thatif you are allowed. 允许你来,你就来。
5) 目的状语从句
可以引出一个句子作状语表示目的的连词(词组)有:that, so that, in order that, for fear
that, in case, lest等。
A)关于so that, in order that:
引出目的状语从句时含义上是完全一样的。只是so that中的so可以省去(特别是在口
语中);两者均置于句尾,有时也可置于句首。试比较:
He got up early (so) that he could catch the first train.
So that he could catch the first train, he got up early.(正确,但少用)
In order that he could catch the first train, he got up early.还可以说:
He got up early in order that he could catch the first train.

[注1]:在(so) that, in order that引出的目的状语从句中,通常要使用情态动词could, should, may或
might。
[注2]:so that也可以表示一种结果,由于结果是一种事实,所以它与so that表示目的时的最大区别在
于:表结果时,从句动词一般不用情态动词,而且主从句之间多用逗号分开,且表结果时,so that只能放在
句尾。试比较:
a) He took the morning train, so that he arrived in the afternoon.
他坐的是早班车,所以下午就到了。(表结果)
b) He took the morning so that he could arrive in the afternoon.
他坐早班车是为了能在下午到。(表目的)

[注3]:如果so that从句中用了could情态动词,表示目的还是结果有时难以准确区分,要视上下文而

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定,但如果用了would, may或might,就一定表示目的,这一点应特别注意。
B) for fear that, in case that, lest
for fear that与in case that, 完全同义均为“免得、以防”之意。可以互用,而且没有什
么特殊用法,但le st(免得、以防)引出一个目的状语从句时,要求从句动词用“should+
动词原形”或直接使用 动词原形。试比较:
a) Please remind me of it again for fear thatin case that I forget it.
明天再提醒我一下这事,以免我忘记。
b) Please remind him again of it lest he (should) forget it.
明天提醒他一下这事,以免他忘记。
6) 结果状语从句
用以修饰说明主 句动作发生后产生的结果的状语从叫结果状语从句。通常情况下,用以
引出结果状语从句的连词(短语) 有:so, so that, so?that, such?that等等。
A) 关于so
so引出结果状语从句时,由于受母语的影响,常常与because同时出现,这 不符合英语
用法特点,英语中,because与so不能连用,只能使用其中之一(参见“上篇·词法 ·第+++++
章·连词”。试比较:
Because he was ill, so he did not come.(不可接受)
Because he was ill, he did not come.
(because引出原因状语从句,he did not come为主句。)
=He was ill, so he did not come.
(He was ill为主句,so为结果状语从句。)
B)关于so that表结果与表目的
so that 既可以表示结果,也可以表示目的 (参见多5)“目的状语从句”)。表示结果时只
能置于句尾,而且在so that前大多加上一个逗 号;表示目的时,有时还可以置于句首。置于
句尾时到底表结果还是表目的,要视逻辑意义而定。但大多 数情况下,so that表示目的多含
有情态动词should, may, might,而so that表示结果时不用情态动词;置于句首的so that一
定是表示目的。再比较:
a) So that we might see him off at the airport, we got up early. (正确,但少用)
(So that从句置于句首,只表目的。为:“为了能到机场去送他,我们早早地就起来了”
之意。)
b) He spoke too fast, so that everyone did not hear what he said.
(so that从句无情态动词,只表结果。为:“他说得太快了,结果我们都没听清他说些
什么”之意。)
[注]:也有语法学家认为,so that 还可以用来表示原因(此时,so that前不能加逗号。)例如:Daniel fell
ill so that he was unable to go with you.(丹尼尔病了,因此不能和你要求去了。)
C) 关于so?that与such?that
so?that表结果时,so之后接形容 词或副词,such?that表结果时,such之后接名词,在意
义上没什么区别。试比较:
The book is so interesting that we all like reading it. =It is such an interesting book that we
all like reading.
但是,so?that结构 中,so之后也可以跟名词,主要有两种情况:一是单数名词前有一个
形容词时,不定冠词与形容词的位 置要“移位”,二是当名词被many修饰时。如:
He is such a good teacher that we all love him. =He is so good a teacher that we all love him.
他是个如此的好老师,我们大家都喜欢他。

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There are so many books that you may choose as you like.不宜说:
There are such many books that you may choose as you like.
有这么多的书,以至你可以随意选择。

[注]:有时为了说明,可以将so?tha t结构中的so置于句首,形成“So+形容词或副词+谓语+主语+that
从句”这一倒装形式。如 :So clever was his statement that everybody was convinced.(他说话是那么清楚明了,
大家都信服。)So busy was he with his experiment that he did not notice us.(他是如此忙于实验,以至没有注意
到我们。)
7) 让步状语从句
让步状语从句最主要的作用是突出主从句之间的对比,汉语意思为“虽然?”、“既使
(便)?”、“算 就(是?)”、“纵然?”等。引出让步状语从句的连词通常有:as, although,
though, even, even if, even though, that, if, much as…(虽然很…), while, whereas, for all that,
grantinggranted that, no matter+疑问词, 疑问词+ever, whether, whether?or(not)等等。在使用
这些连词引出让步状语从句时应当注意:
A) 与倒装句的关系
A1) 以上所列连词中的as, though, althoug h引出一个让步状语从句时,可以把从句中的
动词、副词或整个谓语放在as的前面,也可以把表语放在 前面,如果表语是名词,应去掉
限定词。试比较:
a) As Though Although it is cold today, the children are playing outdoors.可以使用倒装以
示强调:
=Cold as though although it is today, the children are playing outdoors.
今天虽然天气冷,但孩子们仍在户外玩耍。
b) As Though Although he is a child, he can do it well.可以使用倒装句以示强调:
=Child as he is, he can do it well.
虽然他还只是个孩子,但却能做好这件事情。
c) As Though Although I like it very much, I will give it to you. =Much as I like it, I will
give it to you.虽然我很喜欢,但我还是要把它给你。
A2) 以上所列连词中的whether常常可以被省去而将谓语动词放在句首(谓语动词用原
形)。试比较:
a) Whether he succeed or fail, it will not matter to me. =Succeed or fail he, it will not matter
to me.无论他成功还是失败,都与我无关。
b) Whether she be rich or poor, I will marry her all the same. =Be she rich or poor, I will
marry her all the same.无论她是穷是富, 我都会娶她。
B)与虚拟语气的关系
B1) 在让步状语从句中,谓语动词如果使用陈述语气,表示的是一 种真实事实,如果使
用虚拟形式(should+动词原形,或者去掉should直接使用动词原形) ,则表示的只是一种假
设。试比较:
a1) Though he is too old, he can walk long.
虽然他上了年岁,但仍能步行很远。(事实上“他上了
年岁”)
a2) Though he be too old, he can walk long.
就是他上了年岁,他也能步行很远。(事实上现在还没
上年岁)
b1) Whatever be the reasons, he must not be allowed to leave.
不管什么理由,也不准他离开。
(事实上,“不管什么理由”并不存在,只是假设出来的。)
b2) Whatever are the reasons, he must not be allowed to leave.
就是有再多的理由,他还是不能离
开。(理由是存 在的,但即使如此,仍不能离开。)

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从以上对比例 句不难看出,到底用陈述语气表示“事实”,还是用虚拟语气表示“假设”,
要视具体的语言环境而定。
B2)关于that
作为一个连词,可以引出一个表示愿望、感叹的从句 ,主句通常可以省略;从句中通常
用情态动词的过去形式表示一种虚拟语气、或者一种愿望、或者一种意 想不到。例如:
a) That I could go to Beijing with you!我多想和你一起去北京呀!
b) That he should do such a thing!(真没想到)他竟会干出这样的事情来!
c) That I should live to see this.真没想到我会遇到这样的事情。
[注1]:SupposeSupposing +句子,常译为“假如?”,表示的是一种条件,相当 于if引出的条件状语
从句,从句动词常用一般过去式表示虚拟。如:SupposeSupposin g it rained tomorrow, we would still go
there. (假如明天下雨,我们还是要去。事实上明天不会下雨。也可以使用陈述语气,表示一种事实。如:
Su pposeSupposing he is absent, what shall we do?(如果他 不在,我们怎么办?事实上极有可能不在)。所以,
到底使用陈述语气表示“事实”,还是使用虚拟表示 “条件”,要视语言环境而定。
[注2]:Suppose+句子可以表示“祈使”为“让”之意,相 当于?,但使用Suppose+句子时,谓语动词
要用原形或一般过去式,其中,使用一般过去式表示 委婉的语气而非虚拟,不可混淆。如
:Suppose we start
tomorrow.或Suppose we started tomorrow.(让咱们明天动身吧。更客气)
C) though与while用于主句之后
though与while表示“让步”这一含义时 ,大多置于主句之前,一旦它们置于主句之后,
though可以用来表示以补充说明:为“可是”、“ 不过”、“然而”之意,而while则强调对比,
有语言学家将这一用法归入比较状语从句。试比较:
a) He will come back for supper, though you never know.
他要回来吃晚饭的,可是谁也说不准。
b) Motion is absolute, while station is relative.运动是绝对的,而静止是相对的。
c) We are working in the same college, though I know him little.
我们在同一所学院工作,但我对
他了解不多。
d) The boys are playing football, while the girls are playing the tennis.
男孩子们在踢足球,而女
孩子们在打乒乓球。
D) “疑问词 +ever”与“no matter+疑问词”
“疑问词+ever”与“no matter+疑问词”均可表示“让步”,引出让步状语从句,意义上
没什么区别。但是,疑问词+ever还具有名词性,可以引出主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句,
而“ no matter+疑问词”则只具副词性,只引出状语从句。试比较:
a) WhateverNo matter what the difficulties may be, we have decided to build a reservoir.
不管有多困难,我们都决定建一个水库。
b) Whatever you want to do here is allowed.不宜说
No matter what you want to do here is allowed.
在这里你做什么都是允许的。
[注]:在由疑问词+ever, as, no matter+疑问词, whether等引出的让步状语从句中,可以将从句的谓语动
词放在句首( 用动词原形),这是较为古老的用法。但仍见于一些书面语中。如:
a) Come what may, we will help you. =Whatever may happen, we will help you.
无论发生什么事情,我们都帮助你。
b) Try as you will, you can’t pass the exam.
=However hard you may try, you will not pass the exam.
无论多么努力,你都不会通过考试。
c) Do what you like to, you can not do it well.=No matter what you do, you can do it well.
无论你做什么,你都会做好。

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d) Be he friend or enemy, we will give him a humane help. =Whether he be friend or enemy,
不管他是朋友还是敌人,我们都会给他人道主义的帮助。
8) 比较状语从句
比较状语从句相当方式状语从句,只是它重在表示两个动作的比较上。既然是比较,就
要有一个比较的对 象。通常情况下,比较对象由下列连词引出:
A) 同程度比较:as?as (后面接比较对象),the same (…) as(后面接比较对象),such ?
as(后面接比较对象),not as?as(后面接比较对象),not the same (?)as(后面接比较对象),
not such?as(后面接比较对象)。由于比较状语从句中的 动词与主句动词一致,比较对象后
的主语常常省去而使学习者误将连词看成是介词。所以,如果比较对象 是人称代词,要用其
主格形式(有时在口语中也用宾格)。例如:
a) Mike is as good as Tom (is). 迈克和汤姆一样好。
b) He has so many books as I (have).他的书和我的书一样多。
B) 不同程度比较:不同程度比较多由连词than(胜过)和less than(不及)引出。比
较对象的动词由于与主句一致,常省去,故比较对象为人称代词时要用主格(口语中有时也
用宾格)。例 如:
a) A train runs faster than a car (does, runs).
b) He studies harder than I (do, study).
c) He is taller than I (am.口语中也可用than me.)
[注]:当一个人或某一事物与另一具体的标准比较时,可以使用than that省略形式。例如:The sum should
be 45, but the sum he get is more that that. (总数应是45,但他得出的总数比45大。)
C) 对比比较:表示对比的比较状语从句,有语法学家称“对比状语从句”,有语法学
家称“比例”状语从句,其引出方式可以是?(参见让步状语从句C)或“the+比较级(从
句), the+比较级(主句)”结构。例如:
a) The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get.你票买得越多,收入就越多。
The wormer the water is, the faster it evaporates.水温越高,就蒸发得越快。
[注]:这一结构也常常使用省略方式。例如:The more, the better. The sooner, the better.等等。
9) 方式状语从句
方式状语从句是用一个句子来修饰动作的方式。引出方式状语从句的连词通常有as, as
if, as though, the way, how, like等等。
A) 关于as与like
两者均可引出一个方式状语从句,但as是真正意义上的连词,后面接一 个句子,为书
面用语,而like只是一个介词,后面接一个名词、动名词或代词,偶尔在口语中引出一 个方
式状语从句,不宜多用。试比较:
a) Birds do not have feelings as we do口语中也可以说:
Birds do not have feelings like we do. 鸟儿不像人,它们没有感情。
b) He treated the girl as she was an animal.口语中也可以说:
He treated the girl like she was an animal.
他对待这个女孩就像对待一头牲口。(这里的like相当于as if)
B) 关于as if与as though
两者在含义及用法上相同,又可以互换,只是as if用得更普遍。在as ifas though引出的< br>方式状语从句中,从句动词如用陈述语气,表示一种事实;如用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,
但在 look, seem之后的as if,习惯上多用陈述语气。试比较:
a) He talks as if he is an eye specialist.
他跟我谈起话来就像是一个眼科医生(有可能是,也有可能不是)。

56


b) He talks to me as if he were an eye specialist.
他跟我说起话来就像是一个眼科医生一样(事实上不是)。
c) It seems as ifas though you are the first one here.
而有些句子,从逻辑就可以准确判断不是事实,故只能用虚拟语气,不能使用陈述语气。如:
d) He treated the girl as ifas though she were an animal.
他对待这个女孩,好像她是一头牲口似的(女孩绝不可能是牲口)。
e) The old lady talks as ifas though she were in tens.
这些太太说起话来好像只有十几岁(事实上不可能是十几岁)。
[注1]:As it were用在句子中是一个插入语,为“好像”、“可以说是”,无论句子什么时态,一律使用
as it were。如:He is, as it were, a grown-up baby. (他仿佛是个大孩子。)
[注2]:as it is, as it was用于句首,为“事实上”,主句是现在时用as it is,主句是过去时,用as it was。
如:As it is, she has to stay at home. (事实上,她不得不呆在家里不可。) As it was, Joe was a teacher. (事实上,
曾是位教师。)
[注3]:as it is如放在句末,为“照现状”,主句为单数用as it is,主句为复数用as they are。如:Leave
it as it is (就让它那样吧。) You had better take things as they are. (你最好接受事物的现状。)
C) 关于the way, how
the way(照?方法)引出一个方式状语从句时,实际上互换于the way that或the way in
which;How(如何?)引出一个方式状语时,实际上相当于in whatever manner。试比较:
a) Now, do it the way I have told you.=Now, do it the way that I have told you.=Now, do it
the way in which I have told you. 照我告诉你的那样去做。
b) You may do it how you can. =You may do it in whatever manner you want.你该怎样做就
怎样做。
[注]:也有语法学家把比较状语从句归入方式状语从句。如:You will be praised or blamed according as
your work is good or bad. (你是会受到表扬还是受到批评,取决于你工作的好坏。) Some people are happy in
proportion as they are noticed.一些人越受到注意就越高兴。

第5讲 定 语

定语的考点集中在定语从句和非谓语充当定语上,下面我们讲分2节分别叙述。

第1节 定语从句

所谓定语从句就是一个句子充当定语。既然是句子充当一个成 分,它就一定要有一个引
导词,从这个意义上讲,定语从句的难点和考点就在引导词上。定语从句引导词 的基本用法
在中学已经讲的很清楚了,这里讲点中学没讲到的特殊情况:
1, 定语从句是there be结构,引导词that可以省略:
This is the only bus (that) there is to that park.
这是开往哪个公园的唯一一路公共汽车。

= This is the only bus to that park.
He made full use of the time (that) there was left to him to do his work.
他成分利用余生继续工作。
= He made full use of the time left to him to do his work.

2,Who或Whom的先行词可以省略:

57


Who knows most says least. (=He who 或Anyone who或A person who)大智若愚
Who works not shall not eat. (=He who 或Anyone who或A person who)不劳而获
Who eats must pay. (=He who 或Anyone who或A person who)吃了就得付钱
Whom the gods love dies young. (=love whom )
This is written to whom it may concern. (=concern whom)

3,在“It is +名词+定语从句+定语从句”结构中,后的一个定语从句引导词要用that:
It is only a man who has seen much of the world that can be a leader.
只有阅历丰富的人才能当领导
It is always the mouth which talks too much that arouses troubles.
言多必失。


4,引导词在定语从句中充当了表语要用that:
He was not the boy that he was ten years ago.
他再也不是10年前的哪个孩子了

He is said to be everything that an honest man should be.
人们说他具备了诚实男人应该具备的一切

5,作为特殊的定语从句引导词可以表人、物,但无先行词:
He is not what he was before. = He was not the person that he was before.
The situation isn’t what it used to be. = The situation isn’t the one that it used to be

6,在“句子+and that…”结构中,and that表示全句的意思,且后面用省略结构:
He can climb the tree ,and that very fast 他会爬树,而且(爬的)很快。
You must go at once, and that necessary. 你必须马上走,而且这(马上走)很有必要。

7,特殊引导词than的用法:
在带有比较级的句子中,than兼有引导词和连接词的两重用法:
The boy has eaten more food than is good for his health. = The boy has eaten more food than the
food which is good for his health.
than不但引出了一个比较状语从句,而且也是一个定 语从句的引导词,指代前面的food。
再如:
Never give him more money than is necessary. (than指代前面的money)
That evening he drank more beer than had been his custom. (than指代前面的beer)
There are more demands than can be satisfied. (than指代前面的demands)
He did more than was required of him. (than指代前面的more)

8,特殊引导词than whom的用法:
在带有比较级的句子中,than whom的whom代表前面出现的表示人的先行为词:
She is a woman than whom no one is more selfish. 没有比她更自私的人了。
He is a scientist than whom I can imagine no one greater. 我想不出一个比他更伟大的科学家了

9,特殊引导词what with… and (what with)的用法:
这一结构本来表示的是原因,为“由于,,,,又由于,,,,”的意义:
What with continual rain and (what with) a bad hotel, we didn’t enjoy our holiday much.
由于连续下雨,又由于旅馆不好,我们的假日过的不怎么愉快。
注意:what by… and (what by)则表示方式,为“一半靠,,,,一半靠,,,”:
What by threats, and (what by) entreaties, he gained his purpose.

58


一半靠威胁。一半靠恳求,他达到了目的。

10,“what +名”词等于“all the +名词+that…”例如(注意名词的单复数变化):
The father gave what money (= all the money that) he had to his son.
What songs (= all the songs that) he has learned are about love.

11,as作为定语从句的引导词:
as作为定语从句的引导词时,它不但可以指代整个句子 的意义,同时本身还在句子中充当
成分。请看分析:
As we know, he is a teacher.
As在句子指代he is a teacher,它本身又在从句中充当了k now的宾语。根据这一理解,这个
句子完全可以用另外一种结构表达而意义不变:We know that he is a teacher再如:
As is clear, he is a teacher. = That he is a teacher is clear. = It is clear that he is a teacher.
As在句子指代he is a teacher,它本身又在从句中充当了is clear的主语。再加深印象:
The result, as may be expected, is bad. = That the result is bad is expected.
特别注意as与which的区别: as与which都可以用来指代整个句子,但which通常指代前面提及到的内容,而as不但可
以指代前面提及到的内容,也可以指代后面将要提及到的内容。同时,在含有BE的句子中,
使用as 时BE可以省略,而which不行。例如:
The material is elastic, as shown in the figure. (as后面的was可以省略,which而不行)
Football and baseball as played in the US today are basically modifications of games.
特别注意the same…as与the same…that的区别:
This is the same book as I read last week. 这本书和我上星期读的书一样(两本一样的书)。
This is the same book that I read last week. 这是我上星期读的那本书(同一本书)

12,下列情况虽然在中学学过,但在大学英语考试中也经常出现,这里特别提醒:
A:定语从句引导词前面的介词问题:比较:
This is the house where he once lived.
This is the house in which he once lived.
B:表示时间、地点的引导词在从句中充当了主语、宾语时,不能再用when或者where:
This is the place, which is not far from our school. (主语)
I will never forget the days thatwhich I spent with him. (宾语)
C:不要把where引出的地点状语从句(表示:在……地方)和引出的定语从句混为一谈:
Leave the dog where it is. (地点状语从句)
Leave the dog in the place where it is. (定语从句)

第6讲 结 语

好了,亲爱的同学们,本公共课程的辅导治疗就全部结束了。由于 时间和学习目的的关
系,还有写内容没有涉及到,但在大学英语考试中的语法内容基本上涉及到了。有些 情况如
倒装、附加疑问句、强调句、比较级基本都是中学内容,这里就不涉及了。
本辅导资料 只对你们考试中的语法和写作部分有点点帮助,要想考好,还是要多记忆单
词和多阅读文章,这是本老师 对你们的建议。

59


好了,不说废话浪费你们宝贵的时间了。好运!!!



60

nation的形容词-寓意的意思


缟素-祈祷的读音


釉怎么读-amino


常用日语1000句-told是什么意思


mean是什么意思中文-沉船打捞


环肥燕瘦-adj是什么词性


女式披肩-请假英语


河马英语-去国外读高中的条件



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