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山东自考英语二课文翻译

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2020-10-31 02:35
tags:成人英语怎么说

信札的读音-逾怎么读

2020年10月31日发(作者:蔡长松)


Unit 1 Text A
How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难
Like the national push for Asian literacy (n.有文化,有教养,有读写能
力) in Australia,就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样,there has been
foreign languages fervor[f??v?] in China,中国也掀起一股外语热,with
English on top of the list. 在这股热潮中,英语高居榜首。English is not
only taught at schools,colleges and universities,but also at evening
classes,on radio and TV.不仅各级学校教英语,夜校、电台、电视台也都设有
英语课程。Parents hire private tutors for their school children;父母
为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教,adult English learners would sacrifice the
weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken
English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英语学习
者会牺牲周末休息日,到公园参加英语角,与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。Is
English such a difficult language that it really demands people to
invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英语真
的有这么难,需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? The answer,if I
am asked to offer,is undoubtedly,yes.如果我被问及这个问 题,那么毫无疑
问,我的答案是:是的。From my personal experience, 从我个人的经验来看,
I think learning English means far more than learning its
pronunciation,its grammatical rules,its words,etc.英语学习不仅仅是学
习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等,It involves learning everything about the
countries where it is used and the people who use it.它包括学习与使用该
语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。Without such a complete understanding of
the language, 对英语没有这样全面的理解,the English a foreigner speaks
will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not
anything wrong with his pronunciation,sentence structure and the words
he uses.即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误,一个外国人所讲 的英语也难免听
起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。
The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute
a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it.讲英语民族者的社
会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。Take the Chinese English learners
for example.以学英语的中国人为例,
a little bit simple to Chinese people.你好和早上好是非常简单的。It
is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that
native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed


are you going?,which is a commonly used addressing among the
Chines e.你去哪儿?是中国人常用的问候语,若英语母语者被问及你去哪
儿?,他们会因此感到不悦,这一点 让中国的英语学习者大为不解。Is there
anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? 这个英语句子结构不
对吗? Of course not.当然不是。It takes quite some time for a
Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy
being violated in this address. 学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问
候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。By the same token,同样,
is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to
native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they
invite people to meals off-handedly. 英语母语者听到你吃了吗?中国人常
用的另外一个问候语),会觉得中国 人非常好客,会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人
吃饭。Meanwhile,the Chinese would be shocked to hear,,it's very
nice of you.When?, if the addressee happens to have a craving for
Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.如果听话者此刻正希望品尝
一下中国美食,又碰巧没有吃饭,他会回答 太好了,什么时候?,中国人为此也
会大吃一惊。
.Why can't we say
pig,bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork,beef or mutton?
English learners may raise such questions.中国的英语学习者可能会这样
问:我们可以说吃鸡,为什么不能说吃猪 、吃牛、吃羊,而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、
羊肉呢?
no easy task for Chinese English learners.对学习英语的中国人来说,为这
些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。But the problem is that memorizing
English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if
they did not know what had happened in British history.问题在于如果不懂
英国历史,死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。Thus learning English(and other
languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where
it is spoken.所以说,学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历
史知识。A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English
learners than for people who speak a western language other than English
because Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and
China had little contact with the Western world in modern history.学习
英语的中国人要做到这一点 比其他非英语国家的西方人要困难得多,因为汉字和英
语这种拼音文字毫无共同之处,并且中国和西方世 界在近代史上很少接触。
Consequently,所以,the background knowledge of English fascinates large


numbers of interested and determined English learners in China but at
the same time disheartens quite a few.在中国,英语背景知识既吸引了大量
英语爱好者,也使许多人丧失信心。
The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation in
learning English.英语学习中,东西方的价值观念是相互冲突的。Native
English speakers may complain about Chinese confusion when using
and ,for the two words sound the same,though,different in
written forms in Chin ese.英语母语的人会混淆汉语中他她的用法,因为这
两个字尽管字形不同,读音却相同,他们因此常 常抱怨。As a result,some
native English speakers conclude that the Chinese are unable to tell the
difference between the two sexes.结果有些英语母语的人得出结论,认为中国
人不区分两种性别。But native English speakers are more gender blind than
the Chinese when they mention their cousins.但是在涉及表亲的时候,英语
母语的人更是混淆性别。The confusion caused by the confrontation of
Western and Chinese values,to a certain extent,东西方价值观的冲突造成
的语言上的混淆,affects the Chinese English learner's comprehension of
what he/she reads and hears.在一定程度上影响学习英语的中国人对自己所读
或所听到的内容的理解。Only by developing an understanding and tolerance
(忍受) of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner
reach the goal of communicating with native English speakers.学习英语的
中国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的 理解和宽容,才能达到与英语母语者交流的
目标。
A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of Eng1ish
unless he overcomes the cultural barriers(not all,of course!)in
learning English.学习英语的中国人,只有 在学习英语的过程中克服文化障碍才
能很好地掌握英语。(当然不可能是克服全部文化障碍!)Many Chinese translate
what they think about in Chinese into English when they talk or
write.很多中国人说话或写作的时候,将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英语,This
kind of English inevitably affects the fluency and flow of speech,the
amount of information conveyed,and,above all,the quality of
communic ation.这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、传达的信息量,最重要的是,影
响交流的质量。
The above is,not wholly,how difficult English is.尽管不完全,以上就是
学习英语的困难。Some native speakers might have said,
don't use good English! at the time a foreigner fails to understand
what he is saying.英语母语者被外国人误解的时候可能会说:你们外国人不懂


地道的英语!,我要反驳:我们为什么要
懂?.Still,I have to keep asking myself:Is it possible for a
foreigner to command English?我还要问:一个外国人可能精通英语吗?
IV
Any living language is in a constant state of change.任何 一种活生
生的语言都是处于不停的变化之中的。That change is gradual(逐渐的) and
continuous(连续的) .该变化是逐渐并且连续不断的。At any particular
moment,it is almost hard to notice like most of the changes that affect
your own body.就像影响你身体的大部分变化一样,这种变化在某一特定时刻是
很难察觉的。You don't notice them, 身体的这些变化不容易觉察,but you're
lucky if it feels as good and serves you as well as ten years ago.但是
如果你的身体如十年前一样好的话,你是非常幸运的。In that period of time
it has changed.但是在这十年间,你的身体已经发生了变化。It is the same
with Language .语言的变化也是这样的。
The most common and the most noticeable可觉察的 kind of change is
what happens to vocabulary.语言的变化中,最常见、最容易察觉的是词汇的变
化。New words appear;old words take on new meanings . 新词出现,老词
增加新义。Even the native speaker might feel surprised. 即使是母语者对
这些变化也会感到吃惊的。Mouse began to mean a small,hand-held device
which can be used to give instructions to a computer to which it is
connected by a short cable(电缆).Mouse一词开始 表示一种小型的手动装置,
这种装置通过一根短短的导线连到计算机上,可以向计算机发指令。To describe
a person as green is a way of saying that he is naive(缺少经验的) or
inexperienced.Green可以用来描述一个人缺少经验。Now the word indicates
a whole philosophy of life or a political opinion,目前这个词表示一整套
生活哲学和政治观点。and we have greenism (绿色主义)which is supported
by greenists.我们现在有绿色主义这种提法,绿色主义者支持这种提法。In
their shopping they will look for products which carry green-
labeling(绿色标志)which indicates that they have been made in a way
which is not harmful to the environment . 购物时,他们寻找带有绿色标志的
产品。绿色标志代表该产品的生产过程对环境是无害的。Such products are eco-
friendly(有利于生态环境的)and they are preferred by those who are eco-
conscious.这种商品是无害于生态环境的,有生态意识的人偏爱这种产品。
Text B
Learning a Language 学 语 言


Most students would like to know how to learn a 1anguage more easily. 大
部分学生都想知道如何能够轻松地学好一门语言,Most linguists and language
teachers would also like to know this.大部分语言学家和语言教师也想弄清
楚这个问题。Linguists are working on this problem in two ways.语言学家
从两个方面研究这个问题。First,they are trying to understand how
children learn to speak and understand their native language. 一方面,他
们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母语、理解母语的。They are also trying to
learn how people learn a second language.另一方面致力于研究人是如何学习
第二语言的。
Linguists are not sure how children learn to speak.语言学家并不确定儿童
是如何学说话的。Some linguists think that children are born with an
ability to learn and use a 1anguage.一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有学习和
使用语言的能力。 This does not mean that they come into the world
knowing their native language. 这并不是指一个人的母语是与生俱来的;It
means that,along with many other things,they are born with the ability
to learn their native language.而是指一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力,这
种能力与人在其他方面 表现出来的能力是相同的。With just a little exposure
to the language,孩子只要与要学习的语言有一定接触,and a little help
from their parents,they are able to learn to speak.在父母的些许帮助下
就能够学会说话。Another group of linguists does not think this is
correct.另外一派语言学家则对此持有异议。
This second group of linguists thinks that children learn to use a
1anguage from their parents.持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟着父母学会
使用语言的。They believe that parents teach their children to produce
sounds and words in their language.他们认为父母首先教孩子发声、吐字。
When children know some words,their parents will begin to teach them to
say sentences.当孩子掌握一定词汇以后,父母就开始教他们如何组织句子。
These linguists do not think that parents teach their children in the
same way that adults are taught a second language.但是他们认为,父母教
孩子的方式不同于教成年 人学习第二语言的方法。Instead,相反,parents
probably teach their children by talking to them and correcting their
use of 1anguage. 父母是通过与孩子交谈并纠正他们的语言错误来教孩子说话
的。These linguists feel that children learn their language mainly from
the environment . 这一派语言学家认为,儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言
的。 In this case,这种情况下,the environment is their family and their


home. 语言环境是家庭和生活环境。As you see,可以看出,the first group of
linguists disagrees.第一派语言学家对此并不赞同。
There are some other theories about how children learn a language.关于
儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他理论。 Many people are studying the
process of language learning by children.This work is being done in
many countries.许多国家中有很多人正着手研究儿童学习语言的过程。
Linguists are not the only people who are interested in this
process.Many psychologists,doctors, and parents are also
interested.People who teach foreign languages are interested, too.不仅
语言学家,许 多心理学家、医生和父母都对儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教师
也对这一过程很感兴趣。
Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak
their native language for a very important reason.外语教师对儿童如何学
说母语感兴趣,有其很重要的原因。If they knew how children learn their
native language,他们如果知道儿童如何学习母语,perhaps they would have
an easy way to teach adults,as well as children, a second language.就
可能找到一种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第二语言。This is a very
interesting idea.这是一种非常有意思的想法。Some foreign language
teachers believe that adults learn a second language the same way
children learn their native language . 有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语
言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相同的。These teachers try to make their
students' learning similar to that of children.这部分外语教师模仿儿童学
习语言的过程组织教学:These teachers speak only the foreign language in
the classroom.课堂上只讲外语,They will not talk to students in the
native language.不与学生讲母语。They try to expose them to as much of
the spoken foreign language as possible.They do not teach them any
rules for using the language.他们使学生尽可能多地接触所学外语的 口语形
式,不教学生语言使用的规则。Most parents don't teach their children
rules for language usage,either. They simply tell them how to say
something correctly.Foreign language teachers using this spoken
language method do the same thing. 外语教师采用这种口语教法是因为大多数
父母在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言使用规 则,而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话是正
确的。For some students,对一些学生来说,this method is successful.这种
方法是成功的,They learn to speak quickly and easily.他们能够轻而易举
地、很快地学会所学的语言。They seem to enjoy using the language,他们似
乎很喜欢去用所学的语言,and they do not pay much attention to whether


they use exactly the right rules for what they say.并不很在意是否使用了
正确的语言规则。Some students, however,cannot learn a language this
way.Linguists are trying to find another way to teach them a
language.另外一些学生则不适合这种方法,语言学家着手 寻找一种适合他们的教
学方法。
A second method,the rule- learning method,sometimes works better with
these students.另外一种方法--语言规则学习法--更适合这部分学生。Some
linguists believe that learning a foreign language is different from
learning to speak one's native language.一些语言学家认为学习外语不同
于学习母语。They feel that students must learn the rules for using the
language by memorizing them and must practice saying things in the
language and using the rules correctly.学生必须通过记忆来学习语言使用规
则,必须练习使用这种语言,练 习正确地使用这些规则。These linguists try to
teach students the rules of the language they want to learn.语言教师首
先教学生要学的语法规则,Then they give them many sentences in the
language to say over and over again.再给学生一些例句让他们反复练习,The
students are encouraged to make up new sentences,using the rules that
they have learned and the words that they know.同时鼓励学生使用所学过的
语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。
Some students are very successful with this second, rule-learning
method.一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效果非常好,They learn the
language quite quickly and can use it well.他们学得很快,用得也好。They
know the rules for using the language and can speak the language and
understand it,too.他们掌握了语言使用规则,能够使用所学的语言,也能够理
解别人的话。For many students, this is the best way to learn a foreign
language.对一些学生来说,这是学外语最好的方法。For some students, both
of these methods may work.对另外一些学生来说,两种方法都行之有效。
Sometimes teachers use a combination of these methods in class,有时候,
老师在课堂上将两种方法结合起来用,hoping that everyone will be able to
learn the language with one method or the other.目的是让每个学生都能受
益。Some people can go to a country and simply
from hearing it and trying to communicate in it.有些人能够到国外通过倾
听,与人交流等手段自然而然的学会那个国家的语言。 These people are
rare.但这毕竟是少数人。
Most people try to learn a language by taking classes and studying it in
some way.大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式来学语言的。Most teachers will


try different ways to help students learn a language quickly and
eas ily.大多数老师也通过不同的教法来帮助学生轻松快速的学会一门语言。
Linguists and psychologists are trying to understand how people learn
and use a language.语言学家和心理学家正致力于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语
言的。Perhaps language 1earning will be easier when they have a clear
understanding of how people learn and use a language. 也许在解决了这个
问题之后,语言学习会变得容易一些。
Unit 2Text A
Caught Between Two Cultures夹在两种文化之间
I was born and raised in Hong Kong. 我是土生土长的香港人。 For the past
six years I’ve been living in the United States.六年来一直生活在美国,
I work as a salesgirl in a large department store. 是一家大百货商店的女
售货员。Right now I’m going through a difficult period of my life
which is hard for me to talk about.目前我正经历人生中一段痛苦,自己也很
难讲述。
A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong for a visit.几个月前,我回香港探
亲,It was the first time I’d gone back there since coming to the
United States.这也是我到美国后第一次回家探亲。I was eager to see my
parents,my brothers and sisters,and my friends.我期待着见到我的父母、
兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。
I really got a shock when I arrived.到达时,我确实大吃一惊。Hong Kong
was not the same city that I left six years ago.香港已经不是六年前我离
开时的那座城市了。Things had changed so much that I didn’t recognize
parts of it.这儿发生了巨大的变化,一些地方都认不出来了。My elementary
school was gone.我读书的那所小学已经不复存在。The houses on the street
where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office
buildings.曾经住过的那条街上的房子已被拆掉,代之而起的是办公大楼。
The shock from the physical changes in the city,however,was nothing
compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents’
home.但是,我到了父母亲家里不久,就发现了一些令我想不通的问题,情感上 也
受到了挫伤。与之相比,香港外观上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。My family
greeted me warmly when I arrived.我的家人热情地迎接我回家。While my
mother was busy preparing a special dinner in my honor,我母亲忙着备饭为
我接风,the rest of the family eagerly asked me questions about my life
in the United States.家里其余的人迫不及待地问我在美国的生活。I felt
happy that day and for a couple of days after,那天和之后的几天我都非常


高兴。but then I began to feel that something was wrong.但是不久我就开
始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。I noticed that my family,especially my mother,
would sometimes glance at me in a strange way when I was speaking. 我注
意到,在我讲话的时候,我的家人,尤其是我母亲,会以一种奇怪的目光看我。
They gradually became less warm and friendly toward me,渐渐地,大家对我
疏远起来,不像开始时那么热情、友好了。and I became uncomfortable and
confused as to(至于) why they were behaving that way.我感到不舒服,弄
不明白他们为什么这样对待我。
I decided to talk to my mother.我决定和母亲谈一谈。She asked me,“Have
you forgotten your Chinese way ?” 她问我:“你忘了中国的规矩了吗?”I
asked her what she meant.我问她指的是什么。She said.“You’ve
forgotten the place of women in a Chinese home.她回答说:“你忘了中国家
庭里女人的地位了。You talk when you should remain silent.应该保持沉默的
时候,你却在讲话。You speak on matters that are of concern only to
men.你就那些只与男人有关的事情发表见解。You speak openly of your inner
feelings and desires.你直言不讳你的内心感受和愿望,That’s not the way
of a Chinese woman.这不是中国女人的做法。We keep our thoughts and
feelings to ourselves.”
我们的想法和感情都不说出来。”
As my mother spoke,听着母亲这样讲,I realized what had happened to
me.我意识到了是怎么回事。American including American women,美国人,包
括美国女性,are much freer in expressing their thoughts and feelings.都
非常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。Also American women feel as free as men
to speak or give an opinion about any subject.美国男女一样,对任何问题
都自由地发表见解。They don’t take a silent back seat during a
discussion.在讨论中,她们不会做一个沉默的旁观者。I guessed that through
my association with Americans during the past six years,我想,过去六年
和美国人的交往中,I had gradually adopted some of their ways.我渐渐学了
他们的一些做法。
During the next few days I tried to be a Chinese woman.接下来的几天,我
尽力作一名中国女性,But it didn’t work.可是没用。My family remained
distant from me.家人和我疏远。They could no longer accept me fully as
on e of them.他们无法完全把我当作自己人。I became more uncomfortable
and hurt as things were said and done that made me feel that I was an
outsider,a stranger in my own country.身在家乡却被视为外人,这使我更加
不自在,感觉受到了深深的伤害。


I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United
States.我提前三周结束了这次探亲,回到美国。But coming back here didn’t
lessen the confusion and pain.但是回来之后并没有减轻我的困惑和苦恼。In
fact,事实上,I feel more confused than before.我比以前更加困惑,I now
feel homeless.感到无家可归。I don’t feel like an American.我感觉自己
不是美国人,Americans haven’t accepted me.美国人也不接受我。The women
I work with at the store are polite enough,商店里一起工作的女同事们都对
我非常礼貌,but they don’t try to get close to me or let me get close
to them.但是她们不接近我,我也无法接近她们。During the morning coffee
break they make plans to have lunch together and go shopping.上午工作休
息喝咖啡时她们计划一起吃午饭,一起购物;On Fridays they talk about the
disco place they’re going to that night.星期五她们谈论晚上要去哪家迪
厅,They never include me in their plans 。但是从未将我列入她们的计划。
My accent,我的口音、my name,and my oriental features mark me as a
foreigner.名字和东方人的长相显示我是个外国人。I’ve felt for a long
time that I wasn’t being accepted by Americans,but I’d felt that I
was Chinese and that my home was Hong Kong.长期以来,我感到自己是中国
人,我的故乡是香港,自己不被美国人接受。Now I no longer consider Hong
Kong my home.现在我不再将香港视为我的故乡,And so I feel homeless.因此
感到无家可归。I’m caught between the old world where I no 1onger belong
and the new world which has not yet accepted me.我被夹在两个世界当中—
—不再属于原来的世界,还未被新世界接纳。
Ⅳ. “Culture shock”occurs as a result of total immersion in a new
culture.“文化冲击”是完全浸人一种新文化所产生的结果。It happens to
“people who have been suddenly moved abroad”. 这一现象经常发生在
“突然移居国外的人”身上。Newcomers may be anxious because they do not
speak the language,know the customs,or understand people’s behavior
in daily ['deili] ad. 每日地,日常地a. 每日的,日常的life.初来乍到
者与当地人讲不同的语言,不了解当地的习俗,也无法理解人们日常生活中的行
为。他们会因此而感到 焦虑不安。The visitor finds that “yes”may not
always mean“yes旅游者发现“是”并非总代表“赞同”,that
friendliness does not necessarily mean friendship,友好不一定代表友
谊,or that statements that appear to be serious are really intended as
jokes.听起来严肃的话语也许只是玩笑。The foreigner may be unsure as
to (至于)when to shake hands or hug,外国人无法确定什么情况下该握


手,什么情况下该拥抱,when to start conversations,什么时候开始说话,or
how to approach a stranger.如何结识陌生人。The notion(概念) of
“culture shock” helps explain feelings of bewilderment (n.困
惑 ).“文化冲击”可以帮助我们解释这种困惑感。Language problems do not
account for all the frustrations (n.挫折)that people feel.语言并
非造成人们这种挫折感的全部原因。When one is deprived ( vt.夺去)of
everything that was once(adv.一次) familiar [????????] a.熟悉的;冒昧
的 ,such as understanding a transportation system,knowing how to
register for university classes,or knowing how to make
ulties in dealing with the new society may arise .像交
通系统 ,注册大学课程,交友等这些一个人曾经熟悉的一切全部消失,他在新社会
中肯定会碰到一些困难。
Text B
Culture Shock — The Initial Stresses文化冲击—最初的压力
My friend Dr.Dong had a wonderful chance to go to Seattle to present a
paper at a professional meeting.我的朋友董医生有幸获得了一次 去西雅图在
一个专业会议上做学术报告的好机会。Having attended my course in
Intercultural Communications,已经上过我的跨文化交际课程,he consulted
me to review some of the cultural differences he might experience.他请
我帮他温习一下他可能遇到的一些文化差异。I also gave him the phone number
of a friend of mine who lived in the area.我也把在当地居住的一个朋友的
电话号码给了他。When he got back,we met to review his experience.他回
来后,我们又聚到一起回顾了他的经历。
Dr.Dong told me that the course information had helped him.董医生告诉
我,跨文化交际课上学的东西派上了用场。He experienced the typical stages
of culture shock.他经历了文化冲击的典型阶段。He arrived expectant and
happy and enjoyed his first days very much.他满怀期待高高兴兴地到了美
国,非常愉快地度过了最初几天。At the medical conference,在医学会议上,
he felt quite confident of his area of research and was able to perform
well in his presentation.他对自己的研究领域颇为自信,而且他所做的发言也
相当成功。 But after a few days, 但几天后,he began to feel
uncomfortable.他开始感到有些不适应了。 His medical English was fine,他
的医学英语不错,but the social interaction skills were different,可是社
会交往技能却是另一码事,and he was unsure of the cues and the
communication styles.他拿不准那些暗示及交际风格。


He worried more and more that he was misunderstanding simple English
greetings and table talk conventions.他焦躁不安,连简单的英文问候语以及
餐桌交谈习俗也弄不懂了。When people greeted him with,“Hi,how’s it
going ?” 有人用“嗨,一切都好吗?”和他打招呼,he thought they had asked
him “where are you going ?” 他以为是问他“你要去哪儿?”,and answered
with the name of the conference hall,答之以会议厅的名字,only to get a
confused stare from them.结果招来了疑惑的目光。At a western style
dinner,在一次西式的晚宴上,a colleague asked,“So how’re you enjoy
in ’ the States?” 一位同事问他:“你在美国过得好吗?”he thought he
heard,“So how are you enjoying your steak?” 他听成了“你觉得牛排味道
如何?”, and answered that he was having chicken,not beef.回答他在吃
鸡肉,不是牛肉。That time,his colleague smiled,那次,那位同事笑了,and
patiently repeated the question.并耐心重复了他的问题,At last,they
both laughed at the error.之后俩人对这个错误大笑一通。
Such failures in understandings and communications were minor.这类误解
和交流不畅还是次要的。But for Dr.Dong,但对董医生来说,they were the
beginning of a sense of“ cultural confusion”. 它们是“文化困惑”感的
开始。By the end of the meetings,在会议快要结束时,he felt a deep sense
of“ cultural stress ”and was worn out from having to pay attention to
so many new expressions and ways of dealing [????] n.买卖;待遇 vt.给予
with thin gs.他深深地感到了“文化压力”,为待人接物时那么多的新表达方法
和方式而感到精疲力竭。He felt his handshake was not as firm as
Americans’,
他感到自己握手不如美国人那么有力;found that people reacted反应(常与to
连用)unusually when he modestly insisted his English was not good after
they complimented him,人们称赞他时,他谦虚地坚持说自己的英语不好,他发
现别人的反应异乎寻常;didn’t know how to accept dinner invitations
properly and therefor missed out on going to several lunches,and so
on.由于搞不清如何适当地接受宴会邀请而错过了几次午餐,如此等 等,不一而
足。Eventually,he was so bewildered [????????] vt.迷惑;弄糊涂 that he
felt the full impact冲击 of“ culture shock”. 最终他被搞得不知所措,
彻底感受了“文化冲击”。
What is culture shock and why does it occur ? 什么是文化冲击,为什么会存
在文化冲击?The term was coined about 50 years ago by a Swedish scholar.
这一术语是大约50年前一位瑞典学者最先创造使用的。 His seminal


article ,“Culture Shock; Adjustment to New Cultural Environments ”has
been reprinted and revised for many textbooks and magazines.其拓荒之作
《文化冲击:适应新的文化环境》为许多教科书及杂志所再版和修订。He called
it “the occupational disease of people who have been suddenly
transplanted abroad”.他将“文化冲击”定义为“突然移居海外的人所患的职
业病”。His use of the word“disease ”is a pun,他用的“disease”这个词
是个双关语,because it implies that it is like an“ illness” with its
own “symptoms and cure”. 因为它暗示这如同一种“病,有其自身的症状和疗
法”,but also that the root cause is also a feeling of “dis-”ease or
unsettled uneasiness.而且其根源也是一种(dis)不(ease)适或心神不宁的感
觉。
Think back on your own experience.回想一下你自己的经历。Have you ever
moved from one context to another ? 你曾从一个环境迁到另一个吗? Many
students feel this adjustment shock when they change from one school to
another,or move from a small town to a big city.很多学生,从一所学校转
到另一所,或从一个小镇到一座大城市时,都会感到这种顺应冲击。
The sensations one feels in new surroundings often include:在新的环境下
人们的感受经常包括:
Feeling like an outsider,feeling unsure of oneself or even feeling
stupid;感到像个局外人,对自己没有信心,甚至感到愚蠢;Sensing that
one’s language skills aren’t good enough,missing jokes,colloquial
phrases, references to TV shows or pop songs or other
c ultural“insider”information;感到自己的语言能力不足,领会不了笑话、口语化用语的含义,也搞不懂电视节目及流行歌曲或其他文化“内涵”的信息;
Feeling uneasy and unsettled,irritable and increasingly short-tem-
pered;感到不适和不安,易激怒并且脾气越来越暴躁;Feeling lonely and
wanting to go“home”,feeling more and more like a stranger or
outcast;感到孤独并且想要回” 家”,感觉愈来愈像个陌生人和被抛弃的人;
Feeling overwhelmed,overloaded,daydreaming,staring blankly at things
or even staring at nothing;感到不能自持.负担过重,想人非非,失神发呆;
Becoming more and more afraid of communicating and of making mistakes,
worried anxious.越来越害怕交流和犯错误,担心、焦虑。
These are all symptoms of initial culture shock.这些都是文化冲击的最初
症状。With a new context come new ways of doing things.新的环境伴随着新
的行事方法。Being uninitiated and unsure of what to do ,people usually
have a strong sense of displacement in the beginning.最初若没有积极性并


且不知道该做什么,这种移位感通常 都很强烈。But the good news is that we
humans are very good at adapting.但是好在我们人类很善于调整适应。Though
almost all of us undergo some degree of mental stress in this period.尽
管在转变过程中都经历了某种程度的心理压力,after a few weeks or months,
数周至数月后,we learn how to“read” our new context.我们就学会如何
“解读”新环境, We become aware of the new cues,the new expectations,
and the new ways of communicating. 逐渐懂得了新的暗示、新的期望、新的交
际方法。With some trials (n. 考验,磨难,困难,患难) and errors(错
误),and with a 1ot of patience n. 忍耐with ourselves , 几经磨练,加
上自己的耐心,most of us succeed in overcoming culture shock and learn
to enjoy our new context.大多数人成功地克服了文化冲击,学会享受新环境。
’s visit to the US was only three weeks long,董医生的美国之行仅
仅3周的时间,but by the end of the five-day medical conference,但未等
5天的医学会议结束,he was already starting to feel more confident. 他已
经开始感到比较自信了。 Sure he felt a little foolish about some of the
mistakes he had made,当然他感到自己所犯的一些错误有点儿愚蠢,but he
quickly learned to laugh at his errors and found that his colleagues
smiled with him.但他很快就学会调侃自己的过错,并发现他的同事也在向他微
笑。This broke down the barriers to communication and helped him build
some good professional 专业的relationships. 这些消除了交流的障碍,帮助
他建立了一些良好的业务关系。And after the conference, he contacted 联系
the family I had referred him to and had a very nice time visiting
them.会议结束后,他同我提到的那一家人取得联系,并愉快地拜访了他们。
There were some new cultural surprises, 在此过程中他又经历了一些新的文化
惊奇,but he discovered he could better understand and adapt to them.但
他发现他能够更好地了解并适应他们。
By the time he returned to China,回到中国,he was feeling quite
positive about this American trip,他感到此次美国之行很有意义,and was
glad for the new experiences and new skills it had given him.对此行的新
经历和获得的新技能感到高兴。He had become successful in the initial
period in a new culture.接触一种新文化的最初阶段,他取得了成功,Though
he had gone through some embarrassing culture stresses,尽管经历了一些尴
尬的文化压力,each had proven to be a valuable learning experience,但每
一次都证明是颇有价值的学习经历,and in the end had helped him overcome
his culture shock.并且,最终帮助他战胜了文化冲击。
Unit 3 Text A


Books书
Knowledge may be acquired through conversation,watching television or
traveling,知识可以通过交谈、看电视或旅游来获得,but the deepest and
most consistent way is through reading.但最深入、最经常的途径是读书。If
we consider the literate population of the world,如果我们考察一下世界上
有阅读能力的人,we may conclude that a few spend their whole lives on
academic reading;便可得出这样一个结论:把整个一生用来阅读学术书籍是少
数;many read something light for pleasure,多数人只是看些闲书消遣;a
few dip into something more serious now and then;时常浏览一些比较严肃读
物的人也是少数;while very many men,women and children never advance
beyond the sports page of a newspaper,a fashion article or a comic.而
更多的男人、妇女和儿童只看报纸上的体育新闻、时装介绍或连环漫画。
If you have learnt to love books as a child,如果从小就学会爱读书,the
reading habit will never desert you.那么你会永远保持读书的习惯,But if
this has not been your good fortune,但如果你没有这种好运气养成爱读书的
习惯,you tend to think of reading as a bore.你就会认为读书是件讨厌的
事。A few,but very few,come to the habit late in life.有一些人,为数
不多,直到晚年才养成爱读书的习惯。The circumstances which help to set a
child on the path to the literary adventure are:有助于使儿童走上读书道
路的环境是:a life even barely above real poverty,有一个略高于赤贫生活
水平的家庭,so that there is scope in the family for thoughts and
activities not wholly devoted to the struggle for making a living;这样
的家庭才有机会想些别的而不至于全盘心思为谋生而奋斗;the availability of
free books either at home or in a public library;或者家中有书,或者可在
公共图书馆借书,做到看书不花钱;and the possession (n.拥有)of a
character([????????]n.性格) both curious好奇的 and independent.本人
具有求知欲和独立性。
In order to desire to read one must be curious.一个人想读书,必须有求知
欲。A few children are able to keep this curiosity and their mental
independence alive despite the educational system of their country.少数
儿童不论他们国家的教育制度如何,始终能够 保持这种求知欲和思想上独立性。
But many fail to do so either because of an overstrict system where what
is most important is memory work;但多数儿童却做不到这一点。or because
of a careless and lazy one where even the basic disciplines of literacy
are ignored in the sacred name of free expression.这要么是由于教育制度


过于严格,把死记硬背看做天下第一号大事;要么是由于教育制度松散、使人怠
惰, 在“自由表达”的神圣旗帜下,甚至连读书写字这样的基本要求也被忽视。It
is a wonder that at least a few children survive their schooling and
emerge as people who can think,people who are open-minded and
knowledge able.堪称奇迹的是,至少有少数儿童竟然没有被这种学校教育所糟
蹋,而是脱颖而出,成为善于思 考、思路开阔、博学多闻的人。
Thus,various circumstances are not favorable for the reading habit.因
此,不利于培养阅读习惯的环境是各种各样的,And we may add to this the
worldwide atmosphere of violence(n.暴力) and anarchy(n.无政府状
态) ,我们对此还可加一条,那就是遍及全世界的暴力行为和无政府状态——the
New Dark Age in which we live today.我们现在就生活在其中的新黑暗时代。
Many of us no longer have the peace of mind necessary to a quiet hour
with a book.我们很多人再也没有静下来读上一小时书所必需的那种心情了。But
it is precisely(adv.精确地) because of our present现在的 troubles
that we should read.然而正是由 于当前存在的各种问题,我们更应该读书。
How,否则,otherwise,are we to understand the nature of hatred,我们怎
能理解什么是仇恨、of cruelty,什么是残酷、of power polities ?什么是强权
政治呢? How,otherwise,are we to take a stand on the serious question
of individual freedom and authority ?我们怎能在个人自由和权威这类严肃的
问题上表明我们的立场呢? How,otherwise,are we to comprehend and perhaps
solve these urgent紧急的 problems that face us?我们怎能理解而且可能解决
我们所面临的迫在眉睫的许多问题呢?
Ideally then,因此,a school system should be one in which the love of
learning,理想的教育制度应该培养学生酷爱学习,rather than the
acquisition of facts,is cultivated;而不是只是为了获取事实one in which
the spirit 精神of enquiry (n.询问) is encouraged.:应该鼓励探索精
神。Ideally(a.完美的),family and governmental policy should be to see
that we have a great number of books而理想的家庭和政府方针应该保证我们
有大量的书籍—any books.——什么书籍都有。 A person with a book is a
real person alive on the earth;手不释卷是活在世上真正的人;without a
book he is a foo1.不然,就是一个傻瓜。
1V.
Great books deal ( v t.对付;应付,常与with连用)with the persistently
unsolved problems of human life.重要的书籍是用来解决人类生活中难以解决
的问题的。There are genuine [] a.真的;真正的mysteries [] n.神秘小
说,侦探小说in the world that mark the limits( n.极限) of human


knowing and thinking.世界上确实有一些限制人类知识和思维的真正神秘的东
西。Inquiry not only begins with wonder, but usually ends with it
also.询问不仅开始于疑惑,也结束于疑惑。Great minds acknowledge [] v t .
承认;表示感谢mysteries honestly.伟人都承认神秘的存在。Wisdom( n.
智慧,聪明,才智)is fortified(加强的)not destroyed ([] v t .破坏,毁
灭;消灭) , by understanding its limitations([] n.限制;限度,局
限 ).智慧是可以通过了解它的限制来得到加强而不是被摧毁。
It is our privilege([] n.特权,优惠) ,as readers ,to belong to 属于the
larger brotherhood(n. [哲学]博爱; 手足情谊) of man that recognizes
(vt.识别) no national国家的 boundaries [] n.分界线.
It is our privilege, as readers ,to belong to the larger brotherhood of
man that recognizes no national boundaries.作为读者,我们是属于广范围的
集体,没有任何国界,这是我们的特权。I do not know how to escape [] vt.逃
脱from the strait-jacket(约束物)of political nationalism.我不知道如何
摆脱政治国家主义的束缚。I do know how we become friends of the human
spirit(n.精神) in all its manifestations[] n.表明; 现象(显示),但是我确
实知道我们如何在大范围内成为人类精神的朋友, regardless( a. 不管??
的;不顾??的。与of连用)of time and place.不受时间地点的局限。It is
by reading the great books.我们可以通过读好书达到这一点。Text B
The History of Books书籍的历史
The first known inventor of printing in Europe was Johannes Gutenberg of
Germany.欧洲第一个著名的印刷术发明家,是德国的约翰?内斯?古腾堡。The
first book printed in his workshop was a Latin Bible.他在车间里印的第一
本书,是拉丁文圣经。A few copies of this first book still exist.第一本
书的一些复本现在还保存着,They are now over five hundred years old.已有
500多年的历史了。The Gutenberg Bible was printed on a hand press with
type made of lead.古腾堡圣经是用手控印刷机在铅字版上印成的。Most of the
copies were printed on paper,这些书大多数印在纸上,but a few were
printed on vellum [?v?l?m] n. 羊皮纸.但有几本印在羊皮上。The books are
about 12 inches wide and 16.5 inches long.这种书宽约12英寸,长约
16.5英寸。
Men who had been trained in Gutenberg’s workshop soon established (vt.
成立,建立) themselves as independent printers.在古腾堡印刷所受过训练
的人们,很快就独立开业。By 1 500,到了1500年,about fifty years after
the first Bible was printed,大约在第一本圣经印成后50年,more than 30,
000 books had been printed.已经印成书30 000册以上,The Bible was still


the most popular book.圣经依旧是最流行的书。Other church books were
also printed,as were Greek and Latin classics,history books,and
astronomy books.此外,还印刷了一些教堂用书、希腊和拉丁的古典名著、历史
书及天文学书。
The tools工具 of the first printers were simple and could be moved
about easily.最初的印刷工人所使用的工具很简单,搬动起来也很容易。At the
end of the fifteenth century there were more than a thousand printers in
Europe.15世纪末,欧洲印刷工人有一千多人。Since many people could not
read Latin and Greek,由于很多人不懂希腊文和拉丁文, books were soon
printed in various languages.不久印刷书籍就包括了各种语言。The printers
also began to make the books smaller,印书者开始把书印得小些, So that
they could be handled more easily.以便携带起来更容易。Furthermore此
外,the printers began to make their books more elaborate 精致的,精巧
的),而且他们开始把书印得更精致了, adding pictures and ornamental [] a.
装饰的 n.装饰品letters at the beginning of chapters.在每一章之前增添插
图和装饰性字母, Gradually the letters of the type were made smaller,
finer and more delicate.印刷字母逐渐做得更小、更细、更精致。The letters
began to look less like manuscript letters,印刷字母开始看起来和手写字母
不同了。and eventually adv.最终,the form of the letters was simplified
to the point where they were well—adapted to the metal of the type.字
母的形式终于大为简化,完全适合铅字的要求。
Sometimes books were illustrated with用...说明 woodcuts.书籍的插图有时
是木刻的。Blocks of wood were carved so that the white parts of the
picture were below the surface of the wood.在雕刻标志木头时,图画的白色
部分是凹陷的,When the surface was inked and stamped onto paper,在木头
的凸出表面涂上墨水,并印在纸上,the dark part of the picture was
reproduced.图画的黑色部分就复印出来,The first attempts,of course,
were rather crude,当然,起初的试作是相当粗糙的,but eventually the
block printers were making meticulous [] a. extremely careful 细致的,过
细的and artistic艺术的 illustrations插图 .但渐渐地木刻印刷工人刻的插
图,就变得既细腻又有艺术性了。Florence,in Italy and Lyons,in France,
became famous for their illustrated books.意大利的佛罗伦斯,德国的里
昂,都以出版插图书籍而驰名。
In the seventeenth century,great numbers of religious pamphlets were
printed.17世纪印刷出版了大量的宗教宣传小册子。These pamphlets were not
always neat or artistic because the writers were only interested in


spreading their ideas quickly,这些小册子并不总是 美观或富于艺术性,因为
作者仅仅是为了迅速传播他们的思想,and the readers did not consider the
appearance of the book important.读者也觉得书籍的外观并不重要。The art
of metal engraving was developed about this time and enabled printers to
illustrate their books with pictures of very fine,delicate lines.大约
在这 个时期,金属雕刻术发展起来,这样一来,印刷者能把他们书中的插图画得非
常细腻、精致。The use of an engraving on the first page of a book became
popular.在书中的第一页上使用雕刻图饰,成了流行的做法。The quality of
the paper improved too.纸张的质量也提高了。
By 1800,到1800年,hand printers could not supply enough books to
satisfy 使满意the demand.手工印刷者出版的书已满足不了人们的需要。Books
were not printed fast enough when hand-made paper and wooden hand
presses were used.用手工纸和木制的手工印书的速度不 够快。Fortunately幸
运地,幸好,about this time,many machines were invented that aided辅助
的 in the mass production of such products as cotton and woolen cloth
[?????] n.布;衣料;桌布.这个时期发明了许多机器,促使大量生产诸如棉布和
毛料这样的产品。The invention [?????????] n.发明,创造of new types of
printing machines and paper machines followed on the heels后跟 of these
inventions and helped to speed vt.加快up the production of books.随着
这些发 明而来的,是新型印刷机和造纸机的相继发明,这就加速了书籍的印刷和发
行。The paper machine produced paper in rolls instead of sheets;造纸机
生产的纸,不再以张数计,而是以卷数计了。and the iron [?????] n.铁;铁制
品hand press enabled激活的 the printer to use larger pieces of paper on
which more text could be printed in less time.使用铁制手印机,印刷 者能
用更大的纸张印书,这样在较短的时间里就能印出大量的书。Finally,the
linotype (音:来呢泰扑)was invented,后来铸字机也发明了,a machine
which could cast all entire全部的 line of type at one time.这种机器一
次就可以铸造出整整一行铅字。
In the twentieth century,many books have been produced in paperback
editions n. 版;版本.20世纪,许多书籍都以平装印刷发行。Although these
books do not last持续 as long as those( with cloth[ kl???] or leather
[?????] n.皮革;皮革制品 bindings n. 装订;书的封面,这些书虽然不如
那些用、布面或皮面精装的书籍那么经久耐用,they are much cheaper.却便宜
得多。Thus,因此,many poor people who could not afford books before,
can now buy them.许多过去买不起书籍的穷人,现在也能购买。Today books
are available to everyone because they are no longer expensive,今天,书


籍人人都可以得到,因为书籍不再昂贵了。they do not take long to produce,
书不需要很长的时间就能印刷出来,an d,consequently因此,they are no
longer rare.因此也不再稀罕了。 Because of this progress进展 in book
production,由于书籍的印行发展很快,more and more people are learning to
read.愈来愈多的人都在读书。More and more people are now writing books,
as well as reading them,愈来愈多的人不仅仅在读书,也在写书。so that the
literature of the world is being constantly ad. 经常地,不断地
enriched.因此,世界上的著作也日益丰富起来。
Unit 4 Text A
Don’t Let Anger Get the Best of You别让怒火击溃你
You’re late for a job interview when traffic slows to a crawl.交通阻
塞,车辆缓慢地爬行,你因此而面试迟到;In the supermarket,a customer
wheeling a full cart cuts ahead of you in the express checkout line.超
市里你排在快速结账口,有个推着满满一车货物的顾客正好插在你前头;You
spend months on a project,and your lazy colleague gets the
promotion.为一个项目,你耗费了几个月的心血, 而结果你那懒惰的同事得到了
提升。
Do you feel angry ? 很恼火是吧?Before you lose your temper,take a deep
breath and remember this:在你怒火爆发之前,深吸一口气,记住:Anger
hurts.怒气伤身。Studies have found that high levels of anger and
hostility are related to greater risks of heart disease,poor immune
responses,and even a tendency to get fat.一个又一个 研究表明,怒火冲天
及产生敌对情绪会增加患心脏病几率、免疫系统衰竭,甚至还有发胖的危险。Men
with high levels of anger were three times more likely to develop heart
disease than the calmer,a Harvard School of Public Health study
found.哈佛大众健康研究院的一项研究表明:怒气冲冲的男性得心脏疾病的可能
性要比脾气温和 的同龄人高出3倍以上!And in women, arguments with spouses
[?????]raise hormone levels and lower immunity至于女性,与配偶争吵会增
加荷尔蒙分泌而降低免疫力,—a real problem,这是个严重的问题,since
[????] lower immunity may raise women’s risk of cancer.因为免疫能力降
低会加剧女性患癌症的可能性。
It doesn’t seem to matter whether you release [ri'l??s] the anger or
hold it in,experts say.专家指出,发泄或抑制怒气,其后果没什么两样,
The effects on your health are the same.两者对健康造成的影响是一样的。
“Anger is anger, ”says Redford Williams,M.D.,director of the
Behavioral Medicine Research Center at Duke University Medical Center


and coauthor of the book Life Skills.“Both are harmful to health.”
“生气就是生气,两者都对健康构成危害。”杜克大学医学院行为药物研究中心主< br>任、《生命的技巧》的合著者医学博士莱德福?威廉姆斯这样说。
The good news is that it is possible to control your anger.乐观的消息
是,愤怒可以控制。“By evaluating (评估)it and using different
techniques,you can calm down(平静下来),”Williams says.“对整件事做
出评价,然后,通过使用各种方 法,你可以让自己不再生气,”威廉姆斯说,
“That’s what’s nice about us humans.“这也是人类的奇妙之处:We can
always do something or not do something to change our behavior.”我们总
能做些什么或不做什么来改变行为。”
Take Stock对自己进行一次预测或评估
Many people who are angry don’t recognize themselves as angry,
according to Knoxville Psychologist Richard Driscoll.诺克斯维尔的心 理学
家理查德?杰斯科尔认为,许多发火的人都不承认他们在生气。He suggests that
you ask yourself these questions to measure your anger quotient:他建议
你可以问自己如下几个问题来判断发怒的程度:Do you feel that you are
frequently时常 mistreated (被虐待)by others ? 你是否觉得别人经常待你
不好? Do you often consider考虑 minor inconveniences to be personal
attacks against you ? 是否经常把一些小的不方便看做对你个人的攻击?Do you
complain often ? 你时常抱怨吗?Do you exaggerate (夸大,vt.)the actions of
others or take their insults personally ? 你有没有从主观出发夸大了别人的
行为或对你的冒犯? On the road,在路上驾车时,do you frequently curse
( [k??S] 诅咒)other drivers,是否频频咒骂别的司机to the point that
driving has become unpleasant?以至于驾车成了一件很不愉快的事?
Keep a Record保留记录
To get a better sense感觉 of what makes you mad,如果要更好地了
解是什么触怒了你,keep a journal of situations that make you angry.就准
备一本日记,记下你是在那些情况下生气的。
Reflect(反省,回顾 )on why they set you off and make you feel
mis treated.再回想一下为什么当时那些事情会激怒你或让你觉得别人待你不公
正,Ask yourself honestly whether your anger is justified.诚实地问问自
己发火是否有正当理由。By writing down feelings and situations,当把这些
感受和情形写下时,you’ll become more aware of (知道)the events
(事件,复数形式)that make you angry and maybe even avoid them.你会对让
你生气的事情了解得更透彻,或许能避免这种事情再度发生。
Change or Accept改变或者接受


When you feel anger welling up,当你开始觉得怒火中烧快要爆发了,take a
change-it or accept-it approach.采取“改变它”或是“接受它“的策略。
If,for example。your neighbor’s garbage is fluttering into your yard
yet again,比如,你邻居家的垃圾又一次落到了你的院子里,it’s time to put
your problem—solving skills into motion.是时候把你解决问题的技巧变为实
际行动了Calmly discuss [di'sk?s]the situation,and look for ways to
change it.——和邻居平静地谈一下情况并寻找改变这种情形的办法。
If you can’t do anything about the situation如果你对有些事无能为力—
the rude driver who just cut you off has left the scene [????],(注:对
比: [????] n.感官;感觉;见识 ;2. since [????] conj.从?以来)
——一个粗鲁的司机抢了你的道并扬长而去work to put your anger on hold
right then(就在那时,adv.) and there.一要尽量当场就控制住你的怒火。
Accept that you can’t do anything about it,接受你对此毫无办法的事实。
take some deep breaths,做几次深呼吸,and move on (继续前进vi.)
to something else.将注意力转移到别的地方去。
Don’t Take It Personally不要片面主观
How many times have you said to yourself.“That shouldn’t have
happened to me” or “I don’t deserve(vt.应受,值得) that”? 有多少次
你对自己说类似“这不应该发生在我身上”或者“我太委屈了”之类的话? Such
thinking can easily set off angry feelings.这种想法很容易引爆内心的不快
情绪。But smart people realize that,sometimes,the water-on-the- back-
of-a-duck approach is the best way to deal with many of life’s unfair
treatments.不过聪 明人知道,生活中总有太多不公平,有时候逆来顺受是最好的
处理办法。
“Many of us have a God-like or little-kid-1ike thought that we
shouldn’t be imposed on,defeated, or have things happen to
us,”Deffenbacher says.“我们中有不少 人有着神一般的,或者说是像小孩子
一样不现实的想法,认为别人不能强加于我们什么,我们不该有挫败 感,不能让某
些事在我们身上发生,”丹芬班齐博士说。“That’s a high-1evel
demand.“那样要求太高了。The fact is that you cannot avoid the
unpleasant things that happen to you.” 事实上,总是会有不愉快的事情发
生的,躲也躲不掉。”The better able you are to accept that,the less
angry you’ll be.你越能接受它们,也就越不会动不动发脾气。
Stop Dwelling on the Past别再沉湎于过去


If you still remember a minor infraction n.违犯long after it happened,
如果你对一次已经过去很久的小挫折依然耿耿于怀,it’s time to forget
it.是时候释怀了。Life has moved on,and so should you.生活还在继续,你
也该向前看。Practice understanding people who have done you minor
wrongs.尝试着去理解那些曾对你不公正的人,Think of the problems as
having been caused by the situations,not the people.试想这些问题是由环
境造成的,而非人为因素。If it’s a more serious matter,如果情节比较严
重,such as childhood abuse or an unfaithful spouse,例如儿童时期受到虐
待或配偶对你不忠诚,consider seeing a doctor to help you work through
and release the pain,says a psychologist.可以考虑去看几次心理医生,让
他帮助你解脱痛苦,走出阴影。
Adjust Your Routine调整你的习惯
If you’ve been keeping track痕迹,轨迹 of your anger,如果你留意自
己发火的过程,you know what sets you off.你便会知道怒气的源头在哪里,
Use that information信息 to avoid upsetting压平 situations情况,情
形.掌握了这点就可以避免碰上这种会让你生气的情形。For instance, 例
如,if you know that the grocery store is crowded on weekends,你知道食
品杂货店到周末往往挤满了人,shop after work.那就索性平时下班后去购物。
By avoiding frustrating挫折的 situations,you avoid anger.躲过了这种让
人烦恼的场面,你也就可以少恼怒一回。
Finally,最后,the ways you react to upsetting心烦意乱的
situations and express your anger come from a combination of several
facto rs因素,你对令人心烦的事物的反应vi及表达怒气的方式都要来自于一些
综合因素,includi ng genetics,up— bringing教养,and culture.如遗传、
所受过的教育及文化环境等。Your response also varies according to your
mood and even how tired you are.当然,你的反应也会因心情或疲劳程度的变
化而变化。
Fortunately,令人庆幸的是,angry people can learn to become happy
people.易怒的人可以学着成为快乐的人。“We just have this personality
type that sometimes gets US into trouble,” “很多人生来就是这种脾气,
有时会让自己陷入麻烦,”williams says. 威廉姆斯说, “You’ll always
have that tendency to get angry.这种人就是容易动怒。But you can
probably control it to keep it from damaging your health.” “但或许可
以将这种秉性加以控制,以致它不会危害健康。”
Unit 5 Text A


The Most Important Day in My Life 我一生中最重要的那一天
Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog when it seemed as if a
tangible white darkness shut you in,and the great ship,tense and
anxious, groped her way toward the shore? 你曾经在浓雾茫茫的时候到过海
上吗?那时会有这样的感觉,周围是白茫茫的一 片,什么也看不见。轮船焦急万分
又小心翼翼地摸索着靠近海岸。I was like that ship before my education
began,only I had no way of knowing how near the harbor was.开始接受
教育之前,我就好像是那条船,只是不知道海岸还有多远。
The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which
my teacher,Anne Mansfield Sullivan,came to me.我的老师-- 安?曼斯菲尔德?
萨莉文小姐来到我家的那一天,是我一生中最重要的日子。I am filled with
wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives
which it connec ts.每当我回想起正是那一天连接了我生活的两个完全不同的阶
段时,心中就感慨万端。It was the third of March,1887,three months
before I was seven years old.那是1887年3月5日,再过三个月,我就满七
周岁了。
On the afternoon of that exciting day,在那个激动人心的下午, I
guessed vaguely from my mother's signs and from the hurrying to and fro
in the house that something unusual was about to happen,我从妈妈的活动
和家里人们的忙乱中猜到要有什么不平常的事情发生。so I went to the door
and waited on the steps.我走到门口,在台阶上等着。
I felt approaching footsteps.我感到有入朝我走来,I thought it was
my mother and stretched out my hand.以为是妈妈,就伸出了手,Someone
took it,有个人握住它,and then 1 was caught up and held close in the
arms of the person who had come to reveal all things tome,and,more
important than that ,to love me.把我拉了过去,紧紧地抱在怀里。
这个抱我的人,就是那个将为我揭开生活的帷幕,也将把她满腔的爱倾注给我
的人。
The morning after my teacher came she led me into her room and gave
me a doll.第二天上午,老师把我领进她的小屋里,给我一个洋娃娃。When I
had played with it a little while,玩了一会儿后,Miss Sullivan slowly
spelled into my hand the word.萨莉文小姐在我的手掌上慢慢地拼写
着''洋娃娃这个单词。I was at once interested in this finger play and
tried to imitate it.我对这个手指游戏非常感兴趣,尽力照着去做。When I
finally succeeded in making the letters correctly I was filled with


childish pleasure and pride.最后终于成功地把这个单词拼对了,自己非常高
兴和骄傲。Running downstairs to my mother I held up my hand and made the
letters for doll.我下楼向妈妈跑去,伸善手指,拼出了洋娃娃这个单词。I
did not know that 1 was spelling a word or even that words existed;当时
我并不知道我在拼写单词,甚至也不知道单词的存在,I simply made my fingers
go in monkey-like imitation.我只不过用手指像小猴子般地模仿老师。In the
days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way many
words.among them,后来的几天,用这种我也不理解的方法,我学会了拼写很多
单词,,,,and a few verbs like ,and
.其中有别针、帽子、杯子和几个动词,比如坐、站、走等。
but my teacher had been with me several weeks before I understood that
everything has a name.我和老师生活了几个星期之后,我才明白了每个东西都
有自己的名称。
One day while I was playing with my new doll,那天,我正在玩一
个新洋娃娃,Miss Sullivan gave me my old doll,too.萨莉文小姐把以前那个
旧的也给了我,She then spelled
that.然后她拼写出洋娃娃,想让我明白洋娃娃这
个词对两个东西都适用。Earlier in the day,那天早些时候,we had a
struggle(n.斗争;争斗) over the two words .我
俩就一直在做杯子和水两个词的文章,Miss Sullivan had tried to impress
it on me that ,她想让我
明白杯子就是杯子,水就是水。but I persisted in mixing up the
two.但我总是弄混,I became impatient and, seizing the new doll,I
dashed it on the floor,我烦了,抓起那个新洋娃娃,摔到地上, breaking it
into pieces.成了碎片。I was not sorry after my fit of temper.我发脾气
之后,一点也不后悔。In the dark,still world,I had no strong sentiment
for anything.在这个黑暗、寂静的世界中,我对任何东西都没有太深的感情。
My teacher brought me my hat,老师给我拿来帽子,and I knew we
were going out into the warm sunshine.我知道要出去沐浴和煦的阳光了。We
walked down the path to the well house.我们顺着小路向井房走去,Someone
was drawing water,有人正在打水,and my teacher placed my hand under the
spout.老师把我的手放到出水口上. As the cool stream gushed over one
hand,当清凉的水流过我的一只手时,she spelled into the other word
water,她在另一只手上写出了水这个单词,first slowly,then rapidly.先
是慢慢的,然后逐渐加快。I stood still:我一动不动地站着,my whole
attention was fixed upon the movements of her finger.全神贯注地感觉她手


指的动作。Suddenly I seemed to remember something I had forgotten——a
thrill of returning thought ——and the mystery of language was revealed
to me.突然,我好像记起了某些我已经忘 掉的东西,觉得一种过去的印象又回到
了头脑中。从此,语言对我不再神秘,I knew then that the
r meant that wonderful cool something that was flowing over my
hand.我明白了水就是那股清凉的、奇妙的、从我手上流过的东西。 That
living word awakened my soul and set it free.这个活生生的词唤醒了我的灵
魂,打开了我智慧的窗户。
I left the well-house eager to learn.我离开井房,急切地想学更
多的东西,Everything had a name and each name gave birth to a new
thought.任何事物都有自己的名称,每个名称都给我带来了一个新的概念。 As
we returned to the house, every object which I touched seemed to be
full of life.回家的路上,我触摸到的一切都充满了生命的活力,That was
because I saw everything with a strange, new sight that had come to
me.这是因为我以一种陌生的新眼光来看待一切。0n entering the door I
remembered the doll I had broken.走进家门,我想起了摔碎的洋娃娃, I
felt my way to the fragments and tried in vain to put them together.摸
索着向那堆碎片走去,想把它们弄在一起,没有成功。Then my eyes were filled
with tears , 这时,我跟里噙满了泪水,for I realized what I had done,and
for the first time I felt sorry.因为我意识到我做错了事情,而且,第一次
觉得后悔。
I learned a lot of new words that day.那天,我学会了很多生
词。It would have been difficult to find a happier child than me when I
lay in my small bed that night and thought of the joys that day had
brought to me,夜里躺在床上,想起了白天的欢乐,我觉得世界上几乎没有比我
更幸福的孩子了。and for the first time I longed for a new day to
come.有生以来,我第一次向往新的黎明的到来。
CLOZE Ⅳ.Cloze.Please pay attention that there are more words than
are necessary?
Forgot drew happened patient meant
understanding fragment tried movements arrival
game challenge contrast revealed gushed
What a challenge I must have been to Miss Sullivan! I remember the
many times she tried to spell words into my small hand.But neither
words nor letters meant anything to me.I thought her finger
movements were some kind of game.But at last。On April 5,1887,


she reached my understanding About a month after her arrival,she
taught me the word .
我对萨利文小姐是个多大的挑战呀!我记着她多 次努力,在我小手里拼写单
词,但无论单词还是字母对我都毫无意义。在我看来。她手指的运动就是一种 游
戏,但1887年4月5日,她最终触到了我的思维。她到后一个月,教会了我水
这个字。
It happened at the well where 1 was holding a mug while my
teacher drew water.As the water gushed over my hand,she kept spelling
w-a-t-e-r into my other hand with her fingers.Suddenly I understood!
这发生在井边,我拿着大 杯子,老师汲水。水从我手上流过,她用手指
不停地拼写水这个单词,突然,我理解了。
Text B He Led a Useful Life 有价值的一生
Benjamin Franklin would seem right at home among us if he
were alive today. 如果本杰明.富兰克林还活着,我们会对他很熟悉。In
fact,he did a lot to shape our way of life.事实上,他做了许多对我们的
生活方式发生重大影响的事情。Right now you are probably nodding your head
and thinking,,yes-we learned a11 about old B.F.in the fifth
grade.你可能会立刻点头说:对,是的,我们在五年级的时候就知道富兰克林
的故事了。But let's see whether you really know .但是-
让我们来看一下,你是否真正完全了解他。
You probably know that he was a stout old fellow with a bald
head who flew a kite with a key fastened to it and signed the
Declaration of Independence.你或许 知道他是位健壮的秃顶老人,曾经把钥匙
系在风筝线上,还签署了《独立宣言》。All that is true,这都是真的,but
there is a lot more to know about this man who had so many useful ideas
and served his country in so many different wa ys.但是关于他还有许多事情
有待我们了解,他还有许多有价值的想法,并为自己的国家在许多方面做 出了贡
献。
Franklin had a practical mind.富兰克林擅长实践, When he saw
a problem,he tried to do something about it.一旦发现问题就立即着手解
决。The houses of Philadelphia were built of wood and easily caught
fire.费城的房子都是木制的结构,很容易着火。Neighbors tried to help each
other,but they could do little to save a burning house.一发生火灾,即
使邻里之间都来帮忙救火,也作用不大。So Franklin organized a fire-
fighting company.因此,富兰克林就组建了一个消防公司。Philadelphia's
fire loss became so low that the first fire-insurance company in the


United Sates was soon set up there.这大大降低了费城的火灾损失,这使美国
第一家火灾保险公司得以很快成立了。Ben Franklin was one of its
directors.富兰克林担任了其中一个部门的经理。He also persuaded the city
to pave and light its streets.他还说服市政府为城市铺设道路并安装路灯。
Again,the fact that people had trouble keeping their houses warm in
winter set Franklin's active mind to work.此外,富兰克林活跃的思想甚至
使他还考虑如何解决人们冬天房间取暖困难这一问题。He decided that the big
fireplaces were to blame.他判断出问题出在大壁炉这儿,Because they were
set deep into the wall.因为壁炉深深地砌在墙里, they did not let enough
heat reach the middle of the room.热量不能充分散发到房间里。So he
drew some plans and hired an ironworker to make the potbellied
Franklin stove.于是他就画了一张设计图,并雇铁匠按图纸铸造了一个大肚子的
炉子-- 被称为富兰克林炉子。It stood in the middle of a room and threw off
heat in every direction.把炉子放到房间中央,这样热量就能向各个方向散发
了。
He did not patent the invention.富兰克林没有申请发明专利,He was
too busy with his discoveries to bother with making money.因为他总是忙
于发现新问题,根本无暇顾及挣钱。Although he was a wealthy man by the
time he was forty- two,虽然四十二岁时,他已经是位富翁了,money by itself
did not interest him.但并不是金钱本身使他感兴趣。He valued it because
it enabled him to retire from business.他在乎钱是因为有了钱他就不至于为
了谋生而忙碌不止,Then he had time to spend on other things that seemed
more worthwhile.他就能摆脱繁琐事务的羁绊把精力投入到他认为更有意义的事
情上。What he really cared for most of all was science.他真正喜欢的是科
学本身。
Franklin was always trying to answer the question:富兰克林一直在试
图回答这么一个问题:What makes things act the way they do? 是什么使物体
按照各自的规律运行?At that time learned men were puzzled被动,过去式
about electricity.当时知识界都对电的现象迷惑不解。They wondered whether
it was in some way like the lightning in a thunderstorm.人们猜测这是不
是像雷雨时闪电一样。It might be,可能如此,but how could you prove it--
by coaxing (v.哄,耐心使??) some electricity down his kite
string.但怎样证实呢?富兰克林证实了这一问题-- 他通过风筝线把闪电从天空导
下来。That act made him famous in America and Europe.这使他一下子名声响
誉欧美。But,of course,Franklin did not stop here.但是,富兰克林当然不


会就此止步。He found a way to make the knowledge useful:he invented
the lighting rod.他发现了利用这一知识的方法:那就是避雷针。
Franklin would gladly have spent the rest of his days in quiet
study and research.富兰克林很高兴把余生的时间投入到安静的学习和研究中。
But he was fl very important person now,and the country needed him for
public service.但是,他当时已经是位重要人物了,国家需要他为公众事业服
务。
Disagreement between the colonies and the British was becoming quite
serious.Pennsylvania needed a representative in England.随着殖民地与英
国本土之间矛盾的加剧,费城需要一位驻英国的代表。Would Dr.Franklin
accept the post ? He would.富兰克林会接受这个位置吗?他接受了。He
went to London and stayed there for more than ten years.他来到英国并且
一呆就是十多年。He did his best and might have helped to delay the
war.他竭力避免战争的爆发。But both sides were too angry to reach
agreement.但是双方都怒不可遏,难以达成协议。 Franklin returned home
just as the Revolutionary War began,就在独立战争爆发前,富兰克林回到了
美国,arriving in time to sign the Declaration of 1ndependence.及时地赶
回来签署了《独立宣言》。
He was now seventy years old and his health was not good.当时他已经
七十多岁了,而且身体情况很不好。He would gladly have settled down at
home.他很高兴能回家安享晚年。But America needed help from France to
carry on the war,但是,美国要继续这场战争必须取得法国的支持,and she
asked Dr.Franklin to win this help.这需要富兰克林博士去赢得支持。 He
answered..If there is one corner
left which can be useful to my country.1 will be honore d.他答复到:
我就像一条破旧的地毯,哪怕有一个残留的角能有益于我的祖国,我也感到万分荣
兴。
His first step was to overall his money as a loan to the
Congress.他采取的第一步措施就是把自己所有的积蓄都作为贷款交给了国会。He
wanted to prove his faith in the new American government and encourage
others to support it.他想以此来表明他对国会的信任,并鼓励他人支持国
会.Then he set sail for France.然后他启程来到法国。
In Paris,Franklin was warmly welcomed.在巴黎,富兰克林受到了热烈的
欢迎。Although he was a simple man,he was a shrewd diplomat.他虽然单纯
直爽,但同时又是位精明的外交官。He spoke very poor French,but he always
chose the right words for the occasion.他法语讲得并不好,但总是能针对不


同的场合选择最恰当的语言。He finally persuaded King Louis of France to
declare war on England.最后,他终于说服路易国王对英国宣战,That was an
important achievement.这是一项重大的成就。It was only with the aid
of the French fleet that Washington was able to win the war and
American independence.只有在法国舰队的援助下,华盛顿才能率领美国人民赢
得这场战争并取得美国独立。
Benjamin Franklin returned to America.本杰明富兰克林回到了美国。He
was very old now,and in poor health.他已步入垂暮之年,身体状况很差。
But still he did not settle down and retire to his comfortable home.但
他并没有就此停下来,引退回到舒适的家中。He sat through the long
arguments on the terms of the Constitution.他坐着听完了关于宪法条款的长
时间的争论。Twice,the meetings would have failed if he had not helped
the delegates to agree.如果不是他帮助代表们达成一致,有两次会议都要以失
败而告终。
Ben Franklin died in 1790 at the age of eighty- four.本杰明富
兰克林于1790年逝世,享年84岁。He had spent all his adult life helping
people.他倾尽毕生的力量来帮助他人。Years before,he had told his mother
that that was his aim.早在多年前他就曾对母亲表达了自己的愿望。When he
died he did not want people to say,.
was that people would remember him and say,.他不
希望人们在他死后评价说:他死的时候非常富有。 他所希望的是人们会记着他并
说:他的一生是有价值的。
Unit 6Text A
The British Educational System 英国的教育体系
All over the world,the mention of English education
suggests a picture of“public schools”, 一提起英国教育呈现在人们面前的
往往是一幅“公学”的画面,and it suggests in particular the names of
certain very famous instructions—Eton,Oxford and Cambridge;特别是一些
著名的教育机构——伊顿、牛津、剑桥等;but People do
not always realize what place these institutions occupy in the who1e
educational system.但是人们往往不了解这些机构在英国整个教育体系中所占的
位置。Oxford and Cambridge are universities each haying about 12,000
students out of a total of over 250,000 students at all British
universities.牛津和剑桥两所大学分别拥有大约12 000在校生,而全英在校大
学生的总数超过250 000。Eton is a public school,and the best known of
the public schools.伊顿是所公学,也是最著名的公学。which,in spite of


their name,are not really public at all,尽管名字叫公学,其实并不是真正
意义上的公立学校, but independent and private secondary schools taking
boys from the age thirteen to eighteen years.而是所独立的私立中学。它只
招收13-18岁的男孩。The public schools in reality form a very small part
of the whole system of secondary education;实际上,公学仅仅是英国整个中
学教育体系中的一小部分;only about one out of forty English boys goes to
a public school,and one out of 1,500 goes to Eton.在英国仅有1/40的
男孩能进入公学读书,而1 500个中只有1个能上伊顿公学。
Apart from the so-called public schools there is a complete
system of state primary and secondary education.除了所谓的公学之外,英
国还有一套完整的国立小学、中学教育体系,which resembles in general the
state education in most other countries.这同大部分国家的国立教育大体相
似。A11 children must, by law , receive fulltime education between the
ages of five and sixteen.法律规定所有5~16岁的孩子必须接受全日制教育,
Any child may attend,without paying fees, a school provided by the
public authorities, and the great majority attend such schools.任何孩子
都可免费到由政府当局开办的学校读书。They may continue,still without
paying fees,until they are eighteen.大部分孩子都上这类学校,并且可以一
直读到18岁。In presenting an overall picture of English education it
would be reasonable to concentrate on the state system alone and refer
briefly to the public schools.要全面介绍英国的教育,应单独集中介绍其国
立教育体系,同时简要介 绍其公学教育。However,a1though the public schools
are not important numerically,然而,尽管从数量上讲公学所占的地位不算重
要,they have been England’s most peculiar and characteristic
contribution to educational methods and they have an immense influence
on the whole educational practice and on the English social
structure.但它对英国的教育方法做出了最特殊、最具特色的贡献,对整个英国
的教育实践 和社会结构产生了重大的影响。For a hundred years most men in
leading positions in banking ,insurance ,high finance,some
industries ,the army,the church and conservative politics have been
educated at public schools.近百年来在银行、保险、高级金融、工业、军队、
宗教、保守政 见等领域的顶尖人才大都曾在公学接受过教育。Things are
beginning to change but it will take time.尽管近来情况开始有所变化,但
短时间内变化还不明显。Among the universities Oxford and Cambridge hold a
dominant position.牛津大学和剑桥大学在大学教育领域处于领先地位。Of
cabinet ministers who went to universities,nearly all went to one or


the other of these two,and to Oxford in particular.读过大学的内阁大臣
中几乎都上过这两所大学中的某一所,特别是牛津大学。
A student who receives further full—time education after the age of
eighteen, either at a university or at a teacher’s training college or
at some other college giving training of a special type,can usually
receive a grant from the public authorities to cover his expenses,or
most of them,unless his parents have a large i ncome.学生满18岁后,若
要进一步接受全日制教育,可以选择读综合性大学、教师训练学院或者 其他提供专
门培训的学院。政府当局通常可以提供给学生助学金以支付其全部或大部分学费,
除 非学生的父母收人很高不需要资助。But the number of young people who can
enter universities is limited by the capacity of universities, which is
less than enough to take all the young people who have the basic
qualifications for university admission. 但是由于受到大学容量的限制,上
大学的青年人的数量是有限的,这些大学的数量不能容纳下所有具备基 本入学资格
的学生。In practice,therefore,entry to universities is competitive.因
此实事上,上大学是有竞争性的。But university degree courses are also
available at polytechnics,and entry to the Open University is less
restricted.但是学生还可能选择上工科学院的学位课程,而且上函授大学所受限
制则小得多。
The academic year begins after the summer holidays and is
divided into three“terms”. 每学年的开始从暑假后的学期算,并且分为三个
“学期”, with the intervals between them formed by the Christmas and
Easter holidays.由圣诞节、复活节两个假期间隔开来。The exact dates of
the holidays vary from area to area.各学校的具体放假时间因地区差异而不
同,being in general about two weeks at Christmas and Easter,大致上圣诞
节、复活节各两周的假,plus often a week or more at Whitsun,and six
weeks in the summer,beginning rather late.加上通常一周或更长一点的圣灵
降临节 假期和六周的暑假,暑假开始得相当晚。Schools outside the state
system decide on their own holiday dates,不受国家教育体制限制的学校自行
决定放假时间,generally taking a month off at Christmas and Easter and
eight weeks in the summer .通常是圣诞节、复活节各放一个月,暑假放八周。
The three terms are not everywhere called by the same names;这三个学期
在不同的地区叫法不完全一样。indeed some schools call the January—March
period“the Spring Term”, 实际上一些学校称一至三月学期为“春季学期”,
others use“Spring Term”for the period April—July.另外一个称呼是称
四至七月学期为“春季期”。Some call the January term“Winter


term”(which is logica1).others call it“Easter Term”. 另外一个称呼
是 称四至七月学期为“春季期”。一些地方称一月学期为“冬季学期”(这是逻辑
上的叫法),而有另外一 个称呼则是“复活节学期”。
Day-schools mostly work Monday to Friday only.from about
9 a.m.to between 3 and 4 p.m.大部分日校周一至周五上课,大约从早晨九
点上到下午三点或四点。Lunch is provided and parents pay for it unless
they prove to the authorities that they cannot well afford to.学校通常
提供午饭,但学生父母要付钱,除非他们向官方证明自己负担不起。All primary
school children,including those in independent schools,were given milk
free of charge until 1970 when the Government abolished this benefit.所
有的小学包括私立学校都向学生提供免费的牛奶,直到1970年政府取 消了这一福
利。
CLOZE
1g.Cioze.Please pay attention that there are more words than are
necessary?
afford attain backbring fetch good in mention
offer on private report return well under
There are many ways of attaining education at all levels.Many
high schools,colieges,community or district adult schools as well as
business and industrial institutions offer noncredit(无学分的)daytime or
evening classes in dozens of fields and skills. It is reported that
about 1 3 million Americans participate in different forms of adult
education through schools,job training,or correspondence
one in four American adults participate in an organized learning group
each vear。In recent years,there has been a trend to bring in older
students for post.secondary education degree.As has been mentioned,
the communitv college has made it possible for all sections of the
population to have higher education.Other colleges and universities,
both public and private.also offer what is now called“continuing
education”programs or“lifelong education”programs of associate
degrees?graduate studies or professional development.Under such a
system,a worker may contmue his study even on a part—time basis,and a
retired person may return college at an advanced age.
有许多接受不同层次教育的方式。许多高中、大学、社区或区域 成人学
校以及工商业学术机构都提供许多领域和技能的无学分日班或夜班。据报道,美国
大约有 1300万人通过学校、职业培训或函授课程来参与不同形式的成人教育。大


约四分之一 的美国成人每年都要参加有组织的学习团体。近几年来,有一种趋势是
让年龄大一点的学生获得中等教育 学位。正如前面所提到的,社区大学可以使任何
年龄段的人拥有接受高等教育的机会。其他学院和大学, 包括公立和私立的,都提
供“继续教育”或“终身教育”,用来获得副学位、毕业教育或职业进修。在这 样
的教育体系下,工人可以进行业余教育,上了年纪的退休的人也可以进入大学学
习。
Text B
Higher Education in the United States 美国的高等教育
In the United States,a student who has finished high school may want
to continue in higher education.在美国,一名中学生高中毕业后,如果想继
续接受高等教育,There are several ways to continue in higher education
in the United States.他可以有以下几种选择方式:There are
universities, colleges,community colleges,and technical or
vocational schools.综合大学、四年制学院、社区学院、职业或技术学院。Each
of these kinds of higher education will be described below.对这几种高等
教育方式,下文将分别加以介绍。
A university is much larger than a college. It is larger for two
reason.综合大学比四年制学院规模大,表现在两个方面。First,a university
in the United States usually has several different colleges in it. 首
先,美国综合大学通常设有若干个学院。 Each college within a
university has a special subject area.每个学院都有专门的学科领域。
There may be a college of liberal arts where humanities, social
science ,natural science, and mathematics are taught.一般设有文学院,开
设的课程有人文学科、社会科学、自然科学和数学等。There may be a college
of education where students learn to be teachers.也可能设有教育学院,学
生可以在这里通过学习成为教师。There may be a college of business where
business subjects are taught.也可能设有商学院开设商业课程。All of these
colleges may be part of one university. 所有这些学院可能仅占一所综合性大
学的一部分。Sometimes,in a university,each college is called
a“school”:“The School of Liberal Arts”,“The school of
Business”or“The School of Education. 有时,综合大学内的每一个学院都可
被称为学院:文学院、商学院、教育学院。Second,a university always has
programs for advanced or graduate study in a variety of subjects.其次,
综合大学总是设有多种学科的高级专业学院或研究院,There may be a medical
school,a law school,and other advanced programs.比如医学院、法学院或
其他高级专业学院等等。


Students in the United States must have a high school diploma
or its equivalent, to enter one of the colleges in a university.在美
国,学生要入综合性大学的学院学习,必须有高中毕业证或者具有同等学力。Most
students have completed regular high school programs.大部分学生都完成
了正规的高中教育课程,Some older students may have the same amount of
education even though they have not completed high schoo1.一些 年龄大的
学生尽管没有完成正规的高中学习,但也接受了同等程度的教育。These students
have the equivalent of a high school degree.这些学生具有高中同等学
力。 University students may study for an undergraduate degree in the
arts or sciences.大学学生可以通过学习获得理学或文学的本科学位。If they
complete a course of study in the arts,they receive Bachelor of Arts
degrees.In the sciences,they receive B.S.degree.如果完成了文科的课
程学习将 获得文学学士学位,理科的学生将获得理学学士学位。Students may
leave university at this time,or they may choose to go on for a
graduate or professional degree.大学毕业后,学生可以离开学校或选择继续
攻读研究生学位或专业学位。
A university may get money for its expenses from several
different sources.综合大学经费的资金来源可有以下几个方面。It may get
some money from the state government.If so, it is a publicly funded
university.若是依靠政府提供资金,就是公办大学。It may get money only
from private sources:也有的学校资金依靠私人来源:
contributions ,tuition(fee for teaching),investments,and other
sources.捐献、学费、投资及其他来源等等,If this is the case.it is a
privately funded university.这种类型的学校是私立大学。Finally,a
university may be funded by a religious group.另外一种类型的就是靠教会
支持的大学。
A university program for undergraduates usually takes four
years.综合性大学本科教育计划通常是四年。In this way,a university and a
college are alike.这一点和四年制学院相似。College students usually
spend four years in school also.学院的学生通常也要在学校渡过四年的时
间。A college,however,usually has only one or two kinds of
programs.但是四年制学院通常仅有一到两种类型的课程计划。A college does
not have graduate or professional programs in a variety of areas.学院在
各种领域不设研究生或专业课程教育。


A college is also like a university in the kinds of students it
has.在学生类型上,四年制学院的和综合性大学的差不多。College students,
like university students,usually have a high school diploma when they
enter college.同综合性大学的学生一样,四年制学院的学生在入学时通常都有
高中毕业证。If a college student completes a course of study in the
arts,he or she receives a Bachelor of Arts degree.如果四年制学院的学生
完成了文科的课程学习,也获得文学学士学位。In the sciences,the students
receive A Bachelor of Science degree.理科的学生获得理学学士学位。If
college students want to continue for a graduate or professional
degree,they must go to a university.如果四年学院的学生想继续攻读研究生
学位或专业学位,必须到综合性大学去。
The college is usually funded in one of the three ways.四年制学院经
费来源通常也不外乎上文所列的三种方式。It may be publicly or privately
funded.Or,it may be funded by a religious group.可能是公立的也可能是
私立的,或者可能是教会资助的。
Compared to universities and colleges,community colleges in the
United States are quite different.在美国,社区学院同综合性大学和四年制
学院相当不一样。The programs of study in the community college usually
last only two years.Many different subjects are taught in the community
college. but not all subjects.社区学院一般是两年制,并开设许多不同的课
程。Not all of the subjects are taught in the community college. Not
all of the subjects are the usual school subjects.有些课程是平常学校所
不开设的。The community college may give courses in dental(of the
teeth)technology,auto mechanics,sewing。and many other nonacademic
subjects.社区学院可能会开设牙科技术、 汽车机械、缝纫及其他一些非学术性课
程等,The community college may also have courses in the regular
academic subjects like science,math,languages,literature, and other
courses in the humanities.也开设一些常规的文化 课程,比如像自然科学、数
学、语言课、文学及其他一些人文学科等。
Many different types of students study at community
colleges.社区学院内有各种类型的学生。Not all students have a high
school diploma.有些学生没有高中毕业。Many students are adults with
children,and sometimes with grandchildren,of their own.许多学生都是有
孩子的成年人,有时候有些学生都有孙子了。The community college serves the
community,社区学院为社区服务,and anyone who lives nearby may go.住在


社区附近的任何人都可以入社区学院上学。 When community college students
complete a two-year program,they receive an associate of arts or
associate of science degree.社区学院的学生完成两年制学业后可以获得准文
学学士学位或准理学学士学位。They may then go to a college or university
for two more years to get the bachelor’s degree.然后他们可以到综合大学
或学院继续上两年以获得学士学位。However,the student may get a job
instead,or just stop going to schoo1.也可能就停止上学,开始工作了。
Community colleges are nearly always publicly funded,by the state,
country,or city government.社区学院几乎都是由州、县、或市政府出资成立
的。They are not usually funded by religious groups.一般不由教会资助。
The community college gives training for a variety of jobs,
and also has all academic program.社区学院为各种类型的工作提供培训,同
时也开设文化课程。The technical or vocational school,however, has only
job training.但是职业技术学校只进行工作培训,Its programs may last a
short time or a long time.时间可能短也可能长。Some programs take six
months.有些培训期要要半年,while other programs may take two years or
more to complete.有些可能要两年甚至更长。
Students in the technical or vocational school may have a high
school diploma. 有些职业技术学校的学生已经高中毕业Many,however,do not
have the diploma.,但是大部分没有高中毕业证。Many people go to a
technical or vocational school instead of going to high schoo1.When
they complete their training,they may be able to get a good job right
away.许多人选择读职业技术学校而不是高中,结束培训后可能会立即找到一份好
工作。 The technical or vocational school provides training for work in
areas such as electronics,carpentry,plumbing,and others.职业技术学校
为一些工作领域提供培训,比如电子、木工、水管装修等等。
The technical or vocational school may be funded in any of the ways
already described.职业技术学校经费来源可能是上述资助方式中的任何一种。
It may be publicly or privately funded,or it may be funded by a
religious group.它可能是公办的也可能是私立的,或者可能是由教会资助建立
的。Other sources of money for this kind of school are trade unions or
charity organizations.这类学校的其他资金来源还有工会或慈善组织。
Students who have finished high school,and even some who do
not go to high school may choose from these four kinds of higher
education in the United States.在美国,高中毕业的学生甚至一些不想上高中
的学生可以从这四 类高等教育方式中选择一种。High school students who want


further academic or professional training may go to a college or
university.想进一 步接受学术或专业教育的高中学生可以上综合性大学或四年制
学院。Students who want both academic and nonacademic training may go to
the community college.学术和非学术性的培养都想接受的学生可以上社区大
学。Students who want to get job may go to a technical or vocational
schoo1.想早工作的学生可以上职业技术学校。Students may choose the kind
of higher education that they like best.学生可以从中选择他们最喜欢的高
等教育方式。
Unit 7 Text A
Christmas 圣诞节
Christmas is a religious holiday.圣诞节是个宗教节日,It is
celebrated on December 25 as the birthday of Christ.每年12月25日基督
生日,人们欢庆圣诞。Most churches have Christmas Eve services.大多数
教堂都举办圣诞夜宗教仪式,The services usually begin just before
midnight on Christmas Eve and end early Christmas morning.这些仪式一般
从圣诞夜开始,一直持续到圣诞节大清早。
It was not until the 4th century that the church in Rome began to
celebrate Christmas.直到公元4世纪,罗马教堂才开始庆祝 圣诞。(作为汉译
英考过了)Midwinter festivals had always been celebrated by many
peoples.各族人一直都在冬天欢庆节日。The approach of the winter time,as
the days grew shorter and colder and the sun seemed to threaten to
disappear entirely, was a time of fear.冬天是个让人害怕的时节,天变短
了,变冷了,太阳好像有全部消失的危险。But the shortest day also meant
that winter was leaving and that ahead were spring,但白天最短也意味着冬
天即将离去,春天就要来了,the warmth of the sun and the return of
vegetation to the fields.温暖的阳光,田野里植物返青也不远了。
Christmas is a family holiday.圣诞节是个家庭节日。Stores,post
offices,banks,and businesses close for the day.店铺、邮局、银行、商行
都要关门。Schools and colleges close between Christmas and New Year’s
Day.中小学和大学在圣诞和新年间放假一周。People stay at home and spend
the time with their families.人们在家里和家人团聚,Everybody tries to
come home for Christmas.每个人都努力赶回家过圣诞。People send cards or
Christmas greetings to their families and friends.人们给家人和朋友寄上
贺卡,表达圣诞的祝福。Some families send and get dozens of Christmas
cards through the mail.有些家庭要通过邮局寄送和接收成打的贺卡,They


wish their friends“ A Merry Christmas’’and“A Happy New Year”.祝愿
朋友“圣诞快乐”、“新年快乐”。
The day before the vacation begins,放假的前一天,schools have
Christmas parties and programs.学校要举行圣诞聚会,表演节目。The
children sing Christmas songs and recite Christmas poems.孩子们唱圣诞歌
曲,朗诵圣诞诗篇,They trim their Christmas trees with strings of
colored lights. They put glass ornaments on the trees.用一串串的彩灯装
饰圣诞树。They throw little pieces of white paper over the trees and put
white paper or a white sheet around the feet of the trees,so that they
seem to be covered with snow.他们把玻璃装饰 品挂在树上,把白纸片撒在树上
和周围,用白纸包住圣诞树的底部,仿佛白雪皑皑。Sometimes they hang
Christmas cookies and little candies around them.有时,他们也挂上圣诞点
心和糖块。
The use of mistletoe as part of Christmas decorations[dek?] 装饰
品 in private houses is common in the United States.美国家庭普遍用榭寄
生作为圣诞节装饰的一部分。A spring is fastened to a chandelier in the
living room and the youths regard it as their privilege to kiss any
pretty young girl who wittingly or unwittingly stands under it.把一个弹
簧系在起居室的枝形吊灯上,小 伙子们把亲吻有意无意地站在树下的漂亮姑娘看做
他们的特权。Kissing under the mistletoe originated in Britain in the
early 17th century.这一风俗源于17世纪的英国,The custom was for a
berry to be removed from the bough[报] every time a girl was kissed
under it.最初是这样的:每当树下一个姑娘被亲吻时,人们就会从圣诞树枝上拿
走一个浆果,When all the berries had been removed the kissing came to an
end.浆果拿没了,亲吻活动也就结束了。
Little children hang up their stockings on Christmas Eve near their
beds,小孩在圣诞夜把长筒袜挂在床边,and they believe that when they are
asleep,他们相信睡着的时候,Santa Claus will come to visit them.圣诞老
人就会来看他们。He comes down from the North Pole and drives a big
sled.圣诞老人驾着大雪橇从北极来, In the sled are toys for all the good
children.雪橇上放着给好孩子准备的礼物。Eight little reindeer pull the
sled there through the air.八头小驯鹿在空中拉着雪橇,Santa gets out
when he comes to the roof of the children’s house.到孩子家房顶时,圣诞
老人走下雪橇,He comes down the chimney with a bag of toys.背着大口袋,
顺着烟囱到屋里。If the children have been good。要是孩子表现好的话;he
will fill their stockings with candies。他就会用点心、水果、玩具塞满长筒


袜。fruits and toys,and he also puts some toys under the tree.树下,圣
诞老人也放些玩具。
On Christmas morning,圣诞节清早,children look into their
stockings.孩子们看各自的长筒袜内有什么,They open their Christmas
packages and examine their gifts.他们打开圣诞包,.看收到了什么礼物。
Usually the whole family has a big Christmas dinner in the afternoon or
evening.一般来说,在下午或晚上,整个家庭要好好地吃顿圣诞家宴。The
Christmas dinner,which is similar to the Thanksgiving feast,这顿家宴和
感恩节的宴席差不多,is traditionally distinguished by a plum—
Pudding dessert.传统的特色是要有葡萄干、布丁甜食。
Sometimes American families trim trees outside their homes.有些美国
家庭也要修剪装饰户外周围的树,They put electric lights in a tree growing
near the door and at night,they turn on the lights. 在门口的树上挂起电
灯,晚上打开电灯。 Many towns have very large Christmas trees set up
outdoors in the parks.许多城镇在公园内的露天场地上都竖起很大的圣诞树。
In many rural sections of the country and in sections of some
cities,在一些乡间和城市的地方,candles,placed near the windows,人们把
蜡烛放在窗口,light the paths of singers who go from house to house
singing.为挨家挨户唱圣诞歌曲的歌手照明道路。
The air is filled with Christmas songs,空气中弥漫着圣诞的歌声,and
the stores are decorated in red and green,the traditional Christmas
colors .商店也装饰得红红绿绿——这是圣诞的传统颜色。Dozens of Santa
Clauses welcome the customers.许多圣诞老人招呼着顾客。
The common people have created legends of Santa Claus as a symbol of
their deep love for children.普通群众创造了 关于圣诞老人的各种传说,以表
达对孩子深深的爱意。However,the businessmen and the advertising
companies on the main roads have turned Santa Claus into a cold
commercial attraction.主要街道两旁的商人和广告公司则把圣诞老人当作了冰
冷的商业诱惑。
Christmas is the biggest time for selling goods and American
newspapers and magazines make a countdown before Christmas:圣诞节是最繁
忙的销售季节 ,美国各报纸杂志在圣诞节前纷纷打出倒计时牌,“Twenty—one
shopping days before Christmas,twenty days before
Chris tmas...”.“距圣诞节还有21天购物时间”,“距圣诞节还有20天购
物时间”,“Empl oy your time, for time glides on with speedy foot.”
“抓紧时间购物,时间转瞬即逝”。


CLOZE
Ⅳ.Cloze.Please pay attention that there are more words than are
necessary.
lights hanging leave exchange ornaments
cards near church courts stockings
under shopping under traditional fun
Many people exchange presents and send Christmas cards to their
family and friends.They open their presents on Christmas Eve or
Christmas morning.Often they leave the brightly wrapped packages
under Christ. runs Trees and children have fun for guessing what
special surprises are in store for them.As the colorful cards arrive。
Americans enjoy hanging them on the Christmas trees.
在圣诞节,许多人交换礼物,给家人寄 送贺卡。他们在圣诞节前夜或圣诞节早
上打开礼物。通常,他们把这些色彩绚烂的礼包放在圣诞树下,孩 子们猜测包中有
什么,从中获得乐趣。收到五颜六色的贺卡后,美国人喜欢把它们挂在圣诞树上。
Many families go to church on Christmas Eve or Christmas
morning. Then they come home to enjoy a traditional Christmas
dinner.Their favorite courses are turkey,goose,and plum
pudding.Before going to bed.children hang their stockings by their
beds,hoping some candles and tovs will be given by Santa Claus.
许多家庭在圣诞前夜或圣诞节上午去教堂,然后回家享用传统的圣诞家
宴。他们最喜欢的菜 是火鸡、鹅和葡萄干布丁。睡觉之前,孩子们把长筒袜挂在床
边,希望圣诞老人会给他们送来糖果和玩具 。
Text B
Thanksgiving Day 感恩节(已出过英译汉了2006-04)
Thanksgiving Day comes on the fourth Thursday in November.感恩节
是11月的第四个周四。Every year,the president writes a letter to the
people.每年,美国总统都要给美国人民一封信,He writes that the fourth
Thursday in November will be a national holiday.信中说,11月的第四个周
四是全国性的节日。All the stores. banks,schools and offices close。这
一天,所有商店、银行、办公场所都不上班。The people can spend
Thanksgiving Day with their families.人们同家人欢庆感恩节。
When the Pilgrims landed in 1620 near Cape Cod,
Massachusetts. 1620年,英国首批清教徒在马萨诸塞的科德角附近登陆。their
first year was very hard.他们在美洲的第一年非常艰难,The winter was


much colder than they were used to and many people died.冬天很冷,他们
不习惯,许多人死了。Fortunately,the Indians were friendly to them.They
showed them how to plant corn and helped them with fishing and
trapping. 幸运的是,当地印地安人对他们很友好,教给他们怎样种玉米,帮他
们打猎、捕鱼。
Conditions began to improve in the spring of 1621.The
Pilgrims planted a large crop and in the fall,they had a good
harvest.1621年春天,情况有了好 转,清教徒们种了很多庄稼,秋天获得了大丰
收。Besides, there were a lot of wild vegetables and fruits.Fish and
game were plentiful.除此之外,当地野菜、野果很多,鱼和猎物也应有尽有。< br>Therefore,they were able to get enough fresh meat despite their lack of
skill or experience in hunting and fishing.虽然他们打鱼、狩猎的技能和经
验并不多,但也能够吃上足够的鲜肉。Their health improved with the warm
weather and their better diet.随着天气变暖,食物增多,他们的健康状况也
有了好转。
In the fall,they looked over the past year and were both
regretful and thankful.秋天时回想过去的一年,这些清教徒们既感到遗憾,又
充满感激。Only fifty of the original one hundred passengers
remained.The price in human lives and the tragedy had been great.最初
的一百人仅活下来一半,生命和所遭受痛苦的代价十分巨大。0n the other
hand,they saw new hope for the future.另一方面,他们看到了未来的希望,
They were happy and thankful.既感到高兴,又充满感激。They knew they had
enough food for the second winter with the splendid harvest.他们知道获
得了丰收,第二个冬天的食物已经足够了。They had eleven crude houses for
protection against the severe winter.他们建了十一座抵御严寒的简陋房屋,
Seven were for families, and four for communal use.七个供家庭用,四
个公用。 The Pilgrims wanted to celebrate the end of their first year in
their new home with a real holiday.他们想在年底好好庆祝一下在新房子里度
过的第一年。Governor Bradford decided on December13,1621,as the day of
giving thanks to God.
布拉德福总督决定在1621年12月13日庆祝,表示对上帝的感谢。
The Pilgrims fired a gun at dawn on that first
Tha nksgiving.第一个感恩节早上破晓时,清教徒们鸣枪表示对上帝的敬意,
Afterward s they moved to the meeting—house in a procession and had a
church service of thanksgiving.然后排成一队走进公用房屋,举行感恩节宗教
仪式。 After that,they set long tables outdoors.宗教仪式之后,他们在


户外摆上长桌,A great feast and three days of celebration began.盛宴开
始了,欢庆持续了三天。They invited their Indian friends, 他们邀请了印地
安朋友参加。who brought with them deer meat,pop-corn,turkeys,many
kinds of vegetables,and especially pumpkins,印地安朋友带来了鹿肉、爆米
花、火鸡、许多种蔬菜,还有南瓜。which are today both food and decoration
for almost every Thanksgiving table. 如今,几乎在每一个感恩节的餐桌上,
南瓜既是食品,又是装饰。
On the whole,it was a wonderful holiday for the Pilgrims after
their winter of starvation and tragedy.总 的来说,经过了一个冬天的饥荒和
不幸,清教徒们这个节日过得很愉快。However,they paid for this
luxury during the following winter.不过,下一年冬天,他们的“奢华”遭
到了报应。There was little food for anyone,and they did not have a
Thanksgiving feast until the next fall.他们没有吃的,直到又一年的秋天,
才欢庆了第二个感恩节。
In the following decades,Thanksgiving Days were frequently held,
sometimes a year,sometimes every other year, depending on the
circumstanc es.以后的数十年间,人们经常过感恩节,根据不同的情况,有时一
年两次,有时两年一次。
President George Washington proclaimed a Thanksgiving Day
in1789 as an expression of gratitude for the establishment of the new
government. 乔治?华盛顿总统1789年宣布庆祝感恩节以表示对新政府成立的感
谢。Other presidents proclaimed such days for various reasons. 后来的总
统也因各种原因宣布欢庆感恩节。
On October 3,1863,it was proclaimed by President Abraham
Lincoln as a national holiday to be observed (表被动)on the last
Thursday in November. 1863年10月3日,亚不拉罕?林肯总统宣布11月的第四
个周四全国欢庆感恩节。At that time,the country was in the middle of a
bitter civil war.那时,美国正处在残酷的内战当中, The states were under
no obligation to accept the proclamation,虽然各州在法律上没有义务执行这
一声明,but many of them cooperated.但大多数州都照办了。Each president
since Lincoln has proclaimed a Thanksgiving Day for the nation as a
whole.自林肯以后的每位总统都宣布感恩节是全国性的节日。In 1939 President
F.D. Roosevelt moved the day to the third Thursday in November to
stimulate 刺激business activities by separating it more widely from
Christmas.1939年,罗斯福总统把感恩节移到了11月的第三个周四,以与圣 诞
节的间隔拉长,促进商业活跃。In 1941 he moved it forward again to the


fourth Thursday and conceded that there had been no rise in holiday
buying. 1941年,他又把感恩节移回11月的第四个周四,承认感恩节前移没
有带来假日购物的增长。
Thanksgiving has hardly changed at all since 1621 in its
intention and manner of cele bration.自1621年,感恩节几乎没有改变它的初
衷和庆祝方式。Thanksgiving is a family holiday,for it is customary习惯
的 for all members of the family to gather at the home of the father and
mother.感恩节是一个家庭节日,家庭的所有成员都习惯这天聚在父母家中。 All
over the country,husbands and wives,sons and daughters, grandchildren
and great—grandchildren travel from city to town ,from town to
village,or from village to farm to spend the day at their old homes. 全
国上下,夫妻、子女、曾 孙、玄孙从城市赶到乡镇、从乡镇赶到村庄、从村庄赶到
农场在老家一起度过这一天。Many speak to their parents or grandchildren
by 1ong distance telephone.许多人通过长途电话同父母、孙子、孙女通话,祝
他们节日快乐。
The family eats a large traditional dinner which is
practically the same all over the country,no matter whether it is in
the South or North.不管在南方还是在北方,全家人都要吃一顿传统的各地大致
一样的感恩节晚餐。The table is always loaded装填 with many different
kinds of delicious美味的 food.餐桌上有各种佳肴, Naturally,the main
course is the turkey.当然,主菜是火鸡,Pumpkin pie is often served in
remembrance of the Indians’gift to the first settlers移民者.也经常吃
南瓜饼,以纪念印地安人最初的帮助。In most homes ,there are traditional
games after dinner.大部分家庭晚饭以后,会有传统的游戏。Many people go
to football games. 许多人去看足球比赛,The churches hold Thanksgiving
services.教堂里举行感恩节宗教仪式。Thanksgiving is a chance to renew
friendship.感恩节是一个加强友情的好机会。Above all,Thanksgiving Day is
a time for remembrance and for giving thanks. 总之,感恩节是纪念和感
谢的日子。
Unit 8Text A How to Give a Good Speech 怎样
做好演讲
(We are all called upon to make a speech at some point in life,生
活中我们都会有被邀请就某一问题做演讲的时候,but most of us do not do a
very good job.但是大多数人都做得不很好。This article gives some
suggestions on how to give a good speech.这篇文章就如何才能做好演讲提出
了一些建议。)


So,you have to give a speech——and you are afraid. You get
nervous,you forget what you want to say,you stumble over words,you
talk too long,and you bore your audience.好吧,你不 得不做一次演讲。但
你怕,你紧张,你忘记了想说的话,你结结巴巴地讲话,你讲话的时间过长,你使< br>听众厌烦。Later you think. “Thank goodness,it's over.I’m just no
good at public speaking.I hope.I never have to do that again.”讲完后
你会这样想“谢 天谢地,总算讲完了。我就是不善于在公众面前讲话。我希望我再
也不要干这种事了。”
Cheer up! 别泄气!It doesn’t have to be that bad.演讲并不一定就那么
令人不愉快。Here are some simple steps to take a pain out of speech-
making.下面向你介绍一些解除演讲痛苦的几个简单步骤。First of all,it is
important to plan.Do your homework.首先,重要的是要拟个计划,作好准
备,Find out everything you can about your subject.找到与你演讲题目有关
的一些材料。And,at the same time,find out as much as you can about
your audience.与此同时,要尽可能多地了解你的听众。Who are they ? 他们
是谁?What do they know about your subject ? 他们对你讲的主题有何了解? Do
they have a common interest? 他们是否有共同的兴趣?Why are they coming to
hear you speak? 他们为什么来听你的演讲? Put yourself in their shoes as
you prepare your speech.在你准备演讲时,要设身处地为他们着想。
Ask yourself the purpose of your speech.你要问问自己,你演讲的目的
是什么?What is the occasion? 是在什么场合?Why are you speaking? 你为什么
要演讲?Are you introducing another speaker? 你是在介绍另一位演讲的人,
Moderating a discussion ? 调解一次讨论,Giving a lecture? 还是在讲课,
Convincing someone ? 还是在劝说某人?There are many possible speaking
roles , 讲话人的角色可以有许许多多,and each one has its own special
characteristics.而且彼此各有自己的特点。Make sure you know into which
category you fit.你一定要搞清楚自己属于哪一类。Don’t spoil your speech
by confusing one speaking role with another.不要把一种讲话的角色和另一
种角色弄混而使自己的演讲砸锅。
Let us suppose that you have been asked to introduce the main
speaker at a meeting.让我们假设,你要在会上介绍一位主讲人。First,find
out the most important and interesting things about the speaker.首先就
要了解清楚一些有关讲演者最重要和最有意思的事情。Then, summarize this
information in a few words.然后,用几句话把这些加以概括。It is all
right to tell a joke if it is in good taste and will not embarrass the


speaker.如果格调高雅并且不使讲演者难堪,讲几句笑话也是可以的。 And,most
important,be brief.最重要的是简短。Remember,you are not the main
speaker;you are introducing the main speaker.记住,你不是主讲人,而是
在介绍主讲人。
If you are a moderator,假如你是一个主持人,you should begin by
giving a quick introduction of the people on the panel.你应该先简短介绍
在座的人员。After that,you should try to keep the discussion running
smoothly,之后,你应该保持讨论的顺利进行,and you should try to focus on
the connections between the speakers.重点放在演讲人之间的内容衔接上面。
Keep yourself in the background.你要站在暗处,Don’t talk too much,不
要说太多,and don’t cut in.也不要插话。Be skillful and considerate.还
要有技巧,考虑要周到。
If you are giving a lecture or explaining an idea,假如你在上课或在
解释一个概念,gather as many facts as you can on your subject.你要收集
有关这一主题的材料,越多越好。Spend plenty of time doing your
research.你要花大量时间进行研究。Then spend plenty of time organizing
your material so that your speech is clear and easy to follow.然后花大
量的时间组织材料,以使你的演讲清楚和易于理解。Use as many examples as
possible,and use pictures, charts or graphs if they will help you make
your points more clearly.如果例子和图表有助于你更清楚地阐明你的观点的
话、就尽可能多地采用。Never forget your audience.永远也不要忘记你的听
众,Don’t talk over their heads,and don’t talk down to them.不要讲得
太深,也不要讲得太浅,Treat your audience with respect.要尊重你的听众。
They will appreciate your thoughtfulness.他们对你周到细心的准备是会非常
欣赏的。
If you are trying to sell something,如果你在设法进行销售,you will
need to convince your audience.你就需要使你的听众信服。Do you want them
to vote for Candidate A? 你想要他们投票支持候选人甲吗?Are you offering
them a new improved tooth brush ? 你是向他们推销一种改进型新牙刷吗?This
kind of speech is usually dramatic,but here too,这种讲话通常是很生动有
趣的,但是在这里也是一样,you must do your research and know your
facts.你也必须作一些研究,要熟悉你要讲到的一些事实
When you are making your speech,try to relax.演讲时,要极力放松。
Speak slowly and clearly and look at people in your audience.讲话要慢、
清楚,眼睛看着你的听众。Use simple vocabulary and expressions whenever
possible.只要有可能就要用简单的词汇和表达方式。Stop for a few seconds


now and then to give your audience a chance to think about what you have
said.不时地停下几秒钟,让你的听众有机会想想你所讲过的东西。Make sure
that everyone in the room can hear you.要确保屋子里的每一个人都听到你的
讲话。If it is a large room or an auditorium,you will probably have to
use a microphone.如果是个大屋子,你或许应当用扩音器。
Just remember:be prepared.记住:要有准备。Know your subject, your
audience,and the occasion.要了解你讲演的主题,你的听众和场合。Be
brief.要简短。Say what you have to say and then stop.说你必须说的,然
后就结束。Let your personality come through so that you make person-to-
person contact with your audience.让你的个性显示出来,这样你就能和听众
交心。
If you follow these simple steps,如果你遵守这些简单的步骤,you’11
see that you don’t have to be afraid of public speaking.你就明白没有必
要害怕在公众面前讲演。In fact,实际上,you may find the experience so
enjoyable that you ask to make more speeches!你会感到这种经历是饶有兴味
的,你会想要再做更多的演讲。You’re not convinced yet? 现在你还不相
信?Give it a try and see what happens.请试一试,看情况会如何。
CLOZE
17.Cloze.Please pay attention that there are more words than are
necessary?
age audience appreciate contact for example
function hair include living grow
outward plant process reach skin
Aging is the process of growing old.It occurs eventually 最终in
every living thing provided倘若,of course,that an illness or accident
does not kill it prematurely(过早地).The most familiar outward signs of
aging may be seen in old people,such as the graying of the hair and the
wrinkling of the skin Signs of aging in a pet 宠物dog or cat include
loss of playfulness and energy,a decline in hearing and eyesight,or
even a slight graying of the coat. Plants age too,but the signs are
much harder to detect(探测).
衰老是逐渐变老的过程。衰老发生在每个有生命的事物中,除非疾病或其他缘
故过早地将之损害。衰老的最熟悉的外在迹象可以在老人中看到,比如头发变白,
皮肤起了皱纹 等。宠物狗、猫的衰老迹象是失去活力,听力和视力下降,皮毛的颜
色变自变灰。植物也会衰老,但是衰 老的迹象是很难被发现的。


Most body parts grow bigger and stronger,and function more
efficient1y during childhood.They reach their peak at the time of
maturity(成熟),or early adulthood.Then they begin to decline.Bones,
for example ,gradually become lighter and softer.
身体的许多部位渐渐地成长起来,变大变壮,并且功能逐渐增强。这些
器官在成熟或成年早期功能最强。 然后开始功能慢慢地衰退。比如,骨头渐渐地变
轻变脆。
Text B
The Mystery of Speaking Effectively 有效讲话的奥秘
Why is that some people have a seemingly natural ability to
get attention and respect when they speak ? 为何某些人在讲演时似乎能够
自然而然地吸引听众的注意力并赢得足够的尊重呢?What is it that makes
others listen and pay attention to their words? 哪些因素有助于听众倾听并
留意讲演内容呢? It isn’t necessarily a question of status, or the
content of what they say.这并非取决于演讲者的身份或演讲内容。Such
people often don’t speak“Oxford’’English,这些人通常并未使用“牛津”
英语,express themselves using perfect grammatical constructions, 亦未通
过完美的语法结构进行自我表述,or even use appropriate words.措辞决不是
完美无缺,What they do have is resonance.但他们能够引起听众的共鸣。Such
people tend to have beautiful,rich voices and to use the lower end of
their voice range. 这些人往往具有优美流畅、丰富多彩的语音,并能够有效运
用语音幅度中的低音部分。Observe and listen to others.观察和倾听他人的说
话,People who speak quickly and breathily in a high—pitched voice do
not appear as assertive as those who speak more slowly using deeper
voice tones.那些语 速较快、呼吸急促、音调较高的人似乎不如那些语速较慢、
音调低沉的人更富有自信力。The lower pitch conveys control and
confidence.
音调低沉说明具有一定的控制力和足够的自信心。
It would be ridiculous to suggest that from now on you self-
consciously lower the tone of your voice when you speak, 如果我们建议大
家从现在开始,在今后的生活中讲话时有意识地降低 音调,那样似乎太荒谬了。
but you can begin to achieve greater resonance by practicing the way you
breathe.但您可以开始通过演练自己的呼吸方式来加强语音的共鸣感。Try this .
不妨尝试一下,Stand in front of a mirror breathing naturally.站在一面镜
子前自然地进行呼吸。Now draw a deep breath. 现在,深呼吸一口气,Does


your chest expand ? 您的胸腔是否有所扩张?Do your shoulders rise? 肩膀是
否有所提升?I think so.我认为一定会的,You are breathing“high”,using
your rib rather than your abdominal muscles. 因为您正在运用肋间肌,而非
腹肌进行深呼吸。 Try again,请再试一次,this time putting your hands
across your stomach. 这次将双手交叉放在胃部。When you breathe in, 当您吸
气时,consciously keep your shoulders lowered and fill your lungs from
the abdomen有意识地降低自己的双肩,并使空气从腹部进入肺,—you will
feel your stomach expanding. 这时您一定会感觉到胃部正在扩张。 If you
practice abdominal breathing,如果您练习用腹肌进行呼吸,you will be
utilizing all,not just the top,of your lungs. 您将运用整个肺部,而不仅
仅是肺的顶端,which in itself must be beneficial.这样一定大有裨益。You
will also be engaging your diaphragm more,您还可以更多地运用膈膜,and
this in turn will the lower end of your voice range and add resonance to
your voice,conveying more authority.这样将更加有助于语音幅度中的低音,
并增加语音的响亮度,进而增强说服力。
Words delivered in a monotone soon become just that’monotonous! 采
用单调、乏味的语音进行讲话,很快就会令人厌倦。Your delivery will need
light and shade if you want to keep the attention of your listener.如果
希望吸引听 众的注意力,您的演讲风格中将需要加入一定的抑扬顿挫。Assertive
delivery requires smooth-flowing, resonant inflection;自信型的演 讲要求
流畅自然、声音洪亮且富于变化,语音自然且音量适中,the voice will be
relaxed with enough volume to be heard distinctly明白地,清楚地without
being overpowering.以便听者可以比较轻松地听清您讲话的内容。
However,there are some occasions when assertive behavior requires a
little more power than generally recommended for everyday
conversations.不过,有时自信型的行为模式需要比日常对话具有更大的影响
力。If you were to see a small child about to put her hand into an
activated food- processor,若看到一名儿童正在将手放入一台正在运转的食品加
工机中,it would be inappropriate to say,in a low-pitched, relaxed
way,“I’d prefer you not to put your hand into that food-processor.”
您就不应采用一种低沉、自然的口气对她说:“我希望你 不要把手放入食品加工机
中。”Assertive,yes;这种方式属于自信型吗?属于!prac tical,no! 实用吗?不
实用!Obviously,显然,there are occasions— when someone’s personal
safety is at risk, for instance—when more force of delivery is
required.当他人面临一定的危险时,您的讲话方式应更加坚定有力。


The content of the communication doesn’t have to become
r.不过,讲话内容本身未必要带有一定的攻击性。In the
above example,a loud,sharp“NO”to stop the action immediately and
demand attention.在上述例子中,合理的做法应 该是通过大声、尖利地说
“不”,来及时劝阻这个儿童的危险行为并引起他的注意。followed by a
forceful explanation of why that was a dangerous thing to do,would be
an appropriate response,随后有力地说明那样做为何十分危险。
whereas“Stop ! Don’t do that you stupid child!” 然而,“停下,你这
傻孩子,不要这样做!”would be an inappropriate (though human and
understandable)one.却是一种不当的方式(尽管较人道并且可以理解)。The
whole child is labeled as“stupid”rather than the action itself being
criticized.因为这样做是在批评这个 儿童是“傻孩子”,而不是批评行动本身。
Appropriate volume and intonation without aggressive tones will give the
other person the message that you mean business是认真的,谈正事的 . 适
当的、不带攻击性和诋毁性的语音语调将能够促使对方意识到你这样做是“对事不
对人!”
Another common failing is that when we are tense,overworked or just
irritable,we often respond with a force totally inappropriate to the
situation.另一个常见的误区是我们处于紧张状态、劳累过度或明显急躁时,往
往会 采用一种根本不适合当时具体情况的、比较烦躁的答复方式。
To give an example:you are reading an interesting article in the
Sunday papers. 比如您正阅读《星期日时报》刊登的一篇有趣的文章中,Your
partner is reading the supplement副刊and constantly不断地 interrupts
插嘴, reading aloud witty bits and sni ppets.你的配偶正在阅读副刊并频繁
地打搅您,大声地阅读着幽默短讯和新闻片段,It’s breaking your
concentration and making you disturbed.不断干扰您的注意力并让您心烦意
乱。You say nothing,您没说什么,but when she then asks something which
requires a response,like“Do you want a coffee?” 但是当她向您提起了某
个问题并要求您回答时,如“你想喝杯咖啡吗?”you respond“No,I don’t;we
only had one half an hour ago.Why are you so talkative ! ”您回答到:
“不,不想喝!我们半小时之前刚喝过。你可真算得上是喋喋不休!”
The intensity of the response reflects your annoyance at the
previous interruptions and is certainly unfair,and totally
inappropriate to the situation. 这种严厉的答复方式表明您对配偶先前频繁打
断自己的思路感到愤慨, 当然,这样做对于对方而言显然是不公平的,而且完全不


符和当时的实情。(It might also reflect irritation at your own lack of
assertion when earlier you should have said something like,这或许也反映
出您因缺乏自信而显出气愤,您早该说:“Can you read that to me
1ater ?This article is a bit complex and I need to concentrate.你能否稍
后再读给我听?这篇文章比较复杂,我需要全神贯注地阅读。”)
There are occasions in everyone’s life,social and business,
when the skill of using appropriate volume and force needs to be
practiced.在日常生活、社交及工作中,有时我们需要妥善地运用适度的音量和
影响力的技 能。For example ,when you have given an assertive request in
clear,level tones and that request is ignored,比如当您用一种明确的平声
调,满怀信心地提出某种要求时,而他人根本没有理 睬您的要求,you have two
choices:这时您有以下两种选择:give up the fight and put up with the
situation as it is,放弃争论,听之任之;or make your request again,再次
提出这一要求,this time with a little more force.这次需要加强一定的分
量。If you take the latter course,若采用后一种选择, you could either
change the way of your request,您或者可以通过改变方式来重新提出要求,
making it a directive which will give the message more“punch/or
increase volume,altering intonation to match the emotion behind the
del ivery.使之更加具有命令性,从而强调信息的重要性;或提高音量,改变音
调,以便符合演讲背后 的情感要求。If you are interested in this,you can
have a try.若对此感兴趣,您不妨一试。
Unit9
Text A The Web Lifestyle 网络生活
方式
Today in the United States, there are over 22 million adults using
the Web,当今美国有2200万个成年人在使用网络, about half of whom access
the Internet at least once a day.他们中大约半数人要每天至少上互联网一
次。 Meanwhile,the variety of activities on the Web is broadening at an
amazing rate.同时,网上活动方式正以惊人的速度变得更加多样化。There is
almost no topic about which you cannot find fairly interesting material
on the Web.任何一个主题你都能在网上找到与之有关的非常有趣的材料。Many
of these sites are getting excellent traffic flow.许多网站正变成极好的
商业交易渠道。Want to buy a dog? Or sell a share? Or order a car? Use
the Internet.想买狗吗?或者卖股份?或者定购一辆汽车?那就用网络吧。
Where are we going to get the time to live with the Web ? 我们哪有
时间消磨在网络上?In some instances,people will actually save time


because the Web will make doing things more efficient than in the past,
一些实例表明应用网络能更节约时间,因为网络能使我们更有效率地处理一些事
情,being able to get information about a major purchase,能搜索到某一重
要购买品的信息,for example,or finding out how much your used car is
worth,例如帮你判定你那辆旧车的价钱,or what your cheapest way of
getting to Florida is.或者去佛罗里达州的最便宜的方法。That is easy to
find on the Web,even today.即使是现在,这些都很容易在网上找到答案。In
other instances,其他情况,people will trade the time they now spend
reading the paper,or watching television,for information or
entertainment they will find on the computer screen.人们会把现在花费在
读报、看电视等获得信息或消遣的时间转用到电脑屏幕前来。Americans,
particul arly young ones,will spend less time in front of a television,
more on the Web.美国人特别是年轻人花费在网络上的时间将比花费在电视上的
时间多。
One great benefit of the Web is that it allows us to move
information online that now resides in paper form.网络的一大好处在于我
们可以在线移动这些现在存在于纸上的资料。Several states in America are
using the Web in a profound way.美国有几个州的网络运用的范围很广。You
can apply for various permits or submit applications for business
licenses.你可以在网上申请各种形式的许可证或提交营业执照申请书。Some
states are putting up listings of jobs——not just state government
jobs,but all the jobs available in the state.一些州在网上张贴工作职位
列表——不仅仅有本州政 府提供的工作,而且有本州所有可供选择的工作。I
believe,over time,我相信随着时间的变化,that all the information that
governments print,and all those paper forms they now have,will be
moved on to the Internet .现在政府印刷出版的资料,以及所有以纸张形式存在
的资料都将会被转移到互联网上。
Electronic commerce notches up month by month,too.电子商务每月也在
扩展。It is difficult to measure,很难数清有多少,because a lot of
electronic commerce involves existing buyers and sellers who are simply
moving paper-based transactions to the Web.因为许多电子商务涉及到现存的
买卖双方仅仅是(单纯地)把纸上交易转为网上。That is not new business.这不
是新的商业形式。Microsoft,for example,purchases millions of dollars of
personal computers(PC)online instead of by pap er.例如微软公司就是通过网
络而不是纸上形式收购了数百万美元的液晶显示器。However, that is not a
fundamental change;但是这不是根本性的变化,it has just improved the


efficiency of an existing process.因为它仅仅提高了现存交易过程的效率,
The biggest impact has occurred where electronic commerce matches buyers
and sellers who would not previously have found each other.而电子商务最
大的影响在于它使先前素不相识的买卖双方联系在一起。When you go to a book
site and find an obscure book that you never would have found in a
physical bookstore,that is a new type of commerce.你进入某个网上书店 并
发现一本你在普通书店不容易找到的书,这是一种新型的商业。
Today, about half of all PCs are still not connected to the Web.目
前大约有半数的私人电脑还没有上网。 Getting communications cost down and
making all the software simple will bring in those people.降低信息费并
简化软件将吸引这部分人。And that,in turn,will move us closer to the
critical mass that will make the Web lifestyle everyone’s lifestyle.这
样 就能逐级接近使网络生活方式成为每个人的一种生活方式这一重要阶段。One
element people underestimate is the degree to which the hardware and
software will improve.人们往往低估硬件和软件发展程度这一因素。Just take
one aspect:screen technology.仅仅举一个例子:显示器技术。I do my e-
mail on a 20-inch liquid crystal display(LCD)monitor.我在20英寸的液晶
显示器上发电子邮件,It is not available at a reasonable price yet,现在
该显示器价格仍然不菲,but in two years it will be.但是不出两年就会便宜
下来。In ten years,a 40-inch LCD with much higher resolution will be
commonplace.不出10年,可能40英寸的高清晰度的液晶显示器就会很平常了。
The boundary between a television set an a PC will be blurred
because even the set-top box that you connect up to your cable or
satellite will have a processor more powerful than what we have today in
the most expensive PC.电视与电脑之间的界限 将会变得模糊起来,因为连接有
线或卫星的顶置式电视机将来会安装上一个处理器,它的功能会比我们现 在最昂贵
的电脑还要强大。This will,in effect,make your television a
computer.这实际上将使我们的电视成为电脑。
Interaction with the Web will also improve,网络与人之间的相互作用会
日益加强,making it much easier for people to be involved.会更便于人们
操作。Today the keywords we use to search the Web often return to too
many articles to sort through,现在我们在网上搜索关键词 常常会得到太多的
文章以至于我们无法从中归类选择,many of them out of context.其中许多是
脱离背景毫不相干的。If you want to learn about the fastest computer chip
available,比如你想了解目前运转速度最快的电脑芯片(computer chip)速度是多
少, you might end up getting responses instead about potato chips being


delivered in fast trucks.你得到的答案可能是关于快运货车运送薯片(potato
chips)的速度。In the future,we shall be either speaking or typing
sentences into the computers. 但是将来我们可以通过语音或手动输入句子到电
脑。If you ask about the speed of chips,如果你再问“speed of chips”,
the result will be about computers. not potatoes.答案会是关于电脑的而
不再是关于马铃薯片的。Speech recognition also means that you will be
able to call in on a phone and ask if you have any new messages,or
check on a flight,or check on the weather.语音识别系统意味着你可以通过
电话输入询问最新消息或检查航班或天气。
To predict that it will take over ten years for these changes
to happen is probably pessimistic.估计实现这些变化需要10年时间的话可能
太悲观了。We usually overestimate what we do in two years and
underestimate what we can do in ten.我们通常过高地估计了我们两年内要实
现的目标,但对于10年目标又往往估计得过低。The Web will be as much a way
of life as the car by 2008.Perhaps before. 到2008年甚至更早一些,网
络可能就像汽车一样成为我们的一种生活方式。
CLOZE
1V.Cloze.Please pay attention that there are more words than are
necessary? ‘
admit affect compete conflict degree
enter essential future however influence
moreover position step think unimportant
The fact that I enjoy learning and gaining knowledge was my
main reason for choosing to enter college,but I must admit that it was
not the sole(惟一的)reason.In today’s world, a college education had
become almost essential if one wishes to compete in the job market.In
the next several years,this trend will surely continue.with a
bachelor’s(学士)degree becoming almost indispensable(必不可少的)if one
wishes to find a worthwhile(有价值的) position,and a master’s(硕士)
degree becoming highly desirable for advanced positions. Although it
may sound materialistic(唯物的)。I felt that attending college was a
practical and necessary step that I took to ensure a secure future for
my family and myself.I made my choice to study engineering primarily on
the basis of my love of mathematics and the physical sciences;however,
the fact that it is a well- paid and respected profession did have some
influence on my final decision to study.


喜欢学习和获取知识是我选择进人大学的主要原因,但是我必须承认这
不是惟一的原因。在当今的世界,如果想在工作中具有竞争力,那么拥有大学水平
的教育是必需的。在未 来的几年中,这种趋势肯定会继续下去,如果一个人想找到
一个有价值的岗位,学士学位已经变得必不可 少了,并且硕士学位对某些高级岗位
来讲是非常合意的。尽管听起来是唯物的,但是我感觉上大学是必要 的实践步骤,
是用来保证我和我的家庭未来安全的。基于对数学和自然科学的热爱,我选择学习
工程。然而,搞工程收入高和受到尊敬对我最后做出决定确实有一些影响。
Text B
What Are Computers 计算机是什么
Since their first appearance on earth,men have gathered information
and have attempted to pass useful ideas to others.自从人在地球上出现以
来,就着手收集信息并设法将有用的想法传达给其他人。The carvings of word-
pictures on the walls of ancient caves as well as symbols on stone
tablets represent some of man’s earliest efforts to convey
information.Scenes of hunting,maps of battles,and stories of heroes
were put down for all to see. 石碑上及古代岩洞壁上刻的图形文 字和符
号,都体现出人类早期传递信息所做的努力。这些狩猎场面、战斗地图和英雄故事
被“记 录”下来,供大家观看。
But as civilizations grew more complex,但是,社会文明日趋复杂,
better methods of communication were needed.人们需要有更好的通讯方法。
The written word,the carrier pigeon,the telegraph,and many other
devices carried ideas faster and faster from person to person.文字、信
鸽、电报和其他许多手段使人们之间传递消息越来越快。In recent years one
type of machine,the electronic computer, has become increasingly
important in the lives of all people in the industrialized nations of
the world.近年来,一种被称为“电子计算机”的机器,在世界各工 业国家人们
的生活中已变得愈来愈重要。Computers are now widely used aids for
communication,calculation,and other activities.Their effect becomes
more important every day.计算机已经成为通讯、计算及其他活动中广泛使用的
辅助工具,其作用日益重要。
Man has always been interested in extending the range of his senses
and the power of his mind.人类一向希望扩大自己的感官和智力的范围。
Through the years,he has invented many instruments to help him see
better and understand more.多年来,人类发明了许多仪器以便能够看得更清,
懂得更多。He invented the telescope.for example,to be able to look at


faraway objects.例如,为了能够观察远处的事物,人类发明了望远镜;To see
the very small things in the world.he developed the mi croscope.为了观
察世界上非常细小的东西,研制了显微镜。Radios,telephon es ,and telegraphs
are means by which man has extended the range of his senses of hearing
and speech.无线电、电话及电报都是人类赖以扩大自己的听觉和说话功能范围的
手段。
While developing his power of thought,man first began to identify
and count objects.在发展思维能力的同时,人类首先开始学习识别和点数物
件,He began to ask the questions“What is it?”and“How many?’’ 并且
开始问:“这是什么?”“有多少?”等。It was a long time ago that this
numbering and comparing of things began.这种将物体进行编号和比较的方法
在很久之前就开始了。Early man used his fingers and his toes as the first
counting aid.早期的人类最初利用手指和脚趾作为点数辅助工具。Perhaps each
of his fingers and toes represented one of the animals he owned,也许他
的每个手指和脚趾代表他拥有的一头牲畜,the measures of grain he had
stored,是其谷物储藏量的计量单位,and the piles of firewood he needed
each day.表示他每天所需的木柴堆数。Whatever it was that early man
counted.不管早期人类所点数的是什么, he soon needed something more than
his fingers and toes to keep adequate records.很快他们就需要比手指和脚
趾更有效的工具,以便记录做得更详尽。We know,for example,that in early
times shepherds cut notches in their staffs as they led their flocks to
pasture.例如,我们知道古时候牧羊人把羊群赶往牧场的时候,会在牧杖 上刻V
形凹痕,Each notch probably represented one sheep.每个刻痕就可能代表一
只羊。Regular checks showed when a ewe was left behind or when a new
lamb was born.定期检查,他们就可以了解一只母羊什么时候掉队的,一只羊羔
是什么时候出生的。
Using a different method,a farmer might have had a pile of stones
in front of his granary representing the amount of grain stored.另外一
种不同的方法是,农夫可能在谷仓前堆放一堆石块,以代 表其贮藏谷物的数量。
More stones were added as more wheat was brought from the fields at
harvest time.收获季节从田野里新收获了小麦,就在石堆上加几块石头。When
craftsmen exchanged cloth or pots for the grain,stones were taken away
from the pile.当手艺.匠用布匹和陶罐来交换谷物时,农夫就从石堆上取掉几
块石头。The farmer then had a continuous record of the grain stored.这
样农夫对自己贮藏的谷物就有一个持续不断的记录。


As times changed and the number of people increased,随着时代的变化
和人数的增加,potters and weavers moved into cities and lived away from
farmers in villages.制罐匠和织布匠便从乡村移居城市,The exchange of
goods had to be done through a third person,the merchant.货物交换不得
不通过第三者——商人——进行。 Coins came into use,货币开始使用,and
records of exchanges were needed.货物交换需要记账,Sailors boldly
moving into unknown waters needed aids for efficient navigation.贸然闯
人陌生水域的水手需要有效的航海辅助工具,Notched sticks or piles of
stones would never do.带刻痕的牧杖和石堆不足以满足这些要求。
New ways of helping with counting and recording information
evolved.用以计算和记录信息的新方式发展起来了。Some marks were taken to
represent certain quantities, and other marks were taken to represent
relationships between quantities. 一些符号用来代表一定的数量,其他一
些符号则用来代表各数量间的关系。
New devices to aid in the manipulation of numbers were added to make
jobs faster and more accurate.有助 于数字操作的新装置应运而生,因此数据
处理工作可以做做得更迅速、更精确。Electronic computers are among the
fastest and most versatile instruments now in use for sorting and < br>comparing.电子计算机就是目前使用的一种最迅速、最通用的遴选比较仪器。
Comp uters provide the means for greater speed and accuracy in working
with ideas than was previously possible.计算机的速度之快,精确度之高是
以前的信息处理仪器比不上的。With the development of these new tools,it
is as if man has suddenly become a millionaire of the mind.由于这些新工
具的研制成功,人类似乎突然成了智能百万富翁。
Although man has been growing mentally richer ever since he started
to think,自从开始思维,人类大脑日益发达,the electronic computer allows
and will continue to a11ow him to perform tremendous“mental”tasks in a
relatively short time.但无论现在还是将来,电子计算机使人类在较短时 间内
完成各项庞杂的“脑力”工作。Great scientists of the past produced ideas
which were the basis for great advances,科学先哲们提出的各种见解固然是
重大进展的基础,but their ideas sometimes had to wait for years before
they were understood sufficiently well to be of practical use.但他们的
见解有时候要等待数年方能被人充分理解,显现出其实用价值。With the
computer.有了电子计算机,the ideas of today’s scientists can be
studied,tested,distributed,and used more rapidly than ever before.当


代科学家们的设想可以比先前 更迅速地为人研究、验证、传播和运用。( 运动已
经开始改变我们的生活了。)
Unit10
Text A Working Women --— East and West
东西方的职业妇女
Work,for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under,
involves responsibility n.责任,责任心;职责 for a household,a child or
children,and a job outside the home as well(也).对于大多数55岁或55
岁以下的美国妇 女和中国妇女来说,工作包括家务、照顾一个或几个孩子以及一份
家庭以外的工作,It all adds up to a busy life.所有这些加起来就是忙碌的
生活。How is it going for them — for us? 她们现在的情况怎么样?我们中
国的情况又怎么样呢?
Experts have observed [???????] vt.&vi.观察 that life forms a
different sort of adv.有几分地a.有几分地 pyramid for women in China
than in the United States.专家学者已经注意到,对中美两国妇女来说,生活
形成的“金字塔”形状各不相同。In China,nearly all young mothers are
employed被雇佣 outside the home,在中国,几乎所有年轻的母亲都有职业,
with their numbers decreasing [???????????????????] .n.减小,减少
as they approach middle age.但随着年龄步人中年,人数越来越少。The
reasons are clear:原因很清楚:the second income of the woman is an
absolute绝对的 necessity必要性 for a young family with a child or
two.对于有一两个孩子的夫妇来说,妻子的这第二笔收入绝对是必要的。Later
on,以后,when the children grow up,孩子长大了,the older couple [?????]
n.夫妇;(一)对;几个can more easily live on the husband’s earnings
plus the wife’s pension [???????] n. 养老金 ,老两口靠丈夫的收入加上妻
子的养老金,生活就不太困难了。and fewer middle- aged women continue in
employment.中年妇女继续工作者为数不多。
The pyramid for American women is the opposite ['?p?zit].美国妇
女的“金字塔”形状恰好相反:with fewer young women employed , 年轻妇女工
作的人数较少,and the number increasing 增加at older ages.而岁数较大
时,人数却增加了。Many young mothers have found it more efficient有效的
to stay home,care for children themselves,许多年轻的母亲觉得呆在家里自
己照顾孩子效果更好,and then find employment n.就业later when the
children are older and more independent. 等孩子长大些后,能比较独立地生
活了,再去找工作。But rising costs of living are requiring要求 more
young American women to help support [???????] vt.支撑;支持;维持their


families,但是,生活费用的增加需要更多的美国年轻妇女帮助养家,and it is
increasingly 逐渐地true that young American women want to have jobs.而
且美国年轻妇女想出去工作也日益成为事实。
But the American working mother often feels troubled by the
complexity [????????????] n.复杂(性) of her life.但是,有工作的美国母亲
往往对生活的复杂性感到苦恼。Childcare is unreliable and expensive. 让人
看小孩既不可靠费用又高。Childcare workers have low status and are not
well educated and are poorly paid保育员社会地位低下,没受过良好的教育,
收入很低—they are often women who are unable to get better jobs.——这
些人往往是找不到更好工作的妇女。Thus the American working mother always
has the worry that her child is not being as well cared for as she
ho pes,因此,美国有工作的母亲总是担心孩子不能像她希望的那样受到很好的照
顾,and the Cost of babysitters or private enterprise [??????????] n.事
业;企业daycare centers can cost half or more of her salary.而且保姆费
或私营幼儿园的收费要花掉她工资的一半或者更多。Other worries distract分
心 her from good performance工作n. at her job:还有其他的烦心事让她不能
好好地工作:What if the babysitter gets sick? 保姆病了怎么办?What will
her employer think if she has to stay at home with a sick child? 要是必
须留在家里照顾生病的小孩,老板会怎么想呢?What if the car ,necessary to
get the child to the daycare center and herself to and from her job,
breaks down? 要是送孩子上幼儿园和自己上下班的汽车坏了怎么办?Few people
live close enough to their work or the childcare center to accomplish
this on foot or by bicycle,as in China.很少有人能像在中国那样,住的离
单位和幼儿园都很近,只要步行或骑车就行了。
In China,grandmothers play an invaluable role in taking care of
children and households while the young parents are at work.在中国,年
轻的父母工作,祖母在照看孩子和料理家务上起了不可估量的作用。It seems
like an ideal arrangement -- the grannies become important members of
the family,这好像是一种理想的安排:奶奶成了家庭中的重要成员,and they
are housed and fed吃 in return—although in crowded homes that most
American would not enjoy.供吃管住是对她们的报答——虽然住的地方很拥挤,
大部分美国人不喜欢这样。In America,an older woman who had to fill 填
空;补缺this role would be likely to feel she was being made a kind of
servant.在美国,必须这样做的老年妇女可能有被当作佣人使用的感觉。She may
feel lonely sometimes,尽管有时候觉得孤独,but generally is proud骄傲
of being self—sufficient.但总的来说,美国老年 妇女以自立而感到骄傲。


Both she and her family tend to feel she deserves值得 to be free of
childcare now,having reared the large family of the 1950s baby boom.经
历了50年代的生育高峰,把很多子女都抚养大了,她和家人都感到她现在不应 再
看小孩了。
On the job,Chinese women seem more confident,despite their
traditional pretty manners,than do American women in their work
p1ace.在工作单位,尽管中国妇女有传统的温文尔雅的举止,她们在工作中表现
出的自信心似乎比美国妇女更强。American women seem less inclined倾向
于??的to speak up easily to the boss.美国妇女似乎不愿向上司大胆表述
自己的意见。Young Chinese women at work seem more bold清晰的and less
self- conscious.中国的年轻妇女在工作中似乎更大胆、更自然。The work unit
is more like a large family,工作单位更像一个大家庭,where the youngest
workers feel at ease[i:z] with the“mom”and“dad”of the group.最年轻
的工作人员和这个大家庭的“妈 妈”、“爸爸”在一起工作毫不感到拘束。
American women act either as if they doubt [da??t]怀疑that they really
belong at work among the men,美国妇女表现的要么好像怀疑自己竟然能同男子
一样地工作,or they are constantly经常地,不断地looking for
evidence[evid恩s]特征 of discrimination辨别 against反对 them. 要么
好像不停地寻找歧视妇女的证据。
At home,while Chinese men seem to be performing表演的 more
household duties such as cleaning,cooking,shopping and caring for
children than they used to,在家里,中国男子在诸如打扫卫生、洗衣、 煮菜烧
饭、买东西、照顾孩子等家务活方面似乎比过去做得多了,and American men are
also becoming much more willing to“help”,而美国男子也比过去变得更加乐
意去“帮助”做这些家务,it seems only realistic to say that people the
world over still regard these as basically women’s tasks and therefore
因此 women’s responsibility,但好像惟一现实 的说法是:全世界的人仍然把这
些工作看做本来就是妇女的事,是妇女的责任,no matter who may do them on
any given day.而不管是谁哪一天干了这些活。They are a heavy[‘hevi]
burden on both Chinese and American women这对中美妇女都是一个沉重的负
担,but Chinese women seem to shoulder them more firmly 坚定and more
cheerfully高高兴兴地.但是,中国妇女似乎更坚决、更乐意地挑起这副担子。
American women do have varied and complex concerns:美国妇女确实
有各种各样的复杂事情需要关心:in addition to work at home and on the
job,a woman feels that she must make an attractive home that reflects
her family’s status,除了家务和工作之外,她还觉得必须整理收拾出一个能反< /p>


映家庭社会地位的、吸引人的家;she must present an attractive吸引人的
appearance外表at work,and above all,she must be a good companion to
her husband.
工作时必须有讨人喜欢的外表;更重要的是必须做丈夫的好伴侣。
Chinese women are freer of the competition for status,中国妇女没有
那么多社会地位上的竞争,especially as represented by their homes特别是
没有家庭代表的社会地位的竞争,and both men and women have a great deal
of companionship in their work unit.而且,不论男女,在各自的工作单位上
都有许多朋友交往。Chinese women also look attractive at work,中国妇女在
工作时也很漂亮,but they achieve 完成it more casually 偶然地and
simply,但只是比较随意、简单地梳妆打扮一下,and do not seem to feel that
their career progress发展进步n. depends on the way they look.好像没有
感到她们的事业取决于她们的外表。
Which system is better for the woman? 哪一种制度对职业妇女更好呢?
What we expect in life and what we are used to would strongly influence
our evaluation.生活中我们所期望的和我们 已经习惯的一切都会对我们的评价有
很大的影响。Looking at women in both China and the United States,看看中
美两国妇女,one cannot help but be impressed印象 with their- our-
strength,competence and general good cheer.人们不能不对她们的——我们
的——力量、能力和总的乐观精神有深刻的印象。Our nations could not run
without us.
我们两个国家,离了妇女谁也运转不了。
CLOZE
Ⅳ?Cioze.Please pay attention that there are more words than are
necessary?
number increased rise decreased 1ast
employment present economy part。time expense
announced to full—time remained at
Twenty years ago,more than 60% of the employed work force was
male now it has decreased to just 51%.20年前,60%多的雇佣劳动者是男
性,现在这一数目已降到了5l%。During this twenty-year period there has
been a 2.8-million fall in the number of men in work,20年间,男性雇佣
劳动者减少了280万,and a 2-Million rise in the number of women.而女
性劳动雇佣者增加了200万。At present there are 10.68 million male
employees and 10.14 million women.现在,有1068万男性雇佣劳动者,1014
万女性劳动雇佣者。Although many women workers are part-time workers,


around 45% of the total.虽然许多妇女(约占总数的45%)是半日工,this
represents the only source of earned income for many households in areas
where employment is depressed沮丧的,凹陷的. 她们的工资是许多劳动力市场
萧条地区家庭的惟一收入来源。Analysts say that much of the upturn in
employment during the recovery of economy will be in part-time jobs for
women.但分析家指出,在经济恢复期内,劳动力市场好转就是给妇女半日工种工
作。A big British shop,as well as British Airways,has recently
announced plans to increase part- time employment at the expense of
full-time jobs. 英国航空公司和一家大型商店最近宣布,计划减少全日工种以
提高半日工种的数量。
Txit B
Women’s Liberation 妇女解放运动
Have you heard of the women’s liberation [???????????] movement? 你
听说过妇女解放运动吗? It began in the 1960s and was started by women who
were concerned about their identity [??????????] n.同一,一致;身份,本
体,它开始于20世纪60年代,their role in society,their work,and the
view of women that many people held保持.最初由一些妇女发起。她们关心女
性对自身的认识、女性的社 会角色、女性的工作及人们对女性的态度。Now many
American women are deeply concerned about these things.现在,许多美国妇
女都很关心这些问题,These women would like better and more interesting
lives for all women everywhere.她们希望普天下所有的妇女都能过上更好、更
有趣的生活。
There are many aspects [???????] n.方面;样子,外表of the women’s
liberation movement.妇女解放运动有许多方面。Some women agree with all
of the goals of women’s liberation.有些妇女赞同妇女解放运动提出的所有
目标,They want full equality with men in every aspect of life.想同男子
在生活的各个方面都平等。In marriage,they want husbands and wives to
share [???] vt.分享 n.一份 vi. 分担all of the work and responsibilities
of a home and family.家庭中,她们希望夫妻二人共同操持家务,共同承担对家
庭的责任;In work,they want women and men to have the same jobs and the
same chance to succeed. They want women to be paid just as much as men
for the same work.工作中,她们希望男女同工同酬,有同样获得成功的机会。
Other women agree with only some of the ideas of women’s liberation.有
些妇女仅赞同妇女解放运动提出目标的一部分,They want the same pay if they
hold the same job as a man.她们希望如果男女从事同样的工作,妇女能得到同
男子一样的报酬,At home,however,they do not expect [????????] vt.预


料,预期;等待their husbands to share in the cleaning,cooking,and
other household jobs.但在家中,她们不指望丈夫帮忙做饭、打扫卫生和做其他
的家务。
It is necessary to remember that the women’s liberation movement is
not concerned only with concrete issues.应该记住,妇女解放运动不仅仅涉
及具体问题,The movement is also concerned with attitudes and
beliefs.还涉及女性自身的态度和观念。One typical example of this concern
is the issue of a woman’s identity.一个典型的例子就是女性的自身认识问
题。A woman’s identity is what she thinks of herself as a person,who
she thinks she is,and what she thinks she can do. 女性自身认识指妇女作
为个人,怎样看待自己,认为自己是谁,自己能干什么。Some women do not
think they are capable of doing anything important.有些妇女认为自己什么
重要的事情也干不了。The women’s liberation movement would like to help
these women improve their views of themselves.妇女解放运动旨在帮助她们
改变对自身的看法。Many women who are concerned with women’s liberation
have taken jobs,许多关心妇女解放运动的女性有自己的工作,have helped
others,帮助过别人,have raised healthy children,抚养了健康的孩子,and
have done many other things to contribute to their communities.为自己所
在的社区做了许多事情。They have shown that they are capable of being
good leaders and of doing many important things.她们已经证明妇女能够做
许多重要的事情。
A second issue of the women’s liberation movement is the question
of women’s roles.妇女解放运动的另一个问题就是妇女角色的问题。Should a
woman work outside the home? 妇女应该在外面工作吗?Should she work if she
is married and has children? 结婚有了孩子后是应该工作,Or should she
stay home to take care of her husband and children? 还是应该在家相夫教
子?What will the rest of society think of her if she enters a profession
or has a career事业? 她如果踏人职业圈,社会上其他人会怎样看呢?What will
other people think if she wants to stay home and raise a family? 如果她
想在家料理家务、相夫教子,其他人又会怎样看呢?These questions do not have
just one correct answer.这些问题没有惟一正确的答案,Every woman must
decide her own role.每个妇女应该自己决定自己的角色。The women’s
liberation movement is trying to make it possible for a woman to decide
what she wants to do.妇女解放运动就是要努力实现妇女自己能决定要做的事
情,The movement also wants to make it possible for her to do the best
and the most she possibly can.还要帮助妇女实现自己做得最好、最多。


If a woman decides to take a job outside the home,如果一个妇女自己
想在外面工作,there are many important questions which are raised.这就
出现了许多问题。Can she get any job she is capable [????????] of and
qualified for? 她是否能够得到她有能力且有资格去做的工作?Or are some jobs
closed关闭的 to her because she is a woman? 是否因为她是女性,许多工作
她就得不到?If she gets a job and some of her fellow workers are men
doing the same work,如果她得到一份工作,同事中有男性和她做同样的工作,
will she be paid as much as they are? 她能得到和他们一样多的报酬吗?These
issues are considered important in the United States.在美国,人们认为这
些问题非常重要。The government has passed some laws to try to help women
get any job for which they are qualified,政府已经通过不少法令帮助妇女获
得她们有资格去做的工作,and to help them get the same pay as a man for
doing the same work.帮助她们实现同工同酬。The government has also
passed a law to encourage businesses that get money from the government
to be fair to women and minority [??????????] n.少数;少数民族
groups.政府还通 过了一条法令,鼓励那些从政府处得到财政资助的商行平等地对
待妇女和少数民族,This is called the Affirmative Action Law.这条法令被
称为“机会均等计划法案”。It says that if a company is not fair to women
and other minority groups,它规定,如果哪家公司对待妇女或少数民族有失公
平,the government will not do business with that company.政府将停止对
该公司的财政资助,This encourages businesses to provide equal [???????]
a.相等的;平等的opportunities [????????????]机会 for women.这样就鼓
励了各商行为妇女提供平等的就业机会。Many people agree with the ideas and
goals of women’s liberation.许多人都赞同妇女解放运动的观点和目标。
They feel that women ought to be considered equal to men in every
way.他们认为妇女在各方面都应得到同男子一样的待遇, They feel that a
woman should be able to decide to stay home and raise a family,妇女应该
自己决定是在家相夫教子、操持家务;or to stay home and not raise a
family,还是呆在家里,同丈夫做“丁克”一族;or to go out and work,还是
出去工作;or to have a job outside the home and the family as well.还是
工作孩子两不耽误。They feel a woman should be able to do anything that
she wants to do and can do.他们认为妇女应该去做她们自己想做、自己能做的
事情。Other people are opposed [??????] vt.反对;反抗 to women’s
liberation.也有些人反对妇女解放运动,They do not think that woman
should have the same jobs and the same pay as men.在他们看来,男女不应


同工同酬,They believe that men should do all of the important work.男
子应做所有重要的事情,They feel that women should stay at home,taking
care of men and children.妇女就该呆在家中照顾丈夫、孩子,Many husbands
do not want their wives to work outside the home.他们不愿妻子出去工作。
Some women agree with these men.有些妇女也赞同这些男子的观点。People
who support 支持women’s liberation do not feel that it is bad for a
woman to remain at home if she wants to.如果一个妇女愿意呆在家中,支持
妇女解放运动的人并不感到这是坏事。They believe that work in the home is
important and should be respected尊重.在他们看来,在家操持家务和在外工
作一样重要,也应受到尊重。But they want to make sure that a woman works
at home because she wants to,但这样的前提是妇女自愿在家,and not because
she can’t get a job outside the home,而不是因为在外面找不到工作,or
because she does not believe that she can do anything useful in her
community.或者她认为自己不能在社区做任何有用的事情。
The women’s liberation movement is trying to give women a
chance to show what they can do.妇女解放运动努力给妇女一个展示自身能力
的机会。Perhaps a woman will find the cure for our most serious
disease.或许哪位妇女能够找到治疗人类最严重疾病的方法,Perhaps a woman
will solve the energy crisis [????????] n.危机;存亡之际.或许哪位妇女能
够解决能力危机Perhaps women and men, working together,will be able to
accomplish important things better and sooner than men would if men were
working alone.或许男女共同工作比男子单独工作能更好、更快地完成重要的事
情。If the women’s liberation movement is successful, we will have a
chance to find out.如果妇女解放运动能够成功,我们就有机会找出这些假设的
结果。
Each man and each woman must decide whether he or she
agrees with the ideas of the women’s liberation movement completely,每
个男子和每个女子都必须决定自 己是否完全赞同妇女解放运动的观点,partly,
or not at a11.部分赞同妇女解放运动的观点,还是根本就不赞同妇女解放运动
的观点。Whether you agree or disagree with women’s liberation,不管赞同
与否, you know that it has begun to change our lives.妇女解放运动已经
开始改变我们的生活了。
Unit11
Text A My Father's Shadow 父亲的影子
My husband,Gary,and I were flying to Hawaii from New York City to
show our five-month-old son,Timmy,to our parents for the first


time.我和丈夫加里正由纽约飞往夏威夷,去让我父母见见我们刚出生五个月的儿
子-- 蒂米。But what should have been a mission of joy filled me with
apprehension.这本该是件快乐的事情,却令我十分忧惧。For five years I'd
hardly spoken to my father.五年了,我几乎没和父亲说过话。Loving but
stern in the manner typical of Chinese fathers,he had made particular
demands on me,父亲具有典型的中国父亲的风格:慈爱而严厉,对我寄予厚望。
and though we were very much alike,we'd grown very far apart.尽管我们
的性格极为相似,但父女关系却已变得很疏远。
When I became a teenager,my father held up my mother as a
model of feminine behavior.早在我的少女时代,父亲就让我把母亲作为女性的
榜样。But she was social,while I preferred books to parities.母亲擅长
社交,可我喜欢读书不愿扎堆。He pressed me to mingle with his friends'
children.父亲强迫我与他朋友的孩子做朋友,I insisted on choosing my own
companions.我却坚持自己选择伙伴。He assured I'd follow in my mother's
footsteps and enroll in the local university to study teaching,父亲坚持
认为我应该重复母亲的路,读当地大学,学师范专业,and that I'd marry into
one of the other long- established Chinese clans on the islands and
settle down,as he and my mother had.嫁一位久居当地的华裔望族,像他和母
亲一样,定居在夏威夷。
But I didn't settle.但我没有那样做。As bullheaded as my father,I
escaped to the University of California,同父亲一样倔强,我逃到加利福
尼亚大学读书,where I fell in love with a haole,并爱上了一位外族人加
里,as we called Caucasians from the mainland.就是我们通常所说的来自美
国大陆的白种人。Gary had blue haole eyes and sandy haole hair.他有着白
种人的典型特征-- 蓝眼睛、沙色头发。I announced that we were getting
married--in Berkeley,not Hawaii.我宣布我们要在伯克利结婚,而不是夏威
夷,No large,clamorous clan wedding for me.也没有盛大、热闹的家庭式婚
礼。My parents came and met Gary just two days before our small,simple
wedding.就在距我们不具规模、形式简单的婚礼只有两天的时候, 我父母才来跟
加里见了第一次面。Afterward we moved to New York,婚后,我们搬到了纽约,
as far from the islands as we could get without leaving American
soil.尽可能远地离开了夏威夷,但又不用离开美国本土。
My father's subsequent silence showed his disapproval.父亲随后的沉
默反映出对我的不满。He didn't visit;neither did I.他没来看过我们,我也
没回去过。When my mother telephoned,he never asked to speak to me,and
I never asked for him.母亲来电话时,他从不要求跟我讲话,我也从不要求跟


他讲话。We might have gone on like that. the habit of separation
hardening into a permanent estrangement.我们可能会就这样僵持下去,分离
的习惯渐渐硬化为永久的疏远。Then Timmy was born,and I felt an
unexpected tidal pull back to the is1ands.后来蒂米出生了,我莫名其妙地
产生了想回家看看的强烈愿望。
On the long flight to Hawaii,在回夏威夷的漫长旅途中,memories of my
childhood. when I was my father's small shadow.came flooding back.I
was three years old,running behind him as he walked between the banana
trees in the plantation town where he taught high schoo1.孩提时的记忆潮
水般涌上我的心头。那时我才三岁,还是父亲 的小东西。父亲在镇上一所中学教
书。每当他穿行于种植园的香蕉树中间时,我则在他身后奔跑。Whe n grew
tired,he carried me on his shoulders.跑累了,父亲就让我坐到他的肩膀
上,From there I could see forever.坐在他肩上我能看得很远很远。
my sunshine my only sunshine。.
skies are gray.这时他就会唱你是我的阳光,我惟一的阳光,天 空阴霾密布,
你依然令我幸福??,taking his devotion as my due.我大笑着,
理所当然地享受着这份父爱。
Now the prodigal daughter was returning with the firstborn of
the next of generation-a hazel-eyed,golden- skinned hapa haole(half-
white)child who looked little like his Chinese ancestors.现在浪子要回
家了,怀中抱着他们的长孙- 一个长着淡褐色眼睛,拥有一半白人血统的黄皮肤婴
儿,这与他的中国祖先几乎毫不相似。How would my father react? 父亲会有什
么反应?If he disapproved of Timmy,as he had of me.如果他不喜欢蒂米,就
像不喜欢现在的我一样,the separation between us would be complete.我们
之间的关系就会彻底破裂,I would never return.我将永远不再回来。
The plane landed.飞机着陆了。and I gradually placed a crying,
hungry Timmy into my mother's eager arms.我慢慢地把正饿得哇哇大哭蒂米放
入母亲热切的怀中。Here was instant and unconditional acceptance of a
child by his grandmother.这是外祖母对外孙的毫不犹豫、无条件的接受。My
father's expression was passive and hard to read.父亲显得有点被动,其表
情让人难以读懂。He greeted us politely:他客气地同我们打招
呼:路上顺利吧?,who promptly began
to cry.然后凝视着蒂米,蒂米马上大哭起来。My father stepped in alarm.父
亲惊慌地走开了。Did he find it disturbing that this crying stranger
might be his own flesh and blood?他是否在为这个号啕大哭的陌生小家伙竟是
他的骨肉后代而感到不安呢?


After dinner at my parent's house,Gary and I retired to my
old bedroom.晚饭后,我和加里回到我以前的房间。My mother tucked Timmy
into a borrowed crib in a room down the hall.母亲把蒂米安放在楼下的一个
房间里,婴儿床是借来的。
Four hours later mother instinct pulled me from sleep.四小时
后,作母亲的本能使我从睡梦中醒来。This was the time Timmy usually woke
for a feeding bottle,这通常是蒂米醒来要奶吃的时间,but there were no
cries of hunger.可是我没有听到他饥饿的哭喊声。Instead,I heard only the
sweet, soft gurgle of baby laughter.相反,却是婴儿甜甜的咯咯笑声。I
tiptoed down the hall.我蹑手蹑脚地走到楼下。
In the living room,客厅里,Timmy lay on a pillow on the floor in a
circle of light,在一圈灯光下,蒂米躺在地板上的一个靠垫上。his plump,
tiny fists and feet shaking happily.正欢快地摆动着胖嘟嘟的小拳头,踢动
着小脚丫,He studied the face bent over him,an Asian face burned dark
by the Hawaiian sun,with laugh wrinkles at the corners of the eyes.眼
睛盯着那张俯视着他的脸— 一张被夏威夷的阳光灼黑、眼角布满笑纹的亚洲人的
脸。My father was giving Timmy a bottle,父亲一边给蒂米喂奶,tickling
his tummy and singing softly,一边搔着他的小肚皮,轻轻哼唱着:“You are
my sunshine...”“ 你是我的阳光??”
I watched from the darkness,我在暗处静静地看着,not wanting
to break the scene and then crept back to my room.不想破坏这动人的场
面。我轻手轻脚地回到了自己的房间。It was then that I began to suspect
that my father had wanted to mend the breach as much as I had.从那一刻
起我开始意识到父亲一直和我一样想弥补我们之间的裂痕.Awkward and proud,
只因笨拙和自尊,he hadn't known how,and neither had I.他不知道怎么做,
我也不知道怎么做。Timmy became the bridge over which we could reach for
each other.蒂米成了我们之间沟通的桥梁。
For the rest of our stay,此后在家的日子里,the tension slowly
melted.紧张的气氛慢慢缓和了。My father and I didn't discuss our rift
directly.我和父亲没有直接讨论我们的分歧。Thanks to Timmy,多亏了蒂米,
we didn't need to.我们不需要讨论了。 Having claimed his hapa haole
grandson,my father no longer defined our family by a uniform set of
features.因为已经接受了有一半白人血统的外孙-- 蒂米,父亲也不再用一套统一
的特征来界定我们的家庭了。Curly-haired,hazel- eyed Timmy was loved for
himself.他自然而然地爱上了拥有一头卷发和一双褐色眼睛的蒂米。


We returned to the islands the following summer.第二年夏天,
我们又回到了夏威夷。Timmy.now a toddler, splashed in the surf with his
grandfather.蒂米已开始蹒跚学步了,并时常同他的外祖父在浪花里扑腾。The
summer after that,they built a tree house out of scrap lumber and
painted it blue.第三年夏天,他们用废木料造了一所房子,并把它漆成了蓝
色。
So pleased was my father with his new grandfather status that
he took early retirement when Timmy was four,to spend more time
visiting his . 父亲做了外祖父很高兴,以至于蒂米四
岁时,他就提前退休,为了有更多的时间去纽约的家。My son and my father
made a handsome pair as they walked together--the Chinese grandfather
happily followed by a different ,bouncing shadow. 父亲和我儿子走在一
起时,这一对非常完美-- 快乐的中国祖父身后跟着一个不同种族的、蹦蹦跳跳的影
子.
Text B
The Perfect Picture完美的照片
It was early in the spring about 15 years ago--a day of pale
sunlight and trees just beginning to bud.大约是十五年前初春的一天,阳光
惨淡,树木刚刚开始发芽。I was a young police reporter,driving to a
scene I didn't want to see.我当时是一名年轻的案件报道记者,正驱车赶往一
处我不愿看到的现场。A man,the police-dispatcher's broadcast said,had
accidentally backed his pickup truck over his baby granddaughter in the
driveway of the family home.It was a fatality.警务调度广播说,一位老人
在家门前 的车道上倒车时,意外地从他小孙女的身上压了过去。孩子当场丧命。
As I parked among police cars and TV news cruisers.I saw a
stocky,white-haired man in cotton work clothes standing near a
pickup.当我把车停在警车和电视新闻采访 车旁边时,看见那位身着棉布工装、矮
胖的白发老人正站在一辆轻型货车旁。Cameras were trained on him,and
reporters were sticking microphones in his face.照相机都对着他,新闻
记者都把麦克风伸到他面前。Looking totally bewildered,他一脸的迷惑,he
was trying to answer their questions.尽力回答着他们的问题,Mostly he
was only moving his lips,blinking and choking up.但是多数时间里只是翕
动着嘴唇,眨着眼睛,哽咽着说不出话来。
After a while the reporters gave up on him and followed the
police into the small white house.过了一会儿,记者不再追问他了,他们跟


着警察走进那座白色的小房子。I can still see in my mind’s eye that
devastated old man looking down at the place in the driveway where
the child had been.至今,我脑海里依然能清楚地浮现出当时 遭受重大打
击后老人低头望着车道上孩子倒下地方的画面。Beside the house was a fresh
spaded flower bed, and nearby a pile of dark.rich earth.房子旁边是一块
刚挖好的花圃,附近还有一堆肥沃的黑土。
was just backing up there to spread that good dirt,
said to me.我刚把车倒到那儿,想把肥土撒开,他对我说,though I had not
asked him anything.尽管我没问他什么。didn't even know she was
outdoors.我甚至不知道她在屋外。He stretched his hand toward the
flower bed,他伸手指指花圃,then let it flop to his side.随后又垂落下
来,He lapsed back into his thoughts,再次陷入沉痛。and I,like a good
reporter,我像所有正规的记者那样,went into the house to find someone
who could provide a recent photo of the toddler.走进屋子,想看看谁
能提供给我一张孩子的近期照片。
A few minutes later,with all the details in my notebook and a
three- by-five studio portrait of the naive child tucked in my jacket
pocket, 几分钟后,我在笔记本上记下了所有的细节,并把那个可爱女孩在照相馆
里拍的一张宽3寸长5寸的照片 放人上衣口袋,I went toward the kitchen
where the police had said the baby was.我走进厨房,警察说孩子的尸体就在
那儿。
I had brought a camera in with me-the big, bulky Speed Graphic
which used to be the newspaper reporter's trademark.我带着一架相机-- 又
大又笨的速照相机,当时这是新闻记者的标志。Everybody had drifted back
out of the house together family,police,reporters
and photographer.孩子的家 人、警察、记者和摄影师都慢慢地从屋子里走出
来。Entering the kitchen,I came upon this scene.一走进厨房,我就看到了
这样的场景:
0n a formica -topped table,backlighted by a frilly curtained
window,光线透过窗帘射进来,塑料贴面的桌子上,lay the tiny body,wrapped
in a clear white sheet.一床雪白的床单裹着孩子娇小的身体。Somehow the
grandfather had managed to stay away from the crowd.不知老人是怎样避开
了人群。He was sitting on a chair beside the table,他坐在桌子旁边的椅子
上,in profile to me and unaware of my presence, looking
uncomprehendingly at the swaddled corpse.侧面对着我,没有意识到我的出
现,他正不解地看着包裹着的尸体。


The house was very quiet.屋子里很静,A clock ticked.钟表滴答
滴答地响着。As I watched,我看到,the grandfather slowly leaned
forward,老人慢慢向前倾着身子,curved his arms like parentheses around
the head and feet of the little form,伸出胳膊从头到脚揽住了小尸体,then
pressed his face to the shroud and remained motionless.并将脸贴在上面,
一动不动。
In that hushed moment I recognized the makings of a prize-
winning news photograph. 在那肃静的一瞬间,我意识到一张获奖新闻照片即将
产生。I appraised the light,我估测了光线,adjusted the lens setting and
distance,调整好镜头和距离,locked a bulb in the flashgun,拧亮闪光枪上
的灯泡,raised the camera and composed the scene in the viewfinder.举起
相机,将整个画面组合在镜框内。
Every element of the picture was perfect:这张照片的每一部分都
很完美:the grandfather in his plain work clothes,his white hair
backlighted by sunshine,穿工装的老人,他阳光下闪耀的白发,the child's
form wrapped in the sheet,裹在白被单里的孩子,the atmosphere of the
simple home suggested by black iron trivets and World's Fair souvenir
plates on the walls flanking the window. 还有黑色铁三脚架和窗子两边墙上
的世贸会纪念盘所衬托出的这个家庭的简朴气氛。Outside,窗外,the police
could be seen inspecting the fatal rear wheel of the pickup while the
child’s mother and father leaned in each other's arms.可以看到警察正在
检查小货车那夺命的后轮,孩子的父母伤心地依偎在一起。
I don’ t know how many seconds I stood there,不知道我在那儿
站了几秒钟,unable to snap that shutter.却按不下快门。I was keenly
aware of the powerful story-telling value that photo would have,我非常
清楚地知道这张照片会有多大的叙事价值,and my professional conscience
told me to take it.职业感告诉我要拍下来。Yet I couldn't make my hand
fire that flashbulb and intrude on the poor man’s island of grief.然
而,我却不忍心按动闪光灯,闯入这位可怜老人悲痛的内心世界。
At length I lowered the camera and crept away,shaken with
doubt about my suitability for the journalistic profession.终于,我放下
了相机,蹑手蹑脚 地走出屋子,一时有些动摇,怀疑自己是否适合从事新闻职业。
Of course I never told the city editor or any fellow reporters about
that missed opportunity for a perfect news picture.当然,我从未告诉市里
的编辑或任何一位同行我曾经错过了一张完美新闻照片的机会。


Every day,on the newscasts and in the papers,每天,新闻广播
中和报纸上,we see pictures of people in extreme conditions of grief and
despair.我们都能看到极度悲伤和绝望者的照片。Human suffering has become
a spectator sport.人类的痛苦已经成了一种观赏性的运动。And sometimes,as
I'm watching news film,I remember that day.而且有时,我看新闻照片时,
就会想起那一天。
I still feel right about what I did。我仍然认为我当时做得很
对。
Unit12 Text A
Importance重 要 性
Many important things that contribute to our overall
objectives and give meaning to life don't tend to act upon us or press
us.很多重要事情有助 于实现我们的总目标,使生活有意义,但是它们不作用于我
们.They're not ''urgent,but they are the things that we must act
upon.它们并不紧迫,但它们却是我们必须做的事情。
In order to focus on the issues of urgency and importance more
effectively,为了更有效地把精力集中在紧急和重要的事情上,let's look at
the Time Management Table below.我们来看下面的时间管理分类表。As you
can see it divides our activities into four parts.该表将人的活动分为四
部分,We spend time in one of these four ways:我们以其中任何一种方式度
日。
Urgent紧迫 Not Urgent不紧迫
Important重要 I II
Crises危机 Preparation准备工作
Pressing Problems紧急问题 Prevention预防工作
Dealine- driven projects, meetings, preparations有最后期限的项
目、会议和准备工作 Values clarification价值分类
Planning计划
Relationship building确立人际关系
True- creation真正的再创造
Not Important不重要 III IV
Interruptions, some phone calls小插曲,某些电
话 Trivia ,busywork
Some mail, some reports某些信件、报告 Some phone calls某
些电话


Some meetings某些会议 Time wasters消耗时间的事情
Many proximate, pressing matters许多迫在眉睫的事
情 “逃避现实”的活动
Many popular activities许多大众活动 Irrelevant mail不相
关的信件
Excessive TV过度看电视
Part I represents things that are both and
.第1部分表示既紧迫又重要的事情。 Here's where we
handle an angry client,meet a deadline,repair a broken- down machine,
undergo a heart surgery,or help a crying child who has been hurt.接待
一位怒气冲冲的顾客、在截止 期限内完成任务、抢修一台坏了的机器、接受心脏手
术、帮助一位因受伤而号啕大哭的孩子,这些都归于 此类。We need to spend
time in Part I.我们应该在这类事情上花一些时间。If we ignore it, we
become buried alive.如果忽视这些事情,我们的生活就会乱做一团,终日忙碌
地喘不过气来。But we also need to realize that many important activities
become urgent through delay,or because we don't do enough prevention
and plan ning.同时,应该意识到很多重要事情由于耽误、计划不周或者事前预防
不力而变得紧迫。(注:今 年4月汉译英刚刚考过这一句)
Part 1I includes activities that are ,but not
urgent.This is the Part of Quality.第1I部分包括重要但不紧迫的事
情,又被称为质量部分。Here's where we do our long-range planning,
anticipate and prevent problems,broaden our minds,and increase our
skills through reading and continuous professional development,我们进行
长期计划、预见和防治问题、开阔视野 、通过阅读和专业方面的不断发展提高工作
技巧。imagine how we're going to help a struggling Son or daughter,想像
我们去帮助奋斗中的儿女, prepare for important meetings and
presentations,准备很重要的会议发言,or invest in relationships through
deep,honest listening.或者通过深入、真诚地倾听别人讲话增进人际关系。
Increasing time spent in this part increases our ability to do.增加花
费在该部分的时间会提高我们做事的能力。Ignoring this part feeds and
enlarges Part I,creating stress and deeper crises for us.忽视该部分就
会扩大第1部分的范围,增加压力和深层危机。On the other hand,另外,
investing in this part shrinks Part I.加在该部分投入的时间会缩小第1部
分。Planning,preparation,and prevention keep many things from becoming
urgent.增计划、准备和预防能够避免许多事情变得紧迫。Part II does not act


on us;we must act on it.属于第1I部分的事情不会催促着我们去行动,我们
应该对这些事情采取行动。This is the Part of personal leadership.这一部
分又被称为个人领导部分。
Part Ⅲ is easily confused with (被动语态)Part I.第1II部分极
易与第1部分混淆。It includes things that are ,but not
important.它包括那些紧迫但是不重要的事情。This is the Part of
Deception.该部分被称作欺骗部分。The noise of urgency creates the
illusion of importance.紧迫给人制造重要的假象。But the actual
activities.if they're important at all, are only important to
someone else.如果说这些行动重要,它们只对其他人重要。 Many phone
calls,meetings,and drop-in visitors fall into(落入,此处指属于) this
type.很多电话、会议和偶然来访者都属于这一类。We spend a lot of time in
partⅢmeeting other people's needs,thinking we're really in Part I.我
们在第1Ⅱ部分花费大量时间满足别人的需要,却认为自己做的事情属于第1部
分。
Part IV is reserved for those activities that are
and not important.第Ⅳ部分包括既不紧迫也不重要的事情。This is the
Part of Waste.这是一个浪费部分。Of course,we really shouldn't be there
at a11.显然,我们不应该做属于该部分的事情。 But we get so battle-
scarred from being tossed around in Parts I and III that we often
.但我们往往为第1、第1II部分 的事情焦头
烂额、不堪重负,希望在第Ⅳ部分得以解脱。What kinds of things are in Part
IV? 那么,哪些事情属于该部分呢?Not necessarily recreational things,
because recreation in the true sense of re-creation is a valuable
PartⅡa ctivity.并非休闲活动,因为真正的休闲活动具有再创造的意义,属于第
1I部分有价值的活动 。Part IV is deterioration.该部分使人堕落。We would
find there's nothing there.我们会发现这些事情本质上毫无价值。
We'd like to suggest that you look at the Time Management
Table and think back over the past week of your life.我们建议你看一下时
间管理分类表,回顾一周来的生活。If you were to place each of your last
week's activities in one of these parts,where would you say you spent
most of your time? 如果你将一周的活动归类到四个部分,你大部分时间花在哪
个部分?
Think carefully as you consider Parts I and III.It's easy to
think that if something is urgent, it is important.在涉及到第1、第ⅡI
部分的时候要仔细考虑,我们很容易这样认为:某件 事若非常紧迫,它就是重要


的。A quick way to differentiate between these two parts is to ask
yourself if the urgent activity will contribute to an important
objective.快速区分两者的途径 是问问自己这件紧迫的事情是否有助于实现一个
重要的目标。If not,it probably belongs to Part Ⅲ.如果答案是否定的,那
它就属于第1II部分。
Think about the questions:思考一下这两个问题:
What is the one activity that you know if you did superbly
well and consistently would have significant positive results in your
personal life? 哪件事情,如果你做得非常出色并且经常去做,会对你的生活大
有好处?
What is the one activity that you know if you did superbly
well and consistently would have significant positive results in your
professional life? 哪件事情,如果你做得非常出色并且经常去做,会对你的工
作极其有益?
Think about your answers to these questions.思考一下你对这两
个问题会如何做答。Among the answers we get,a great majority大多数of
them fall under six key activities:我们所得到的答案,可以分为六种主要类
型:
1? Improving communication with people增强与人交流
2.Better preparation做好准备工作
3.Better planning and organizing很好地计划和组织
4.Taking better care of self照顾好自己
5.Seizing new opportunities抓住新机会
6.Personal development个人发展
All of these are in PartⅡ.They're important.这些都属于第
1I部分,非常重要。
So why aren't people doing them? 大家为什么都不做呢?Why aren't
you doing the things you have identified from the questions above? 你又
为什么不根据从上面问题中得出的答案做事呢?
Probably because they're not urgent.这很可能是因为它们不紧迫,
They aren't pressing.没有给你压迫感。They don't act on you.You have to
act on them.它们不会让你有紧迫感,但是你必须对这些事情采取主动行动。

CLOZE
IV.Cloze.Please pay attention that there are more words than are
necessary?


urgent in motion casual embarrassed
confused excuse overworked relaxed
satisfaction habitual exciting expect
used gratitude instead
The Urgency Addiction I瘾、沉溺)
Some of us get so! to the rush of handling crises that we be-
come dependent on it for a sense of excitement and energy.How does
urgency feel ? Stressful ?Tense ?Exhausting ?Sure.But let's be
honest. It's also sometimes-jL.We feel useful.We feel successful.And
we get good at it.It brings instant results and instant上.
We get a temporary(临时的,暂时的)excitement from solving- 鱼一
and important crises.Then when the importance isn't there,we would
feel uneasy and we are drawn to anything urgent,just to stay一三
一.People 鱼 US to be busy and Z .It'S become a
status symbol in our society-if we're busy,we're important;if we're
not busy,we're almost上to admit it.Being busy is where we get our
security.It'S validating,popular,and pleasing.It's also a good上
for not dealing with the first things in our lives.
Urgency addiction is a self- destructive behavior that
temporarily(临时地、暂时地)fills the void created by unmet
needs.And 10 of meeting these needs,the tools and approaches of
time management often feed the addiction.They keep US focused on daily
ordering of the urgent.
紧张的癖好
我们当中有些人习惯于忙忙碌碌地处理紧急情况,以至于我们依赖这种< br>忙碌让自己兴奋和精神饱满。紧迫感是一种什么感觉呢?感觉有压力?紧张?当然是
这样。坦白地 说,有时候紧迫使人兴奋、激动,让人感觉自己是能干的、成功的。
我们变得擅长于此。紧迫能够带来即 时的成就和满足感。
解决紧迫并且重要的危急事件可以得到暂时的兴奋与激动。当事情的重< br>要性不复存在,我们就会变得不自在,对紧迫的事情非常感兴趣,时刻处于行动状
态中。其他人都 希望我们一直忙碌,并且超负荷工作。这已经成为一个人社会身份
的标志了:如果我们非常忙碌,就说明 我们非常重要;如果不忙碌,我们几乎羞于
承认这一点?忙碌给人安全感,也是一种证明,说明你受欢迎 、与人友善。同时它
也是一个很好的借El,我们以此来为自己辩白为什么不去做生活中那些首要事情。


尽管紧迫的癖好能够暂时满足一些需求,但它是一种自我毁灭的行为。时间管
理的各种工具和方法往往助长人的这种癖好,而不是解决存在的问题,它们使人的
注意力集中于 每天将这些紧迫的事情排序 。
Text B
The Three Generations of Time Management三代时间管理理念
In our effort to close the gap between the clock and the
compass in our lives,在努力缩小现实与目标之间差距的时候,many of us
turn to the field of .许多人都将目光投向时间管理领域:
While just three decades ago there were fewer than a dozen significant
重大的;效果显著的;具有特殊意义的;意味深长的books on the subject,三十
年前,这方面的著作寥寥数册, our most recent survey led us through
well over a hundred books and hundreds of articles.最近调查结果表明已经
有一百多本专著,相关文章数以百计。It reflects something of a
phenomenon,这便是爆米花现象:with the increasing heat and pressure
of the culture creating a rapidly exploding body of literature and
tools.随着文化的升温和文化压力的增大,相关文献和工具数量急剧增加。
In making this survey,这次调查过程中,we read,digested(整
理),and boiled down the information to(等于;归结为)three
.我们阅读了大量材料,将其整理、分类,得
出三代时间管理理念。Each generation builds on the one before it and
moves toward greater efficiency and contro1.每一代理念都是建立在前一代
基础之上的,并且朝着更加有效、更易控制的方向发展。
First Generation.第一代。The first generation is based on
.第一代是建立在提醒的基础之上的。 People try to keep track
of things they want to do with their time— write the report,attend the
meeting,fix the car,clean out the garage.使用这种方 法的人尽量记录自己
想要做的事情——写报告、参加会议、修车、打扫车库。This generation is
characterized by simple notes and checklists.该理念的特点是做一些简单的
记录。If you're in this generation,如果你属于该类型,you carry these
lists with you and refer to them,so you don't forget to do things.你会
随身带着这些记录,不时拿出来看看,以确保没有忘记什么。Hopeful ly(抱着希
望地;如果顺利的话;如果运气好的话),at the end of the day,you've
accomplished many of the things that you set out to do and you can cheek
them off your list.一天下来,你会完成很多要做的事情,这样就可以把它们从
记录清单中删除。If those tasks are not accomplished,you put them on


your list for tomorrow.如果这些事情还未完成,那把它们放入第二天的记录
中。
Second Generation.第二代。The second generation is one of
.第二代是计划、准备型,It's characterized
(被动语态)by setting goals and planning ahead. People schedule future
activities and events.其特点是确定目标、事先计划安排好将来的活动。If
you're in this generation.如果你属于该类型, you make appointments,
write down commitments,identify deadlines. and note where meetings
will be held.你会定好约会、记下承诺、标明最后期限,注明会议在何处举行。
You may even keep this in the computer or the network.你还可能将所有这
些存入计算机或者网络。
Third Generation.第三代。The third generation approach is
,ordering,and controlling.第三代时间管理法是计划、排序、控
制法。If you're in this generation.you've probably spent some time
clarifying your values and priorities.你若属于该类,你 一定已经花了一些
时间来理清你的价值观,并将它们排序。You've asked yourself,
want ?你也一定问过自己我想得到什么?.Medium-.and
short-range goals to obtain these values.并且确立了长期、中期和短期目
标,来实现这些价值。You order your activities on a daily basis.你在日常
生活的基础上将这些活动排序。 This generation is characterized by a wide
variety of planning and organizing forms.该管理法的特点是计划、组织的多
样性。
In some ways,某种程度上,these three generations of time
management have brought us a long way toward increased effectiveness in
our lives.这三代时间管理理念已经使我们的生活效率大有提高。Such things
as efficiency,planning,ordering,values clarification,and goal
setting have made a significant difference.诸如效率、计划、排序、价值分
类、确立目标等已经使生活大有改观。
But for most people the gap remains between what's deeply
important to them and the way they spend their time.但是对大多数人来
说,重要的事情和度日方式之间仍然存在差距。In many cases,things are
getting worse.很多情况下,事情变得更糟糕。“We're getting more done in
less time,”people are saying,“how could we justify that we're doing
what matters most and doing it well?” 人们说:“我们在越来越短的时间
内做越来越多的事情,怎样才能 证明所做的事情是重要的,我们做得很出色呢?”


One thing is for sure:有一件事情是明确的:if we keep doing what
we're doing, we're going to keep getting what we're getting.如果继续做
现在所做的事情,我们得到的也将是目前所得到的。One definition of insanity
is .不可
理喻的一种解释方法是:做同样的事情却希望得到不同的结果。If time
management were the answer,surely the sheer abundance of good ideas
would have made a big difference by now.如果时间管理法能够解决问题,那
至今这些层出不穷的好主意应该已经奏效。But we find that concerns about
quality of life are just as likely to come from someone with a high
level of time management training as from someone without it.但是,我们
发现受过高等时间管理训练的人对生活质量的关注与未受过训练的人相差无几。
Time management—especially the third generation—sounds
good.时间管理-- 尤其是第三代理念,听起来非常不错。It gives the promise
of achievement,a sense of hope.它使我们满怀希望,期待有所成就。But it
doesn't work.但它不见得奏效。For many people,the third generation
approach feels strict and impractical.对很多人来说,第三代管理法太刻
板、不现实。The first thing many do when they get ready to go on
vacation is to leave their planners—the symbols of the third
generation—at home!很多人准备度 假的时候,要做的头一件事就是把自己的工作
计划留在家里。而这些计划恰恰是第三代管理法的标志。
There's clearly a need for a fourth generation—one that
embraces all the strengths of generations l,2,and 3,but wipes out the
weaknesses and moves beyond.显然我们需要第四代时间管理理念,一代 包含了
前三代理念的所有优点,去除其弱点,并且超越前三代的时间管理理念。This
requires a fundamental break with less effective ways of thinking and
doing.这需要我们与低效率的思维、行为方式彻底决裂。
More than an evolution,we need a revolution.这不仅仅是渐进,
我们要进行变革,We need to move beyond time management to life
leadership—to a fourth generation based on paradigms that will create
quality-of-life results.我们要超越时间管理,领导生活, 得出第四代时间管
理理念,利用一些图表创造高质量的生活。
Unit 13 Text A
Live and Learn活到老,学到老
Good grades and a good job are easy to get. A good education is a
different story.好分数和好工作都不难获得,但接受良好的教育却是另一回事。


Her eyelids sank from lack of sleep, but Teresa’s exams were
always perfect, 由于睡眠不足,特丽萨的眼睑松垂,但她考试成绩总是出类拔
萃,her writings longer than required(被动语态), 作文写得比要求的长,
and her math problems rewritten to ensure cleanness. 数学题目要再做一
遍,以保证卷面整洁。She played the violin and the piano, 她拉小提琴、弹
钢琴,volunteered at the hospital, 去医院做志愿者,participated in
various school clubs and enjoyed none of them. 参加学校里的各种俱乐部活
动,虽然这些她一样也不真的喜欢。 It seemed that she was born to succeed
and was more than willing to sacrifice herself in the name of
achievement. 她好像天生就是为了取得成功,甘心情愿地把自己牺牲在成就名声
当中。I watched her as her laughter stopped. 我一直关注着她,直到她笑不
出来。And on Teresa’s graduation day, 特丽萨毕业的那天, she wore the
valedictory medal, but her eyes were empty.她带着全优毕业生的奖章,双眼
却空洞无神。
Many students today display a worrying tendency to choose
universities, fields of study and careers on the basis of earning
potential. 当今许 多学生表现出一种让人不安的倾向,他们基于将来能挣多少钱
的考虑来选择院校、研究领域和职业。In a large 1989 survey of college
students all over the U.S., 1989年对全美国大学生的一项调查显示,72
percent of the students reported that their primary goal in attending
college was to make more money upon graduation. 72%的学生承认他们上大学
的目的就是为了毕业后多挣钱。This state of mind came with the present
generation. 这种精神状态同当代大学生一起而来。Studies show that the
majority of baby boomers attended college to develop themselves, 研究表
明,1947-1961年间人口生育高峰时出生的大学生上大学是为了自我发展, their
critical(批判性的)thinking skills and their personal philosophies of
life.培养批判思维能力和个人的人生哲学。
Nationally, the number of students going into business-related
fields has sharply increased, 从整个国家来看,从事与经济相关工作的毕业生
人数已明显增长。and this rise has been attributed primarily to the
change in educational and career emphases.这一增长主要由于教育和职业重点
的转变所致。At Duke, economics is now the most popular major, attracting
nearly 15 percent of the undergraduates, while history majors are only 5
percent of the undergraduate population. Thirty years ago the situation
was reversed, with economic and business administration majors together


being 8.7 percent of the undergraduates and almost 12 percent of the
undergraduates declaring themselves history majors. The number of
English majors has also decreased, from 9 percent in 1969 to 5.5 percent < br>today.在杜克大学,经济学是现在最热门的专业,吸引了大约整个学校15%的本
科生,而 历史学系的学生仅占整个本科生比例的5%。三十年前,情况恰好相反,
主修经济学和商业管理的学生仅 占本科生比例的7%,而几乎12%1~本科生是主修
历史学的。现在,主修英语语言文学的学生数量也 有所下降,从1969年的9%下
降到当今的5.5%。
Degrees in economics are popular and likely to offer their
holders high salaries without the added effort of medical or law school.
And given the goals of the college students of this generation, such
options are attractive. 经济学学位现在很是吃香,很有可能让毕业生拿到 高
薪,也不用像攻读医学或法律那样需要付出更多的努力。从当代大学生的目标来
看,经济学类 确实很吸引人。
But certainly, everything has its price. With this wrong idea of
education, students convince themselves again and again that learning is
a mechanism by which one reaches other goals. Having accepted this idea,
students learn to demand little from their courses, little from their
professors and little from themselves. They are satisfied with the game
of institutionalized education – play by the rules, cheat in the exams,
win the degree. 当然?办任何事情都要付出代价。由于这种错误教育观点的误
导,学生们更加相信学习 是个机械的手段,通过它可以实现其他的目标。接受了这
种观点之后,学生变得不愿再从所学课程中学习 知识,不愿再从老师、再从自己那
里学习知识。他们满足于这种程式化的教育-- 按规则游戏,考试时作弊,最后获得
学位。
Educational administration encourages this attitude with an
overemphasis on grades and standardized tests. The college admission
process, an imperfect science, can rarely distinguish between those
students committed to learning and those committed to other aims. As a
result, the selection process often unintentionally reinforces this
overemphasis on concrete indicators of achievement. In this environment
students are reminded that the measure of success in the GPA, and that
their energies are best spent in pursuit of the goal rather than an
exploratory pursuit for understanding. More often than not, they destroy
themselves in the process. 教育机构鼓励 这种态度,过分强调考试成绩和标准
化考试。大学录取的过程并不完备,很难区分哪些学生是致力于学问 研究的,哪些


学生是想实现其他目的的。结果,录取过程无意间更加强调突出了学生的具 体考
分。在这种环境下,学生提醒自己成功的标准就是各科成绩的平均积分点,把绝大
部分精力 花在了追求目标而不是探求知识的理解上。在这一过程中,他们经常毁了
自己。
Despite all the facts above, there is still hope to remain. Weak
signs of idealism have been found in this generation, and strong
individuals with deep desires to learn remain calm by the goals of their
fellows. Those students whose curiosity cannot be satisfied are few, but
easy to identify in person. They learn for the sake of learning, ask
questions on any subject and regard each experience as an opportunity
for a mental adventure. 虽然有上面提到的各种 现实j但仍能看到希望存在。理
想主义的微弱迹象已经在当代人身上发现。有人意志坚强,渴求知识,不 为同伴的
目标吓倒。这些求知欲难以满足的学生虽然数量不多,但能够相对容易地分辨出
来。他 们为知识而学习,提问涉及各学科的问题,把每一次经历都看做思维探险的
机会。
It is both idealistic and practical to suggest that universities
should encourage a “life of the mind”. The person who likes to go to
work in the morning will be more productive and more creative, and he
will stop working late in life. By finding joy in their work, many
individuals teach by example, and those around them develop a respect
for education and an ability to find value and enjoyment in any
situation. 大学应该鼓励思维生活,这既具理想化,又切合实际。喜欢一大
早就 工作的人更具有创造性,效率也高,直到晚年才会停止工作。他们在工作中找
到了快乐,以自身为榜样, 周围的人也对教育产生了敬意,逐渐有了一种在任何情
况下发现价值和快乐的能力。
The process of learning and developing is more important than the
result. Understanding this can help find potential happiness in every
moment, while focusing only on the result provides very short happiness
upon achievement.
学习和自我发展的过程要比结果重要,理解了这一点,就可以在每时 每刻
发现潜在的欢乐,而仅仅注重结果只会在取得成就的瞬间有即逝的快乐。
In treating learning as a means to an end, this generation has
damaged the quality of their education and consequently, the quality of
their life. Unaware and unashamed, some students are sacrificing their
loves and their inner lives to pursue superficial goals, thereby,
reinforcing social abnormalities which will persist until every Teresa


takes responsibility reversing the trend. 当代人把学习当做实现某一目的 的
手段,这损害了他们所受教育的质量,继而,他们生活的质量也受到损害。既没有
这种意识, 也不感到羞耻,一些学生牺牲了自己的爱和内心生活来追逐表面的目
标,结果加强了教育的社会畸形发展 ,只有当每一个像特丽萨那样的人承担起责任
时,这一社会潮流才会扭转。
TEXT B
Save money for College on My Own自己挣钱上大学
I will never forget the day in my first year in high school.
我永远不会忘记读高一时的一天, I was sitting on the stairs descending
into the basement, 我坐在通往地下室的楼梯上,putting my head in my hands
and crying out in despair to my parents that I would never be able to
save enough money for college. 双手抱着头,绝望地向父母哭诉说,我怎么也
攒不够上大学的钱。My parents tried to console me, 父母极力安慰我,but it
seemed impossible to save $$64,268, the cost for the private institution
that I desperately wanted to attend. 可当时要挣够64268美元(这是我迫切想
上的那所私立大学的费用),看来是不可能的。
Now let me tell you the amazing story of how I earned this sum
of money. 现在让我告诉你我挣这笔钱的令人惊异的过程。
It all began with a paper route in Ankeny, Iowa. 一切是从我在
依阿华州安克尼市送报纸时开始的。I hated delivering that route, but was
determined to stick it out for six months until my family moved to
Wausau, Wisconsin. 我虽然很讨厌送报纸的那条路线,还是决定坚持下去,直到
六个月后我们家搬往威斯康星州的沃索市。 With a few meager dollars from my
paper route, 随着每次送报纸换来的几块钱,my savings began to develop. 我
的存款开始增加。My next job was with an athletic company as a telephone
customer service representative. 我的第二份工作是给一家运动员公司做电话
客户服务代理。 The savings account continued to grow very slowly. 存折上
的钱增长速度仍然很慢。Then came the fall of my junior year of high
school, and I began to work as a waitress at a restaurant. 在我上高二的
秋季,我开始在一家餐馆当服务生。It was hard work, but the money began to
roll in and this job paid at least twice as much money per hour.之后,工
作很辛苦,但钱来得快,每小时的报酬至少要比原来多出一倍。
By the time my senior year arrived, I had saved a considerable
amount of money. 等到了高三,我已经存了数目可观的一笔的钱。This was
encouraging, 这颇让人鼓舞,but I knew that I would also need some help,
但我知道这仍不够,so I began the process of applying for scholarships.


所以就开始申请奖学金。Sometimes it was discouraging because I was
rejected again and again. 由于接二连三地遭到拒绝,有时我颇感沮丧。Then,
my first scholarship offer came in, 后来我等来了第一笔奖学金,$$2,000 a
year to play tennis. 每年2000美元,条件是我得为学校打网球。This is only
a small dent at a school that costs approximately $$14,000 a year, 进这所
大学每年需要高达14000美元的学费,这2000美元只是杯水车薪,but it was a
start. 但仍不失为一个良好的开端。Several other academic scholarships
also came my way and soon my scholarships were up to $$9,050. 之后,我又
获得了几项学科奖学金,很快,奖学金的总额达到9050美元。With the
scholarships and my savings, 有了奖学金,再加上我自己的存款,I had
enough money for my first year!第一年的学费足够了。
Another interesting development emerged. 随之又有了进展,很有
意思。I began testing out of classes. 我开始参加不同科目的免修考试。
Running anxiously to the mailbox in anticipation of my test scores
became part of my daily routine. 每天焦虑不安地冲向邮箱,盼望能取得考试
成绩,这成了我生活的一部分。Excitement mounted as test after test came
back with passing results. 当一个又一个考试通过的通知寄来时, Each
passing result saved me approximately $$1,000 in tuition and then enabled
me to graduate a year early. 激动之情也与之俱增。每通过一门科目的考试可
节省约1000美元学费,还 可以提前一年毕业。This would save room and board
expenses as well.这样又可以省下一笔住宿费和伙食费。
Finally, I entered the institution. 我终于进了大学。Because of
my careful savings, I did not have to work during the school year. 由于
精打细算,大学第一年里我不用去打工。Then, summer came and it was time to
work harder than ever. 但等暑假到来时,我得拼命去打工。I continued
working as a waitress at night, 我晚上继续在餐馆当服务生,instructed
tennis camps several mornings a week and worked as a secretary for a few
hours in the afternoons. .同时每周几个上午去网球夏令营当教练,下午再做几
个小时的秘书。 Being a little overzealous, 我太心急, I also decided to
take a class at a community college. 打工的同时又在社区大学修了一门课。
This class at the community college saved me $$650. 这样,我又节省了650
美元。it was an exhausting summer and made me anxious to return to my
relatively easy life at college夏季过完时,我已经疲惫不堪,盼望着开学后
回到轻松一点的大学生活。
During my second and third years of undergraduate schooling,
大学的第二年和第三年,I decided to work about five hours per week in the


campus admissions office answering phones. 我决定在学校招生办公室每周工
作5小时,接听电话。This provided a little spending money and kept me
from draining my savings. 这样我可以挣点儿零花钱,不必动用积蓄。The
overall situation looked hopeful as I approached my senior year as long
as I could make as much money as I had the previous summer. 等进入第四学
年时,只要暑假能再挣到上一个暑假那么钱就够了,我对自己已经很有信心。I
wanted to go to Israel to study for 3 weeks, 可我同时还想去以色列学习3
个星期。but I hesitated in making this decision because it would cost me
$$1,600 more to get the credits in Israel. 当时我犹豫不决,因为去以色列修
学分要多花1600美元。 About two weeks later my Mom called to tell me
that I had $$1,600 in the bank that I had forgotten about! 大约过了两个星
期,我妈妈打电话告诉我,说我在银行里还存有1600美元,而我早把它忘 了!
One of my concerns about this trip was not only the cost, but the loss
of time to make money; 关于以色列之行除了费用之外,我的另外一个顾虑是失
去了挣钱的时间。 however, I made as much that summer in the ten weeks
when I was at home as I had made during the fourteen weeks when I was at
home the summer before. 然而,那个暑假我在家住了10个星期,10个星期中挣
的钱相当于上 个暑假在家14个星期中挣的钱。The way everything worked
together to make this trip feasible was one of the most exciting things
that have ever happened to me.各种巧合使得我的以色列之行得以实现,这是我
一生所经历过的最激动人心的事情之一。
Finally my senior year of college came and to keep things
satisfactory, 最后我进入大学的第四学年。为了事事都称心,I decided to buy
a car. 我决定买辆车。I obviously did not have a lot of money to spend on
a car and yet I wanted something reliable to make the ten-hour trips
between home and school not too tiring. 我显然不可能有太多的钱花在车上。但我需要一辆性能可靠的车,以便我能轻松地往返于家和学校之间(约10小时车
程)。I searched many newspaper ads and my father and I began searching
for good used cars. 我开始搜寻报.纸上的广告。爸爸和我一起查找性能良好的
二手车信息。I was ecstatic when I found a crashed car that had been
fixed up for only $$4,200.最后,我找到一辆撞毁后重新修复的车,只需4200美
元,我欣喜若狂。
Then, I also attended an eight-week course o marriage and
family in Colorado. 后来我还参加了科罗拉多州的一个为期8周的关于婚姻和家
庭的研习班。This was an incredible experience that taught me a great
deal about my worldview and how to develop a healthy family. 这是一次不


可思议的经历,它改变了我的世界观,并 教会了我如何建立一个健康的家庭。This
experience was also very costly, :$$4,000.然而这次经历的花费也不低:4000
美元。I was surprised to find that I had graduated with no debt and so
many remarkable journeys along the way. 等我毕业时,我惊奇地发现,我没
有任何负债,还在大学期间进行了那么多令人难忘的旅行。
This experience has shaped me in many important ways. 这些
经历在我身上产生了重大影响。The first thing that I learned was the
importance of a strong work ethic. 首先我学到了坚定的敬业精神的重要性。
Working long hours did a lot to mold my character and helped me learn
the value of a dollar. 连续工作数小时塑造了我的性格,并让我懂得了每一元
钱的价值。It also made me learn how to craft creative solutions to
difficult dilemmas.我还学会了在遇到难题时如何设计出富有创意的解决办法。
Whenever I am overwhelmed or afraid of the future, 每当我对未
来感到不知所措或惧怕时,I can remember my $$64,268 miracle.我就会想到我那
64268美元的奇迹。
Unit14Text A
Man Will Prevail
人类必胜
I feel that this award was not made to me as a man, but to my
work – life’s work in the agony and sweat of the human spirit, 我感到
这份奖赏不是授予我个人而 是授予我的工作的——授予我一生从事关于人类精神的
呕心沥血的工作。not for glory and least of all for profit, but to create
out of the materials of the human spirit something which did not exist
before. 我从事这项工作,不是为名,更不是为利,而是为了从人的精神原料中创
造出一些从前不曾有过的东西。 So this award is only mine in trust. 因此,
这份奖金只不过是托我保管而已。It will not be difficult to find a
dedication for the money part of it commensurate with the purpose and
significance of its origin. 要做出与这份奖赏原本的目的和意义相符,又与其
奖金等价的献词并不困难,But I would like to do the same with the acclaim
too, by using this moment as a pinnacle from which I might be listened
to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same anguish and
travail, 但我还愿意利用这个时刻,利用这个举世瞩目的讲坛,向那些可能听到
我说 话并已献身于同一艰苦劳动的男女青年致敬。among whom is already that
one who will some day stand where I am standing.
Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so
long sustained by now that we can even bear it. 我们今天的悲剧是人们普遍

< p>
存在一种生理上的恐惧,这种恐惧存在已久,以致我们已经习惯了。There are no
longer problems of the spirit. 现在不存在精神上的问题,There is only the
question: 惟一的问题是:When will I be blown up? 我什么时候会被炸得粉身
碎骨?正因如此,the young man or woman writing today
has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself
which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing
about, worth the agony and the s weat.今天从事写作的男女青年已经忘记了人
类内心的冲突,而这本身就能构成好作品。因为这是惟 一值得写、值得呕心沥血地
去写的题材。
He must learn them again. 作家必须重新认识这些问题。He must
teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; 他必须使自
己明白世间最可鄙的事情莫过于恐惧。and, teaching himself that, forget it
forever, 他必须使自己永远忘却恐惧,leaving no room in his workshop for
anything but the old verities and truths of the heart, 在他的工作室里除
了心底古老的真理之外,任何东西都没有容身之地。the universal truths
lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed – love and honor and
pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice. 没有这古老的普遍真理,任何
小说都 只能昙花一现,不会成功;这些真理就是爱、荣誉、怜悯、自尊、同情与牺
牲等感情。Until he does so, he labors under a curse. 不这样,他的气力终
归白费。 He writes not of love but of lust, 他不是写爱情而是写情欲,of
defeats in which nobody loses anything of value, 他写的失败是没有人失去
可贵的东西的失败of victories without hope and, 他写的胜利是没有希望、
worst of all, without pity or compassion. 更糟的是没有怜悯或同情的胜利。
His griefs grieve on no universal bones, leaving no scars. He writes not
of the heart but of the glands.他的悲伤不是为了世上生灵,所以留下不深刻
的痕迹。他不是在写心灵而是在写器官。
Until he learns these things, he will write as though he stood
among and watched the end of man. 在他重新懂得这些之前,他写作时,就犹如
站在处于世界末日的人类中去观察末日的来临。I decline to accept the end of
man. 我拒绝接受人类末Et的说法, It is easy enough to say that man is
immortal simply because he will endure: 因人类能延续而说人是不朽的,这很
容易。that when the last worthless rock hanging tideless in the last red
and dying evening, 或者即使最后一次钟声已经消失,消失的再也没有潮水冲刷< br>的映在落日的余辉里的海上最后一块无用礁石之旁时,that even then there
will still be one more sound: 还会有一个声音,that of his puny
inexhaustible voice, still talking. 人类微弱的、不断的说话声,这也很容


易。I refuse to accept this. 但是我不能接受这种说法。I believe that man
will not merely endure: 我相信人类不仅能延续,he will prevail. 而且能战
胜一切而永存。He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has
an inexhaustible voice, 人类不朽不是因为在万物中惟有他能永远发言,but
because he has a soul, 而是因为他有灵魂,a spirit capable of compassion
and sacrifice and endurance. 有同情心、有牺牲和忍耐精神。The poet’s,
the writer’s, duty is to write about these things. 诗人和作家的责任就是
把这些写出来。 It is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his
heart, 诗人和作家的特权就是云鼓舞人的斗志、by reminding him of the
courage and honor and hope and pride and compassion and pity and
sacrifice which have been the glory of his past. 使人记住过去曾经有过的
光荣-- 人类曾有过的勇气、荣誉、希望、自尊、同情、怜悯与牺牲精神--以达到永
恒。 The poet’s voice need not merely be the record of man, 诗人的声音
不应只是人类的记录,it can be one of the props, the pillars to help him
endure and prevail.而应是使人类永存和走向胜利的支柱和栋梁。
Text B
The New Frontier新 边 疆
John Kennedy July 15, 1960
约翰.肯尼迪 1960年7月15日
For I stand tonight facing west on what was once the last
frontier. 因为我今晚在这儿向西而立,面对着那条曾经是最后的边疆。From the
lands stretch 3,000 miles behind me, 在我身后连绵3000英里的土地上,the
pioneers of old gave up their safety, their comfort and sometimes their
lives to build a new world here in the west. 旧日的垦荒者们抛弃了他们的
安全、舒适,乃至生命,来到本部建设一个新世界。
They were not the captives of their own doubts, 他们不是自己的
疑虑的俘虏, the prisoners of their own price tags. 不是自己的价格标签的
囚徒。Their motto was not “every man for himself” – but “all for the
common cause.” 他们的座右铭不是人人为自己,而是一切为了共同的事业。
They were determined to make that new world strong and free, 他们决心使
新世界强大而自由,to overcome its hazards and its hardships, to conquer
the enemies that threatened from without and within. 决心克服新世界的艰
难困苦,战胜从外部和内部构成威胁的敌人。
Today some would say that those struggles are all over – that
all the horizons have been explored – that all the battles have been
won – that there is no longer an American frontier. 今天,有人会说,这


些斗争都已结束--所有的地平线都已勘探--所有的战斗都已打赢 --不再有一条美国
的边疆了。
But I trust that no one in this vast assembly will agree with
those sentiments. 但我相信,与会者中无人会同意这些看法。For the problems
are not all solved and the battles are not all won – and we stand today
on the edge of a new frontier – the frontier of the 1960’s – a
frontier of unknown opportunities and perils – a frontier of
unfulfilled hopes and threats. 因为问题没有全部解决,战斗没有全部打
赢:今天我们正站在新边疆的边缘-- 这是20世纪60年代的边疆,充满未知机会和
风险,没有实现的希望和威胁。
Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom promised our nation a new
political and economic framework. 伍德罗?威尔逊的新自由许诺给我们国家一
种新的政治和经济体制。Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal promised security
and succor to those in need. 富兰克林?罗斯福的新政许诺给贫困者以保障和救
济。But the New Frontier of which I speak is not a set of promises – it
is a set of challenges. 可是,我所说的新边疆不是一系列承诺-- 而是一系列挑
战。 It sums up not what I intend to offer the American people, 它所概括
的不是我打算为美国人民提供的东西, but what I intend to ask of them. 而
是我打算向他们索取的东西。It appeals to their pride, 它所需求的是他们的
自尊, not their pocketbook – it holds out the promise of more
sacrifice instead of more security.而不是他们的钱包——它所许诺的是更多
的牺牲,而不是更多的保障。
But I tell you the New Frontier is here, 但是,我要告诉诸位,
新边疆就在这里, whether we seek it or not. 无论我们是否寻找它。 Beyond
that frontier are uncharted areas of science and space, 在边疆的那一边,
是未探索的科学的空间领域,unsolved problems of peace and war, 未解决的和
平与战争问题, unconquered pockets of ignorance and prejudice,
unanswered questions of poverty and surplus.未征服的无知的偏见角落,未解
答的贫困和过剩问题。
It would be easier to shrink back from that frontier, to look
to the safe mediocrity of the past, to be lulled by good intentions and
high rhetoric – and those who prefer that course should not cast their
votes for me, regardless of party. 在这条边疆 前退缩,寻求过去的安稳平
庸,陶醉于良好意愿和漂亮言辞,是比较容易的——选择这条路的人,不应将 他们
的选票投给我,无论他们属于哪一个政党。


But I believe the times demand invention, innovation,
imagination, decision, 但我认为,时代需要发明、革新、想像和决定。I am
asking each of you to be new pioneers on that New Frontier. 我要求诸位都
成为新边疆的新的开拓者。 My call is to the young in heart, regardless of
age – to the stout in spirit, regardless of party – to all who respond
to the scriptural call: 我号召的是心灵上的年轻人--无论他有多大年纪;是精
神上的强者-- 无论他属于哪一个政党;是所有那些响应这个神圣号召的人:
“Be strong and of good courage; be not afraid, neither be
dismayed.” 要坚强,要有勇气;你们不要害怕,也不要灰心。
For courage – not complacency – is our need today –
leadership – not salesmanship. 因为我们今天需要的是勇气,而不是自满;是
领导才干,而不是推销术。And the only valid test of leadership is the
ability to lead, and lead vigorously. 而有关领导才干的惟一有效的检测标准
是领导能力,强有力的领导。A tired nation, said David Lloyd George, is a
conservative nation – and the United States today cannot afford to be
either tired or conservative.劳合?乔治说过,疲惫的国家是保守的国家-- 而今
日之美国既不能疲惫,也不能保守。
There may be those who wish to hear more – more promises to
this group or that – more harsh rhetoric about the men in the Kremlin
– more assurances of a golden future, where taxes are always low and
subsidies ever high. 也许有人希望听到更多-- 对这个或那个群体做出更多的承
诺,对克里姆林宫的人做出更严厉的抨击,对金色的未来做出更多的保证 --到那
时,税收总是很低,补助金却相当高。 But my promises are in the platform
you have adopted. 但是,我的承诺在你们通过的政纲中。Our ends will not be
won by rhetoric and we can have faith in the future only if we have
faith in ourselves. 我们的目标将不是靠豪言壮语达到;我们只有对自己充满信
心,才能对未来充满信心。
For the harsh facts of the matter are that we stand on this
frontier at a turning-point in history. 因为,关于这个问题的严峻事实是,
我们是在历史转折关头站在这条边疆上的。We must prove all over again
whether this nation – or any nation so conceived – can long endure我
们必须再次证明,这个国家,抑或任何这样孕育的国家,是否能够长久存在下去;
– whether our society – with its freedom of choice, its breadth of
opportunity, its range of alternatives – can compete with the single-


minded advance of the Communist system. 证明我们的社会,及其选择的自
由、广泛的机会、抉择的范围,是否能够同共产主义制度竞争。
Unit15Text A
Four Minutes That Get You Hired面试的秘诀
To get the right job,learn to make the right impression
要想获得满意的工作,就要学会留下最好的印象
The 28-year-old Bay Stater spent six years working at night
while she attended college during the day. 六年来,28岁的贝?斯黛特白天
上大学,晚上工作。When she finally graduated, she wanted to get a
teaching possession at a nearby elementary school in
Boston.毕业后她想在波士顿附近的一所小学里谋求一份教书的工作。
She got an interview with the headmaster after sending a
resume. 寄出简历之后,她得到了校长给她面试的机会。 “I noticed a tiny
hole in my stockings that morning,” 那天早晨,我注意到长简袜上有个小
洞, 她回忆说, “I thought about changing, but I knew I’d
be late if I did. “我想要换一双,但觉得要是换的话,就要迟到了。By the
time I got to the interview, 我到达面试地点时,the hole had stretched
from my ankle to my knee. 袜子上的小洞从脚踝一直破到了膝盖。 I walked in
and immediately apologized for not looking my best. 我进去后,立刻为自己
的糟糕形象向校长道歉。 I spent the rest of the time trying to sit in a
way that he couldn’t see the hole.” 接下来,我努力坐得让校长看不见这个
小洞。”
The likely teacher didn’t get that job. 结果,她想当老师却没
有得到这份工作。 In fact, 实际上, one of her friends told her the
headmaster’s only comment was: “if a person doesn’t take the time to
present her best image at an interview, what kind of teacher is she
going to be?”她朋友告诉她校长对她 的惟一评价是如果一个人在面试中不花点
时间来展示她最好的形象的话,她会是一个怎样的老师呢? First impressions are often lasting ones. 第一印象通常是持
久的。This means that if you’re viewed positively within the first four
critical minutes, 也就是说,如果你在最初的关键四分钟内能给别人留下好印象
的话,the person you’ve met will likely assume everything you do is
positive.你所遇到的这个人就很可能会以为你做事总能令人满意。
Four minutes! 四分钟!Studies tell us that’s the crucial
period in which impressions are formed by someone we’ve just met. 研究
表明,就是在这关键的四分钟内,我们刚刚邂逅的人形成了对我们的印象。Within


only ten seconds, that person will begin to make judgments about our
professionalism, social class, morals and intelligence. 仅仅在十秒中内,
他就开始对我们的职业特性、社会阶层、道德品质、智力才能进行判断。People
tend to focus on what they see, on what they hear, and on our actual
words.人们倾向把注意力集中在他们所看见的、所听到的及我们实际说的话上。
Most employers believe that those who look as if they care
about themselves are more likely to care about their jobs. 大多数雇主认
为那些看起来似乎在乎自己形象的人更可能在乎自己的工作。We know “it’s
what’s inside that counts,” 虽然都知道内在品质是最重要的, but
research shows that physically attractive people are generally regarded
by employers as more intelligent, likable and creditable. 然而研究表明,
雇主一般认为外表引人注目的人更有才能、更惹人喜爱、更值得信赖。 Your goal
should be to come across in the best possible way – attractive in the
way you dress, in your gestures and facial expressions and in your
speech.因此,你应该以最亮丽的形象,即用你的着装方式、手势姿态、面部表
情、言谈话语来吸引人。
Here’s how to make those four crucial minutes count: 下面的一
些方法可以让你充分利用这四分钟,成功地达到自己的目标。
Look your best. 展示最好的形象。 It signals success. 这是成功
的信号。 Studies have linked clothing consciousness to higher self-
esteem and job satisfaction. 研究表明,一个人的衣着意识是同他较强的自尊
心和工作的满意程度成正比的。Yet many people fail to understand the
importance of presenting a professional image.然而,很多人不了解展示职业
形象的重要性。
Forget about personal style. 丢掉个人风格。At work, your
clothes must convey the message that you are competent, reliable and
authoritative. 工作中,衣着必须传达出你有能力、可信任、具有权威等信息。
Dress for the job you want, not the job you have. 为想要工作着
装,而不是为已有的工作着装。If you’re to have an interview at a company
you’ve never visited and aren’t sure what to wear, 如果你要去一家从没
去过的公司面试,但不知道穿什么好,send for a copy of its annual report
and study what the employees pictured are wearing, 向这家公司要一份年度
报告,研究一下照片上雇员的穿着,or drop by ahead of time to see how they
dress. 或者提前到这家公司去看看他们是怎么穿衣打扮的。
Monitor your body language. 控制身体语言。How you move and
gesture will greatly influence an interviewer’s first impression of you.


你的一举一动都会在很大程度上影响面试者对你的印象。In an influential
study of communications, 在一项影响深远的关于交往的研究中,psychologist
Albert Mehrabian discovered that seven percent of any message about our
feelings and attitudes comes from the words we use, 心理学家阿尔伯特?梅
赫拉比恩发现:7%的情感和态度的信息来自说话时用的词语,38 percent from
our voice, 38%来自声音,and a surprising 55percent from our facial
expressions. 令人吃惊的是,55%的来自面部表情。In fact, when our facial
expression or tone of voice conflicts with our words, 实际上,面部表情或
语调同话语矛盾时, the listener will typically put more weight on the
nonverbal message.听者通常更注重非语言信息。
To make your first encounter a positive one, start with a firm
handshake. 为了第一次面试成功,握手要坚定有力。If the interviewer
doesn’t initiate the gesture, offer your hand first. 如果面试者没有主动
和你握手,那么你就先伸出手来。Whenever you have a choice of seats, 如果
有可能选择座位,select a chair beside his or her desk, as opposed to one
across from it.就坐在他桌旁的椅子上,而不要坐在他桌子的对面。If you must
sit facing the desk, 如果必须坐在桌子对面,shift your chair slightly as
you sit down, or angle your body in the chair so you’re not directly in
front of your interviewer.那么坐下时,稍微移一下椅子,或者改变一下 身体的
角度,这样就不会直接面对面试者了。
Monitor your body language to make sure you don’t seem too
desperate for the job, or too eager to please. 控制身体语言,确保你显得
并不过分急需这份工作,也不急于迎合别人。
Good eye contact is also important. 良好的目光接触也很重要。
One study found that job applicants who make more eye contact are
perceived as more careful, dependable, confident and responsible.一项研
究发现,工 作申请人使用目光交流越多,雇主就越会认为他更认真、更可靠、更自
信、更有责任感。
Say what you mean. 表明意图。Make the first favorable
impression by making your works consistent with your body language and
appearance. 保持话语同身体语言和面部表情一致,这可以确保你有利的第一印
象。If they are in conflict, 如果不一致的话,your mixed messages are
bound to confuse your interviewers.混杂的信息一定会让面试者感到困惑。
Open and close your conversation in a positive tone. 用肯定的
语调来开始并结束谈话。 Fox example, if you’ve studied the company’s
annual report – and you should have! – consider remarking on any great


progress the company has made within the past year, 例如,如果你研究过一
家公司的年度报告--本来就应当这样做!-- 考虑一下对这家公司过去一年取得的重
大成就做做评论, or cite an area of company involvement that interests
you. 或提一下有这家公司参与的你感兴趣的领域。When you leave, summarize
why you’re the best candidate for the job and thank the person for his
interest. 离开时,总结一下为什么你是这一工作的最佳人选并向面试者致谢。
Use a person’s name when talking. 谈话时,称呼对方的姓名,
It’s the best way to get – and keep – his or her attention. 这是引起
面试者注意并使他记住你最好的方法。And avoid verbal confusion. 避免语言混
乱,As business consultant Marian Woodall says: “Poor communicators
tend to talk in paragraphs. Successful communicators tend to talk in
short sentences.” 商业顾问玛利亚?乌德而指出:不善于交流的人通常成段地
讲话,成功的交流 者说话时则用简短的句子。
Ask questions. 提出问题。 Too often when people meet, they
feel uncomfortable about what to say after the introductions. 很多时候,
人们相遇彼此介绍之后,由于不知道说什么而感到尴尬。Almost everyone likes
to be asked questions, so don’t be afraid to be the initiator. 几
乎每个人都喜欢别人问自己问题,所以不要害怕成为先开口的人。
Finally, there is the matter of how you speak. 最后,还有一个
你怎样说话的问题。Any voice coach will tell you that you can learn to
sound more relaxed and more confident. 声音教练告诉你可以通过学习让自己
的声音听起来更放松、更自信。One good technique is to record your voice
on tape. 一个好办法就是把声音录到磁带上。“As you play it back, pay
attention to voice tones that sound apologetic, tentative, meek or
imploring,” recommends management and communication consultant Norma
Carr-Ruffino.管理及交流顾问诺玛?卡尔?鲁费纳建议:回放磁带时,注意 那些昕
起来充满道歉的、试探性的、谦恭的和恳求性的语调。 As Christopher
Lasch states in his book The Culture of Narcissism: 克里斯托弗?莱希在他
的《自恋的文化》中指出:“Nothing succeeds like the appearance of
success,” 成功的外表预示着成功。
crucial minutes. 因此,好好利用这最初关键的四分钟,Look your best, 展示
最佳的形象,speak and move with confidence – and the job you want can
be yours.言语行动充满自信--这样,你就会得到想要的工作了。
Text B
Bring Your Heart to Work用心去工作


A friend asked me to help train the staff of a telemarketing
company. 一位朋友请我帮忙培训一家电话市场营销公司的员工。While training
the telemarketing staff in sales, I noticed agitation among them. 培训电
话市场推销人员时我注意到他们中间有一种焦躁不安的情绪。They were learning
a new sales technology that combines trust, integrity and collaboration
in supporting a client’s buying decisions. 他们正在学习一种融信任、诚恳
和合作精神为一体的新的推销技术,以促进客户做出购买决定。They worked hard
and were excited about learning, 他们工作努力,学习时也很兴奋,but it
was obvious they were not doing their utmost. 但很明显,他们并没有完全投
入。By the end of the first day, 第一天培训结束时,I knew I couldn’t
continue without a full understanding of what was going on with the team.
我知道要是不了解他们工作小组内发生了什么,培训计划就无法开展下去。
“Is there a problem with you learning this technology?” I
asked. 我问他们:学习这个新技术,有什么问题吗?他们默
默地坐着,I waited for an answer. 我等着回答。 Finally, someone spoke.最
后,终于有人说话了:
“It would be great if we could really use this technology.
如果我们能真正用一下这个技术,那就太棒了。I mean, I can see where it
would really work, and I wouldn’t have to feel like I’m being so rude
to the people I’m calling. 我是说,那我就能明白它在哪里能真正起作用,我
也就不会感到我对电话那端的客户太粗鲁了。But I don’t really think the
company will let us use it. 但我想公司不会让我们用的,They don’t care
about people. 他们上层领导不在乎别人的感受,They treat us like subhumans,
把我们不当成人,use rude selling tactics for clients and only care about
the profit. 对客户使用粗鲁的推销策略,他们在乎的只是效益。If they found
out we were using this type of approach, they’d put a stop to it.”要是
发现我们使用这种技术,他们会阻止的。
I told the group I’d think about the problem and promised to
assist them in finding a way to integrate the new skills. 我告诉他们我会
考虑这个问题的,答应帮助他们找出应用这项新技术的办法。They seemed to be
happy to let me have a try, but unconvinced that I could make a
difference.他们很高兴我愿去试试,但仍不相信我会起什么作用。
Following the program, I went to the telephone bank where the
sales people worked and watched while the company’s vice-president came
over to speak with one of the salespeople. 按照培训计划,我去了电话 工作


室,推销人员在那里工作,每个人都在众目睽睽之下。这时公司副总裁过来找一位< br>推销人员,He rudely interrupted her in the middle of a conversation. 他
不顾她正同别人谈话,粗鲁地打断了她。He then walked over to another
person who was on a sales call and directly asked him why he had a
personal photo on his desk, since none were allowed. 然后他又走到另一个
正同客户通过电话商谈业务的人跟前,直接责问他为什么公司明 令禁止,他却仍在
桌子上放着张私人照片。At the desk where I was sitting was a memo from
the same man,在我坐的桌子上放着一份来自这位副总裁的备忘录,telling
people they had to wear suits the following day and keep their suit
jackets on between 11:00 AM and noon because perspective clients would
be coming through the office.通知员工因为客户要从办公室经过,第二天必须
穿套装,上午 11点到中午期间,必须穿套装上衣。
I waited until the vice- president went back to his office and
knocked on his door. 我等着这位副总裁回到办公室后,去敲了敲他的门。Since
I teach collaboration, I decided to assume we were in a win-win
situation. 既然我教授如何与人合作,我想我们会双赢。He smiled and invited
me to speak. 他笑了笑,让我说话,“I’ve got a problem that I’m hoping
you can solve. 我有个问题希望您能帮助解决。I’ve been hired to teach
this new sales technology that really supports trust and collaboration.
我受聘于贵公司,讲授一种新的推销技术,该技术强调相互信任、相互合作,
However, the participants are afraid to bring it back to their work.”但
受训员工不敢把这项技术用到工作之中。
He was a big man and an ex-Marine. 他身材高大,是位前海军陆战
队队员。 He sat way back in his chair and rocked, 他坐在摇椅上,整个脊背
靠着椅背,摇动着椅子,smiling at me with a well-fed stomach. 面带微笑地
看着我,挺着满是油水的肚子,He replied, 回答说:“If it makes money, why
should they be afraid?” 只要能挣钱,有什么害怕的呢?
I took a good look at the man. 我仔细打量了他一番,He seemed
gentle, 他看上去温和,although his actions didn’t indicate that. 虽然行
为举止并不暗示这点。 “Do you mind if I ask you a really personal
question?” I asked. 我问:想问个纯粹的个人问题,和任何事情都无关,您介
意吗?His smile broadened and he nodded as he rocked. I felt his
acceptance of me. 他笑得更灿烂了,点了点头,仍然摇着椅子,我感到他已经
接受了我。
“How do you function at work each day when you leave your
heart at home?” 把爱心丢在家里,你每天怎么工作?


The man continued to rock gently, 他继续轻摇着椅子, never
changing his expression. 表情没有丝毫变化,I watched while his eyes
narrowed. 我注视着他, 他眼睛渐渐地眯了起来,He responded, “What else
do you know about me?”回答说:关于我,你还知道什么?
“It’s confusing for me,” 我不明白,我冒昧地回
答,“You seem to be a gentle person, yet your actions don’t seem to
take people into account. 您看上去和蔼,但您说话办事从来不考虑别人的感
受, You’re putting tasks before relationship, but I think you know the
difference.” 您把工作置于人间冷暖之上。但我想,您知道这其中的差别。
He looked at his watch and asked, “Are you free for dinner?
Come on, it’s on me.” 他看了看表问我:你有空吗?一起吃晚饭吧,我买
单。
Our dinner lasted three hours. 晚饭持续了三个小时,He
recounted his Vietnam experiences as an officer who had to do had things
to good people. 他讲述了他在越南战争中的经历 。当时,他是个军官,被迫对
好人做了许多坏事。He cried, and I cried. 他哭了,我也哭了。His shame had
kept him silent, and he had never discussed the experiences with anyone
before. 耻辱让他沉默,在这天之前,他从未对任何人谈起过这段经历。He spent
his life believing that his goodness could hurt people, so he decided
years before not to let his heart get in the way of his job. .他认为他的
善意会伤害别人,数年之前就决定不让他的心情干扰工作,It was a pain he
carried daily. 就这样,他天天带着痛苦。 His sharing gave me the
permission to talk about one of my own pains in my life that I rarely
shared. 他的讲述让我也谈起了很少提及的自己经历过的一段痛苦。Together we
sat with cold food, warm beers and tears我们坐在一起,冷饭伴着温酒热
泪。
The next morning he called me into his office. 第二天早上,他
把我叫进办公室,“Could you sit with me while I do something?” he asked.
我工作的时候,你能和我坐在一起吗?他问,Then he called in the
salesgirl and apologized for being disrespectful to her in front of
others. 然后叫进那位女推销员,对自己在众目睽睽之下对她无礼的举动向她表示
道歉。She was shocked and grateful. 她很吃惊,也很感激。He then turned
to me and asked, “Is there anything else that you think I should do?”
他转向我问到:在你看来,我还该再做些什么?


I thought for a moment and replied, “You may consider
apologizing to the entire team.” 我想了想回答说:你可以考虑一下,向整
个工作小组道歉。
Without hesitation, he picked up the phone and asked his
secretary to call in the team for a quick meeting. 没有犹豫,他拿起电
话,告诉秘书通知整个小组集合,召开紧急会议。There, he apologized to the
team for being disrespectful to them, 会上,他对自己的无礼行为向他们表示
道歉。and offered to make whatever changes they needed, so that they
would want to come in to work each day. 答应只要他们每天愿来上班,凡是他
们的需要,他都可以改进。He also wanted to learn my technology and offer
it to his entire sales staff.他说他也想学习我教的这项新推销技术,以便教
给全体推销人员。
That was the first meeting I attended in this company. 这就是
在这家公司工作之后我参加的第一次会议。 People who were looking for new
jobs stopped looking. 此后,那些想换单位的推销员再也不想跳槽了。 People
began to trust that being at work wouldn’t be harmful and might even be
fun. 人们开始相信,工作没有什么害处,甚至还很有趣。The seam supported
the new collaborative sales approach. 整个小组都乐意采用这项以合作为基础
的推销技术。The vice- president began to use his new skills with other
teams. And I got a new friend.那位副总裁也开始在其他工作小组中使用新策
略,我又交了个朋友。
First impressions are often lasting ones. 第一印象通常是持
久的。This means that if you’re viewed positively within the first four
critical minutes, 也就是说,如果你在最初的关键四分钟内能给别人留下好印象
的话,the person you’ve met will likely assume everything you do is
positive.你所遇到的这个人就很可能会以为你做事总能令人满意。
Four minutes! 四分钟!Studies tell us that’s the crucial
period in which impressions are formed by someone we’ve just met. 研究
表明,就是在这关键的四分钟内,我们刚刚邂逅的人形成了对我们的印象。Within
only ten seconds, that person will begin to make judgments about our
professionalism, social class, morals and intelligence. 仅仅在十秒中内,
他就开始对我们的职业特性、社会阶层、道德品质、智力才能进行判断。People
tend to focus on what they see, on what they hear, and on our actual
words.人们倾向把注意力集中在他们所看见的、所听到的及我们实际说的话上。


Most employers believe that those who look as if they care
about themselves are more likely to care about their jobs. 大多数雇主认
为那些看起来似乎在乎自己形象的人更可能在乎自己的工作。We know “it’s
what’s inside that counts,” 虽然都知道内在品质是最重要的, but
research shows that physically attractive people are generally regarded
by employers as more intelligent, likable and creditable. 然而研究表明,
雇主一般认为外表引人注目的人更有才能、更惹人喜爱、更值得信赖。 Your goal
should be to come across in the best possible way – attractive in the
way you dress, in your gestures and facial expressions and in your
speech.因此,你应该以最亮丽的形象,即用你的着装方式、手势姿态、面部表
情、言谈话语来吸引人。
Here’s how to make those four crucial minutes count: 下面的一
些方法可以让你充分利用这四分钟,成功地达到自己的目标。
Look your best. 展示最好的形象。 It signals success. 这是成功
的信号。 Studies have linked clothing consciousness to higher self-
esteem and job satisfaction. 研究表明,一个人的衣着意识是同他较强的自尊
心和工作的满意程度成正比的。Yet many people fail to understand the
importance of presenting a professional image.然而,很多人不了解展示职业
形象的重要性。
Forget about personal style. 丢掉个人风格。At work, your
clothes must convey the message that you are competent, reliable and
authoritative. 工作中,衣着必须传达出你有能力、可信任、具有权威等信息。
Dress for the job you want, not the job you have. 为想要工作着
装,而不是为已有的工作着装。If you’re to have an interview at a company
you’ve never visited and aren’t sure what to wear, 如果你要去一家从没
去过的公司面试,但不知道穿什么好,send for a copy of its annual report
and study what the employees pictured are wearing, 向这家公司要一份年度
报告,研究一下照片上雇员的穿着,or drop by ahead of time to see how they
dress. 或者提前到这家公司去看看他们是怎么穿衣打扮的。
Monitor your body language. 控制身体语言。How you move and
gesture will greatly influence an interviewer’s first impression of you.
你的一举一动都会在很大程度上影响面试者对你的印象。In an influential
study of communications, 在一项影响深远的关于交往的研究中,psychologist
Albert Mehrabian discovered that seven percent of any message about our
feelings and attitudes comes from the words we use, 心理学家阿尔伯特?梅


赫拉比恩发现:7%的情感和态度 的信息来自说话时用的词语,38 percent from
our voice, 38%来自声音,and a surprising 55percent from our facial
expressions. 令人吃惊的是,55%的来自面部表情。In fact, when our facial
expression or tone of voice conflicts with our words, 实际上,面部表情或
语调同话语矛盾时, the listener will typically put more weight on the
nonverbal message.听者通常更注重非语言信息。
To make your first encounter a positive one, start with a firm
handshake. 为了第一次面试成功,握手要坚定有力。If the interviewer
doesn’t initiate the gesture, offer your hand first. 如果面试者没有主动
和你握手,那么你就先伸出手来。Whenever you have a choice of seats, 如果
有可能选择座位,select a chair beside his or her desk, as opposed to one
across from it.就坐在他桌旁的椅子上,而不要坐在他桌子的对面。If you must
sit facing the desk, 如果必须坐在桌子对面,shift your chair slightly as
you sit down, or angle your body in the chair so you’re not directly in
front of your interviewer.那么坐下时,稍微移一下椅子,或者改变一下 身体的
角度,这样就不会直接面对面试者了。
Monitor your body language to make sure you don’t seem too
desperate for the job, or too eager to please. 控制身体语言,确保你显得
并不过分急需这份工作,也不急于迎合别人。
Good eye contact is also important. 良好的目光接触也很重要。
One study found that job applicants who make more eye contact are
perceived as more careful, dependable, confident and responsible.一项研
究发现,工 作申请人使用目光交流越多,雇主就越会认为他更认真、更可靠、更自
信、更有责任感。
Say what you mean. 表明意图。Make the first favorable
impression by making your works consistent with your body language and
appearance. 保持话语同身体语言和面部表情一致,这可以确保你有利的第一印
象。If they are in conflict, 如果不一致的话,your mixed messages are
bound to confuse your interviewers.混杂的信息一定会让面试者感到困惑。
Open and close your conversation in a positive tone. 用肯定的
语调来开始并结束谈话。 Fox example, if you’ve studied the company’s
annual report – and you should have! – consider remarking on any great
progress the company has made within the past year, 例如,如果你研究过一
家公司的年度报告--本来就应当这样做!-- 考虑一下对这家公司过去一年取得的重
大成就做做评论, or cite an area of company involvement that interests
you. 或提一下有这家公司参与的你感兴趣的领域。When you leave, summarize

宫锦-茄子怎么写


污什么意思-自动磨刀机


牢记的近义词-hanged


来得大-belief是什么意思


国家英语单词-跳豆


几开头的成语-shuttle


遒劲的意思-隐讳的意思


簟怎么读-大学英语四级分值



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