自考英语阅读二课文及翻译

Text 1. Do we need extra vitamins?
Many people believe that taking vitamin supplements is the best safeguard against the
dangers of an incomplete diet, but this should be ①a last resort (最后手段)rather than a
way out of a problem. Even if there is a genuine need for extra vitamins, then sooner or
later the question arises
There is really no simple answer to this question. The Food Standards Committee
(guardians②保护者 of our laws on food purity, labelling and advertising clams and
descriptions) suggest in their recent report to the government that we do not need any
extra vitamins. They say that they are
normal diet
it is, perhaps, pertinent to ask the question
normal diet?
though few people are familiar with the wording of the Food Standards Report they do
wonder instinctively if they are eating the right things. The blame for faulty eating habits is
often placed at the door of the ubiquitous③（a. being everywhere, esp. at the same time
普遍存在的） junk and convenience foods. As we have seen, some of these are not the
criminals they are made out to be White bread is only slightly less nutritious than brown
bread and frozen vegetables can be almost as
foods which can really be described as pure rubbish. Many pre-packed goods contain too
much sugar and we would all benefit by avoiding these, but most tinned, processed and
dried foods contain useful amounts of fat, protein, carbohydrate④（n. 碳水化合物）,
vitamins and minerals. The addition of a small amount of fruit or a side salad to

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convenience foods such as pizzas or hamburgers can turn a snack into a well-balanced
meal.
许多人认为，服用维生互补剂是防止出现饮食营养不均衡情况的最好防范办法， 但这
是解决这一问题的方法中最不可行的作法。即使真的需要补充维生素，迟早会出现“我
需要 哪些维生素？需要多少？多久服一次？”这样的问题。对于这一问题，确实没有
简单的答案。食品标准委 员会（我们在食品纯度、标识和食品广告申请、宣传方面的
法律卫士）在最近呈送给政府的报告中建议说 ，人们不需要补充维生素。他们说，“饮
食正常的健康人不需要它们”。尽管我们没有几个人对他们在营 养方面的权威有什么
异议，但或许会问“我们中多少人是健康的？正常的饮食是什么样的饮食？”这样的 问
题。许多人心里对这两个问题还有点拿不不准尽管没有多少人熟悉食品标准委员会所
呈报告中 的措辞，但人们确实不由得要问，他们的饮食是否合理。不良的饮食习惯常
常归咎到随处出售的没营养的 食品和方面食品上。如我们所知，这些食品中的某些食
品并不象人们认为的那要间（形成不良饮食习惯的 ）罪魁祸首。白面包比黑面包只是
稍微少了点儿营养，而冷冻的蔬菜几乎和新鲜的食物一样的“新鲜”。 真正可以说成是
纯粹没有营养的食物是非常少的。许多包装好的食品含糖太多，避开它们对我们都有好处，多数罐装食品、加工食品和烘干食品含有大量的脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物、
维生素和矿物质 。往方便食品（如比萨饼或汉堡包）上加少许的水果或另外添加一道
色拉会把快餐变成搭配均匀的营养餐 。
'Junk' food is difficult to define. White sugar is probably the nearest contender⑤（n. rival,
competitor）竞争者，对手 for the title. It contains plenty of calories for energy but not
much else, and is often described as an
calories, but beer and wine contain some of the B vitamins and wine is a good source of

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iron, so even a teetotaler ⑥（a person who never drinks alcohol）滴酒不沾的人could not
describe all alcohol as useless, nutritionally speaking. Calories measure the energy we
derive from the food we eat, and sugar and alcohol are sometimes described as having a
high energy density. There is a limit to the amount of energy we need each day
(2,000-2,200 calories is the average for women and 2,500-3,000 for men) and if we eat
too much sugar and alcohol there is no appetite left for the vitamin- rich foods we need --
fish, meat, fruit and vegetables. Buying vitamins can be predicted by psychological as well
as nutritional motives and it is prudent to investigate why we think we need them and
what benefits we expect from them before we rush off to the health shop to make our
purchases.
给真正“没营养”食品下定义并不容易。白糖可能是这一头 衔的最有力竞争者。它含有
很多提供能量的大卡，但含别的营养不多，因而常常被称为“只含大卡”的食 物。酒含
大片也很高，但啤酒和果酒含有一些B族维生素，而果酒富含铁质。因而从营养角度
说 ，甚至滴酒不沾的人也不能把酒都说成是毫无益处的东西。大卡测量我们吃食物所
得到的能量，而糖和酒 有时被说成是单位能量高的物质。我们每天需要的热量有一个
限度（妇女平均为２０００－２２００大卡 ，而男人为２５００－３０００大卡）。
如果我们糖或酒用得太多，就留不下胃口去享用我们需要的含 维生阁下高的食物－
－鱼、肉、水果和蔬菜。具有讽刺意味的是，真正吃“没营养”食物可能需要补充维 生
素的人几乎从没想到要补充维生素，而我们这些偶尔吃些食物的人却觉得我们必须把
所有能想 到的维生素都用来去补充所缺的营养。购买维生素有的是出于营养方面的动
机，有的是受心理因素的驱使 。要认真地考虑一下，我们为什么觉得我们需要维生素，
我们希望它们给我们带来什么益处，然后再跑到 营养品商店去购买。

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Most of us buy vitamins for one of three reasons. Either we believe that they are
prophylactic⑦(a. 预防性的), that is they will ward off advancing ills, or they are
therapeutic⑧(a. 治疗的) and will deal with the ills we have already, or finally we may
believe they are wonder drugs and will lift us into a state of super health, with all its
attendant⑨（a. connected with）伴随的，有联系的 delights. We are protected from
some of these wild imaginings by the laws which control advertising but even without
false promise we still believe that vitamins will “do us good”. Belief is a very potent state
of mind and the power of the placebo（10n. 安慰剂） pill is never underestimated in
clinical trials used to test new drugs. A placebo is a harmless substance given to one group
of patients in the trial and it is similar in taste and appearance to a new drug which is
given to a second group of patients. Theoretically the drug should cure or relieve any
symptoms and the placebo should have no effect. Often these trials produce surprising
results and the placebo group recover as well as the group taking the new drug. This has
been explained in the light of modern psychology because many of us react favourably to
any kind of interest taken in our problems and derive as much benefit from that as we
would from a medical drug. It is a “mind over matter” philosophy and for some of us it
works. Vitamin pills can sometimes fall into this category.
我们多数人是基于三个原因之一购买维生素的。我们要么认为维生互具有预防疾 病功
能，也就是它们会防止疾病的到来，要么以为它们具有治疗功能，会医治我们身上的
病，或 者最后一点，我们可能会认为它们是特效药，会使我们进入最佳身体状态，并
随之带给我们各种快乐。广 告法保护我们，使我们免受某些这类不切实际想象的危害。
但即使没有虚假的广告承诺，我们仍然认为对 新药进行临床试验中安慰药的作用从未
被低估过。安慰药是一种在试验中给一组病人服用的无害物质，它 在味道和外观上与

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给第二组病人服用的新型药物相似。从理论上 讲，新型药物有治疗或减轻各种病症作
用，而安慰药应该没有效果。这类试验常常产生令人惊讶的结果： 服用安慰药的一组
与服用新型药物的一组恢复的一样好。当代心理学对这种情况的解释是，我们多数人< br>一旦对我们患的疾病有了信心，就会产生良好的结果，从而会得到药物相同的好处。
这是一种“精 神高于物质”的哲学，而且它对我们中的一些人起作用。维生素丸有时可
以归入这一类。维生互不是药， 但它们有和安慰药相似的功效。适当采用这种自我疗
法没有害处，甚至还有助于取得我们想达到的结果 。
Vitamins B and C cannot be retained (11. v. avoid losing 保留) in the body so if we take
more than we need of these they are soon excreted （12. v. get rid of waste from the
body 排泄）in the urine. The possible exception here is the theory about the increased
body “pool” of vitamin C, but even this is limited and is still largely unproven. Taking too
much of the fat soluble vitamins can be dangerous and vitamins A and D should never be
taken indiscriminately. Vitamin E has not been found to have any toxic（13. a. poisonous
有毒的） effect in large doses but neither do there seem to be any noticeable benefits.
This is an unexplored area in vitamin research and the only known advantages of vitamin E
are confined to specialised medical cases.
维生素B和C不能在体内储存，因此如果 服用量超过身体所需，它们很快在尿液中排
出。在此可能出现的例外就是关于维生素C在体内“储量”增 加的说法。不过即使这一
储量也是有限的，而且在很大程度上还没有得到证实。服用过多的脂溶性维生素 可能
会有危险，因而维生素A和维生素D绝不能随便服用。大剂量服用维生素E没发现有
什么副 作用，但似乎也没有任何明显的好处。维生素E是维生素研究中的一个未探查
的领域，它仅知的好处局限 在特定的医学例上。

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Text ２ Women and tobacco
1. When smoking amongst women was not as widespread as it is now, women were
considered to be almost free from cardiovascular( a. 心血管的) diseases and lung cancer.
Unhappily, the situation has changed, and smoking kills over half a million women each
year in the industrialized world. But it is also an increasingly important cause of ill health
amongst women in developing countries.在女性吸烟人数还 没有今天这样多时，人们认
为女性几乎不会得心血管疾病和肺癌。不幸的是，现在已今非昔比，在世界工 业化国
家，每年因吸烟而致死的女性已超过５０万。在发展中国家，吸烟也日益成为女性健
康不 佳的重要原因。
2. A recent WHO consultation on the statistical aspects of tobacco-related mortality(2 n.
the number of deaths from a certain cause 死亡数) concluded that the toll (3 n. the cost
in health, life, etc., from illness, an accident 重大的代价，损失，（事故的）伤亡人数) that
can be attributed to smoking throughout the world is 2.7 million deaths per year. It also
predicted that, if current patterns of cigarette smoking continue unchanged, the global
death toll from tobacco by the year 2025 may increase to eight million deaths per year. A
large proportion of these will be amongst women.最近，世界卫生组织搞了一次与吸烟
有关的死亡人数的评估会，统计结果 表明，全世界每年因吸烟而致死的人数为２７０
万。世界每年因吸烟而致死的人数将增加到８００万，其 中很大一部分将为女性。
3. Despite these alarming statistics, the scale of the threat that smoking poses to women's
health has received surprisingly little attention. Smoking is still seen by many as a mainly
male problem, perhaps because men were the first to take up the habit and therefore the
first to suffer the ill- effects. This is no longer the case. Women who smoke like men will

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die like men. WHO estimates that, in industrialized countries, smoking rates amongst men
and women are very similar,, at around 30 per cent; in a large number of developed
countries, smoking is now more common among teenage girls than boys.尽 管这些数字令
人吃惊，但吸烟对女性身体健康所造成的严重危险并未引起人们多大关注，这令人震
惊。在许多人看来，吸烟仍然主要是男人的问题。这或许是因为首先是男人养成了吸
烟的习惯并最先吃 到了苦头。但现在的情形决不是这样了。像男人那样吸烟的女人也
会像男人那样死去。据世界卫生组织估 计，在工业化国家中，男人和女人的吸烟率非
常接近，大约为总人口的３０％；在许多发达国家中，未成 熟的青少年中吸烟的女性
超过了男性。
4. As women took up smoking later than men, the full impact (4 n. the force of an idea,
invention, system, etc. 效果，影响，冲击)of smoking on their health has yet to be seen.
But it is clear from countries where women have smoked longest, such as the United
Kingdom and the United States, that smoking causes the same diseases in women as in
men and the gap between their death rates is narrowing. On current trends, some 20 to 25
per cent of women who smoke will die from their habit. One in three of these deaths will
be among women under 65 years of age. The US Surgeon General has estimated that,
amongst these women, smoking is responsible for around 40 per cent heart disease
deaths, 55 per cent of lethal strokes (5 由中风引起的死亡)and, among women of all ages,
80 per cent of lung cancer deaths and 30 percent of all cancer deaths. Over the last 20
years, death rates in women from lung cancer have more than doubled in Japan, Norway
Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom; have increased by more than 200 per cent in
Australia, Denmark and New Zealand; and have increased by more than 300 per cent in
Canada and the United States.由于女性的吸烟史短于男性，对她们身体的影响还没有充

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分表现出来。但有一些是毋庸置疑的，即吸烟史上最长的那些国家里的女性，比如英
国和美国， 吸烟能在男女性身上引起同样的疾病，而且所造成的死亡率差别正在缩小。
根据目前的趋势看，大约有２ ０％到２５％的女性吸烟者会因此而丧生，其中三分之
一死时年龄不超 过６５岁。所美国卫生局医务主 任估计，在这些６５岁以下的女性
中，因吸烟导致心脏病而死亡的人约占４０％，因吸烟导致中风而死亡 的占５５％；
如果包括所有的年龄段，因肺癌而死的占８０％占因各种癌病而死的总人数的３
０ ％。在过去的２０年中，在日本、挪威、波兰、瑞典及英国，女性的肺癌死亡率已
翻了一番多；在澳大利 亚、丹麦和新西兰翻了两番多；在加拿大和美国则翻了三番多。
5. There are dramatically increasing trends in respiratory (6 a. connected with breathing
呼吸用的，呼吸系统的) cancer among women in developed countries, and the casual
relationship of smoking, rather than air pollution and other factors, to lung cancer is very
clear. In the United States, for instance, the mortality rate for lung cancer among female
non-smokers has not changed during the past 20 years. During the same period, the rate
among female smokers has increased by a factor of half. In South-East Asia, more than 85
per cent of oral cancer cases in women are caused by tobacco habits.在发达国家中，女性
患呼吸系统癌病的人有大幅度增加的势头。而且人 们已经清楚，在吸烟与肺癌―而不
是空气污染或其它别的因素－存在着某种关系。比如在美国，在过去的 ２０年中，不
吸烟女性的肺癌死亡率并没有改变，而在吸烟女性中这种病的死亡率却增加了约５
０％。在东南亚，有超过８５％的女性喉咽癌患者与吸烟有关。
6. Women's health is also affected by the smoking of others, that is, by passive or
involuntary smoking; for example, it has been shown that non-smoking wives of heavy
smokers run a higher risk of lung cancer.女性的健康还因其他人吸烟而受到影响，即所谓

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的被动吸烟。例如，不吸烟的妻子与其烟瘾很大的丈夫一样有较大的患肺癌可能性。
7. What can be done to halt (7 v. to (cause to) stop使停止) and reverse (8. v. change to
the opposite 颠倒，反向) the tobacco epidemic amongst women? The challenge is
twofold, to reduce the already high level of smoking among women in the industrialized
world and to ensure that the low level of smoking in developing countries does not
increase. In order to achieve these goals, all countries need to develop comprehensive
anti-tobacco programs which take into account and address the needs of women. Whilst
these programs should be culture-specific and tailored to meet the local situation, experts
agree that to be successful they must contain three key elements; protection, education
and support.应该 采取什么措施才能阻止并扭转在女性中流行的吸烟风气呢？应该从
两方面入手，一是减少世界上发达国家 中业已很高升。为做到这两点，所有国家都需
要制订一套全面的反吸烟计划，在这些计划中必须考虑到并 且突出女性的需要，这些
计划应该考虑为了保证这些计划获得成功，计划中必须包含下述三方面主要内容 ：保
护，教育和支持。
8. Young girls and women need to be protected from inducements (9 n. an incentive,
something that helps bring about an action or a desired result 引诱物，刺激，诱因) to
smoke. Tobacco is multinational, multi-billion dollar industry. It is also an industry under
threat; one quarter of its customers, in the long-term, had been killed by using its product
and smoking is declining in many industrialized countries. To maintain profits, tobacco
companies need to ensure that at least 2.7 million new smokers, usually young people,
start smoking every year. Women haven been clearly identified as a key target group for
tobacco advertising in both the industrialized and developing worlds. Billions of US dollars

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each year are spent on promoting this lethal product specifically to women.要保护年轻的女性免受吸烟的诱惑。烟草工业遍布世界各地，而且利润很高，但它又是一个随时都
受到威胁的产业 。烟民中的四分之一最终要因吸烟而死亡，吸烟习惯在许多工业化国
家中正在逐渐被摒弃。为了确保利润 不下降，烟草公司必须保证每年发展２７０万新
烟民，通常都是年轻人。无论在工业化国家中还是在发展 中国家里，烟草公司的广告
明确地把女性作为其发展新烟民的主要对象。每年都有几十亿美元被用来促销 这种致
命的产品，这种促销尤其针对着广大的女性。
strategy has been highlighted( 10 v. to emphasize or make prominent使显著) by
several tobacco journals which have carried articles on
suggesting that retailer should
received the most cigarette advertising revenue(11 n. income, esp. that which the
government receives as taxes 收入) in 1985, eight were women’s magazines. In the same
year, a study on the cigarette advertising policies of 53 British women's magazines (read
by more than half of all British women) showed that 64 per cent of the magazines
accepted cigarette advertising, which represented an average of seven per cent of total
advertising revenue.这种促销策略充分体现在几本烟草杂志上，登载了诸如“瞄准女烟
民”的系列文章，并 建议零售商要“关心女士们”。１９８５年在美国２０家接受香烟广
告费最多的杂志中有８家是妇女杂志 。同年，在５３家英国妇女杂志（阅读对象占全
英国妇女一半以上）的香烟广告策略所做的一次研究表明 ，６４％的杂志都刊登香烟
广告，平均占总广告费的７％。
10. Research in industrialized countries has shown the subtle(12 a. delicate, hardly
noticeable, and esp. pleasant 精巧的，敏感的) methods used to encourage young girls to

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smoke. The impact of such methods is likely to be even greater in developing countries,
where young people are generally less knowledgeable about smoking hazards(13 n.
danger 危险，冒险) and may be more attracted by glamorous, affluent（14 a. having
plenty of money or other possessions 丰富的，富裕的）, desirable images of the female
smoker. This is why WHO, together with other national and international health agencies,
has repeatedly called or national legislation banning all forms of tobacco promotion, and
for an appropriate
women for tobacco consumption.在工业化国家所做的研究表明，为了 鼓励年轻女性吸
烟，在烟草广告中使用了一些细微巧妙的方法。这些方法在发展中国家所产生的影响可能会更为巨大，因为那里的年轻人一般对吸烟的害处了解较少，因而更容易被吸烟
女性那副充满魅 力，显得富有和令人羡慕的形象所吸引。这就是为什么世界卫生组织
及其他国家和国际卫生组织反复呼吁 各国立法，禁止任何形式的香烟促销活动，并且
呼吁对香烟实行适当“高价”政策，以期降低年轻女性对 香烟消费的“热情”。
11. Young girls and women have a right to be informed about the damage that smoking
can do to their health. They also need to acquire skills to resist pressures to star smoking
or to give it up. Several countries have developed integrated school and preschool health
education programs which have successfully reduced girls' smoking rates; but this
education should not be restricted to what happens in school. There are many other
examples of effective cessation (15 n. a short pause or a stop 停止)programs in the
workplace and primary health centers. Unfortunately, many women do not have the
opportunity to be involved in such programs, and programs have generally been less
successful with women than men.年轻女性有权知道吸烟对她们的健康可能造成的损
害。她们也需了解一些方法来抵制学吸烟时的 压力或戒烟。有些国家创建了综合学校

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并制订了学前保健教育 计划，这些措施都成功地降低了女性吸烟率。但这种教育不宜
只局限在学校范围内，还有许多例子说明在 工厂和基层保健中心同样能实施有效的戒
烟计划。遗憾的是，许多妇女并没有参加这些活动的机会，而且 一般来说，这类计划
对女性的成功率不及男性。
12. In order for women to become, and remain, non-smokers they need support. Support
over these difficult days when the addiction cycle is broken. Support to help them deal in
other less damaging ways with the reasons that caused them to smoke. Environments
need to be created which enable them to break free of this health damaging behavior, to
make the healthy choices the best choices.为了让女性成为不吸烟者并坚持下去，她们需
要支持，在她们烟瘾发作的困难时刻帮助 她们。对她们的支持要能帮助她们用较少有
害的方式去消除掉想吸烟的各种理由。要创造出一种坏境，在 这种环境中，使她们能
够摆脱掉这种对健康有害的行为，让她们把选择健康作为她们的最佳选择。
13. Smoking amongst women has already reached epidemic proportions and will continue
to escalate (16. v. rise one after the other 逐步上升) unless action is taken now. Delays
can only cause further suffering and deaths of women; this is hwy WHO's new program on
Tobacco or Health is giving high priority to action to protect women and children.女性吸
烟已经到了四处蔓延的程度，而且如果不采取行动还将继续蔓延下去 。拖延时间只会
加重女性的痛苦并导致更多的女性死亡。为此世界卫生组织提出了“要香烟还是要健康”的新行动纲领，并优先付诸实施以保护妇女和儿童。
14. But what can be done to tackle(17 v. deal with (a matter) 处理，解决) this problem?
Community health workers can develop health education programs for young girls.
Primary care workers can ensure that all women receive information, advice and support

12

to help them give up the habit. Governments, national and international organizations,
and WHO in particular, can act as advocates (18 n. a person who speaks for or supports an
idea, way of life , etc. 鼓吹者，提倡者)for women's health to ensure that the issue of
women and tobacco is put high on the health and political agenda, by pressing for action
to protect women.但是应该做些什么来解决这个难题 呢？社区保健 人员可以为年轻
女性开设保健教育课程；基层管理人员可以保证使所有女性都获得有关的知识、建议和支持，以便帮助她们改掉吸烟习惯；政府、各国和国际组织，尤其是世界卫生组织
可以倡导增强女 性健康，确保把女性和吸烟问题排在卫生和政治事务日程表上的重要
位置，迫切要求采取行动保护妇女。
15. Only by exposing the previously hidden problem of women and tobacco, only by
putting women in the picture, will we be able to secure major improvements in the health
of women worl dwide.只有把以前有关女性和吸烟的隐匿问题暴露出来，只有让女性们
了解到实际情况，我们才能 保证在全世界使妇女的健康水平得到根本的改观。
Text 3 ARE THESE THE BEST YEARS OF YOUR LIFE?
這些是我们生命中的黄金时期吗？
(Which are the best years of life? All of us ask ourselves this question from time to time,
and we probably come up with different answers. The reason seems to be that different
periods are related to different kinds of achievement and relates these areas to specific
periods of life.)（哪段时光是人生的黄金岁月？我们所有的人都经常问自己这个问 题，
而且我们得出的答案可能各不相同。原因似乎是不同的阶段与不同的成就相关联，而
这些不 同的领域又与生命的各个具体阶段相联系。）

13

The ups and downs of life may seem to have no predictable (1a. that can be seen or told in
advance 可预言的) plan. But scientists now know there are very definite life patterns that
almost all people share. Today, when we live 20 years longer than our great-grandparents,
and when women mysteriously outlive (v. live longer than 活过……，比……活得长) men by
seven years, it is clearer than ever that the “game of life” is really a game of trade-offs. As
we age, we trade strength for ingenuity (n. skill and cleverness in making and arranging
thins 机灵，独创性), speed for thoroughness, passion for reason. These exchanges may
not always seem fair, but at every age, there are some advantages. So it is reassuring to
note that even if you’ve passed some of your “prime (n. the time of greatest perfection,
strenth or activity 全盛时期)”青春的，精华的, you still have other prime years to
experience in the future. Certain important primes seem to peak later in time.生活中的沉
浮似乎并没有什 么可预见的计划，但现在科学家们知道，几乎所有的人都有一些非常
固定的生活模式。今天，当我们比祖 辈多活20年的时候，当女性神秘地比男性寿长
７岁的时候，“人生的游戏”实际上就是“交换的游戏” ，这一点比以往任何时候都更加
清楚。随着年龄的增长，我们用智慧代替力量，用全面代替速度，用理性 代替激情。
这些交换似乎并不总是那么公正的，但在每一个年龄段上，人都有各自的某些优势。
所以，不妨尽可放心地看到，尽管你已经逾越了生命中的某些黄金时期，你在未来仍
然有另外的黄金岁月 去度过，某些重要的颠峰时期在时间上出现得比较晚。
WHEN ARE YOU SMARTEST? From 18 to 25, according to I. Q., scores; but you are more
experienced with increasing age. You’re sharpest in your 20’s; around 30, memory begins
to decline (v. decrease, move from a better to worse position 减少，下降), particularly
your ability to perform mathematical computations. “But your I. Q. for other tasks
climbs,” says Berkeley psychologist. Arthur Jensen. Your vocabulary at age 45, for example,

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is three times as great as when you graduated from college. At 60, your brain possesses
almost four times as much information as it did at age 21. This trade-off between
sharpness and wisdom has led psychologist Dr. Leopold Bella to suggest that “maturity
quotients（成熟商数）” (M.Q. s instead of I. Q. s) be adopted for adults.你什么时候最 聪
明？根据智商分数推算，18到25岁时最聪明。但随着年龄的增长，你的智慧和经验
会越来 越多。人２０岁时最机敏，３０岁左右时记忆力开始衰退，尤其是数学计算能
力。伯克利心理学家阿瑟。 詹森说：“但你做其他事情的能力却在增长。”比如，你４
５岁时的词汇量是你大学刚毕业时的三倍；６ ０岁时，你大脑中拥有的信息量几乎是
你２１岁时的四倍。这种机敏与智慧之间的交换使得心理学家利奥 普。白洛克博士提
出建议，应该用“成熟商数”来衡量成年人。
WHEN ARE YOU HEALTHIEST? For men, from 15 to 25; for women 15 to 30.
“A man is in his best shape in the decade before age 25,” says New York internist Dr.
Donald Tompkins. “His muscles are firmest, his resistance to colds and infections (n. the
state of result of disease being put into body 传染，感染) is highest, and his body is most
efficient in utilizing nutrients. “Women, for reasons scientists do not understand, get a
five-year bonus (n. anything pleasant, but unexpected 意想不到的收获). Peak health
begins to decline when the body process called anabolism (n. cell growth 细胞生长) (cell
growth) is overtaken by the opposite process, catabolism (n. cell death 细胞死亡) (cell
death). “Cells have been dying since birth,” says Tomkins, “but in our late 20’s, they start
dying faster than they are replaced.” Also, muscle is replaced with fat. 你什么时 候身体
最健康？男性１５到２５岁，女性１５到３０岁。纽约内科医生唐纳德。汤姆金斯说：
“ 男性２５岁前的１０年身体状况最佳，肌肉最结实，对感冒和传染的抵抗力最强，

15

食物消化能力也最强。”连科学家也说不清楚，女性要（比男性）多５年最健康时间。
当人体中的细胞死亡数量超过细胞生长数量时，健康就从高峰期开始衰退。汤姆金斯
说：“细胞从出生 就在死亡，但当我们接近３０岁时，细胞的死亡速度超过其被更换
速度。”肌肉也在被脂肪所取代。
Women also get an additional bonus of good health later in life. The figures of National
Institute of Health show that the onset of such “old age” disease as arthritis(n.
inflammation of a joint, as in gout or rheumatism 关节炎), rheumatism（n. any disorder of
the extremities or back, characterized by pain or stiffness 风湿病）, and heart ailments (n.
illness 疾病) deny the generally greater fitness of women: Life expectancy for men is now
68.3; for women 75.9. Says U. S. aging authority William Kennel, “Older women with low
blood pressure are practically important.” However, psychologists believe that by entering
the competitive job market in increasing numbers, women may eventually give up their
statistical (a. of collected numbers which represent facts or measurement 统计的)
advantage.在生命的晚期，女性也格外身体好。国家健康研究所数字显示，这种诸如
关节炎、风湿病和心脏病的“老年”病的发作，总体来说对适应性较强的女性并不多见。
男人的估计寿命 是６８.3岁，女人则为７５.9岁。年龄权威人士威廉姆.凯纳尔说：“年
龄较大的女性保持低血压实 际上是非常重要的。”但心理学家认为，随着愈来愈多的
女性进入竞争激烈的就业市场，女士最终可能不 再具有现在统计数字上的优势。
WHEN ARE YOU MOST LIKELY TO DEVELOP MENTAL DISORDERS? From 30 to
surprisingly narrow peak is very real. The National Institute of Mental Health (INMH)
reports that more than half of the patients in mental hospitals, male and female, are in
this age group (men leading women by about 20%)什么时候你最容易患精神错乱病症？

16

是３０到３５岁 之间。这种十分短暂的患这种病的高峰期是千真万确的。全国精神健
康研究所的报告称：在精神病医院里 ，在这个年龄段内的男女患者超过总数的一半（男
性比女性高２０％）
But if we are most neurotic (a. 患神经病的) between 30 and 35, apparently we recover
quickly. Admissions to mental hospitals drop sharply around age 40 and stay down until
age 65. Yet, say psychologists, between 40 and 55, more people report they “feel” on the
verge (n. 边缘) of a nervous breakdown. Relatively few actually occur. “We become
veterans (n. a person who has had long experience 老手，有经验的人) at coping,” says
psychologist Marvin Marlins.但如果我们在３０到３５岁之间最易患神 经病，很明显，
我们会很快康复。精神病医院接纳的４０岁左右的病人数量急剧减少，而且一直持续到６５岁的患者都很少。不过心理学家说，在４０到５５岁之间的人罗多的人说他们
“感到”处在神 经崩溃的边缘，实际发生的却相对很少。心理学家马文.卡林斯说：“我
们在处置这类情况时很有经验。 ”
Suicide, a measure of mental problems, peaks from 20 to 24 and then again around 70.
Incidences of suicide are smallest among people with intact marriages, highest among the divorced.自杀是精神问题的一种，高峰期出在２０到２４岁之间和７０岁左右。完整
婚姻 中的自杀率最低，而在离异家庭中自杀率最高。
WHEN ARE YOU HAPPIEST? You have the best physical sense of yourself from 15 to 24; the
best professional sense from 40 to 49. Pessimism (n. tendency to look at the worst aspect
of things 悲观主义) peaks between 30 and 39. San Diego State University psychologists
Marilyn Barges and Linda Dutton found that before age 24, we believe that our happiest
years are yet to come; over 30, we believer that they’re behind us. A National Health

17

Survey agrees: After age 30, we “become more realistic and do not view happiness as a
goal in itself. If we maintain our health, achieve professional and emotional goals, then
happiness, we feel, we follow.”你什么时候最幸福？你 对自己的身体状况感到最满意是
１５至２４岁，对事业感到最满意是４０至４９岁，悲观情结最严重是３ ０至３９。
对地亚哥州立大学心理学家玛里琳.博格斯与琳达.达顿发现，24岁之前，我们认为我们最幸福的日子还没到来；过了３０岁，我们又认为最幸福的日子已经过去了。国家
健康调查报告认 为，过了３０岁以后，我们“变得较为现实，而且并不把幸福就当作
目的本身。如果我们保持身体健康， 实现了事业和感情的目标，那么我们就会感到我
们获得了幸福。”
The American Institute of Public Opinion says that the pessimism peak occurs when we
realize that talent and determination aren’t enough to guarantee (v. to assure, ensure保
证，担保) success. Lady Luck must help.美国公共舆论研究所认为，当我们认识到才能
与意志并不足 以保证我们获得成功时，严重的悲观情绪就会产生了，此时就要靠“运
气女神”帮忙了。
Also, youth’s good physical sense of self apparently does little to foster happiness. “Parents
who tell their teenage children, ‘ These are the happiest years,’” says Lagged, “couldn’t be
more wrong. Adolescence is very difficult. Only when you are 49 and looking back does
youth look blissful (a. extremely happy 非 常幸福的，极其快乐的).”另外，年轻人对自己
的身体状况感觉良好很明显并不能产生幸福感。“父母 对他们未成年的孩子说：‘这是
最幸福的岁月。’”利格特说：“这样说就大错特错了。青春时期，荆刺 遍地。只有当你
４０岁回首往事时才会发现青春是极为美好的。

18

WHEN ARE YOU MOST CREATIVE? Generally between 30 to 39, but the peak varies with
different professions.
Mozart wrote a symphony and four sonatas (奏鸣曲) by age eight, and Mendelssohn
composed his best-known work, A Midsummer Night’s dream, at 17. Psychologist H. C.
Lehman presents the years for peak work in many fields. Though the peak in most fields
comes early---most Nobel Prize winners did their top research in their late 20’s and
30’s ----creative people continue to produce quality work throughout their lives.你什么时
候最富有创造力？一般说是在３０至39岁之间，但其高峰期又因职业而异 。莫 扎
特８岁时即创作出一部交响曲和四首奏鸣曲。门德尔松17岁时谱写了他的广为人知
的作品《 仲夏夜之梦》。心理学家H.C.莱曼描绘了许多领域里高峰期代表作的不同年
龄。尽管在大多数领域中 ，这种高峰期均来得很早－大多数诺贝尔奖获得者都是在其
３０岁前那几年和３０至４０岁之间作出了最 突出的成就－但具有创造力的人终其
一生都能做出高质量的工作。
By viewing life’s various peaks, we can easily get the feeling that we are part of a giant
give-and –take plan. Though statistically the plan is there, we must remember that every
peak has many exceptions. Says Mulish, “The human life journey cannot be charted by a
single curving line.”通过观察一生中不同的高峰期，我们很容易得到这种印象，即我们
都是一项放庞大的（给予 与索取）计划中的一部分。虽然从统计上看确有这么一个计
划，我们必须记住，所有的高峰期都具有例外 的。麦克利什说:“人的生命历程不能用
单一的曲线来勾划。”
Text 4 Our disappearing wildlife

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Animal life first appeared on the earth about 400 million years ago. Through the passing
millennia (millennium n. a period of 1,000 years), thousands of animal species have come
and gone. Until recently, this process was gradual, the result of change in climate, in
habitat (the natural home of a plant or animal ), or in the genes of the animals themselves,
but the tremendous expansion of modern civilization now threatens to upset the natural
balance, putting unprecedented (a. 无前例的) pressure on the survival of our wildlife.
大约４０ 亿年前，地球上就有了动物。经过数千年，成千上万的物种繁衍灭绝。直到
最近，由于气候、栖息地或动 物本身基因的变化而引起的，这一物种灭绝的过程是逐
步而缓慢的，但如今现代文明的大规模入侵似将破 坏这种平衡，从而为我们野生动物
的挽救工作带空前的压力。
This imbalance can be traced to many causes. Most arise in the greed and poor planning of
man himself. With each increase in man’s population, the wilderness areas where the
animals live get smaller. The use of pesticides （杀虫剂） to control injurious (a. causing
harm) insect also harms wild birds and animals. Water pollution kills fish in our rivers,
lakes, and oceans, Hunters have almost exterminated (v. destroy utterly) many of the
larger animals like the bighorn sheep (大角羊) and the grizzly bear（灰熊）. And farmers
destroy smaller animals like the prairie dog (草原犬鼠) and coyote(郊狼，小狼). As a result
of this unrelenting pressure, our wildlife is disappearing at the rate of one species or
subspecies per years.
这种不平衡可溯自很多原因。而大多数都源于人类自身的贪婪和缺乏计划性，人口的每一次增长都会导致野生环境的缩小。用杀虫剂控制害虫的同时也危害着野生鸟类和
兽类。水污染会 毒死江河湖海里的鱼类。狩猎者几乎灭绝了象大角羊、灰熊这样形体

20

< br>较大些的动物。农民们则去消灭象草原犬鼠和狡狼那类小一些的动物。正是这种未减
弱的压力导致 我们的野生动物正在以每年一处物种或亚种的速度消亡。
of all the continents, the most drastic reduction in wildlife has occurred in north America,
where the transition from a rural to a highly industrialized society has been most rapid.
Among the victims are birds, mammals and fish. We will never again see the passenger
pigeon or the eastern elk( n. 麋). They have been wiped out. Of many other species, only
a few representatives still survive in the wild. The U.S. Department of the Interior has put
no fewer than 109 species on the endangered species list. (An endangered species is one
with poor prospects for survival and in need of protection.) This list includes everything
from the timber wolf （林狼） to the whooping crane（鸣鹤）. Even the bald eagle, our
national symbol, is threatened.在各大州中，北美洲的野 生动物减少幅度最大，因为它
由乡村向高度工业化社会转变得最快。鸟类、哺乳动物、鱼类就是其中的受 害者。我
们再也见不到旅鸽和麋了，因为它们已经灭绝。在许多其他的物种中，也只有几个代
表 仍幸存于荒野。美国内务部将不下１０９个物种列入面临灭绝的物种名单（面临灭
绝的物种指那种生存前 景不乐观，需要保护的物种）。这个名单包括了所有象林狼和
鸣鹤那样的稀有动物。就连我国的象征－秃 鹰也受到了威胁。
Animals that kill other game for food are called predators.（n. 捕食者） The predators
include the wolf, mountain lion, fox, babcat, and bear. Attack against these animals began
with the arrival of the first European settlers, who wished to protect their livestock (n.
animals kept on a farm 家畜，牲畜). Eventually, a reward was offered to hunters for every
predator that was killed, this reward is called a bounty（n. money given for reward）.
Ironically, the Federal government is the chief funder of predator control programs.

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捕食其他猎物的动物叫做食肉动物。食肉动物包括狼、美洲狮、狐狸、野 猫和熊等。
对这些动物的捕杀始于第一批欧洲移民的到来，因为他们希望能保住自己的牲畜。捕
猎者只要杀死一个食肉动物就会得到一份奖赏。这种奖赏叫作赏金。具有讽刺意味的
是联邦政府是食肉动 物控制项目的主要资金提供者。
the settlers also brought with them their old world fears and superstitions concerning
predators. Whether preying on livestock or not, predators were shot on sight. This attitude
continues to this day for coyotes, eagles, foxes, mountain lions, and bobcats, and is largely
responsible for placing the eastern timber wolf, grizzly bear, and bald eagle on the
endangered species list. 这些移民还带来了在欧洲时那种对食肉动物所怀有的恐惧和迷信。他们只要看见食肉
动物就开枪打死 ，不管它们是否在捕食家畜。直至今日，这种观点对于郊狼、鹰、狐
狸、美洲狮和野猫还同样奏效。东部 林狼、灰熊和秃鹰被列入面临灭绝的物种名单也
主要是这种观点作用的结果。
yet every animal, including the predator, has its place in nature’s grand design. Predators
help maintain the health of their prey species by eliminating the diseased, young, old, and
injured. Predators like the mountain lion and the wolf help to keep the deer herds healthy.
Their kill also provider food for scavengers (n. 食腐动物) that feed on carrion. Occasional
loss of livestock must be weighed against the good these animals do in maintaining the
balance of nature.
然而，每种动物，包括食肉动物，在大自然的总体 设计中都有一席之地。食肉动物除
掉老幼病残的动物会有助于维持所猎动物的健壮。像美洲狮和狼这样的 食肉动物就能

22

保持鹿群的健壮。被它们弄死的猎获物还为靠吃 腐肉为生的食腐动物提供了食物。因
此我们必须把家畜的偶尔损失与这些动物对保持生态平衡所做的贡献 加以权衡考虑。
the mountain lion has especially suffered from trapping and hunting. This great cat had the
widest distribution of any mammal in the western hemisphere. Its range extended from
northern British Columbia to the tip of South America. And from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
But by the turn of 19th century this splendid animal was almost extinct in the eastern
United States. In the West, the pattern of persecution was similar to that suffered by other
predators. As the sheep and cattle empires grew, so did the war on the mountain lion.
美洲 狮尤其遭到了诱捕和追杀。这种狮子在西半球哺乳动物中分布得最广。其分布范
围从不列颠哥伦比亚北部 一赶延伸到南美洲之端，从大西洋延伸到太平洋。但以１９
世纪末２０世纪初时，这种威武的动物几乎在 美洲东部绝迹。在西部捕杀的方式同其
他食肉动物所遭受的相似。随着羊群和牛群的增加，对美洲狮的捕 杀也在升级。
overhunting an animal is an obvious form of extermination, but there are more subtle
processes that often have the same fatal result. One of these is destruction of habitat.
When farmers introduced sheep and cattle to North America, the domestic animals
competed with the wild animals for the available grazing land. Animals like the buffalo and
the pronghorn antelope（叉角羚）, which once roamed the plains in countless numbers,
were either killed or pushed off the grasslands. Today, a few remnants (n. a part that
remains) of these giant hers are protected from hunters in national game preserves and
wildlife refuges.

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过量地捕杀一种动物是致使其灭绝的明显的形式，还有一些更隐晦的过程 带有同样致
命的后果。其中之一就是对野生动物栖息地的破坏。农民们一将羊和牛引入北美，家
畜和野兽就为争夺可食草地展开了竞争。象野牛、叉角羚这样曾经数以万计地漫步在
草原上的动物不是被 杀死就是被成群逐出了草地。如今，这些大兽群中的为数不多的
残存者被留在国家鸟兽禁猎区和野生动物 保护区以免受狩猎者的追杀。
pesticides have also taken their toll. In 1947 a new chemical poison called DDT was
introduced. It proved very effective in controlling insect pests like the potato beetle and
the boll weevil (棉铃象鼻虫). But pesticides, which decompose（分解） very slowly,
accumulate in animals which feed on pest or their predators, and the accumulated poisons
attack their nervous systems. Pesticides also interfere with the formation of calcium in
birds, which then lay eggs with very thin shells or no shell at all. When wildlife fail to
reproduce, it isn’t very long before they disappear. The bald eagle, 12 species of hawks,
and the pelican have been seriously reduced by chemicals.
杀虫剂也使鸟兽遭受了死亡。 １９４７年，一种新的化学毒药滴滴涕被引进并证实在
控制象马铃薯甲虫、棉铃象虫等方面很有效。但由 于杀虫剂分解得很慢，所以会聚积
在以吃这些害虫为生的动物体内或与这些动物为敌的食肉动物身上。杀 虫剂还影响鸟
类钙的形成，致使鸟下的蛋只有很薄的一层壳或根本没有壳。野生动物一旦不能繁殖
后代，它们来绝之日也就不远了。秃头鹰、１２种隼、鹈鹕都由于化学物质的作用而
减少了很多。
10. why should we care about the extinction of these birds and animals? The answer is
simple enough. Every species that becomes extinct is gone forever. With each departure a
small part of the diversity of nature that makes life so interesting is also gone. What has

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man got to look forward to – endless cities and houses and roads that cross barren country
devoid of birds and animals ? is that the world we want for ourselves and our children?我
们为什么要关心鸟类和兽类的灭绝呢？答案很简单。每一个物种一旦灭绝，将不复存
在。随着每 一次物种的灭亡，使生活如此丰富多彩的自然界多样性中的一小部分也将
永远消失。人们所期待的将是什 么？难道是无数城市、房屋和道路纵横交错在没有鸟
类和兽类的荒地上？那是我们为自己和孩子设计的世 界吗。

Text 5 POLLUTION IS A DIRTY WORD 污染是个脏词
Consume, consume, consume! Our society is consumer oriented-dangerously so. To keep
the wheels of industry turning, we manufacture consumer goods in endless quantities,
and, in the process, are rapidly exhausting (v. use up 耗尽) our natural resources. But this
is only half the problem. What do we do with manufactured products when they are worn
out? They must be disposed of, but how and where? Unsightly junkyards (n. a place where
old useless things are discarded 垃圾场) full of rusting automobiles already surround
every city in the nation. Americans throw away 80 billion bottles and cans each year,
enough to build more than ten stacks (n. a pile of something, like lumber 堆，垃圾堆) to
the moon. There isn’t room for much more waste, and yet the factories grind on(无情地
向前移动). They cannot stop because everyone wants a job. Our standard of living, one of
the highest in the world, requires the consumption of manufactured products in
ever- increasing amounts. Man, about to be buried in his own waste, is caught in a vicious
(a. dangerous, cruel 邪恶的) cycle恶性循环. “Stop the world, I want to get off,” is the
way a popular song put man’s dilemma (n. a situation for which there is no desirable

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solution 困境 ).消费、消费、消费！我们的社会以消费者为中心－这是很危险的。为
了让工业的车轮保持转动，我们 大量地生产消费品，并在此过程中迅速地消耗我们的
自然资源。但这只是问题的一半。当这些工业产品被 用过之后我们拿它们怎么办呢？
它们 必须被处理掉，但是如何或在哪里处理呢？堆满生锈汽车的垃圾场 已经包围了
这个国家的每一座城市。美国人每年扔掉８００亿个瓶罐，这些东西中够从地球向月
球上10多次。再也没有空间放更多的废物了，但是工厂还在继续生产着。工厂不能
停下来，因为每个人 都需要工作。我们的生活水平是世界上最高的之一，这就要求我
们大量地消费已生产的产品。马上就要被 自己制造的垃圾淹没的人类处于一种恶性循
环之中。“让世界停下来，我要走开。”一首流行歌曲就是这 样描述人类的困境的。
It wasn’t always like this. Only 100 years ago man lived in harmony with nature. There
weren’t so many people then and their wants were fewer. Whatever wastes were
produced could be absorbed by nature and were soon covered over. Today this
harmonious relationship is threatened by man’s lack of foresight (n. ability to see into the
future预见力) and planning, and by his carelessness and greed. For man is slowly
poisoning his environment.事情并非一直如此。仅在100年前，人与自 然仍在和谐相处。
那时没有这么多的人口，人们的需求也比现在少得多。制造出的任何一种垃圾都能被< br>自然界吸收，并很快被掩盖起来。现在这种和谐关系正在面临威胁，这是由于人们缺
乏远见和计划 以及冷漠贪婪造成的。人类正在慢慢慢地毒害他周围的环境。
Pollution is a “dirty” word. To pollute means to contaminate (v. make dirty, impure or
diseased 弄脏，污染)---to spoil something by introducing impurities (n. foreign material
which make something unfit for use 杂质), which make it unfit or unclean to use.
Pollution comes in many forms. We see it, smell it, taste it, drink it, and stumble through it.

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We literally live in and breathe pollution, and, not surprisingly, it is beginning to threaten
our health, our happiness, and our very civilization.污染是个脏词，污染意味着玷 污－即
用不洁之物弄污某物，使之不净或不宜使用。污染表现为很多种形式。我们可以看见
它闻 到它，尝到它，喝到它，甚至踩到它。毫不夸张地说，我们就生活在污染中，呼
吸着它。并不奇怪，它已 在危害我们的健康、幸福甚至文明。
Once we thought of pollution as meaning simply smog---the choking, stinging, dirty air
that hovers (v. remain in the air at one place 盘旋，翱翔) over cities. But air pollution,
while it is still the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several which
attack the most basic life functions.我们曾经认为污染仅 指烟雾－即盘旋在城市上空那
令人窒息、气味刺鼻的肮脏空气。然而空气污染，虽然仍是最危险的一种污 染，但它
只是危害人类最基本生活活动的几种污染之一。
Through the uncontrolled use of insecticides, man has polluted the land, killing the wildlife.
By dumping sewage and chemicals into rivers lakes, we have contaminated our drinking
water. We are polluting the oceans, too, killing the fish and thereby depriving ourselves of
an invaluable (a. too valuable for the worth to be measured 无价的) food supply.由于不
加限制地使用杀虫剂，人类污染了大地，杀死了野生动物；由于向河里 和湖里倾倒污
水和化学制品，我们已经污染了饮用水。我们正在污染海洋，杀害鱼类，从而也使我
们自己失去了一项宝贵的食物来源。
Part of the problem is our exploding population. More and more people produce more
wastes. But this problem is intensified (v. make stronger or more serious 使强化，加剧)by
our “throw-away” technology. Each year Americans dispose of (to get rid of as useless 扔
掉，丢弃)7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper plates. It is easier and cheaper to

27

buy a new one and discard(v. to get rid of as useless丢弃，扔掉) the old, even though 95
percent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby’s diapers(a piece of clothing made of
thick soft paper or cloth which is fastened around a baby’s bottom and between its legs to
absorb its urine and excrement 尿片，尿布), which used to be made of reusable( a. that
can be used again 再利用的) cloth, are now paper throwaways. Soon we will wear
clothing made of paper: “Wear it once and throw it away,” will be the slogan of the fashion
conscious. 迅速膨胀的人口也是 问题的一部分。越来越多的人口制造出越来越多的垃
圾。这一问题由于我们采用“用过就扔”的办法而变 得俞加严重。美国人每年扔掉700
万辆汽车，2000万吨废纸，2500吨牙膏皮和4800万个罐 头皮。我们扔掉口香糖包装
包装纸，报纸和纸碗盘。把它们扔掉换新既容易又便宜，尽管其中95％仍可 使用。孩
子的尿布以前是用可以重复使用的布做的，而现在是纸制一次性用品。不久我们就能
穿 上纸做的衣服。“穿一次就扔”将成为时尚意识的标准。
Where is this all to end? Are we turning the world into a gigantic dump, or is there hope
that we can solve the pollution problem? Fortunately, solutions are in sight. A few of them
are positively ingenious.
这一切何时能结束？难道我们正在把世界变成一个大垃圾场吗？亦或我们有希望治
理污染问题？ 幸运的是，眼前已有了些解决办法，其中有一些还非常巧妙。
Take the problem of discarded automobiles, for instance. Each year over 40,000 of them
are abandoned in New York City alone. Eventually the discards end up in a junkyard. But
cars are too bulky to ship as scrap to a steel mill. They must first be flattened. This is done
in a giant compressor which can reduce a Cadillac to the size of a television set in a matter
of minutes. Any leftover scrap metal is mixed with concrete and made into exceptionally

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strong bricks that are used in buildings and bridges. Man’s ingenuity has come to his
rescue.就拿废弃汽车为例。在纽约一市每年就要扔掉4万多辆。最终这些废物就要烂< br>在垃圾场。但是汽车太大，不可能象碎铁片那样被运到钢铁厂。它们首先得被压扁。
这项工作可由 一辆巨大的压缩机完成。它在几分钟内就可以把一辆卡迪拉克压缩成电
视机大小。余下的金属碎片可与水 泥混合真情为制成特别坚硬的砖，用于楼房与桥梁，
人的创造力拯救了人类。
What about water pollution? More and more cities are building sewagetreatment plants.
Instead of being dumped into a nearby river or lake, sewage is sent through a system of
underground pipes to a giant tank where the water is separated from the solid material,
purified, and returned for reuse to the community water supply. The solid material, called
sludge (thick mud; the product of sewage treatment 淤泥，污泥) is converted (v. to
change something from one form into another 使转化)into fertilizer. The sludge can also
be made into bricks.那么水污染呢？越来越多的城市在建废水处理厂。废水不再 被排到
附近的河或湖里而是通过一个地下管道输送到一个巨大容器里面。在这里水与固体物
质分 开、净化，然后重新被社区供水系统利用。那些固体物质被称为固体沉积物。可
以被转化成肥料，也可以 用来做砖。
Controlling air pollution is another crucial(a. decisive; of deciding importance 决定性的，
紧要关头的) objective. Without food, man can live about five weeks, without water about
five days. Without air, he can only live five minutes, so pure air is a must. Here the
wrongdoer is the automobile. Where there is a concentration of automobiles, as in our big
cities, air pollution is severe. It is important to see that our cars are equipped with
pollution-control devices. Such devices effectively reduce the harmful gases emitted (v. to

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send out 发出，排放出)from the engine.控制空气污染也是件至关重要的事情。没有食
物，人大约能活５周；没有水，人能活5天 。没有空气，人只能活５分钟，所以纯净
的空气是必不可少的。在这件事上作崇的是汽车。在汽车集中的 地方，空气污染就很
严重，比如我们的大城市。我们要务必使汽车都装上控制污染的装置。这样的装置可
以有效地降低发动机散发出来的有害气体。
Power plants, factories, and apartment buildings can also avoid air pollution. When
possible they should use clean fuels like gas and oil. And the smokestacks (n. chimney
used by factories to discharge smoke into the upper air 大烟囱) of these buildings
should be equipped with filters and other smoke-reduction devices.发电厂、工厂和公寓
楼也可避免污染空气。如有可 能，应使用液化气及油这类洁净燃料。这些建筑物上的
烟囱应装上过滤或其他减少烟雾的装置。
Can we eliminate pollution altogether? Probably not. Modern man pollutes with
everything he does, so total elimination would require drastic measures. Every power
plant would have to shut down. Industries would have to close. We would have to leave all
our automobiles in the garage. Every bus and truck and airplane would have to stop
running. There would be no way to bring food to the cities. There would be no heat and no
light. Under these conditions, our population would die in a short time.
我们能根除污染吗？也许不能。现代人无论做什么都在污染环境，所以要根除污染就
要采取极端措施。关闭所有的电站，关停所有的工业，把所有的轿车都放在车库里，
停止运行所有的公 共汽车、卡车和飞机。这样食物将无法被运到大城市，也将没有光
和热。在这种情况下人不久就会都死掉 。

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Since such a drastic solution is impossible, we must employ determined public action. We
can reduce pollution, even if we can’t eliminate it altogether. But everyone must do his
part. Check your car to see if the pollution-control device is working. Reduce your use of
electricity. Is air-conditioning really necessary? Don’t dump garbage or other waste on the
land or in the water. Demand that government take firm action against polluters. We can
have a clean world, or we can do nothing. The choice is up to you.
由于这种极端措施是不可行的，我们必须坚决 发动公众行动起来，我们可以减少污染，
尽管我们不能将它根除。但我们生个人必须尽到自己的责任。检 查一下你的车，看看
防污染装置是否运转正常。减少你的用电量。空调真的是很必要吗？不要向大地或水
里面倾倒垃圾或其他废物。要球政府采取严厉措施。我们可以拥有一个洁净的世界，
我们也可以 什么都不做。选择权在你。
Text 6 KEEPING FOOD ON THE TABLE
It’s early August and the countryside appears peaceful. Planting庄稼 has long been
finished and the fields are alive with strong, healthy crops. Soybeans and wheat are
flourishing under the hot summer sun, and the corn, which was “knee-high by the fourth
of July”, is now well over six feet tall. Herds of dairy and beef cattle are grazing peacefully
in rolling pastures which surround big, red barns and neat, white farmhouses. Everything
as far as the eye can see radiates a sense of prosperity. Welcome to the Midwest—one of
the most fertile agricultural regions of the world.
八月上旬，乡间田野呈现出一派宁静的景象。春耕播种 早已结束，地里的庄稼在茁壮
成长，大地充满了微生机。大豆小麦在夏日的骄阳下长势喜人。在７月４日 国庆时，

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玉米还高不没膝，而现在已有六英尺多高了。成群的 奶牛和菜牛在绵延起伏的草场上
安静地啃食青草，在牧场的中间座落着几栋红色大牲口棚和几幢整洁的白 色住房。放
眼望去，到处都展现着繁荣的景象。欢迎到中西部来――这里是全世界最富饶的农业
地区之一。
The tranquility of the above scene is misleading. Farmers in the Midwest put in some of
the longest workdays of any profession in the United States. In addition to caring for their
crops and livestock, United States. In addition to caring for their crops and livestock, they
have to keep up with new farming techniques, such as those for combating soil erosion
and increasing livestock production. It is essential that farmers adopt these advances in
technology if they want to continue to meet the growing demands of a hungry world.上面
所描述的宁静 景象会使人产生错觉。其实中西部的农民在美国所有的职业中投入的工
作量最大。除了照料庄稼和牲畜外 ，他们还得跟上最新的农业技术，比如防止土壤侵
蚀的技术、增加牲畜产量的技术。如果农民想继续满足 这个充满饥饿的世界日益增长
的食品需求，那他们采用这些先进技术就是至为关键的。
Agriculture is the number one industry in the United States and agricultural products are
the country’s leading export. American farmers manage to feed not only the total
population of the United States, but also millions of other people throughout the rest of
the world. Corn and soybean exports alone account for approximately 75 percent of the
amount sold in world markets.农业是美国的第一产业，农产品是美国的主要出口产品。
美国农民不但要 努力为本国所有人提供食品，而且还要为世界其他地区百万人提供食
品。仅玉米和大豆两项出口产品就大 约占世界市场销售总量的75％。
This productivity, however, has its price. Intensive cultivation exposes the earth to the

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damaging forces of nature. Every year wind and water remove tons of rich soil from the
nation’s croplands, with the result that soil erosion has become a national problem
concerning everyone from the farmer to the consumer.
但这样的生产力也有基代价。这种集约耕种使土壤 受到了自然界破坏力量的侵袭。每
年自然界的风和雨水都要从这个国家耕地上带走大量肥沃的土壤，结果 土壤侵蚀现已
成为一个关系到从农民到消费者每一个人的全国性问题。
Each field is covered by a limited amount of topsoil, the upper layer of earth which is
richest in the nutrients and minerals necessary for growing crops. Ever since the first
farmers arrived in the Midwest almost 200 years ago, cultivation and, consequently,
erosion have been depleting the supply of topsoil. In the 1830s, nearly two feet of rich,
black top soil covered the Midwest. Today the average depth is only eight inches, and
every decade another inch is blown or washed away. This erosion is steadily decreasing
the productivity of valuable cropland. A United States Agricultural Department survey
states that if erosion continues at its present rate, corn and soybean yields in the Midwest
may drop as much as 30 percent over the next 50 years.
每块耕地的表层土 壤都是有限的，而庄稼生长所必需的养分和矿物质在表层土壤最丰
富。自从第一批农民在近二百年前来到 中西部地区以来，农耕及由此引起的土壤侵蚀
一直在消耗着表土资源。在19世纪３０年代，中西部地区 肥沃的黑土层还有近二英
尺厚，而今天的厚度则只有八英寸了，而且每隔十年就有一寸被刮农业部的一项 调查
显示，如果按目前这个速度侵蚀下去，那么５０年后美国中西部地区的玉米和大豆产
量将下 降30％。
So far, farmers have been able to compensate for the loss of fertile topsoil by applying

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more chemical fertilizers to their fields; however, while this practice has increased crop
yields, it has been devastating for ecology. Agriculture has become one of the biggest
polluters of the nation’s precious water supply. Rivers, lakes, and underground reserves of
water are being filled in and poisoned by soil and chemicals carried by drainage from
eroding fields. Furthermore, fertilizers only replenish the soil; they do not prevent its loss.
迄今为止，农民只能靠向田地里施用更多的化肥来弥补肥沃表层土 被侵蚀所造成的损
失。尽管这种作法提高了粮食产量，但对生态却是场大灾难。农业已成为宝贵的水资< br>源的最大污染源之一。从受侵蚀的田地里的排水系统中排出的水夹杂着泥土和化学物
质（化肥）， 这些水正在流入并污染着河流、湖泊及地下水资源。另外化肥只能补充
土壤中的养分，却不能防止其流失 。
Clearly something else has to be done in order to avoid an eventual ecological disaster.
Conservationists insist that the solution to the problem lies in new and better farming
techniques. Concerned farmers are building terraces on hilly fields, rotating their crops,
and using new plowing methods to cut soil losses significantly. Substantial progress has
been made, but soil erosion is far from being under control.很明显，为了避免最终出现的
生态灾难，应该采取别的措施。自然资源保 护论者坚持认为出路在于推出更新更好的
农业技术。为了大幅度地减少土壤损失，农民正在山坡地上修梯 田，轮种庄稼并采用
新的耕作方法。这一切都取得了重大成就，但土壤侵蚀问题仍远未得到控制。
The problems and innovations of the agricultural industry in the Midwest are not
restricted to growing crops. Livestock raising, which is big business in the certral region of
the United States, is also undergoing many changes. Recent developments in technology
have enabled farmers to raise not only healthier animals, but more animals as well. By

34

employing the techniques of super-ovulation, artificial insemination, and embryo transfer,
farmers can more than triple the number of offspring produced by a single cow per year.中
西部地区农业产业的问题及革新并不只局限在增加粮食上。家畜养殖是美国中部地 区
的一大产业，而且现在也正在经历着种种变革。技术上的最新发展已使农民不但能饲
养出健康 的家畜来，而且还能增加其数量。通过采用增多排卵、人工授精和胚胎移植
技术，农民可以使每母牛产崽 数增加两倍多。
The procedure of accomplishing this remarkable feat is as follows. First, the farmer
chooses a cow on the basis of certain valuable traits, such as rapid weight gain or high
milk production. A veterinarian then injects the cow with hormones which cause the
animal to super- ovulate, that is, to produce more eggs, or “ova”, than the usual one or
two. As many as ten or more ova may be released in one super-ovulation.实施 这项了不
起的技术的过程如下：首先，农民根据某些有价值的特性，比如增重快或产奶量高而
挑 选出一头母牛，之后兽医给这头母牛注射能促其增加排卵的激素（荷尔蒙），就是
说要使其排出比正常情 况下１－２个更多的卵子或卵细胞。在一次增加排卵中能够排
出多达10个甚至更多的卵细胞。
While the ova are moving down the Fallopian tubes toward the uterus, about five days
after super-ovulation, the cow is artificially inseminated with semen from a prize bull. If
the insemination is successful, the eggs are fertilized and become living embryos, each of
which has the potential to develop into a calf .大约在为增加排卵而注射激素的５天后，
当卵子顺着输卵管向子宫移去时，就用优种公牛的精液对母牛 进行人工援精。如果授
精成功，卵了受精并成活为胚胎，每个胚胎都有可能长成一牛犊。

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Next comes the process of embryo transfer. After the embryos have developed in the
uterus for six to eightdays, they are carefully removed and examined for defects. Each
healthy embryo is then implanted in the uterus of a different cow, where it continues to
develop. Nine months later the surrogate mother gives birth to a healthy calf to which she
is not genetically related.下一步就是胚胎移植。当胚胎在子宫发育６ 至８天后，要把它
们小心地取出来并检查是否有缺陷，之后把每一个健康的胚胎移植到不同的母牛子宫< br>内，在那里继续发育成长。９个月后代孕母体就会产下一头健康的小牛犊，代孕母体
与这头小牛犊 并无遗传关系。
The result of the entire procedure is that a farmer can increase the size of a herd of cows
at a rate which was previously impossible. Although three to four calves are the average,
as many as ten or more may be produced from the embryos of one mother cow. The
possible applications of these techniques are overwhelming when one considers that by
freezing an embryo until its sister embryo has been born and become sexually mature, it is
even possible for a cow to give birth to its identical twin sister!
整个过程的结果就是农民能够以先前不可能有的速度 增加其牛群的数量。虽然一头母
牛的胚胎通常产３到４头小牛，但多时可达10头或10头以上。这种技 术的应用可能
性是极大的。当人们想到用冷冻办法先把一只胚胎冷冻起来，等到它的姐妹胚胎降生
并性发育成熟时再移植其体内，那么甚至都可能让一头母牛产出一头和它一模一样的
母牛来。
As the world’s population continues to increase, farmers will be called upon to produce
more and more life-sustaining food. Constant technological advances in soil conservation
and livestock production will be required to keep pace with this ever-growing need. One

36

concern, however, is that while this technology is solving old problems, it may be creating
new ones in the process.随着世界人口不断增多，农民 需要生产越来越多的维持生活的
食物。在土壤保护和家畜生产方面要求技术要不断革新，以便满足这种日 益增长的需
求。但有一点需予以注意，即技术在解决老问题的同时也许会在其过程中产生出新的
问题.
Text 7 How to be Happy
lead-in
Everyone wants to live a happy life. How can one be happy? Read the following passage
and see whether you can find an answer to that question.
1. Britain's most prestigious(a. 有声望的) scientific institution, the Royal Society, will host
a meeting for some of the world's top psychologists. Their aim is to find out why it is
that some people's lives go so right. What is it that makes them happy and fulfilled,
while others seem doomed to founder in misery, dissatisfaction and dejection (n.沮丧，
气馁)
英国最负盛名的科研机构--皇家科学院,将要召开一个世界顶级心理学家大会.目的是
找出为 什么一些人过得如此的好.是什么使他们开心与充实.当其它人却好像命中注定
要沉沦在痛苦,不满和沮 丧之中.
2. Psychologists have known for some time that optimism is a good defence
against,unhappiness. is going to get better, it will
become a －fulfilling prophecy(3)n预言 ,

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more, you'll put yourself forward more, you will take more care of yourself. You'll figure
that if you do more exercise and not booze (v. drink alcoholic liquor, excessively or
habitually 豪饮)' as much, life will be better.
心理学家认为乐观是一个很好的防止不开心的方法. 如果你很乐观,而且你认为一切
都会变得更好, 这将变成一种自我满足先兆B说,你会把自己与更多的事情联系起
来, 更多的考虑到自己,更加关心自己. 你会认为如果你再多些运动并且不要过多饮酒,
你的生活会变得更好.
3. But some of us are just not natural optimists. What are we supposed to do?
但我们中的一些人并不是天生的乐天派.我们该怎么做(才能使我们的生活变好)呢？
4. Positive psychologists believe optimism can be learned, and we can teach ourselves to
see a half-empty glass as half-full. All we have to do is to spend time mulling (v. ponder or
consider 深思)' over all the things that have gone right for us, rather than dwelling on
what has gone badly. of
depression is ruminating （ruminate v. meditate, ponder 沉思）' about something that
went wrong in the past, think
about some event and keep turning it over, saying, `I messed up, I messed up,' and
you let it hurt you. You keep feeding it the oxygen of attention and the flames keep
burning you.
积极的心理学家的认为乐观是可以学习的. 我们可以告诉自己去这样去看待半杯水:
不是差一半就没了而是差一半就满了所有我们要做的, 只是去花时间去多想想事
情对我们好的一面. 而不是停留在对我们不好的一面. 在对压郁心情的研究表明，导

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致压郁的最大的原因是经常去想一些以前不好的事情说: “这也许是这样的你老回
想过去的一些事情, 念叨着’是我弄糟了它的,是我弄糟了它的’,这样最终也伤害了你.
你越是关注它，它就越是伤害你
5. But just as dwelling on negative events can lead to depression, dwelling on things that
have gone well can help pick you up, he says:
what goes right on a daily basis. Whenever you get the feeling of being negative about
things, just take a moment out and remind yourself of the stuff that has gone well. It
could be anything from a conversation to your garden looking nice, or tl.1,t it didn't rain
on you when you were out on your bike. It's an extremely powerful technique.
正如徘徊在消极的事情上会导致我们郁闷一样, 停留在事情对我们积极的一面却能帮
助我们重新振作, 他指出: “你要从心底里去感谢你的幸运星在 它使得一些事情都是变
得那么美好。你要去感谢你的幸运星，使你每天都有个好心情。无论什么时候一些 事
情让你感到消极，你都要找出一点时间来考虑，提醒你自己去想事情变得好的一方面。
无论什 么事情都可以，从一次交谈到你美丽的花园, 或者是当你在外面骑着自行车的
时候没有淋着雨。这是一个非常有用的方法.”
6. By reminding ourselves what went well instead of what went wrong, positive
psychologists believe we can build a buffer (n. 减震器，缓冲器)' against unhappiness,
making us better able to take life's knocks when they come.
通过提醒我们去想事情好的一面而不是坏的一面, 积极心理学家认为，我们可以让痛
苦来得慢 一些，当我们的生活遭受到打击时，我们会更有能力去应付它。

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7. Seligman, who is the figurehead positive psychology movement, goes further
than suggesting people learn to think positively. He has worked out what he sees as a
blueprint for happiness that people can use to set them on the path to a fulfilling and
satisfying life. lie believes there are three routes to happiness, which he calls the
are better than others,
although a mix of all three is ideal. The pleasant life sees superficial pleasures as the
key to happiness, and it is this that many people mistakenly pursue, he says.
mistake that people in the rich west make is to be enchanted with the Hollywood idea of
happiness, which is really just giggling and smilffig a lot,
instant pleasure and gratification offers some degree of happiness, it is ultimately
unsatisfying on its own, he says.
Seligman，是主张积极心理运动的领头羊, 他不仅建议人们要学会乐观，他自己也设
计出了个他认为是快乐的蓝图, 人们可以利用它找到充实与满足的路。他认为，通常
快乐有三快乐的方式, 他把它们叫作“快乐的生活”“美好的生活”“富有意义的生活”.
三种里面的一些要比另外一些要好 ，尽管三种混合在一起也是很理想的。“快乐的生
活”认为表面的快乐是通往快乐的钥匙。而且也是很多 人盲目追求的对象。最大的错
误是在富有的西方的人们被好来坞式的快乐所迷惑, 那实际上只是经常笑笑而已。他
说, 当一个人倾向于片刻的欢乐和与因满意而在某种程度上的开心时, 这并不能从根
本上使他满足.
8. Money, it turns out, isn't the answer either. Seligman believes that once we have
enough to pay for life's basics such as food and a roof over our heads, more money adds
little to our happiness.

40

钱，当说到钱时，它也不是个解决的方法。S认为，一旦我们有了足够的钱去买一些
基 本的生活基本用品例如食物，简单的住所时，钱再多对幸福的帮助也很小。
9. To be seriously happy, Seligman says, we have to set our sights on a good life and a
meaningful life. To do this we need to identify what he calls our signature trengths, which
could be anything from perseverance(n. 坚持不懈).' And leadership to a love of
learning.
要想真正的快乐，S说，我们要把视线转移到美好的 生活和富有意义的生活里，为了
达到这一点，我们要弄清楚他称之为的：我们的能力特点，它可以是任何 东西，从意
志力和领导才能 到 热爱学习。
10. Seligman says that once we know our signature strengths, using them more and more
in our daily lives will make us feel happier and more fulfilled. By exploiting our
strengths, he says, we will find life more gratifying and become completely immersed in
what we are doing, whether working, making music or playing sport - a state positive
psychologists call
S说，一旦我们了解我们的的能力特点, 在日常生活中经常用到它将会让我们感到更
开心和更充实。通过利用我们的能力，他说, 我们会觉得生 活更加令人满意，我们会
完全沉浸于我们所做的事情之中，不管是工作，写歌还是做体育运动—一种 积极心
理学家叫作“川流不息”的状态。
11. Using our signature strengths-in our working and social lives will help us achieve what
Seligman calls a good life, while using them to help others will put us on course for
achieving a meaningful life, he says.

41

他说:在工作与社交生活 中利用我们的能力特点，将会帮助我们达到S所说的“美好的
生活”, 而利用它来帮助别人，将会使我们达到一种“有意义的生活”.
13. Positive psychologists also stand accused of burying their heads in the sand and
ignoring that depressed, even merely unhappy people, have real problems that need
dealing with. Seligman counters this, saying positive psychology is not meant to replace
other forms of therapy, but should be complementary, while people work through their
negative feelings.
积极心里学家也同样被谴责为充耳不闻, 也忽略了压郁，即使是仅仅是不开心的人，
也有很多问题要去解决。S反驳说, 当人们正处于消极的心态时，他说，积极心理（疗
法）并不意味着要去取代其它形式的治疗， 但可以作为一个补充。
Text 8 Never be nervous again
social anxiety is the single most common psychological problem. According to the 1986
results of the Stanford Syhness Inventory, a survey conducted by Philip G. Zimbardo,
professor of social psychology at Stanford University in California. At a party with strangers,
for instance, three-quarters of adults feel anxiety. “the best estimate is that 40 percent of
all Americans suffer from shyness,” says Zimbardo.在社交场合心情焦虑是一个最常见的
心理问题，这是根据斯坦福羞怯心理 研究会１９８６年的研究成果作出的结论，这项
调查研究是加利福尼亚州斯坦福大学社会心理学教授菲利 普。G。津巴尔多搞的。例
如在生人聚会中，３4的成年人都会感到焦虑。津巴尔多说：“估计有多达４ ０％的
美国人受这种羞怯心理的折磨”。

42

how can you avoid being nervous when you meet people? Prepare. Preparation for any
communicating situation is a must. You’ve been invited to a big dinner party in two weeks.
You know that one of the other guests is a politician. Scan the newspapers and magazines;
listen to newscasts for topics of conversation in political areas. Then, at the party, pretend
you’re an interviewer on talk show. Think of question to ask that can’t be answered yes or
no. “ in your opinion, who… “ “what do you think of… “ keep the momentum going.
在与他人相见时怎样避免紧张害怕的心理呢？要预先做好准备。不 论是什么样的交际
场合，准备都是必须的。有人邀请你两周后参加一次大型晚宴，你知道其他客人中有< br>一们政治家，你要浏览各种报纸杂志，听政治方面的专题谈话新闻广播。这样在聚会
时，假装自己 是谈话节目中的记者，想好要问的不能用“是”或“不是”来回答的问题。“在
您看来，谁。。。。”“ 您怎么看。。。”，使这种谈话充满活力。
whether you’re delivering a speech, approaching your boss for a raise or an important
social occasion, do you homework. The most polished, smoothly delivered,
spontaneous-sounding talks are the result of many hours of work. The memorable
one-lines and moving phrases that go down in history don’t come from last-minute bursts
of inspiration.
不论你要发表一篇讲话，还是找你的老板要求加薪，或是出席一次重要的社交活动，
你都要预先 做准备。表达最为完美流畅、声音自然纯正的谈话是好多小时准备工作的
结果。表达最为完美流畅、声音 自然纯正的谈话是好多小时准备工作的结果。灵感的
最后一刻的爆发产生不出历史上留传下来并留在人们 心中的华章绝句。
If you’re making a presentation of any sort. Begin preparing as far ahead of time as

43

possible. “good writing,” say Harvard university historian Richard Marius, “is a kind of
wrestling with though” . begin the wrestling match early. Two days before your
presentation is usually too late to go into the ring and come up with a winning idea.
无论你 要做什么样的谈话，要心理早开始准备。哈佛大学历史学家理查德。马里阿斯
说：“写作是一项煞费苦心 、绞尽脑汁的工作，要早开始这项工作。两天前才开始准
备你的讲话通常就太晚了，就无法参加竞赛并想 出获胜方案。
“To communicate,” says New York Times Columist William Safire, “put your thoughts in
order, give them a purpose; use them to persuade, to instruct, to discover, to seduce.”
《纽约时报》专栏作者威廉姆。萨菲 说：“为了交流，要整理你的各种想法，使之
条理化，给 这些想法一个宗旨，用这些想法去说服，指导、发现、诱导别人。“
prepare yourself as well as your material, giving special attention to your voice. A shrill,
nasal tone strikes your listener like chalk screeching on a blackboard. By putting energy
and resonance into your voice, your will have a positive effect. If your voice is timid or
quivers with nervousness. You sense it, the audience hears it, and you see discomfort in
their eyes. With energy and enthusiasm in your voice, the listeners say ahhh, tell me more.
You read approval. 不光材料要准备好，你自己也要准备好，要特别注意你的声音。一起尖叫、一个鼻音
会给你的听众留 下像粉笔不好使时在黑板上发出的尖锐刺耳的声音那样的印象。通过
把活力和悦耳的声调纳入到你的声音 中，你就能获得良好的效果。如果你的声音有怯
意或因紧张害怕而颤动，你能感觉到它，听众也听到了它 ，而你也能看见他们不舒服

44

的眼神。如果你的声音中充满了活 力和激情，听众会发出啊啊的欢呼声，让你再多讲
点，你会感一以你得到了赞许。
like your voice, your appearance is a communications tool. For example, if you are
animated, you are more likely to see animated listeners. You give the audience the
message; I’m glad I’m here; I’m glad you’re here.
和声音一样，你的外表也是一种交际工 俱。比如说你生机勃勃，那么你就更有可能看
见生机勃勃的听众，你传给了听众这样的信息：“我在这里 很高兴，你们在这里我很
高兴“。
your approach can, in fact, be a powerful weapon for deflecting hostility-from an audience,
an interviewer, an employer. A benevolent aspect says I understand and conveys good will
and positive expectations. It works.
事实上，你的方法能成为一种强大的武器，能够 改变听众、记者或你的老板的不友善
情绪。一个善意的表情会表示出我理解，并转达出你的善意的和积极 的企盼，这样做
奏效。
however, don’t ever assume that an audience, an interviewer, your boss will be
sympatheric. Always be prepared for a grilling. Think beforehand of the ten toughest
question you could get and ready with your answers. And remember, when you’re asked a
hostile question, never show hostility to your questioner. If you do, you lose.

45