山东自考英语二课文原文及翻译

Unit 1 Text A
How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难
Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力） in Australia，there
has been foreign languages fervor in China，with English on top of the list.
就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中，英语高
居榜 首。
English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on
radio and TV．
不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。
Parents hire private tutors for their school children；adult English learners would sacrifice the
weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the
same interest and determination.
父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英 语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，
与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。
Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time
and energy before it is mastered ?
英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗?
The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．
如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。
From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its
pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．
从我个人的经验来看，英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，
It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．
它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。
Without such a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner speaks will
inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his
pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses．
对英语没有这样全面的理解，即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲 的英语
也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。
The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a
foreigner has in learning it．
讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。
Take the Chinese English learners for example．
以学英语的中国人为例，
．
你好和早上好是非常简单的。
It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers
would be annoyed when they're addressed ，which is a commonly used
addressing among the Chinese．
你去哪儿?是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及你去哪儿?，他们会因此感 到不
悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。
Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? Of course not．
这个英语句子结构不对吗? 当然不是。
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It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of
privacy being violated in this address.
学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。
By the same token，you eaten?is another addressing term the Chinese people
usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they
invite people to meals off-handedly.
同样，英语母语者听到你吃了吗?中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会 觉得中国人非常好客，
会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。
Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，，it's very nice of you．When?， if the
addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.
如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答太好了 ，什么时候?，
中国人为此也会大吃一惊。
．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for
dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?．
中国的英语学习者可能会这样问：我们可以说吃鸡，为 什么不能说吃猪、吃牛、吃羊，而
要说吃猪肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?
Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English
learners．
对学习英语的中国人来说，为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。
But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and
inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．
问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。
Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries
where it is spoken．
所以说，学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历史知识。
A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a
western language other than English because Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic
English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history．
学习英语的中国人要做到这一 点比其他非英语国家的西方人要困难得多，因为汉字和英语这
种拼音文字毫无共同之处，并且中国和西方 世界在近代史上很少接触。
Consequently，the background knowledge of English fascinates large numbers of interested and
determined English learners in China but at the same time disheartens quite a few．
所以，在中国，英语背景知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者，也使许多人丧失信心。
The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation in learning English．
英语学习中，东西方的价值观念是相互冲突的。
Native English speakers may complain about Chinese confusion when using ，for
the two words sound the same，though，different in written forms in Chinese．
英语母语的人会混淆汉语中他她的用法，因为这两个字尽管字形不同，读音却相同，他
们因此常 常抱怨。
As a result，some native English speakers conclude that the Chinese are unable to tell the
difference between the two sexes．
结果有些英语母语的人得出结论，认为中国人不区分两种性别。
But native English speakers are more gender blind than the Chinese when they mention their
cousins．
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但是在涉及表亲的时候，英语母语的人更是混淆性别。
The confusion caused by the confrontation of Western and Chinese values，to a certain extent，
affects the Chinese English learner's comprehension of what he／she reads and hears．
东西方价值观的冲突造成的语言上的混淆，在一定程度上影响学习 英语的中国人对自己所读
或所听到的内容的理解。
Only by developing an understanding and tolerance（忍受） of different cultural values can a
Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with native English speakers．
学习英语的中国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的理解和宽容， 才能达到与英语母语者交流
的目标。
A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of Eng1ish unless he overcomes the
cultural barriers(not all，of course!)in learning English．
学习英语的中国人，只有在学习英语的 过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌握英语。(当然不
可能是克服全部文化障碍!)
Many Chinese translate what they think about in Chinese into English when they talk or write．
很多中国人说话或写作的时候，将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英语，
This kind of English inevitably affects the fluency and flow of speech，the amount of information
conveyed，and，above all，the quality of communication．
这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、传达的信息量，最重要的是，影响交流的质量。
The above is，not wholly，how difficult English is．
尽管不完全，以上就是学习英语的困难。
Some native speakers might have said，
foreigner fails to understand what he is saying．
英语母语者被外国人误解的时候可能会说：你们外国人不懂地 道的英语!
，though．Still，I have to keep asking myself：Is it possible for a
foreigner to command English?
我要反驳：我们为什么要懂?我还要问：一个外国人可能精通英语吗?
第一课：
1、Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia, there has been foreign languages
fervor in china, with English on top of the list.
就如澳大利亚在全国推广学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中英语高 居
榜首。
2、Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large
amount of time and energy before it is mastered?
英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗？
3、From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning
its pronunciation, grammatical rules, etc.
从我个人的经验来看，英语学习不仅仅是指学习英语发音和语法规则等。
4、Without a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner speaks will
inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his
pronunciation, sentence structure and the words he uses.
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对英语没有全面的理解，即便有完 美的发音、句子结构、措词，一个外国人所讲的英语也会
是稀奇古怪甚至难以理解的。
5、Social customs and habits contribute to the difficulty in learning a foreign language.
社会风俗习惯增加了学习外语的难度。
6、By the same token, “Have you eaten?” will sound to native English speakers that the
Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 由于同样的原因，英语母语者听到“吃了吗？”，会觉得中国人非常好客，在事先毫无准备的
情况下 会请人吃饭。
7、The foreigner will respond（回答） “Oh, it’s very nice of you. When?”, if he happens to
have a craving（渴望） for Chinese cooking and has not had现在完成时 his dinner yet.
如果这位外国人此刻正希望品尝一下 中国美食，而且又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答：“太好啦，
什么时候？”
8、Chinese has nothing in common with English and China had little contact（联系） with
the Western world in modern history.
汉字和英语这两种文字毫无共同之处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上很少接触。
9、The background（背景） knowledge of English fascinates（使着迷） large numbers of
interested and determined（坚决的） English learners but at the same time disheartens
（使气馁） quite a few.
英语背景知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者，也使许多人丧失信心。 （2006-4刚考过）
10、The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation（冲突） in learning
English.
英语学习中，东西方价值观念是冲突的。
11、Native English speakers are more gender（性别） blind （判断）when they mention
their cousins.
在涉及表亲的时候，英语母语的人更容易混淆性别。
12、A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of English unless he
overcomes the cultural barriers（障碍物） in learning English.
中国人在英语学习中，只有克服文化障碍，才能很好地掌握英语。
IV
Any living language is in a constant state of change．
任何 一种活生生的语言都是处于不停的变化之中的。
That change is gradual（逐渐的） and continuous(连续的) ．
该变化是逐渐并且连续不断的。
At any particular moment，it is almost hard to notice like most of the changes that affect your own
body．
就像影响你身体的大部分变化一样，这种变化在某一特定时刻是很难察觉的。
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You don't notice them, but you're lucky if it feels as good and serves you as well as ten years ago．
身体的这些变化不容易觉察，但是如果你的身体如十年前一样好的话，你是非常幸运的。
In that period of time it has changed．
但是在这十年间，你的身体已经发生了变化。
It is the same with Language .
语言的变化也是这样的。
The most common and the most noticeable可觉察的 kind of change is what happens to
vocabulary．
语言的变化中，最常见、最容易察觉的是词汇的变化。
New words appear；old words take on new meanings .
新词出现，老词增加新义。
Even the native speaker might feel surprised.
即使是母语者对这些变化也会感到吃惊的。
Mouse began to mean a small，hand-held device which can be used to give instructions to a
computer to which it is connected by a short cable(电缆)．
Mouse一词开始表示一种小型的手动装置，这种装置通过一根短短的导线连 到计算机上，可
以向计算机发指令。
To describe a person as green is a way of saying that he is naive(缺少经验的) or inexperienced．
可以用来描述一个人缺少经验。
Now the word indicates a whole philosophy of life or a political opinion，and we have greenism
(绿色主义)which is supported by greenists．
目前这个词表示一整套生活哲学和政治观点, 我们现在有绿色主义这种提法，绿色主义者支
持这种提法。
In their shopping they will look for products which carry green－labeling(绿色标志)which
indicates that they have been made in a way which is not harmful to the environment .
购物时，他们寻找带有绿色标志的产品。绿色标志代表该产品的生产过程对环境是无害的。
Such products are eco-friendly(有利于生态环境的)and they are preferred by those who are eco-
conscious.
这种商品是无害于生态环境的，有生态意识的人偏爱这种产品。
Text B
Learning a Language 学 语 言
Most students would like to know how to learn a 1anguage more easily.
大部分学生都想知道如何能够轻松地学好一门语言，
Most linguists and language teachers would also like to know this．
大部分语言学家和语言教师也想弄清楚这个问题。
Linguists are working on this problem in two ways．
语言学家从两个方面研究这个问题。
First，they are trying to understand how children learn to speak and understand their native
language.
一方面，他们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母语、理解母语的。
They are also trying to learn how people learn a second language．
另一方面致力于研究人是如何学习第二语言的。
Linguists are not sure how children learn to speak．
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语言学家并不确定儿童是如何学说话的。
Some linguists think that children are born with an ability to learn and use a 1anguage．
一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有学习和使用语言的能力。
This does not mean that they come into the world knowing their native language.
这并不是指一个人的母语是与生俱来的；
It means that，along with many other things，they are born with the ability to learn their native
language.
而是指一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力，这种能力与人在其他方面表现出来的能力是相同
的。
With just a little exposure to the language，and a little help from their parents，they are able to
learn to speak．
孩子只要与要学习的语言有一定接触，在父母的些许帮助下就能够学会说话。
Another group of linguists does not think this is correct．
另外一派语言学家则对此持有异议。
This second group of linguists thinks that children learn to use a 1anguage from their parents．
持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟着父母学会使用语言的。
They believe that parents teach their children to produce sounds and words in their language．
他们认为父母首先教孩子发声、吐字。
When children know some words，their parents will begin to teach them to say sentences．
当孩子掌握一定词汇以后，父母就开始教他们如何组织句子。
These linguists do not think that parents teach their children in the same way that adults are taught
a second language．
但是他们认为，父母教孩子的方式不同于教成年人学习第二语言的方法。
Instead，parents probably teach their children by talking to them and correcting their use of
1anguage.
相反，父母是通过与孩子交谈并纠正他们的语言错误来教孩子说话的。
These linguists feel that children learn their language mainly from the environment .
这一派语言学家认为，儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言的。
In this case，the environment is their family and their home.
这种情况下，语言环境是家庭和生活环境。
As you see，the first group of linguists disagrees．
可以看出，第一派语言学家对此并不赞同。
There are some other theories about how children learn a language．
关于儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他理论。
Many people are studying the process of language learning by children．This work is being
done in many countries．
许多国家中有很多人正着手研究儿童学习语言的过程。
Linguists are not the only people who are interested in this process．Many psychologists，doctors，
and parents are also interested．People who teach foreign languages are interested, too．
不仅语言学家，许多心理学家、医生和父母都对儿童的语言学习过 程感兴趣。外语教师也对
这一过程很感兴趣。
Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak their native language for a
very important reason．
外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴趣，有其很重要的原因。
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If they knew how children learn their native language，perhaps they would have an easy way to
teach adults，as well as children, a second language．
他们如果知道儿童如何学习母语，就可能找到一种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第二语
言。
This is a very interesting idea．
这是一种非常有意思的想法。
Some foreign language teachers believe that adults learn a second language the same way children
learn their native language .
有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相同的。
These teachers try to make their students' learning similar to that of children．
这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习语言的过程组织教学：
These teachers speak only the foreign language in the classroom．
课堂上只讲外语，
They will not talk to students in the native language．
不与学生讲母语。
They try to expose them to as much of the spoken foreign language as possible．They do not teach
them any rules for using the language．
他们使学生尽可能多地接触所学外语的口语形式，不教学生语言使用的规则。
Most parents don't teach their children rules for language usage，either. They simply tell them how
to say something correctly．Foreign language teachers using this spoken language method do the
same thing.
外语教师采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母在教孩子说话的时候 也不教孩子语言使用规
则，而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话是正确的。
For some students，this method is successful．
对一些学生来说，这种方法是成功的，
They learn to speak quickly and easily．
他们能够轻而易举地、很快地学会所学的语言。
They seem to enjoy using the language，and they do not pay much attention to whether they use
exactly the right rules for what they say．
他们似乎很喜欢去用所学的语言，并不很在意是否使用了正确的语言规则。
Some students, however，cannot learn a language this way．Linguists are trying to find another
way to teach them a language．
另外一些学生则不适合这种方法，语言学家着手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。
A second method，the rule-learning method，sometimes works better with these students．
另外一种方法-- 语言规则学习法--更适合这部分学生。
Some linguists believe that learning a foreign language is different from learning to speak one's
native language．
一些语言学家认为学习外语不同于学习母语。
They feel that students must learn the rules for using the language by memorizing them and
must practice saying things in the language and using the rules correctly．
学生必须通过记忆来学习语言使用规则，必须练习使用这种语言，练习正确地使用这些规则。
These linguists try to teach students the rules of the language they want to learn．
语言教师首先教学生要学的语法规则，
Then they give them many sentences in the language to say over and over again．
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再给学生一些例句让他们反复练习，
The students are encouraged to make up new sentences，using the rules that they have learned and
the words that they know．
同时鼓励学生使用所学过的语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。
Some students are very successful with this second, rule-learning method．
一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效果非常好，
They learn the language quite quickly and can use it well.
他们学得很快，用得也好。
They know the rules for using the language and can speak the language and understand it，too．
他们掌握了语言使用规则，能够使用所学的语言，也能够理解别人的话。
For many students, this is the best way to learn a foreign language．
对一些学生来说，这是学外语最好的方法。
For some students, both of these methods may work.
对另外一些学生来说，两种方法都行之有效。
Sometimes teachers use a combination of these methods in class，hoping that everyone will be
able to learn the language with one method or the other.
有时候，老师在课堂上将两种方法结合起来用，目的是让每个学生都能受益。
Some people can go to a country and simply from hearing it and trying to
communicate in it．
有些人能够到国外通过倾听，与人交流等手段自然而然的学会那个国家的语言。
These people are rare．
但这毕竟是少数人。
Most people try to learn a language by taking classes and studying it in some way.
大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式来学语言的。
Most teachers will try different ways to help students learn a language quickly and easily．
大多数老师也通过不同的教法来帮助学生轻松快速的学会一门语言。
Linguists and psychologists are trying to understand how people learn and use a language．
语言学家和心理学家正致力于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言的。
Perhaps language 1earning will be easier when they have a clear understanding of how people
learn and use a language．
也许在解决了这个问题之后，语言学习会变得容易一些。
Unit 2 Text A
Caught Between Two Cultures 夹在两种文化之间

I was born and raised in Hong Kong.
我是土生土长的香港人。
For the past six years I’ve been living in the United States．
六年来一直生活在美国，
I work as a salesgirl in a large department store.
是一家大百货商店的女售货员。
Right now I’m going through a difficult period of my life which is hard for me to talk about．
目前我正经历人生中一段痛苦，自己也很难讲述。
A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong for a visit．
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几个月前，我回香港探亲，
It was the first time I’d gone back there since coming to the United States．
这也是我到美国后第一次回家探亲。
I was eager to see my parents，my brothers and sisters，and my friends．
我期待着见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。
I really got a shock when I arrived．
到达时，我确实大吃一惊。
Hong Kong was not the same city that I left six years ago．
香港已经不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。
Things had changed so much that I didn’t recognize parts of it．
这儿发生了巨大的变化，一些地方都认不出来了。
My elementary school was gone．
我读书的那所小学已经不复存在。
The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office
buildings．
曾经住过的那条街上的房子已被拆掉，代之而起的是办公大楼。
The shock from the physical changes in the city，however，was nothing compared to the confusion
and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents’home．
但是，我到了父 母亲家里不久，就发现了一些令我想不通的问题，情感上也受到了挫伤。与
之相比，香港外观上的变化给 我的震惊算不得什么。
My family greeted me warmly when I arrived．
我的家人热情地迎接我回家。
While my mother was busy preparing a special dinner in my honor，the rest of the family eagerly
asked me questions about my life in the United States．
我母亲忙着备饭为我接风，家里其余的人迫不及待地问我在美国的生活。
I felt happy that day and for a couple of days after，but then I began to feel that something was
wrong．
那天和之后的几天我都非常高兴, 但是不久我就开始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。
I noticed that my family，especially my mother, would sometimes glance at me in a strange way
when I was speaking．
我注意到，在我讲话的时候，我的家人，尤其是我母亲，会以一种奇怪的目光看我。
They gradually became less warm and friendly toward me，and I became uncomfortable and
confused as to（至于） why they were behaving that way.
渐渐地，大家对我疏远起来，不像开始时那么热情、友好了, 我感到不舒服，弄不明白他们
为什么这样对待我。
I decided to talk to my mother．
我决定和母亲谈一谈。
She asked me，“Have you forgotten your Chinese way ?”
她问我：“你忘了中国的规矩了吗?”
I asked her what she meant．
我问她指的是什么。
She said．“You’ve forgotten the place of women in a Chinese home．
她回答说：“你忘了中国家庭里女人的地位了。
You talk when you should remain silent．
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应该保持沉默的时候，你却在讲话。
You speak on matters that are of concern only to men．
你就那些只与男人有关的事情发表见解。
You speak openly of your inner feelings and desires．
你直言不讳你的内心感受和愿望，
That’s not the way of a Chinese woman．
这不是中国女人的做法。
We keep our thoughts and feelings to ourselves．”
我们的想法和感情都不说出来。”
As my mother spoke，I realized what had happened to me．
听着母亲这样讲，我意识到了是怎么回事。
American including American women，are much freer in expressing their thoughts and feelings．
美国人，包括美国女性，都非常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。
Also American women feel as free as men to speak or give an opinion about any subject．
美国男女一样，对任何问题都自由地发表见解。
They don’t take a silent back seat during a discussion．
在讨论中，她们不会做一个沉默的旁观者。
I guessed that through my association with Americans during the past six years，，I had gradually
adopted some of their ways．
我想，过去六年和美国人的交往中, 我渐渐学了他们的一些做法。
During the next few days I tried to be a Chinese woman．
接下来的几天，我尽力作一名中国女性，
But it didn’t work．My family remained distant from me．
可是没用。家人和我疏远。
They could no longer accept me fully as one of them．
他们无法完全把我当作自己人。
I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done that made me feel that I was
an outsider,a stranger in my own country．
身在家乡却被视为外人，这使我更加不自在，感觉受到了深深的伤害。
I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States．
我提前三周结束了这次探亲，回到美国。
But coming back here didn’t lessen the confusion and pain．
但是回来之后并没有减轻我的困惑和苦恼。
In fact， I feel more confused than before．
事实上，我比以前更加困惑，
I now feel homeless．
感到无家可归。
I don’t feel like an American．
我感觉自己不是美国人，
Americans haven’t accepted me．
美国人也不接受我。
The women I work with at the store are polite enough，but they don’t try to get close to me or let
me get close to them．
商店里一起工作的女同事们都对我非常礼貌，但是她们不接近我，我也无法接近她们。
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During the morning coffee break they make plans to have lunch together and go shopping．
上午工作休息喝咖啡时她们计划一起吃午饭，一起购物；
On Fridays they talk about the disco place they’re going to that night．
星期五她们谈论晚上要去哪家迪厅，
They never include me in their plans 。
但是从未将我列入她们的计划。
My accent， my name，and my oriental features mark me as a foreigner．
我的口音、名字和东方人的长相显示我是个外国人。
I’ve felt for a long time that I wasn’t being accepted by Americans，but I’d felt that I was Chinese
and that my home was Hong Kong．
长期以来，我感到自己是中国人，我的故乡是香港，自己不被美国人接受。
Now I no longer consider Hong Kong my home．
现在我不再将香港视为我的故乡，
And so I feel homeless．
因此感到无家可归。
I’m caught between the old world where I no 1onger belong and the new world which has not yet
accepted me．
我被夹在两个世界当中——不再属于原来的世界，还未被新世界接纳。

1、It was the first time I’d gone back home since coming to the United States.
这是我来美国后第一次回家探亲。
2、You speak on matters that are of concern（涉及） only to men.
你对那些只与男人有关的事情发表意见。
3、Through my association（交往） with Americans during the past six years, I had
gradually （逐渐地）adopted（采用） some of their ways.
在过去的六年和美国人的交往中，我逐渐学会了他们的一些做法。
4、I no longer belong to the old world and the new world has not yet accepted me.
我不再属于旧世界，但还未被新世界接纳。
5、I no longer consider Hong Kong my home and feel homeless.
我不再将香港视做我的故乡，感到无家可归。
6、Things had changed so much in Hong Kong that I didn’t recognize parts of it.
香港发生了巨大的变化，有些地方都认不出来了。
7、I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States.
我提前三周结束了这次访问，回到美国。
8、They gradually（逐渐地） became less warm and friendly toward me.
他们对我渐渐地疏远起来，不像开始时那麽友好。
9、My mother prepared a special dinner in my honor.
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我母亲特意为我准备了一顿饭。
10、They don’t take a silent（沉默的） back seat during a discussion.
在讨论中，他们不会做一个沉默的旁观者。
11、Coming back here didn’t lessen（减少） my confusion（混乱） and pain.
回来之后我的困惑和苦恼并没有减轻。
12、The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down（拆卸） and
replaced by office buildings.
我曾经住的那条街上的房子被拆掉了，代之而起的是办公大楼。
Ⅳ．
“Culture shock”occurs as a result of total immersion in a new culture．
“文化冲击”是完全浸人一种新文化所产生的结果。
It happens to “people who have been suddenly moved abroad”．
这一现象经常发生在“突然移居国外的人”身上。
Newcomers may be anxious because they do not speak the language，know the customs，or
understand people’s behavior in daily ['deili] ad. 每日地，日常地a. 每日的，日常的life．初
来乍到者与当地人讲不同的语言，不了解当地的习俗，也无法理解人们日常 生活中的行为。
他们会因此而感到焦虑不安。
The visitor finds that “yes”may not always mean“yes
旅游者发现“是”并非总代表“赞同”，
that friendliness does not necessarily mean friendship，
友好不一定代表友谊，
or that statements that appear to be serious are really intended as jokes．
听起来严肃的话语也许只是玩笑。
The foreigner may be unsure as to（至于）when to shake hands or hug，when to start
conversations，or how to approach a stranger．
外国人无法确定什么情况下该握手，什么情况下该拥抱，什么时候开始说话，如何结识陌生
人。
The notion(概念) of “culture shock” helps explain feelings of bewilderment （n.困惑 ）．
“文化冲击”可以帮助我们解释这种困惑感。
Language problems do not account for all the frustrations （n.挫折）that people feel．
语言并非造成人们这种挫折感的全部原因。
When one is deprived （ vt.夺去）of everything that was once(adv.一次) familiar [ a.熟悉的；
冒昧的 ]，such as understanding a transportation system，knowing how to register for university
classes，or knowing how to make ulties in dealing with the new society may arise
.像交通系统，注册大学课程，交友等这些一个人曾经熟悉的一切全部消失，他 在新社会中
肯定会碰到一些困难。
Text B
Culture Shock — The Initial Stresses 文化冲击—最初的压力

My friend Dr．Dong had a wonderful chance to go to Seattle to present a paper at a professional
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meeting．
我的朋友董医生有幸获得了一次去西雅图在一个专业会议上做学术报告的好机会。
Having attended my course in Intercultural Communications， he consulted me to review some of
the cultural differences he might experience．
已经上过我的跨文化交际课程，他请我帮他温习一下他可能遇到的一些文化差异。
I also gave him the phone number of a friend of mine who lived in the area．
我也把在当地居住的一个朋友的电话号码给了他。
When he got back，we met to review his experience．
他回来后，我们又聚到一起回顾了他的经历。
Dr．Dong told me that the course information had helped him．
董医生告诉我，跨文化交际课上学的东西派上了用场。
He experienced the typical stages of culture shock．
他经历了文化冲击的典型阶段。
He arrived expectant and happy and enjoyed his first days very much．
他满怀期待高高兴兴地到了美国，非常愉快地度过了最初几天。
At the medical conference， he felt quite confident of his area of research and was able to perform
well in his presentation．
在医学会议上，他对自己的研究领域颇为自信，而且他所做的发言也相当成功。
But after a few days, he began to feel uncomfortable．
但几天后，他开始感到有些不适应了。
His medical English was fine， but the social interaction skills were different， and he was
unsure of the cues and the communication styles．
他的医学英语不错，可是社会交往技能却是另一码事，他拿不准那些暗示及交际风格。
He worried more and more that he was misunderstanding simple English greetings and table talk
conventions．
他焦躁不安，连简单的英文问候语以及餐桌交谈习俗也弄不懂了。
When people greeted him with，“Hi，how’s it going ?” he thought they had asked him “where
are you going ?” and answered with the name of the conference hall，only to get a confused stare
from them．
有人用“嗨，一切都好吗?”和他打招呼， 他以为是问他“你要去哪儿?”，答之以会议厅的
名字，结果招来了疑惑的目光。
At a western style dinner， a colleague asked，“So how’re you enjoy in ’ the States?” he
thought he heard，“So how are you enjoying your steak?” and answered that he was having
chicken，not beef． 在一次西式的晚宴上，一位同事问他：“你在美国过得好吗?” 他听成
了“你觉得牛排味道如何?”，回答他在吃鸡肉，不是牛肉。
That time，his colleague smiled， and patiently repeated the question．
那次，那位同事笑了，并耐心重复了他的问题，
At last，they both laughed at the error．
之后俩人对这个错误大笑一通。

Such failures in understandings and communications were minor．
这类误解和交流不畅还是次要的。
But for Dr．Dong， they were the beginning of a sense of“ cultural confusion”．
但对董医生来说， 它们是“文化困惑”感的开始。
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By the end of the meetings， he felt a deep sense of“ cultural stress ”and was worn out from
having to pay attention to so many new expressions and ways of dealing [ n.买卖；待遇 vt.给
予 ]with things．
在会议快要结束时，他深深地感到了“文化压力” ，为待人接物时那么多的新表达方法和方
式而感到精疲力竭。
He felt his handshake was not as firm as Americans’， found that people reacted[反应（常与to
连用）]unusually when he modestly insisted his English was not good after they complimented
him， didn’t know how to accept dinner invitations properly and therefor missed out on going to
several lunches，and so on．
他感到自己握手不如美国人那么有力；人们称赞他时，他谦虚地坚持说自己的英语不好，他发现别人的反应异乎寻常；由于搞不清如何适当地接受宴会邀请而错过了几次午餐，如此等
等，不一 而足。
Eventually，he was so bewildered [vt.迷惑；弄糊涂] that he felt the full impact(冲击) of“ culture
shock”．
最终他被搞得不知所措，彻底感受了“文化冲击”。
What is culture shock and why does it occur ? The term was coined about 50 years ago by a
Swedish scholar.
什么是文化冲击，为什么会存在文化冲击?这一术语是 大约50年前一位瑞典学者最先创造使
用的。
His seminal article ,“Culture Shock; Adjustment to New Cultural Environments ”has been
reprinted and revised for many textbooks and magazines．
其拓荒之作《文化冲击：适应新的文化环境》为许多教科书及杂志所再版和修订。
He called it “the occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad”．
他将“文化冲击”定义为“突然移居海外的人所患的职业病”。
His use of the word“disease ”is a pun， because it implies that it is like an“ illness” with its
own “symptoms and cure”． but also that the root cause is also a feeling of “dis-”ease or
unsettled uneasiness．
他用的“disease”这个词是个双关语， 因为它暗示这如同一种“ 病，有其自身的症状和疗
法”，而且其根源也是一种(dis)不(ease)适或心神不宁的感觉。

Think back on your own experience．
回想一下你自己的经历。
Have you ever moved from one context to another ?
你曾从一个环境迁到另一个吗?
Many students feel this adjustment shock when they change from one school to another，or move
from a small town to a big city．
很多学生，从一所学校转到另一所，或从一个小镇到一座大城市时，都会感到这种顺应冲击。

The sensations one feels in new surroundings often include：
在新的环境下人们的感受经常包括：
Feeling like an outsider，feeling unsure of oneself or even feeling stupid；
感到像个局外人，对自己没有信心，甚至感到愚蠢；
Sensing that one’s language skills aren’t good enough，missing jokes，colloquial phrases，
references to TV shows or pop songs or other cultural“insider”information；
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感到自己的语言能力不足，领会不了笑话、口语化用语的含义，也搞不懂电视 节目及流行歌
曲或其他文化“内涵”的信息；
Feeling uneasy and unsettled，irritable and increasingly short-tem- pered；
感到不适和不安，易激怒并且脾气越来越暴躁；
Feeling lonely and wanting to go“home”，feeling more and more like a stranger or outcast；
感到孤独并且想要回”家”，感觉愈来愈像个陌生人和被抛弃的人；
Feeling overwhelmed，overloaded，daydreaming，staring blankly at things or even staring at
nothing；
感到不能自持．负担过重，想人非非，失神发呆；
Becoming more and more afraid of communicating and of making mistakes，worried anxious．
越来越害怕交流和犯错误，担心、焦虑。
These are all symptoms of initial culture shock．
这些都是文化冲击的最初症状。
With a new context come new ways of doing things．
新的环境伴随着新的行事方法。
Being uninitiated and unsure of what to do ,people usually have a strong sense of displacement in
the beginning．
最初若没有积极性并且不知道该做什么，这种移位感通常都很强烈。
But the good news is that we humans are very good at adapting．
但是好在我们人类很善于调整适应。
Though almost all of us undergo some degree of mental stress in this period． after a few weeks or
months， we learn how to“read” our new context．
尽管在转变过程中都经 历了某种程度的心理压力，数周至数月后，我们就学会如何“解读”
新环境，
We become aware of the new cues，the new expectations，and the new ways of communicating.
逐渐懂得了新的暗示、新的期望、新的交际方法。
With some trials (n. 考验，磨难，困难，患难) and errors(错误)，and with a 1ot of patience( n.
忍耐)with ourselves , most of us succeed in overcoming culture shock and learn to enjoy our new
context．
几经磨练，加上自己的耐心，大多数人成功地克服了文化冲击，学会享受新环境。

’s visit to the US was only three weeks long，but by the end of the five-day medical
conference，
董医生的美国之行仅仅3周的时间，但未等5天的医学会议结束，
he was already starting to feel more confident.
他已经开始感到比较自信了。
Sure he felt a little foolish about some of the mistakes he had made，
当然他感到自己所犯的一些错误有点儿愚蠢，
but he quickly learned to laugh at his errors and found that his colleagues smiled with him．
但他很快就学会调侃自己的过错，并发现他的同事也在向他微笑。
This broke down the barriers to communication and helped him build some good professional (专
业的)relationships．
这些消除了交流的障碍，帮助他建立了一些良好的业务关系
And after the conference, he contacted 联系the family I had referred him to and had a very nice
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time visiting them．
会议结束后，他同我提到的那一家人取得联系，并愉快地拜访了他们。
There were some new cultural surprises, but he discovered he could better understand and adapt to
them．
在此过程中他又经历了一些新的文化惊奇，但他发现他能够更好地了解并适应他们。

By the time he returned to China，he was feeling quite positive about this American trip，and was
glad for the new experiences and new skills it had given him．
回到中国，他感到此次美国之行很有意义，对此行的新经历和获得的新技能感到高兴。
He had become successful in the initial period in a new culture．
接触一种新文化的最初阶段，他取得了成功，
Though he had gone through some embarrassing culture stresses，each had proven to be a valuable
learning experience，and in the end had helped him overcome his culture shock．
尽管经历了一些尴尬的文化压力 ，但每一次都证明是颇有价值的学习经历，并且，最终帮助
他战胜了文化冲击。
Unit 3 Text A
Books书

Knowledge may be acquired through conversation，watching television or traveling，but the
deepest and most consistent way is through reading．
知识可以通过交谈、看电视或旅游来获得，但最深入、最经常的途径是读书。
If we consider the literate population of the world， we may conclude that a few spend their whole
lives on academic reading；如果我们考察一下世界上有阅读能力的人，便 可得出这样一个结
论：把整个一生用来阅读学术书籍是少数；
many read something light for pleasure， a few dip into something more serious now and then；
多数人只是看些闲书消遣；时常浏览一些比较严肃读物的人也是少数；
while very many men，women and children never advance beyond the sports page of a
newspaper，a fashion article or a comic．
而更多的男人、妇女和儿童只看报纸上的体育新闻、时装介绍或连环漫画。

If you have learnt to love books as a child， the reading habit will never desert you．
如果从小就学会爱读书，那么你会永远保持读书的习惯，
But if this has not been your good fortune， you tend to think of reading as a bore．
但如果你没有这种好运气养成爱读书的习惯，你就会认为读书是件讨厌的事。
A few，but very few，come to the habit late in life．
有一些人，为数不多，直到晚年才养成爱读书的习惯。
The circumstances which help to set a child on the path to the literary adventure are：
有助于使儿童走上读书道路的环境是：
a life even barely above real poverty， so that there is scope in the family for thoughts and
activities not wholly devoted to the struggle for making a living；
有一个略高于赤贫生活水平的家庭，这样的家庭才有机会 想些别的而不至于全盘心思为谋生
而奋斗；
the availability of free books either at home or in a public library；and the possession （n.拥有）
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of a character（n.性格） both curious(好奇的 )and independent．
或者家中有书，或者可在公共图书馆借书，做到看书不花钱；本人具有求知欲和独立性。

In order to desire to read one must be curious．
一个人想读书，必须有求知欲。
A few children are able to keep this curiosity and their mental independence alive despite the
educational system of their country．
少数儿童不论他们国家的教育制度如何，始终能够保持这种求知欲和思想上独立性。
But many fail to do so either because of an overstrict system where what is most important is
memory work； or because of a careless and lazy one where even the basic disciplines of literacy
are ignored in the sacred name of free expression．
但多数儿童却做不到这一点, 这要么是由于教育制度过于严格，把死记硬背看作天下第一号
大 事；要么是由于教育制度松散、使人怠惰，在“自由表达”的神圣旗帜下，甚至连读书写
字这样的基本要 求也被忽视。
It is a wonder that at least a few children survive their schooling and emerge as people who can
think，people who are open- minded and knowledgeable．
堪称奇迹的是，至少有少数儿童竟然没有被这 种学校教育所糟蹋，而是脱颖而出，成为善于
思考、思路开阔、博学多闻的人。

Thus，various circumstances are not favorable for the reading habit．
因此，不利于培养阅读习惯的环境是各种各样的，
And we may add to this the worldwide atmosphere of violence（n.暴力） and anarchy（n.无政府
状态） ，the New Dark Age in which we live today．
我们对此还可加一条，那就是遍及全世界的暴力行为和无政府状态——我们现 在就生活在其
中的新黑暗时代。
Many of us no longer have the peace of mind necessary to a quiet hour with a book．
我们很多人再也没有静下来读上一小时书所必需的那种心情了。
But it is precisely(adv.精确地) because of our present(现在的 ) troubles that we should read．
然而正是由于当前存在的各种问题，我们更应该读书。
How， otherwise，are we to understand the nature of hatred，of cruelty，of power polities ?
否则，我们怎能理解什么是仇恨、什么是残酷、什么是强权政治呢?
How，otherwise，are we to take a stand on the serious question of individual freedom and
authority ?
我们怎能在个人自由和权威这类严肃的问题上表明我们的立场呢?
How，otherwise，are we to comprehend and perhaps solve these urgent(紧急的 )problems that
face us?
我们怎能理解而且可能解决我们所面临的迫在眉睫的许多问题呢?
Ideally then， a school system should be one in which the love of learning，rather than the
acquisition of facts，is cultivated；one in which the spirit (精神)of enquiry （n.询问） is
encouraged．
因此，理想的教育制度应该培养学生酷爱学习，而不是只是为了获取事实应该鼓励探索精神。
Ideally（a.完美的），family and governmental policy should be to see that we have a great number
of books—any books．
而理想的家庭和政府方针应该保证我们有大量的书籍——什么书籍都有。
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A person with a book is a real person alive on the earth； without a book he is a foo1．
手不释卷是活在世上真正的人；不然，就是一个傻瓜。

第三课
1、Never desert（放弃） him when your friend is in the trouble.
不要在朋友困难的时候抛弃他。
对比：desert放弃—— dessert甜食；甜糕点
2、To improve national economy（经济 ）is the government’s consistent（一贯地） policy.
发展国民经济是政府的一贯政策。
3、China took a stand on these issues.
中国在这问题上标明了立场。
4、It is wrong to ignore（不理睬） their suggestions.
不理睬他们的建议是不对的。
5、I always prefer（更喜欢） starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last minute.
我总是先开始工作，而不愿把事情留到最后才做。
6、Please see (to it) that my children are taken good care of when I am away.
请务必在我外出的时候照顾好我的孩子。
7、The precise（准确的） meaning of one word can only be defined（定义） from the context
（上下文）.
一个词准确的意思只能在上下文中来确定。
8、The instruction（教育） of the policeman set the convict（罪犯） on the right path（小
路）.
警察的教育使这个罪犯走上了正路。
9、Nowadays, many people commit（干坏事） illegal（违法的） acts in the name of science.
当前，有许多人打着科学的旗号干一些违法的事情。
10、These tickets are available（有用的） on (the) day of issue only.
这种车票（仅在发售当天）有效。
对比：电影票价为五美元。The admission（允许进入） to the movie was five dollars.
11、You don’t have any authority（权力） for entering this house, It’s private（私有的）.
你们没有任何权力进入这所房子，这是私宅。
12、I hope you will give favorable（赞成的） consideration（考虑） to my suggestion.
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我希望你对我的建议作出肯定的表示。
13、Many of us no longer have the peace of mind necessary to a quiet hour with a book．
我们很多人再也没有静下来读上一小时书所必需的那种心情了。
14、A person with a book is a real person alive on the earth；
手不释卷是（活在世上）真正的人。


1V．
Great books deal ( v t.对付；应付,常与with连用)with the persistently unsolved problems of
human life．
重要的书籍是用来解决人类生活中难以解决的问题的。
There are genuine [ a.真的；真正的]mysteries [n.神秘小说，侦探小说]in the world that mark
the limits( n.极限) of human knowing and thinking．
世界上确实有一些限制人类知识和思维的真正神秘的东西。
Inquiry not only begins with wonder， but usually ends with it also．
询问不仅开始于疑惑，也结束于疑惑。
Great minds acknowledge [v t .承认；表示感谢]mysteries honestly．
伟人都承认神秘的存在。
Wisdom( n.智慧，聪明，才智)is fortified(加强的)not destroyed （v t .破坏，毁灭；消灭） , by
understanding its limitations（n.限制；限度，局限 ）．
智慧是可以通过了解它的限制来得到加强而不是被摧毁。

It is our privilege( n.特权，优惠) ,as readers ,to belong to( 属于)the larger brotherhood（n. [哲
学]博爱； 手足情谊） of man that recognizes（vt.识别） no national（国家的 ）boundaries [n.
分界线．]

It is our privilege, as readers ,to belong to the larger brotherhood of man that recognizes no
national boundaries．
作为读者，我们是属于广范围的集体，没有任何国界，这是我们的特权。
I do not know how to escape [vt.逃脱]from the strait-jacket(约束物)of political nationalism．
我不知道如何摆脱政治国家主义的束缚。
I do know how we become friends of the human spirit(n.精神) in all its manifestations[ n.表明;
现象(显示)，] regardless（ a. 不管??的；不顾??的。与of连用）of time and place．It is
by reading the great books．
但是我确实知道我们如何在大范 围内成为人类精神的朋友，不受时间地点的局限。我们可以
通过读好书达到这一点。


Text B
The History of Books 书籍的历史

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The first known inventor of printing in Europe was Johannes Gutenberg of Germany．
欧洲第一个著名的印刷术发明家，是德国的约翰.内斯.古腾堡。
The first book printed in his workshop was a Latin Bible．
他在车间里印的第一本书，是拉丁文圣经。
A few copies of this first book still exist．
第一本书的一些复本现在还保存着，
They are now over five hundred years old．
已有500多年的历史了。
The Gutenberg Bible was printed on a hand press with type made of lead．
古腾堡圣经是用手控印刷机在铅字版上印成的。
Most of the copies were printed on paper， but a few were printed on vellum [ n. 羊皮纸．] The
books are about 12 inches wide and 16．5 inches long．
这些书大多数印在纸上，但有几本印在羊皮上, 这种书宽约12英寸，长约16．5英寸。

Men who had been trained in Gutenberg’s workshop soon established (vt.成立，建立)
themselves as independent printers．
在古腾堡印刷所受过训练的人们，很快就独立开业。
By 1 500， about fifty years after the first Bible was printed, more than 30，000 books had been
printed．
到了1500年，大约在第一本圣经印成后50年，已经印成书30 000册以上.
The Bible was still the most popular book．
圣经依旧是最流行的书。
Other church books were also printed，as were Greek and Latin classics，history books，and
astronomy books．
此外，还印刷了一些教堂用书、希腊和拉丁的古典名著、历史书及天文学书。

The tools(工具 )of the first printers were simple and could be moved about easily．
最初的印刷工人所使用的工具很简单，搬动起来也很容易。
At the end of the fifteenth century there were more than a thousand printers in Europe．
15世纪末，欧洲印刷工人有一千多人。
Since many people could not read Latin and Greek， books were soon printed in various
languages．
由于很多人不懂希腊文和拉丁文，不久印刷书籍就包括了各种语言。
The printers also began to make the books smaller， So that they could be handled more easily．
印书者开始把书印得小些，以便携带起来更容易。
Furthermore the printers began to make their books more elaborate( 精致的，精巧的)， adding
pictures and ornamental [ a.装饰的 n.装饰品]letters at the beginning of chapters．
此外，而且他们开始把书印得更精致了，在每一章之前增添插图和装饰性字母，
Gradually the letters of the type were made smaller，finer and more delicate．
印刷字母逐渐做得更小、更细、更精致。
The letters began to look less like manuscript letters， and eventually[ adv.最终]，the form of the
letters was simplified to the point where they were well—adapted to the metal of the type．
印刷字母开始看起来和手写字母不同了。字母的形式终于大为简化，完全适合铅字的要求。

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Sometimes books were illustrated with[用...说明 ]woodcuts．
书籍的插图有时是木刻的。
Blocks of wood were carved so that the white parts of the picture were below the surface of the
wood．
在雕刻标志木头时，图画的白色部分是凹陷的，
When the surface was inked and stamped onto paper， the dark part of the picture was
reproduced．
在木头的凸出表面涂上墨水，并印在纸上，图画的黑色部分就复印出来，
The first attempts，of course， were rather crude， but eventually the block printers were making
meticulous [ a. extremely careful 细致的，过细的]and artistic[艺术的 ]illustrations[插图]．
当然，起初的试作是相当粗糙 的，但渐渐地木刻印刷工人刻的插图，就变得既细腻又有艺术
性了。
Florence，in Italy and Lyons，in France， became famous for their illustrated books．
意大利的佛罗伦斯，德国的里昂，都以出版插图书籍而驰名。

In the seventeenth century，great numbers of religious pamphlets were printed．
17世纪印刷出版了大量的宗教宣传小册子。
These pamphlets were not always neat or artistic because the writers were only interested in
spreading their ideas quickly，and the readers did not consider the appearance of the book
important．
这些小册子并不总 是美观或富于艺术性，因为作者仅仅是为了迅速传播他们的思想，读者也
觉得书籍的外观并不重要。
The art of metal engraving was developed about this time and enabled printers to illustrate their
books with pictures of very fine，delicate lines．
大约在这个时期，金属雕刻术发展起来，这样一来，印刷者能把他们书中的插图画得非常 细
腻、精致。
The use of an engraving on the first page of a book became popular．
在书中的第一页上使用雕刻图饰，成了流行的做法。
The quality of the paper improved too．
纸张的质量也提高了。

By 1800， hand printers could not supply enough books to satisfy [使满意]the demand．
到1800年，手工印刷者出版的书已满足不了人们的需要。
Books were not printed fast enough when hand-made paper and wooden hand presses were used．
用手工纸和木制的手工印书的速度不够快。
Fortunately[幸运地]， about this time，many machines were invented that aided[辅助的] in the
mass production of such products as cotton and woolen cloth [n.布；衣料；桌布]．
幸好，这个时期发明了许多机器，促使大量生产诸如棉布和毛料这样的产品。
The invention [ n.发明，创造]of new types of printing machines and paper machines followed on
the heels[后跟] of these inventions and helped to speed [vt.加快]up the production of books．
随着这些发明而来的，是新型印刷机和造纸机的相继发明，这就加速了书籍的印刷和发行。
The paper machine produced paper in rolls instead of sheets； and the iron [ n.铁；铁制品]hand
press enabled[激活的] the printer to use larger pieces of paper on which more text could be
printed in less time．
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造纸机生产的纸，不再以张数计，而是以卷数计了。使用铁制手印机，印刷者 能用更大的纸
张印书，这样在较短的时间里就能印出大量的书。
Finally，the linotype （音：来呢泰扑）was invented， a machine which could cast all entire[全
部的 ]line of type at one time．
后来铸字机也发明了，这种机器一次就可以铸造出整整一行铅字。

In the twentieth century，many books have been produced in paperback editions[ n. 版；版本]．
20世纪，许多书籍都以平装印刷发行。
Although these books do not last[持续] as long as those with cloth or leather [n.皮革；皮革制品 ]
bindings[ n. 装订；书的封面]，they are much cheaper．
这些书虽然不如那些用、布面或皮面精装的书籍那么经久耐用，却便宜得多。
Thus， many poor people who could not afford books before，can now buy them．
因此，许多过去买不起书籍的穷人，现在也能购买。
Today books are available to everyone because they are no longer expensive， they do not take
long to produce， and，consequently they are no longer rare．
今天，书 籍人人都可以得到，因为书籍不再昂贵了。书不需要很长的时间就能印刷出来，因
此也不再稀罕了。
Because of this progress[进展] in book production， more and more people are learning to read．
由于书籍的印行发展很快，愈来愈多的人都在读书。
More and more people are now writing books，as well as reading them， so that the literature of
the world is being constantly [ad. 经常地，不断地]enriched．
愈来愈多的人不仅仅在读书，也在写书。因此，世界上的著作也日益丰富起来。

Unit 4 Text A
Don’t Let Anger Get the Best of You 别让怒火击溃你
You’re late for a job interview when traffic slows to a crawl．
交通阻塞，车辆缓慢地爬行，你因此而面试迟到；
In the supermarket，a customer wheeling a full cart cuts ahead of you in the express
checkout line．
超市里你排在快速结账口，有个推着满满一车货物的顾客正好插在你前头；
You spend months on a project，and your lazy colleague gets the promotion．
为一个项目，你耗费了几个月的心血，而结果你那懒惰的同事得到了提升。
Do you feel angry ?
很恼火是吧?
Before you lose your temper，take a deep breath and remember this：Anger hurts．
在你怒火爆发之前，深吸一口气，记住：怒气伤身。
Studies have found that high levels of anger and hostility are related to greater risks of heart
disease，poor immune responses，and even a tendency to get fat．
一个又一个研究表明，怒火冲天及产生敌对情绪会增加患 心脏病几率、免疫系统衰竭，甚
至还有发胖的危险。
Men with high levels of anger were three times more likely to develop heart disease than the
calmer，a Harvard School of Public Health study found．
哈 佛大众健康研究院的一项研究表明：怒气冲冲的男性得心脏疾病的可能性要比脾气温和
的同龄人高出3倍 以上!
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And in women， arguments with spouses raise hormone levels and lower immunity—a real
problem， since lower immunity may raise women’s risk of cancer．
至于女 性，与配偶争吵会增加荷尔蒙分泌而降低免疫力，这是个严重的问题，因为免疫能
力降低会加剧女性患癌 症的可能性。
It doesn’t seem to matter whether you release the anger or hold it in，experts say．
专家指出，发泄或抑制怒气，其后果没什么两样，
The effects on your health are the same．
两者对健康造成的影响是一样的。
“Anger is anger, ”says Redford Williams，M．D．，director of the Behavioral Medicine
Research Center at Duke University Medical Center and coauthor of the book Life
Skills．“Both are harmful to health．”
“生气就是 生气，两者都对健康构成危害。”杜克大学医学院行为药物研究中心主任、《生
命的技巧》的合著者医学 博士莱德福?威廉姆斯这样说。
The good news is that it is possible to control your anger．
乐观的消息是，愤怒可以控制。
“By evaluating (评估)it and using different techniques，you can calm down（平静下来），”
Williams says．
“对整件事做出评价，然后，通过使用各种方法，你可以让自己不再生气，”威廉姆斯说，
“That’s what’s nice about us humans． We can always do something or not do something
to change our behavior．”
“这也是人类的奇妙之处：我们总能做些什么或不做什么来改变行为。”

Take Stock对自己进行一次预测或评估
Many people who are angry don’t recognize themselves as angry， according to Knoxville
Psychologist Richard Driscoll．
诺克斯维尔的心理学家理查德?杰斯科尔认为，许多发火的人都不承认他们在生气。
He suggests that you ask yourself these questions to measure your anger quotient：
他建议你可以问自己如下几个问题来判断发怒的程度：
Do you feel that you are frequently(时常 )mistreated （被虐待）by others ?
你是否觉得别人经常待你不好?
Do you often consider(考虑 )minor inconveniences to be personal attacks against you ?
是否经常把一些小的不方便看做对你个人的攻击?
Do you complain often ?
你时常抱怨吗?
Do you exaggerate (夸大,vt.)the actions of others or take their insults personally ?
你有没有从主观出发夸大了别人的行为或对你的冒犯?
On the road， do you frequently curse（诅咒）other drivers， to the point that driving has
become unpleasant?
在路上驾车时，是否频频咒骂别的司机以至于驾车成了一件很不愉快的事？
Keep a Record保留记录
To get a better sense（感觉）of what makes you mad， keep a journal of situations that make
you angry．
如果要更好地了解是什么触怒了你，就准备一本日记，记下你是在那些情况下生气的。
Reflect（反省，回顾 ）on why they set you off and make you feel mistreated．
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再回想一下为什么当时那些事情会激怒你或让你觉得别人待你不公正，
Ask yourself honestly whether your anger is justified．
诚实地问问自己发火是否有正当理由。
By writing down feelings and situations， you’ll become more aware of （知道）the events
（事件,复数形式）that make you angry and maybe even avoid them．
当把这些感受和情形 写下时，你会对让你生气的事情了解得更透彻，或许能避免这种事情
再度发生。
Change or Accept改变或者接受
When you feel anger welling up， take a change-it or accept-it approach．
当你开始觉得怒火中烧快要爆发了，采取“改变它”或是“接受它“的策略。
If，for example。your neighbor’s garbage is fluttering into your yard yet again， it’s time
to put your problem—solving skills into motion．
比如，你邻居家的垃圾又一次落到了你的院子里，是时候把你解决问题的技巧变为实际行
动了
Calmly discuss the situation，and look for ways to change it．——
和邻居平静地谈一下情况并寻找改变这种情形的办法。
If you can’t do anything about the situation—the rude driver who just cut you off has left
the scene ，(注：对比： n.感官；感觉；见识 ；2. since conj.从?以来) work to put
your anger on hold right then（就在那时，adv.） and there．
如果你对有些事无能为力—— 一个粗鲁的司机抢了你的道并扬长而去一要尽量当场就控制
住你的怒火。
Accept that you can’t do anything about it， take some deep breaths， and move on （继
续前进vi.）to something else．
接受你对此毫无办法的事实。做几次深呼吸，将注意力转移到别的地方去。
Don’t Take It Personally不要片面主观
How many times have you said to yourself．“That shouldn’t have happened to me” or “I
don’t deserve（vt.应受，值得） that”?
有多少次你对自己说类似“这不应该发生在我身上”或者“我太委屈了”之类的话?
Such thinking can easily set off angry feelings．这种想法很容易引爆内心的不快情绪。
But smart people realize that，sometimes，the water-on-the-back-of-a- duck approach is the
best way to deal with many of life’s unfair treatments．
不过聪明人知道，生活中总有太多不公平，有时候逆来顺受是最好的处理办法。
“Many of us have a God-like or little-kid-1ike thought that we shouldn’t be imposed on，
defeated, or have things happen to us，”Deffenbacher says．
“ 我们中有不少人有着神一般的，或者说是像小孩子一样不现实的想法，认为别人不能强
加于我们什么，我 们不该有挫败感，不能让某些事在我们身上发生，”丹芬班齐博士说。
“That’s a high-1evel demand． The fact is that you cannot avoid the unpleasant things that
happen to you．”
“那样要求太高了。事实上，总是会有不愉快的事情发生的，躲也躲不掉。”
The better able you are to accept that，the less angry you’ll be．
你越能接受它们，也就越不会动不动发脾气。

Stop Dwelling on the Past别再沉湎于过去
If you still remember a minor infraction（ n.违犯）long after it happened， it’s time to forget
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it．
如果你对一次已经过去很久的小挫折依然耿耿于怀，是时候释怀了。
Life has moved on，and so should you．生活还在继续，你也该向前看。
Practice understanding people who have done you minor wrongs．
尝试着去理解那些曾对你不公正的人，
Think of the problems as having been caused by the situations，not the people．
试想这些问题是由环境造成的，而非人为因素。
If it’s a more serious matter, such as childhood abuse or an unfaithful spouse， consider
seeing a doctor to help you work through and release the pain，says a psychologist．
如果情节比较严重，例如儿童时期受到虐待或配偶对你不忠诚，可以考虑 去看几次心理医
生，让他帮助你解脱痛苦，走出阴影。

Adjust Your Routine调整你的习惯
If you’ve been keeping track（痕迹，轨迹 ） of your anger， you know what sets you
off． Use that information（信息） to avoid upsetting（压平 ）situations（情况，情形）．
如果你留意自己 发火的过程，你便会知道怒气的源头在哪里，掌握了这点就可以避免碰上
这种会让你生气的情形。
For instance， if you know that the grocery store is crowded on weekends， shop after
work．
例如，你知道食品杂货店到周末往往挤满了人，那就索性平时下班后去购物。
By avoiding frustrating（挫折的） situations，you avoid anger．
躲过了这种让人烦恼的场面，你也就可以少恼怒一回。

Finally， the ways you react to upsetting（心烦意乱的）situations and express your anger
come from a combination of several factors（因素），including genetics，up— bringing（教
养），and culture．
最后，你对令人心烦的事物的反应v i及表达怒气的方式都要来自于一些综合因素，如遗传、
所受过的教育及文化环境等。
Your response also varies according to your mood and even how tired you are．
当然，你的反应也会因心情或疲劳程度的变化而变化。
Fortunately， angry people can learn to become happy people．
令人庆幸的是，易怒的人可以学着成为快乐的人。
“We just have this personality type that sometimes gets US into trouble，”williams says.
“很多人生来就是这种脾气，有时会让自己陷入麻烦，” 威廉姆斯说，
“You’ll always have that tendency to get angry． But you can probably control it to keep
it from damaging your health．”
“这种人就是容易动怒。但或许可以将这种秉性加以控制，以致它不会危害健康。”

第四课
1、在你怒火爆发之前，深吸一口气，记住：怒气伤身。
Before you lose your temper（脾气）, take a deep breath and remember this: Anger
hurts.
2、释放或抑制怒气，其后果没什麽两样，两者对你的健康造成的影响是一样的。
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It doesn’t matter whether you release（释放） the anger or hold it in. The effects（对
－有影响） on your health are the same.
3、一个粗鲁的司机抢了你的道并扬长而去―-要尽量当场就控制住你的怒火。
A rude driver who just cut you off has left the scene-- work to put your anger on hold
right then and there.
4、我们应该尝试着去理解那些曾经对自己不公正的人，试想着些问题是由环境造成的， 而
非人为因素。
We should practice（实践） understanding people who have done us minor（较小
的） wrongs, and think of the problems as having been caused by the situations（境
遇）, not the people.
5、许多发火的人都不承认他们在生气。
Many people who are angry don’t recognize（承认） themselves as angry.
6、乐观的消息是，怒气是有办法来控制的。
The good news is that it is possible to control your anger.
7、你越能接受他们，也就越不会动不动发脾气。
The better able you are to accept them, the less angry you’ll be.
8、你知道食品杂货店到周末往往挤满了人，那就索性平时下班后去购物。
As you know that the grocery（食品杂货店） store is crowded on weekends, you can
shop after work.
9、你可以问自己如下几个问题来判断发怒的程度。
You can ask yourself the following questions to measure（测量） your anger
quotient（份额）.
10、有个推着满满一车货的顾客正好插在你前头。
A customer wheeling a full cart cuts ahead of you.
11、当你觉得怒火中烧快要爆发了，采取“改变它”或是“接受它”的策略。
When you feel anger welling up, take a change-it or accept-it approach（方法）.
12、如果你对一次已经过去很久的小挫折依然耿耿于怀，是时候释怀了。
If you still remember a minor infraction（侵害） long after it happened, it’s time to let
go.

Unit 5 Text A
The Most Important Day in My Life 我一生中最重要的那一天
Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut
you in，and the great ship，tense and anxious， groped her way toward the shore?
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你曾经在浓雾茫茫 的时候到过海上吗?那时会有这样的感觉，周围是白茫茫的一片，什么也
看不见。轮船焦急万分又小心翼 翼地摸索着靠近海岸。
I was like that ship before my education began，only I had no way of knowing how near the
harbor was．
开始接受教育之前，我就好像是那条船，只是不知道海岸还有多远。
The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher，Anne
Mansfield Sullivan，came to me．
我的老师--安. 曼斯菲尔德?萨莉文小姐来到我家的那一天，是我一生中最重要的日子。
I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives
which it connects．
每当我回想起正是那一天连接了我生活的两个完全不同的阶段时，心中就感慨万端。
It was the third of March，1887，three months before I was seven years old．
那是1887年3月5日，再过三个月，我就满七周岁了。
On the afternoon of that exciting day， I guessed vaguely from my mother's signs and from
the hurrying to and fro in the house that something unusual was about to happen，so I went
to the door and waited on the steps．
在那个激动人心的下午，我从妈妈的活动和家里人们的忙 乱中猜到要有什么不平常的事情
发生。我走到门口，在台阶上等着。
I felt approaching footsteps．
我感到有入朝我走来，
I thought it was my mother and stretched out my hand．
以为是妈妈，就伸出了手，
Someone took it， and then 1 was caught up and held close in the arms of the person who
had come to reveal all things tome，and，more important than that ,to love me．
有个人握住它，把我拉了过去，紧紧地抱在怀里。这个抱我的人，就是那个将为我揭开生
活的帷幕，也 将把她满腔的爱倾注给我的人。
The morning after my teacher came she led me into her room and gave me a doll．
第二天上午，老师把我领进她的小屋里，给我一个洋娃娃。
When I had played with it a little while， Miss Sullivan slowly spelled into my hand the
word．
玩了一会儿后，萨莉文小姐在我的手掌上慢慢地拼写着''洋娃娃这个单词。
I was at once interested in this finger play and tried to imitate it．
我对这个手指游戏非常感兴趣，尽力照着去做。
When I finally succeeded in making the letters correctly I was filled with childish pleasure
and pride．
最后终于成功地把这个单词拼对了，自己非常高兴和骄傲。
Running downstairs to my mother I held up my hand and made the letters for doll．
我下楼向妈妈跑去，伸善手指，拼出了洋娃娃这个单词。
I did not know that 1 was spelling a word or even that words existed； I simply made my
fingers go in monkey-like imitation．
当时我并不知道我在拼写单词，甚至也不知道单词的 存在，我只不过用手指像小猴子般地
模仿老师。
In the days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way many
words．among them， ，，，and a few verbs like ，．
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后来的几天，用这种我也不理解的方法，我学会了拼写很多单词，其中有别针 、帽子、
杯子和几个动词，比如坐、站、走等。
but my teacher had been with me several weeks before I understood that everything has a
name．
我和老师生活了几个星期之后，我才明白了每个东西都有自己的名称。
One day while I was playing with my new doll， Miss Sullivan gave me my old doll，too．
那天，我正在玩一个新洋娃娃，萨莉文小姐把以前那个旧的也给了我，
She then spelled．
然后她拼写出洋娃娃，想让我明白洋娃娃这个词对两个东西都适用。
Earlier in the day， we had a struggle(n.斗争；争斗) over the two words and
．
那天早些时候，我俩就一直在做杯子和水两个词的文章，
Miss Sullivan had tried to impress it on me that is ''mug'' and is
， but I persisted in mixing up the two．
她想让我明白杯子就是杯子，水就是水。但我总是弄混，
I became impatient and, seizing the new doll，I dashed it on the floor， breaking it into
pieces．
我烦了，抓起那个新洋娃娃，摔到地上，成了碎片。
I was not sorry after my fit of temper．
我发脾气之后，一点也不后悔。
In the dark，still world，I had no strong sentiment for anything．
在这个黑暗、寂静的世界中，我对任何东西都没有太深的感情。
My teacher brought me my hat， and I knew we were going out into the warm sunshine．
老师给我拿来帽子，我知道要出去沐浴和煦的阳光了。
We walked down the path to the well house．我们顺着小路向井房走去，
Someone was drawing water， and my teacher placed my hand under the spout．
有人正在打水，老师把我的手放到出水口上．
As the cool stream gushed over one hand， she spelled into the other word water， first
slowly，then rapidly．
当清凉 的水流过我的一只手时，她在另一只手上写出了水这个单词，先是慢慢的，然后
逐渐加快。
I stood still： my whole attention was fixed upon the movements of her finger．
我一动不动地站着，全神贯注地感觉她手指的动作。
Suddenly I seemed to remember something I had forgotten——a thrill of returning thought
——and the mystery of language was revealed to me．
突然，我好像记起了某些我已经忘掉的 东西，觉得一种过去的印象又回到了头脑中。从此，
语言对我不再神秘，
I knew then that the meant that wonderful cool something that was flowing
over my hand．
我明白了水就是那股清凉的、奇妙的、从我手上流过的东西。
That living word awakened my soul and set it free．
这个活生生的词唤醒了我的灵魂，打开了我智慧的窗户。
I left the well-house eager to learn．
我离开井房，急切地想学更多的东西，
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Everything had a name and each name gave birth to a new thought．
任何事物都有自己的名称，每个名称都给我带来了一个新的概念。
As we returned to the house， every object which I touched seemed to be full of life．
回家的路上，我触摸到的一切都充满了生命的活力，
That was because I saw everything with a strange， new sight that had come to me．
这是因为我以一种陌生的新眼光来看待一切。
0n entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken．
走进家门，我想起了摔碎的洋娃娃，
I felt my way to the fragments and tried in vain to put them together．
摸索着向那堆碎片走去，想把它们弄在一起，没有成功。
Then my eyes were filled with tears , for I realized what I had done，and for the first time I
felt sorry．
这时，我眼里侵满了泪水，因为我意识到我做错了事情，而且，第一次觉得后悔。
I learned a lot of new words that day．
那天，我学会了很多生词。
It would have been difficult to find a happier child than me when I lay in my small bed that
night and thought of the joys that day had brought to me， and for the first time I longed for
a new day to come．
夜里躺在床上，想起了 白天的欢乐，我觉得世界上几乎没有比我更幸福的孩子了。有生以
来，我第一次向往新的黎明的到来。
CLOZE
第五课
1、你曾经在浓雾茫茫的时候到过海上吗？那时候会有这样 的感觉：周围是白茫茫的一片，
什麽也看不见。轮船焦急万分又小心翼翼地摸索着靠近海岸。
Have you ever been at sea in a dense（浓厚的） fog（雾） when it seemed as if a
tangible（切实的） white darkness shut（笼罩） you in, and the great ship, tense
（紧张的） and anxious（担忧的）, groped（摸索） her way toward the shore（海岸）?
2、我的老师－安。曼斯费尔德。萨莉文小姐来到我家的那一天，是我一生中最重要的日子。
The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher,
Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me.
3、在那个激动人心的下午， 我从妈妈的活动和家里人们的忙乱中猜到要有什麽不平常的事
情发生。
On the afternoon of that exciting day, I guessed vaguely（含糊的） from my mother’s
signs（迹象） and from the hurrying to and fro in the house that something unusual
（不平常的） was about to happen.
4、我感到有人朝我走来，以为是妈妈，就伸出了手。
I felt approaching（接近） footsteps. I thought it was my mother and stretched out
my hand.
5、有个人握住它 ，把我拉了过去，紧紧地抱在怀里。这个抱我的人，就是那个将为我揭开
生活的帷幕，而且也将把她满腔 的爱倾注给我的的人。
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Someone took it, and then I was caught up（吸住） and held close （包围）in the arms
of the person who had come to reveal（揭示） all things to me, and, more important
than that, to love me.
6、我最后终于成功地把这个单词拼对了，自己有孩子般的高兴与骄傲。
When I finally succeeded in making the letters correctly , I was filled with childish
pleasure and pride（自豪）.
7、后来的几天，用这种我也不理解的方法，我学会了拼写很多单词。
In the days that followed, I learned to spell in this uncomprehending（不了解的） way
many words.
8、我和老师生活了几个星期之后，我才明白了每个东西都有自己的名称。
My teacher had been with me several weeks before I understood that everything
has a name.
9、在这个黑暗、寂静的世界中，我对任何东西都没有太深的感情。
In the dark, still（寂静） world, I had no strong sentiment （感情）for anything.
10、当清凉的水流过我的一只手时，她在另一只手上写出了“ 水”这个单词，先是慢慢的，
然后速度逐渐加快。
As the cool stream（流） gushed（涌） over one hand, she spelled into the other the
word water, first slowly, then rapidly.
11、我一动不动地站着，全神贯注地感觉她手指的动作。
I stood still; my whole attention was fixed upon the movements（动作） of her finger.
12、回家的路上，我触摸到的一切都充满了生命的活力。
On my way home, every object（物体） which I touched seemed to be full of life.
13、走进家门，我想起了摔碎的洋娃娃。
On entering the door I remembered the doll（洋娃娃） I had broken.
14、我摸索着向那堆碎片走去，想把它们弄在一起，没有成功。
I felt my way to the fragments（碎片） and tried in vain（徒劳的） to put them together.
15、有生以来，我第一次向往新的黎明的到来。
For the first time I longed（渴望） for a new day to come.


Ⅳ．Cloze．Please pay attention that there are more words than are necessary?
Forgot drew happened patient meant
understanding fragment tried movements arrival
game challenge contrast revealed gushed
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What a challenge I must have been to Miss Sullivan! I remember the many times she tried to
spell words into my small hand．But neither words nor letters meant anything to me．I
thought her finger movements were some kind of game．But at last。On April 5，1887，she
reached my understanding About a month after her arrival，she taught me the word
．
我对萨利文小姐是个 多大的挑战呀!我记着她多次努力，在我小手里拼写单词，但无论单词
还是字母对我都毫无意义。在我看 来。她手指的运动就是一种游戏，但1887年4月5日，
她最终触到了我的思维。她到后一个月，教会 了我水这个字。
It happened at the well where 1 was holding a mug while my teacher drew water．As the
water gushed over my hand，she kept spelling w-a-t-e-r into my other hand with her
fingers．Suddenly I understood!
这发生在井边，我拿着大 杯子，老师汲水。水从我手上流过，她用手指不停地拼写水这
个单词，突然，我理解了。


Text B He Led a Useful Life 有价值的一生
Benjamin Franklin would seem right at home among us if he were alive today.
如果本杰明．富兰克林还活着，我们会对他很熟悉。
In fact，he did a lot to shape our way of life．
事实上，他做了许多对我们的生活方式发生重大影响的事情。
Right now you are probably nodding your head and thinking，，yes- we learned a11
about old B．F．in the fifth grade．
你可能会立刻点头说：对，是的，我们在五年级的时候就知道富兰克林的故事了。
But let's see whether you really know ．
但是- 让我们来看一下，你是否真正完全了解他。

You probably know that he was a stout old fellow with a bald head who flew a kite with a
key fastened to it and signed the Declaration of Independence．
你或许知道他是位健壮的秃顶老人，曾经把钥匙系在风筝线上，还签署了《独立宣言》。
All that is true，but there is a lot more to know about this man who had so many useful ideas
and served his country in so many different ways．
这都是真的，但是关于他还有许多事情有待我们了解，他还有许多有价值的想法，并为自< br>己的国家在许多方面做出了贡献。
Franklin had a practical mind．When he saw a problem，he tried to do something about it．
富兰克林擅长实践，一旦发现问题就立即着手解决。
The houses of Philadelphia were built of wood and easily caught fire．
费城的房子都是木制的结构，很容易着火。
Neighbors tried to help each other，but they could do little to save a burning house．
一发生火灾，即使邻里之间都来帮忙救火，也作用不大。
So Franklin organized a fire-fighting company．
因此，富兰克林就组建了一个消防公司。
Philadelphia's fire loss became so low that the first fire-insurance company in the United
Sates was soon set up there．
这大大降低了费城的火灾损失，这使美国第一家火灾保险公司得以很快成立了。
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Ben Franklin was one of its directors．
富兰克林担任了其中一个部门的经理。
He also persuaded the city to pave and light its streets．
他还说服市政府为城市铺设道路并安装路灯。
Again，the fact that people had trouble keeping their houses warm in winter set Franklin's
active mind to work．
此外，富兰克林活跃的思想甚至使他还考虑如何解决人们冬天房间取暖困难这一问题。
He decided that the big fireplaces were to blame．
他判断出问题出在大壁炉这儿，
Because they were set deep into the wall． they did not let enough heat reach the middle of
the room．
因为壁炉深深地砌在墙里，热量不能充分散发到房间里。
So he drew some plans and hired an ironworker to make the potbellied Franklin stove．
于是他就画了一张设计图，并雇铁匠按图纸铸造了一个大肚子的炉子--被称为富兰克林炉
子。
It stood in the middle of a room and threw off heat in every direction．
把炉子放到房间中央，这样热量就能向各个方向散发了。
He did not patent the invention．
富兰克林没有申请发明专利，
He was too busy with his discoveries to bother with making money．
因为他总是忙于发现新问题，根本无暇顾及挣钱。
Although he was a wealthy man by the time he was forty-two， money by itself did not
interest him．
虽然四十二岁时，他已经是位富翁了，但并不是金钱本身使他感兴趣。
He valued it because it enabled him to retire from business．
他在乎钱是因为有了钱他就不至于为了谋生而忙碌不止，
Then he had time to spend on other things that seemed more worthwhile．
他就能摆脱繁琐事务的羁绊把精力投入到他认为更有意义的事情上。
What he really cared for most of all was science．
他真正喜欢的是科学本身。
Franklin was always trying to answer the question：
富兰克林一直在试图回答这么一个问题：
What makes things act the way they do?
是什么使物体按照各自的规律运行?
At that time learned men were puzzled(被动，过去式) about electricity．
当时知识界都对电的现象迷惑不解。
They wondered whether it was in some way like the lightning in a thunderstorm．
人们猜测这是不是像雷雨时闪电一样。
It might be， but how could you prove it--by coaxing （v.哄，耐心使??） some electricity
down his kite string．
可能如此，但怎样证实呢?富兰克林证实了这一问题-- 他通过风筝线把闪电从天空导下来。
That act made him famous in America and Europe．
这使他一下子名声响誉欧美。
But，of course，Franklin did not stop here．
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但是，富兰克林当然不会就此止步。
He found a way to make the knowledge useful：he invented the lighting rod．
他发现了利用这一知识的方法：那就是避雷针。
Franklin would gladly have spent the rest of his days in quiet study and research．
富兰克林很高兴把余生的时间投入到安静的学习和研究中。
But he was fl very important person now，and the country needed him for public service．
但是，他当时已经是位重要人物了，国家需要他为公众事业服务。
Disagreement between the colonies and the British was becoming quite serious．Pennsylvania
needed a representative in England．
随着殖民地与英国本土之间矛盾的加剧，费城需要一位驻英国的代表。
Would Dr．Franklin accept the post ? He would．
富兰克林会接受这个位置吗？他接受了。
He went to London and stayed there for more than ten years．
他来到英国并且一呆就是十多年。
He did his best and might have helped to delay the war．
他竭力避免战争的爆发。
But both sides were too angry to reach agreement．
但是双方都怒不可遏，难以达成协议。
Franklin returned home just as the Revolutionary War began， arriving in time to sign the
Declaration of 1ndependence．
就在独立战争爆发前，富兰克林回到了美国，及时地赶回来签署了《独立宣言》。
He was now seventy years old and his health was not good．
当时他已经七十多岁了，而且身体情况很不好。
He would gladly have settled down at home．
他很高兴能回家安享晚年。
But America needed help from France to carry on the war， and she asked Dr．Franklin to
win this help．
但是，美国要继续这场战争必须取得法国的支持，这需要富兰克林博士去赢得支持。
He answered．．If there is one corner left which can be
useful to my country．1 will be honored．
他答复 到：我就像一条破旧的地毯，哪怕有一个残留的角能有益于我的祖国，我也感到万
分荣兴。
Hi s first step was to ．
他采取的第一步措施就是把自己所有的积蓄都作为贷款交给了国会。
He wanted to prove his faith in the new American government and encourage others to
support it．Then he set sail for France．
他想以此来表明他对国会的信任，并鼓励他人支持国会.然后他启程来到法国。
In Paris，Franklin was warmly welcomed．
在巴黎，富兰克林受到了热烈的欢迎。
Although he was a simple man，he was a shrewd diplomat．
他虽然单纯直爽，但同时又是位精明的外交官。
He spoke very poor French，but he always chose the right words for the occasion．
他法语讲得并不好，但总是能针对不同的场合选择最恰当的语言。
He finally persuaded King Louis of France to declare war on England．
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最后，他终于说服路易国王对英国宣战，
That was an important achievement．
这是一项重大的成就。
It was only with the aid of the French fleet that Washington was able to win the war and
American independence．
只有在法国舰队的援助下，华盛顿才能率领美国人民赢得这场战争并取得美国独立。
Benjamin Franklin returned to America．
本杰明富兰克林回到了美国。
He was very old now，and in poor health．
他已步入垂暮之年，身体状况很差。
But still he did not settle down and retire to his comfortable home．
但他并没有就此停下来，引退回到舒适的家中。
He sat through the long arguments on the terms of the Constitution．
他坐着听完了关于宪法条款的长时间的争论。
Twice，the meetings would have failed if he had not helped the delegates to agree．
如果不是他帮助代表们达成一致，有两次会议都要以失败而告终。
Ben Franklin died in 1790 at the age of eighty-four．
本杰明富兰克林于1790年逝世，享年84岁。
He had spent all his adult life helping people．
他倾尽毕生的力量来帮助他人。
Years before，he had told his mother that that was his aim．
早在多年前他就曾对母亲表达了自己的愿望。
When he died he did not want people to say，．
people would remember him and say，．
他不希望人们在他死后评价说：他死的时 候非常富有。他所希望的是人们会记着他并说：
他的一生是有价值的。

Unit 6Text A
The British Educational System 英国的教育体系
All over the world，the mention of English education suggests a picture of“public schools”，
and it suggests in particular the names of certain very famous instructions—Eton，Oxford
and Cambridge; but People do not always realize what place these institutions occupy in
the who1e educational system．
一提起英国教育呈现在人们 面前的往往是一幅“公学”的画面，特别是一些著名的教育机
构——伊顿、牛津、剑桥等；但是人们往往 不了解这些机构在英国整个教育体系中所占的
位置。
Oxford and Cambridge are universities each haying about 12，000 students out of a total of
over 250，000 students at all British universities．
牛津和剑桥两所大学分别拥有大约12 000在校生，而全英在校大学生的总数超过250 000。
Eton is a public school，and the best known of the public schools. which，in spite of their
name，are not really public at all，but independent and private secondary schools taking boys
from the age thirteen to eighteen years．
伊顿是所公学，也是最著名的公学, 尽管名字叫公学，其实并不是真正意义上的公立学校，
而是所独立的私立中学。它只招收13-18岁的男孩。
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The public schools in reality form a very small part of the whole system of secondary
education； only about one out of forty English boys goes to a public school，and one out of
1，500 goes to Eton．
实际上，公学仅仅是英国整个中学教育体系中的一 小部分；在英国仅有1／40的男孩能进
入公学读书，而1 500个中只有1个能上伊顿公学。
Apart from the so-called public schools there is a complete system of state primary and
secondary education．which resembles in general the state education in most other
countries． < br>除了所谓的公学之外，英国还有一套完整的国立小学、中学教育体系，这同大部分国家的
国立教育 大体相似。
A11 children must, by law , receive fulltime education between the ages of five and sixteen．
法律规定所有5～16岁的孩子必须接受全日制教育，
Any child may attend，without paying fees， a school provided by the public authorities, and
the great majority attend such schools．
任何孩子都可免费到由政府当局开办的学校读书。
They may continue，still without paying fees，until they are eighteen．
大部分孩子都上这类学校，并且可以一直读到18岁。
In presenting an overall picture of English education it would be reasonable to concentrate
on the state system alone and refer briefly to the public schools．
要全面介绍英国的教育，应单独集中介绍其国立教育体系，同时简要介绍其公学教育。
However，a1though the public schools are not important numerically， they have been
England’s most peculiar and characteristic contribution to educational methods and they
have an immense influence on the whole educational practice and on the English social
structure．
然而，尽管从数量上讲公学所占的地位不算重要，但它对英国的教育方 法做出了最特殊、
最具特色的贡献，对整个英国的教育实践和社会结构产生了重大的影响。
For a hundred years most men in leading positions in banking ,insurance ,high finance，some
industries ,the army，the church and conservative politics have been educated at public
schools．
近百年来在银行、保险、高级金融、工业、军队、宗教、保守政见等领域的 顶尖人才大都
曾在公学接受过教育。
Things are beginning to change but it will take time．
尽管近来情况开始有所变化，但短时间内变化还不明显。
Among the universities Oxford and Cambridge hold a dominant position．
牛津大学和剑桥大学在大学教育领域处于领先地位。
Of cabinet ministers who went to universities，nearly all went to one or the other of these
two，and to Oxford in particular．
读过大学的内阁大臣中几乎都上过这两所大学中的某一所，特别是牛津大学。
A student who receives further full—time education after the age of eighteen, either at a
university or at a teacher’s training college or at some other college giving training of a
special type，can usually receive a grant from the public authorities to cover his expenses，
or most of them，unless his parents have a large income．
学生满18岁后，若要进一步接受全日制教育，可以选择 读综合性大学、教师训练学院或者
其他提供专门培训的学院。政府当局通常可以提供给学生助学金以支付 其全部或大部分学
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费，除非学生的父母收人很高不需要资助。
But the number of young people who can enter universities is limited by the capacity of
universities， which is less than enough to take all the young people who have the basic
qualifications for university admission．
但是由于受到大学容量的限制，上大学的青年人的数量是有限的，这些大学的数 量不能容
纳下所有具备基本入学资格的学生。
In practice，therefore，entry to universities is competitive．
因此实事上，上大学是有竞争性的。
But university degree courses are also available at polytechnics，and entry to the Open
University is less restricted．
但是学生还可能选择上工科学院的学位课程，而且上函授大学所受限制则小得多。
The academic year begins after the summer holidays and is divided into three
“terms”． with the intervals between them formed by the Christmas and Easter holidays．
每学年的开始从暑假后的学期算，并且分为三个“学期”，由圣诞节、复活节两个假期间
隔开来。
The exact dates of the holidays vary from area to area． being in general about two weeks at
Christmas and Easter， plus often a week or more at Whitsun，and six weeks in the
summer，beginning rather late．
各学校的具体放假时间因地 区差异而不同，大致上圣诞节、复活节各两周的假，加上通常
一周或更长一点的圣灵降临节假期和六周的 暑假，暑假开始得相当晚。
Schools outside the state system decide on their own holiday dates， generally taking a
month off at Christmas and Easter and eight weeks in the summer ．
不受国家教育体制限制的学校自行决定放 假时间，通常是圣诞节、复活节各放一个月，暑
假放八周。
The three terms are not everywhere called by the same names； indeed some schools call the
January—March period“the Spring Term”， others use“Spring Term”for the period April
—July．
这三个学期在不同的 地区叫法不完全一样。实际上一些学校称一至三月学期为“春季学期”，
另外一个称呼是称四至七月学期 为“春季期”。
Some call the January term“Winter term”(which is logica1).others call it“Easter Term”．
另外一个称呼是称四至七月学期为“春季期”。一些地方称一月学期为“冬季学期” (这是逻
辑上的叫法)，而有另外一个称呼则是“复活节学期”。
Day-schools mostly work Monday to Friday only．from about 9 a．m．to between 3 and 4
p.m．
大部分日校周一至周五上课，大约从早晨九点上到下午三点或四点。
Lunch is provided and parents pay for it unless they prove to the authorities that they
cannot well afford to．
学校通常提供午饭，但学生父母要付钱，除非他们向官方证明自己负担不起。
All primary school children，including those in independent schools，were given milk free of
charge until 1970 when the Government abolished this benefit．
所有的小学包括私立学校都向学生提供免费的牛奶，直到1970年政府取消了这一福利。
CLOZE
第六课
1、除了很少的几句外，我对法语一无所知。
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Apart（除－之外） from a few words, I do not know any French at all.
2、许多妇女对其丈夫有影响。
Many a woman has had an influence（影响） upon her husband.
3、我们应该把注意力集中在提高学生的英语水平上。
We should concentrate（集中） our attention on improving the students’ English
level.
4、幼儿园教师经常带领孩子去看飞机起飞或降落。
The nursery（托儿所） teacher often leads her children to watch aircrafts take off or
land.
5、所有的饮料都是免费的。
All the drinks are free of charge.
6、最后他决定买一束玫瑰花送给那个生病的小女孩。
In the end, he decided on buying a bunch（束） of roses（玫瑰） for the sick girl.
7、政府给了我们一笔补助，用来盖另外一间教室。
The government gave us a grant to build another classroom..
8、总的说来，这次演出是受欢迎的。
Overall, the performance is enjoyed.
9、申请这个工作你所具备的条件是什麽？
What qualifications（条件） have you got to have for this job?
10、他把他的成功归于他以前所受的良好教育。
He referred（归诸于） his success to the good education he had had.
11、在当前强烈竞争的社会，我们应该具有全面的能力。
In a highly competitive（竞争的） society, we should have overall abilities.
12、电影票价为五美元。
The admission（允许进入） to the movie was five dollars.

Please pay attention that there are more words than are necessary?
afford attain backbring fetch good in mention
offer on private report return well under
There are many ways of attaining education at all levels．Many high schools，colieges，
community or district adult schools as well as business and industrial institutions offer
noncredit(无学分的)daytime or evening classes in dozens of fields and skills． It is reported
that about 1 3 million Americans participate in different forms of adult education through
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schools，job training，or correspondence one in four American adults
participate in an organized learning group each vear。In recent years，there has been a trend
to bring in older students for post．secondary education degree．As has been mentioned，
the communitv college has made it possible for all sections of the population to have higher
education．Other colleges and universities，both public and private．also offer what is now
called“continuing education”programs or“lifelong education”programs of associate
degrees?graduate studies or professional development．Under such a system，a worker may
contmue his study even on a part—time basis，and a retired person may return college at an
advanced age．
有许多接受不同层次教 育的方式。许多高中、大学、社区或区域成人学校以及工商业
学术机构都提供许多领域和技能的无学分日 班或夜班。据报道，美国大约有1300万人通过
学校、职业培训或函授课程来参与不同形式的成人教育 。大约四分之一的美国成人每年都
要参加有组织的学习团体。近几年来，有一种趋势是让年龄大一点的学 生获得中等教育学
位。正如前面所提到的，社区大学可以使任何年龄段的人拥有接受高等教育的机会。其 他
学院和大学，包括公立和私立的，都提供“继续教育”或“终身教育”，用来获得副学位、
毕 业教育或职业进修。在这样的教育体系下，工人可以进行业余教育，上了年纪的退休的
人也可以进入大学 学习。

Text B
Higher Education in the United States 美国的高等教育

In the United States,a student who has finished high school may want to continue in higher
education．
在美国，一名中学生高中毕业后，如果想继续接受高等教育，
There are several ways to continue in higher education in the United States．
他可以有以下几种选择方式：
There are universities, colleges，community colleges，and technical or vocational schools．
综合大学、四年制学院、社区学院、职业或技术学院。
Each of these kinds of higher education will be described below．
对这几种高等教育方式，下文将分别加以介绍。
A university is much larger than a college． It is larger for two reason.
综合大学比四年制学院规模大，表现在两个方面。
First，a university in the United States usually has several different colleges in it.
首先，美国综合大学通常设有若干个学院。
Each college within a university has a special subject area．
每个学院都有专门的学科领域。
There may be a college of liberal arts where humanities， social science ,natural science, and
mathematics are taught．
一般设有文学院，开设的课程有人文学科、社会科学、自然科学和数学等。
There may be a college of education where students learn to be teachers．
也可能设有教育学院，学生可以在这里通过学习成为教师。
There may be a college of business where business subjects are taught．
也可能设有商学院开设商业课程。
All of these colleges may be part of one university.
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所有这些学院可能仅占一所综合性大学的一部分。
Sometimes，in a university，each college is called a“school”：“The School of Liberal Arts”，
“The school of Business”or“The School of Education．
有时，综合大学内的每一个学院都可被称为学院：文学院、商学院、教育学院。
Second，a university always has programs for advanced or graduate study in a variety of
subjects．
其次，综合大学总是设有多种学科的高级专业学院或研究院，
There may be a medical school，a law school，and other advanced programs．
比如医学院、法学院或其他高级专业学院等等。
Students in the United States must have a high school diploma or its equivalent, to enter one
of the colleges in a university．
在美国，学生要入综合性大学的学院学习，必须有高中毕业证或者具有同等学力。
Most students have completed regular high school programs．
大部分学生都完成了正规的高中教育课程，
Some older students may have the same amount of education even though they have not
completed high schoo1．
一些年龄大的学生尽管没有完成正规的高中学习，但也接受了同等程度的教育。
These students have the equivalent of a high school degree．
这些学生具有高中同等学力。
University students may study for an undergraduate degree in the arts or sciences．
大学学生可以通过学习获得理学或文学的本科学位。
If they complete a course of study in the arts，they receive Bachelor of Arts degrees．In the
sciences，they receive B．S．degree．
如果完成了文科的课程学习将获得文学学士学位，理科的学生将获得理学学士学位。
Students may leave university at this time，or they may choose to go on for a graduate or
professional degree．
大学毕业后，学生可以离开学校或选择继续攻读研究生学位或专业学位。
A university may get money for its expenses from several different sources．
综合大学经费的资金来源可有以下几个方面。
It may get some money from the state government．If so, it is a publicly funded university．
若是依靠政府提供资金，就是公办大学。
It may get money only from private sources：
也有的学校资金依靠私人来源：
contributions ,tuition(fee for teaching)，investments，and other sources．
捐献、学费、投资及其他来源等等，
If this is the case．it is a privately funded university．
这种类型的学校是私立大学。
Finally，a university may be funded by a religious group．
另外一种类型的就是靠教会支持的大学。
A university program for undergraduates usually takes four years．
综合性大学本科教育计划通常是四年。
In this way，a university and a college are alike．
这一点和四年制学院相似。
College students usually spend four years in school also．
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学院的学生通常也要在学校渡过四年的时间。
A college，however，usually has only one or two kinds of programs．
但是四年制学院通常仅有一到两种类型的课程计划。
A college does not have graduate or professional programs in a variety of areas．
学院在各种领域不设研究生或专业课程教育。
A college is also like a university in the kinds of students it has．
在学生类型上，四年制学院的和综合性大学的差不多。
College students，like university students，usually have a high school diploma when they
enter college．
同综合性大学的学生一样，四年制学院的学生在入学时通常都有高中毕业证。
If a college student completes a course of study in the arts，he or she receives a Bachelor of
Arts degree．
如果四年制学院的学生完成了文科的课程学习，也获得文学学士学位。
In the sciences，the students receive A Bachelor of Science degree．
理科的学生获得理学学士学位。
If college students want to continue for a graduate or professional degree，they must go to a
university．
如果四年学院的学生想继续攻读研究生学位或专业学位，必须到综合性大学去。
The college is usually funded in one of the three ways．
四年制学院经费来源通常也不外乎上文所列的三种方式。
It may be publicly or privately funded．Or，it may be funded by a religious group．
可能是公立的也可能是私立的，或者可能是教会资助的。
Compared to universities and colleges，community colleges in the United States are quite
different．
在美国，社区学院同综合性大学和四年制学院相当不一样。
The programs of study in the community college usually last only two years．Many different
subjects are taught in the community college． but not all subjects．
社区学院一般是两年制，并开设许多不同的课程。
Not all of the subjects are taught in the community college． Not all of the subjects are the
usual school subjects．
有些课程是平常学校所不开设的。
The community college may give courses in dental(of the teeth)technology，auto mechanics，
sewing。and many other nonacademic subjects．
社区学院可能会开设牙科技术、汽车机械、缝纫及其他一些非学术性课程等，
The community college may also have courses in the regular academic subjects like science，
math，languages，literature， and other courses in the humanities．
也开设一些常规的文化课程，比如像自然科学、数学、语言课、文学及其他一些人文学科
等。
Many different types of students study at community colleges．
社区学院内有各种类型的学生。
Not all students have a high school diploma．
有些学生没有高中毕业。
Many students are adults with children，and sometimes with grandchildren，of their own．
许多学生都是有孩子的成年人，有时候有些学生都有孙子了。
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The community college serves the community， and anyone who lives nearby may go．
社区学院为社区服务，住在社区附近的任何人都可以入社区学院上学。
When community college students complete a two-year program，they receive an associate of
arts or associate of science degree．
社区学院的学生完成两年制学业后可以获得准文学学士学位或准理学学士学位。
They may then go to a college or university for two more years to get the bachelor’s degree．
然后他们可以到综合大学或学院继续上两年以获得学士学位。
However，the student may get a job instead，or just stop going to schoo1．
也可能就停止上学，开始工作了。
Community colleges are nearly always publicly funded，by the state， country，or city
government．
社区学院几乎都是由州、县、或市政府出资成立的。
They are not usually funded by religious groups．
一般不由教会资助。
The community college gives training for a variety of jobs，and also has all academic
program．
社区学院为各种类型的工作提供培训，同时也开设文化课程。
The technical or vocational school，however, has only job training．
但是职业技术学校只进行工作培训，
Its programs may last a short time or a long time．
时间可能短也可能长。
Some programs take six months． while other programs may take two years or more to
complete．
有些培训期要要半年，有些可能要两年甚至更长。
Students in the technical or vocational school may have a high school diploma.
有些职业技术学校的学生已经高中毕业
Many，however，do not have the diploma．，
但是大部分没有高中毕业证。
Many people go to a technical or vocational school instead of going to high schoo1．When
they complete their training，they may be able to get a good job right away．
许多人选择读职业技术学校而不是高中，结束培训后可能会立即找到一份好工作。
The technical or vocational school provides training for work in areas such as electronics，
carpentry，plumbing，and others．
职业技术学校为一些工作领域提供培训，比如电子、木工、水管装修等等。
The technical or vocational school may be funded in any of the ways already described．
职业技术学校经费来源可能是上述资助方式中的任何一种。
It may be publicly or privately funded，or it may be funded by a religious group．
它可能是公办的也可能是私立的，或者可能是由教会资助建立的。
Other sources of money for this kind of school are trade unions or charity organizations．
这类学校的其他资金来源还有工会或慈善组织。
Students who have finished high school，and even some who do not go to high school may
choose from these four kinds of higher education in the United States．
在美国，高中毕业的学生甚至一些不想上高中的学生可以从这四类高等教育方式中选择一
种。
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High school students who want further academic or professional training may go to a college
or university．
想进一步接受学术或专业教育的高中学生可以上综合性大学或四年制学院。
Students who want both academic and nonacademic training may go to the community
college．
学术和非学术性的培养都想接受的学生可以上社区大学。
Students who want to get job may go to a technical or vocational schoo1．
想早工作的学生可以上职业技术学校。
Students may choose the kind of higher education that they like best．
学生可以从中选择他们最喜欢的高等教育方式。



Unit 7 Text A
Christmas 圣诞节
Christmas is a religious holiday．
圣诞节是个宗教节日，
It is celebrated on December 25 as the birthday of Christ．
每年12月25日基督生日，人们欢庆圣诞。
Most churches have Christmas Eve services．
大多数教堂都举办圣诞夜宗教仪式，
The services usually begin just before midnight on Christmas Eve and end early Christmas
morning．
这些仪式一般从圣诞夜开始，一直持续到圣诞节大清早。
It was not until the 4th century that the church in Rome began to celebrate Christmas．
直到公元4世纪，罗马教堂才开始庆祝圣诞。（作为汉译英考过了）
Midwinter festivals had always been celebrated by many peoples．
各族人一直都在冬天欢庆节日。
The approach of the winter time，as the days grew shorter and colder and the sun seemed to
threaten to disappear entirely， was a time of fear．
冬天是个让人害怕的时节，天变短了，变冷了，太阳好像有全部消失的危险。
But the shortest day also meant that winter was leaving and that ahead were spring， the
warmth of the sun and the return of vegetation to the fields．
但白天最短也意味着冬天即将离去，春天就要来了，温暖的阳光，田野里植物返青也不远
了。
Christmas is a family holiday．
圣诞节是个家庭节日。
Stores，post offices，banks，and businesses close for the day．
店铺、邮局、银行、商行都要关门。
Schools and colleges close between Christmas and New Year’s Day．
中小学和大学在圣诞和新年间放假一周。
People stay at home and spend the time with their families．
人们在家里和家人团聚，
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Everybody tries to come home for Christmas．
每个人都努力赶回家过圣诞。
People send cards or Christmas greetings to their families and friends．
人们给家人和朋友寄上贺卡，表达圣诞的祝福。
Some families send and get dozens of Christmas cards through the mail．
有些家庭要通过邮局寄送和接收成打的贺卡，
They wish their friends“ A Merry Christmas’’and“A Happy New Year”．
祝愿朋友“圣诞快乐”、“新年快乐”。
The day before the vacation begins， schools have Christmas parties and programs．
放假的前一天，学校要举行圣诞聚会，表演节目。
The children sing Christmas songs and recite Christmas poems．
孩子们唱圣诞歌曲，朗诵圣诞诗篇，
They trim their Christmas trees with strings of colored lights．
用一串串的彩灯装饰圣诞树。
They put glass ornaments on the trees．They throw little pieces of white paper over the trees
and put white paper or a white sheet around the feet of the trees，so that they seem to be
covered with snow．
他们把玻璃装饰品挂在树上 ，把白纸片撒在树上和周围，用白纸包住圣诞树的底部，仿佛
白雪皑皑。
Sometimes they hang Christmas cookies and little candies around them．
有时，他们也挂上圣诞点心和糖块。
The use of mistletoe as part of Christmas decorations[ 装饰品 ]in private houses is common
in the United States．
美国家庭普遍用榭寄生作为圣诞节装饰的一部分。
A spring is fastened to a chandelier in the living room and the youths regard it as their
privilege to kiss any pretty young girl who wittingly or unwittingly stands under it．
把一个弹簧系在起居室的枝形吊灯上， 小伙子们把亲吻有意无意地站在树下的漂亮姑娘看
做他们的特权。
Kissing under the mistletoe originated in Britain in the early 17th century．
这一风俗源于17世纪的英国，
The custom was for a berry to be removed from the bough[报] every time a girl was kissed
under it．
最初是这样的：每当树下一个姑娘被亲吻时，人们就会从圣诞树枝上拿走一个浆果，
When all the berries had been removed the kissing came to an end．
浆果拿没了，亲吻活动也就结束了。
Little children hang up their stockings on Christmas Eve near their beds， and they believe
that when they are asleep， Santa Claus will come to visit them．
小孩在圣诞夜把长筒袜挂在床边，他们相信睡着的时候，圣诞老人就会来看他们。
He comes down from the North Pole and drives a big sled．
圣诞老人驾着大雪橇从北极来，
In the sled are toys for all the good children．
雪橇上放着给好孩子准备的礼物。
Eight little reindeer pull the sled there through the air．
八头小驯鹿在空中拉着雪橇，
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Santa gets out when he comes to the roof of the children’s house．
到孩子家房顶时，圣诞老人走下雪橇，
He comes down the chimney with a bag of toys．
背着大口袋，顺着烟囱到屋里。
If the children have been good, he will fill their stockings with candies, fruits and toys，and
he also puts some toys under the tree．
要是孩子表现好的话；他就会用点心、水果、玩具塞满长筒袜, 树下，圣诞老人也放些玩具。
On Christmas morning， children look into their stockings．
圣诞节清早，孩子们看各自的长筒袜内有什么，
They open their Christmas packages and examine their gifts．
他们打开圣诞包，．看收到了什么礼物。
Usually the whole family has a big Christmas dinner in the afternoon or evening．
一般来说，在下午或晚上，整个家庭要好好地吃顿圣诞家宴。
The Christmas dinner，which is similar to the Thanksgiving feast， is traditionally
distinguished by a plum—Pudding dessert．
这顿家宴和感恩节的宴席差不多，传统的特色是要有葡萄干、布丁甜食。
Sometimes American families trim trees outside their homes．
有些美国家庭也要修剪装饰户外周围的树，
They put electric lights in a tree growing near the door and at night，they turn on the lights.
在门口的树上挂起电灯，晚上打开电灯。
Many towns have very large Christmas trees set up outdoors in the parks．
许多城镇在公园内的露天场地上都竖起很大的圣诞树。
In many rural sections of the country and in sections of some cities， candles，placed near the
windows， light the paths of singers who go from house to house singing．
在一些乡间和城市的地方，人们把蜡烛放在窗口，为挨家挨户唱圣诞歌曲的歌手照明道路。
The air is filled with Christmas songs， and the stores are decorated in red and green，the
traditional Christmas colors ．
空气中弥漫着圣诞的歌声，商店也装饰得红红绿绿——这是圣诞的传统颜色。
Dozens of Santa Clauses welcome the customers．
许多圣诞老人招呼着顾客。
The common people have created legends of Santa Claus as a symbol of their deep love for
children．
普通群众创造了关于圣诞老人的各种传说，以表达对孩子深深的爱意。
However，the businessmen and the advertising companies on the main roads have turned
Santa Claus into a cold commercial attraction．
主要街道两旁的商人和广告公司则把圣诞老人当作了冰冷的商业诱惑。
Christmas is the biggest time for selling goods and American newspapers and magazines
make a countdown before Christmas：
圣诞节是最繁忙的销售季节，美国各报纸杂志在圣诞节前纷纷打出倒计时牌，
“Twenty—one shopping days before Christmas，twenty days before Christmas．．．”．
“距圣诞节还有21天购物时间”，“距圣诞节还有20天购物时间”，
“Employ your time, for time glides on with speedy foot．”
“抓紧时间购物，时间转瞬即逝”。
CLOZE
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第七课
1、直到公元四世纪，罗马的教会才开始庆祝圣诞。
It was not until the 4th century that the church in Rome began to celebrate
Christmas.考过了
2、冬天是个让人害怕的时节，天变短了，变冷了，太阳好像有全面消失的危险。
The approach（接近） of the winter time, as the days grew shorter and colder and the
sun seemed to threaten（可能来临） to disappear（消失） entirely（完全地）, was a
time of fear（害怕、恐怖）.
3、白天最短也意味着冬天即将离去，春天要来了，温暖的阳光，田野里植物返青也不远了。
The shortest day also meant that winter was leaving and that ahead（向前） were
spring, the warmth of the sun and return of vegetation（植物生长） to the fields.
4、他们祝愿朋友“圣诞快乐”“新年快乐”。They wish their friends“A Merry Christmas”
and “A happy New Year.”
5、他们用一串串的彩灯装饰圣诞树。They trim（装饰） their Christmas trees with strings
（一串） of colored lights.
6、他们把白纸片撒在树上和周围，用白纸包住圣诞树的底部，仿佛树上白雪皑皑。
They throw little pieces of white paper over the trees and put white paper or a white
sheet（床单） around the feet of the trees, so that they seem to be covered with
snow.
7、小伙子们把亲吻有意无意地站在树下的漂亮姑娘看作他们的特权。
The youths regard（把－认作） it as their privilege（特权） to kiss any pretty young
girl who wittingly（有意地） or unwittingly stands under it.
8、在树下亲吻这一风俗源于十七世纪的英国。
Kissing under the tree originated（起源） in Britain in the early 17 th century.
9、每当树下一个姑娘被亲吻时，人们就会从圣诞树枝上拿走一个浆果。
A berry（浆果） was to be removed from the bough（主枝） every time a girl was
kissed under it.
10、小孩在圣诞夜把长统袜挂在床边，他们相信睡着的时候，圣诞老人就会来看他们。
Little children hang up their stockings on Christmas Eve near their beds, and they
believe that when they are asleep, Santa Claus will come to visit them.
11、圣诞节家宴和感恩节的筵席差不多，但最传统的特色就是要有葡萄干布丁甜食。
The Chrismas dinner, which is similar to the Thanksgiving feast, is traditionally
distinguished（以－为特征） by a plum-pudding（葡萄干布丁） dessert（甜点）.
12、许多城镇都在公园内树起很大的圣诞树。
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Many towns have very large Christmas trees set up outdoors in the parks. 考过了
13、空气中弥漫着圣诞的歌声，商店也装饰得红红绿绿－这是圣诞节的传统颜色。
The air is filled with the sounds of Christmas songs, and the stores are decorated
（装饰） in red and green, the traditional Christmas colors.
14、普通群众创造了关于圣诞老人的各种传说，以表达对孩子深深的爱意。
The common people have created（创造） legends（传说） of Santa Claus as a
symbol（象征） of their deep love for the children.
15、主要街道两旁的商人和广告公司把圣诞老人当作了冰冷的商业诱惑。
The businessmen and the advertising companies (on the main roads ) have turned
Santa Claus into a cold commercial attraction（吸引）.

Ⅳ．Cloze．Please pay attention that there are more words than are necessary.
lights hanging leave exchange ornaments
cards near church courts stockings
under shopping under traditional fun
Many people exchange presents and send Christmas cards to their family and friends．
在圣诞节，许多人交换礼物，给家人寄送贺卡。
They open their presents on Christmas Eve or Christmas morning．
他们在圣诞节前夜或圣诞节早上打开礼物。
Often they leave the brightly wrapped packages under Christ． runs Trees and children
have fun for guessing what special surprises are in store for them．
通常，他们把这些色彩绚烂的礼包放在圣诞树下，孩子们猜测包中有什么，从中获得乐趣。
As the colorful cards arrive, Americans enjoy hanging them on the Christmas trees．
收到五颜六色的贺卡后，美国人喜欢把它们挂在圣诞树上。
Many families go to church on Christmas Eve or Christmas morning． Then they come
home to enjoy a traditional Christmas dinner．
许多家庭在圣诞前夜或圣诞节上午去教堂，然后回家享用传统的圣诞家宴。
Their favorite courses are turkey，goose，and plum pudding．
他们最喜欢的菜是火鸡、鹅和葡萄干布丁。
Before going to bed．children hang their stockings by their beds，hoping some candles and
tovs will be given by Santa Claus．
睡觉之前，孩子们把长筒袜挂在床边，希望圣诞老人会给他们送来糖果和玩具。


Text B
Thanksgiving Day 感恩节(已出过英译汉了2006-04)
Thanksgiving Day comes on the fourth Thursday in November．
感恩节是11月的第四个周四。
Every year，the president writes a letter to the people．
每年，美国总统都要给美国人民一封信，
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He writes that the fourth Thursday in November will be a national holiday．
信中说，11月的第四个周四是全国性的节日。
All the stores． banks，schools and offices close。
这一天，所有商店、银行、办公场所都不上班。
The people can spend Thanksgiving Day with their families．
人们同家人欢庆感恩节。
When the Pilgrims landed in 1620 near Cape Cod，Massachusetts．their first year was very
hard．
1620年，英国首批清教徒在马萨诸塞的科德角附近登陆。他们在美洲的第一年非常艰难，
The winter was much colder than they were used to and many people died．
冬天很冷，他们不习惯，许多人死了。
Fortunately，the Indians were friendly to them．
幸运的是，当地印地安人对他们很友好，
They showed them how to plant corn and helped them with fishing and trapping．
教给他们怎样种玉米，帮他们打猎、捕鱼。
Conditions began to improve in the spring of 1621．The Pilgrims planted a large crop and in
the fall，they had a good harvest．
1621年春天，情况有了好转，清教徒们种了很多庄稼，秋天获得了大丰收。
Besides, there were a lot of wild vegetables and fruits．Fish and game were plentiful．
除此之外，当地野菜、野果很多，鱼和猎物也应有尽有。
Therefore，they were able to get enough fresh meat despite their lack of skill or experience in
hunting and fishing．
虽然他们打鱼、狩猎的技能和经验并不多，但也能够吃上足够的鲜肉。
Their health improved with the warm weather and their better diet．
随着天气变暖，食物增多，他们的健康状况也有了好转。
In the fall，they looked over the past year and were both regretful and thankful．
秋天时回想过去的一年，这些清教徒们既感到遗憾，又充满感激。
Only fifty of the original one hundred passengers remained．The price in human lives and
the tragedy had been great．
最初的一百人仅活下来一半，生命和所遭受痛苦的代价十分巨大。
0n the other hand，they saw new hope for the future．
另一方面，他们看到了未来的希望，
They were happy and thankful．
既感到高兴，又充满感激。
They knew they had enough food for the second winter with the splendid harvest．
他们知道获得了丰收，第二个冬天的食物已经足够了。
They had eleven crude houses for protection against the severe winter．
他们建了十一座抵御严寒的简陋房屋，
Seven were for families， and four for communal use．
七个供家庭用，四个公用。
The Pilgrims wanted to celebrate the end of their first year in their new home with a real
holiday．
他们想在年底好好庆祝一下在新房子里度过的第一年。
Governor Bradford decided on December13，1621，as the day of giving thanks to God．
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布拉德福总督决定在1621年12月13日庆祝，表示对上帝的感谢。
The Pilgrims fired a gun at dawn on that first Thanksgiving．
第一个感恩节早上破晓时，清教徒们鸣枪表示对上帝的敬意，
Afterwards they moved to the meeting—house in a procession and had a church service of
thanksgiving．
然后排成一队走进公用房屋，举行感恩节宗教仪式。
After that，they set long tables outdoors．
宗教仪式之后，他们在户外摆上长桌，
A great feast and three days of celebration began．
盛宴开始了，欢庆持续了三天。
They invited their Indian friends, who brought with them deer meat，pop-corn，turkeys，
many kinds of vegetables，and especially pumpkins，which are today both food and
decoration for almost every Thanksgiving table．
他们邀请了印地安朋友参加。印地安朋友带来 了鹿肉、爆米花、火鸡、许多种蔬菜，还有
南瓜。如今，几乎在每一个感恩节的餐桌上，南瓜既是食品， 又是装饰。
On the whole，it was a wonderful holiday for the Pilgrims after their winter of starvation and
tragedy．
总的来说，经过了一个冬天的饥荒和不幸，清教徒们这个节日过得很愉快。
However，they paid for this luxury during the following winter．
不过，下一年冬天，他们的“奢华”遭到了报应。
There was little food for anyone，and they did not have a Thanksgiving feast until the next
fall．
他们没有吃的，直到又一年的秋天，才欢庆了第二个感恩节。
In the following decades，Thanksgiving Days were frequently held，sometimes a year，
sometimes every other year, depending on the circumstances．
以后的数十年间，人们经常过感恩节，根据不同的情况，有时一年两次，有时两年一次。
President George Washington proclaimed a Thanksgiving Day in1789 as an expression of
gratitude for the establishment of the new government.
乔治?华盛顿总统1789年宣布庆祝感恩节以表示对新政府成立的感谢。
Other presidents proclaimed such days for various reasons.
后来的总统也因各种原因宣布欢庆感恩节。

On October 3，1863，it was proclaimed by President Abraham Lincoln as a national holiday
to be observed （表被动）on the last Thursday in November.
1863年10月3日，亚不拉罕.林肯总统宣布11月的第四个周四全国欢庆感恩节。
At that time，the country was in the middle of a bitter civil war．
那时，美国正处在残酷的内战当中，
The states were under no obligation to accept the proclamation， but many of them
cooperated．
虽然各州在法律上没有义务执行这一声明，但大多数州都照办了。
Each president since Lincoln has proclaimed a Thanksgiving Day for the nation as a whole．
自林肯以后的每位总统都宣布感恩节是全国性的节日。
In 1939 President F．D． Roosevelt moved the day to the third Thursday in November to
stimulate (刺激)business activities by separating it more widely from Christmas．
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1939 年，罗斯福总统把感恩节移到了11月的第三个周四，以与圣诞节的间隔拉长，促进商
业活跃。
In 1941 he moved it forward again to the fourth Thursday and conceded that there had been
no rise in holiday buying．
1941年，他又把感恩节移回11月的第四个周四，承认感恩节前移没有带来假日购物的增长。
Thanksgiving has hardly changed at all since 1621 in its intention and manner of
celebration．
自1621年，感恩节几乎没有改变它的初衷和庆祝方式。
Thanksgiving is a family holiday，for it is customary(习惯的)for all members of the family to
gather at the home of the father and mother.
感恩节是一个家庭节日，家庭的所有成员都习惯这天聚在父母家中。
All over the country，husbands and wives,sons and daughters, grandchildren and great—
grandchildren travel from city to town ，from town to village，or from village to farm to
spend the day at their old homes.
全国上下，夫妻、子女、曾孙、玄孙从城市赶到乡镇、从乡镇赶到村庄、从村庄赶到农 场
在老家一起度过这一天。
Many speak to their parents or grandchildren by 1ong distance telephone．
许多人通过长途电话同父母、孙子、孙女通话，祝他们节日快乐。
The family eats a large traditional dinner which is practically the same all over the country，
no matter whether it is in the South or North．
不管在南方还是在北方，全家人都要吃一顿传统的各地大致一样的感恩节晚餐。
The table is always loaded(装填) with many different kinds of delicious(美味的) food．
餐桌上有各种佳肴，
Naturally，the main course is the turkey．
当然，主菜是火鸡，
Pumpkin pie is often served in remembrance of the Indians’gift to the first settlers(移民者)．
也经常吃南瓜饼，以纪念印地安人最初的帮助。
In most homes ,there are traditional games after dinner．
大部分家庭晚饭以后，会有传统的游戏。
Many people go to football games.
许多人去看足球比赛，
The churches hold Thanksgiving services．
教堂里举行感恩节宗教仪式。
Thanksgiving is a chance to renew friendship．
感恩节是一个加强友情的好机会。
Above all，Thanksgiving Day is a time for remembrance and for giving thanks．
总之，感恩节是纪念和感谢的日子。

Unit 8Text A
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How to Give a Good
Speech 怎样做好演讲

(We are all called upon to make a speech at some point in life， but most of us do not do a

very good job．
生活中我们都会有被邀请就某一问题做演讲的时候，但是大多数人都做得不很好。
This article gives some suggestions on how to give a good speech．
这篇文章就如何才能做好演讲提出了一些建议。)
So，you have to give a speech——and you are afraid． You get nervous，you forget what you
want to say，you stumble over words，you talk too long，and you bore your audience．
好吧，你不得不做一次演讲。但你怕，你紧张，你忘记了想说的话，你 结结巴巴地讲话，
你讲话的时间过长，你使听众厌烦。
Later you think. “Thank goodness，it's over．I’m just no good at public speaking．I hope．I
never have to do that again．”
讲完后你会这样想“谢天谢地，总算讲完了。我就是不善于在公众面前讲话。我希望我 再
也不要干这种事了。”
Cheer up! It doesn’t have to be that bad!．
别泄气演讲并不一定就那么令人不愉快。
Here are some simple steps to take a pain out of speech- making．
下面向你介绍一些解除演讲痛苦的几个简单步骤。
First of all，it is important to plan．Do your homework．
首先，重要的是要拟个计划，作好准备，
Find out everything you can about your subject．
找到与你演讲题目有关的一些材料。
And，at the same time，find out as much as you can about your audience．
与此同时，要尽可能多地了解你的听众。
Who are they ? What do they know about your subject ?
他们是谁?他们对你讲的主题有何了解?
Do they have a common interest?
他们是否有共同的兴趣?
Why are they coming to hear you speak?
他们为什么来听你的演讲?
Put yourself in their shoes as you prepare your speech．
在你准备演讲时，要设身处地为他们着想。
Ask yourself the purpose of your speech． What is the occasion? Why are you speaking?
你要问问自己，你演讲的目的是什么? 是在什么场合?你为什么要演讲?
Are you introducing another speaker? Moderating a discussion ? Giving a lecture?
Convincing someone ?
你是在介绍另一位演讲的人，调解一次讨论，还是在讲课，还是在劝说某人?
There are many possible speaking roles , and each one has its own special characteristics．
讲话人的角色可以有许许多多，而且彼此各有自己的特点。
Make sure you know into which category you fit．
你一定要搞清楚自己属于哪一类。
Don’t spoil your speech by confusing one speaking role with another．
不要把一种讲话的角色和另一种角色弄混而使自己的演讲砸锅。
Let us suppose that you have been asked to introduce the main speaker at a meeting．
让我们假设，你要在会上介绍一位主讲人。
First，find out the most important and interesting things about the speaker．
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首先就要了解清楚一些有关讲演者最重要和最有意思的事情。
Then, summarize this information in a few words．
然后，用几句话把这些加以概括。
It is all right to tell a joke if it is in good taste and will not embarrass the speaker．
如果格调高雅并且不使讲演者难堪，讲几句笑话也是可以的。
And，most important,be brief．
最重要的是简短。
Remember，you are not the main speaker；you are introducing the main speaker．
记住，你不是主讲人，而是在介绍主讲人。
If you are a moderator， you should begin by giving a quick introduction of the people on
the panel．
假如你是一个主持人，你应该先简短介绍在座的人员。
After that，you should try to keep the discussion running smoothly， and you should try to
focus on the connections between the speakers．
之后，你应该保持讨论的顺利进行，重点放在演讲人之间的内容衔接上面。
Keep yourself in the background． Don’t talk too much， and don’t cut in．
你要站在暗处，不要说太多，也不要插话。
Be skillful and considerate．
还要有技巧，考虑要周到。
If you are giving a lecture or explaining an idea， gather as many facts as you can on your
subject．
假如你在上课或在解释一个概念，你要收集有关这一主题的材料，越多越好。
Spend plenty of time doing your research．
你要花大量时间进行研究。
Then spend plenty of time organizing your material so that your speech is clear and easy to
follow．
然后花大量的时间组织材料，以使你的演讲清楚和易于理解。
Use as many examples as possible，and use pictures, charts or graphs if they will help you
make your points more clearly．
如果例子和图表有助于你更清楚地阐明你的观点的话、就尽可能多地采用。
Never forget your audience．
永远也不要忘记你的听众，
Don’t talk over their heads，and don’t talk down to them．
不要讲得太深，也不要讲得太浅，
Treat your audience with respect．
要尊重你的听众。
They will appreciate your thoughtfulness．
他们对你周到细心的准备是会非常欣赏的。
If you are trying to sell something， you will need to convince your audience．
如果你在设法进行销售，你就需要使你的听众信服。
Do you want them to vote for Candidate A?
你想要他们投票支持候选人甲吗?
Are you offering them a new improved tooth brush ?
你是向他们推销一种改进型新牙刷吗?
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This kind of speech is usually dramatic，but here too， you must do your research and know
your facts．
这种讲话通常是很生动有趣的，但是在这里也是 一样，你也必须作一些研究，要熟悉你要
讲到的一些事实。
When you are making your speech，try to relax．
演讲时，要极力放松。
Speak slowly and clearly and look at people in your audience．
讲话要慢、清楚，眼睛看着你的听众。
Use simple vocabulary and expressions whenever possible．
只要有可能就要用简单的词汇和表达方式。
Stop for a few seconds now and then to give your audience a chance to think about what you
have said．
不时地停下几秒钟，让你的听众有机会想想你所讲过的东西。
Make sure that everyone in the room can hear you．
要确保屋子里的每一个人都听到你的讲话。
If it is a large room or an auditorium，you will probably have to use a microphone．
如果是个大屋子，你或许应当用扩音器。
Just remember：be prepared．
记住：要有准备。
Know your subject, your audience,and the occasion．
要了解你讲演的主题，你的听众和场合。
Be brief． Say what you have to say and then stop．
要简短。说你必须说的，然后就结束。
Let your personality come through so that you make person-to-person contact with your
audience．
让你的个性显示出来，这样你就能和听众交心。
If you follow these simple steps， you’11 see that you don’t have to be afraid of public
speaking．
如果你遵守这些简单的步骤，你就明白没有必要害怕在公众面前讲演。
In fact， you may find the experience so enjoyable that you ask to make more speeches!
实际上，你会感到这种经历是饶有兴味的，你会想要再做更多的演讲。
You’re not convinced yet? Give it a try and see what happens．
现在你还不相信?请试一试，看情况会如何。
第八课
1、你务必于下午两点半来参加会议
Be sure to attend the meeting at half past two in the afternoon. (2006-4考过了)
2、假定明天没有课，我们将去爬长城。
Suppose that we had no classes, we would go to the Great Wall.
3、一位好的领导，应该时刻和人民群众保持密切的联系。
As a good leader, one should keep close contact with the masses（群众） now and
then.
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4、如果你处在他的位置上，你就会同情他了。
If you put yourself into his shoes, you will be sympathetic( 同情) with him.
5、老人已经九十岁了，手术后能活下来真是幸运。
The old man was 90 years old and lucky to come through his operation（手术）.
6、当别人讲话时，不要插嘴。
Please don’t cut in when someone is speaking.
7、只要你找出你的弱点，并加以克服，你一定会成为一名优秀生。
As long as you find out your shortcoming and overcome it, you are sure to become
one excellent （极好的）student.
8、上课集中注意力听老师讲解意味着课后少花力气。
Listening to the teacher carefully in class means little work after class.
9、在重要的场合，要穿着得体大方。
When you are in important occasion（场合）, you must wear in good taste（味道）.
10、当你读完这本小说后，你会看到一个戏剧性的结局。
When you finish reading the novel, you will get a dramatic（戏剧性的） end.
11、这些数学题我解答不了。
These mathematics questions are over my head.
12、如果你想解决这个问题，你最好先找出基本的矛盾。
If you want to solve the problem, you had better find out the principal contradiction.

CLOZE
17．Cloze．Please pay attention that there are more words than are necessary?
age audience appreciate contact for example
function hair include living grow
outward plant process reach skin
Aging is the process of growing old．It occurs eventually (最终)in every living thing
provided(倘若)，of course，that an illness or accident does not kill it prematurely(过早
地)．The most familiar outward signs of aging may be seen in old people，such as the graying
of the hair and the wrinkling of the skin Signs of aging in a pet (宠物)dog or cat include
loss of playfulness and energy，a decline in hearing and eyesight，or even a slight graying of
the coat. Plants age too，but the signs are much harder to detect(探测)．
衰老是逐渐变老的过程。衰老发生在每个有生命的事物中，除非疾病或其他缘 故过早地将
之损害。衰老的最熟悉的外在迹象可以在老人中看到，比如头发变白，皮肤起了皱纹等。宠物狗、猫的衰老迹象是失去活力，听力和视力下降，皮毛的颜色变自变灰。植物也会衰
老，但是衰 老的迹象是很难被发现的。
Most body parts grow bigger and stronger，and function more efficient1y during
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childhood．They reach their peak at the time of maturity(成熟)，or early adulthood．Then
they begin to decline．Bones，for example ，gradually become lighter and softer．
身体的许多部位渐渐地成长起来，变大变壮，并且 功能逐渐增强。这些器官在成熟或
成年早期功能最强。然后开始功能慢慢地衰退。比如，骨头渐渐地变轻 变脆。


Text B
The Mystery of Speaking Effectively 有效讲话的奥秘
Why is that some people have a seemingly natural ability to get attention and respect when
they speak ?
为何某些人在讲演时似乎能够自然而然地吸引听众的注意力并赢得足够的尊重呢?
What is it that makes others listen and pay attention to their words?
哪些因素有助于听众倾听并留意讲演内容呢?
It isn’t necessarily a question of status, or the content of what they say．
这并非取决于演讲者的身份或演讲内容。
Such people often don’t speak“Oxford’’English， express themselves using perfect
grammatical constructions, or even use appropriate words．
这些人通常并未使用“牛津”英语，亦未通过完美的语法结构进行自我表述，措辞决不是
完美无缺，
What they do have is resonance．
但他们能够引起听众的共鸣。
Such people tend to have beautiful，rich voices and to use the lower end of their voice range.
这些人往往具有优美流畅、丰富多彩的语音，并能够有效运用语音幅度中的低音部分。
Observe and listen to others．
观察和倾听他人的说话，
People who speak quickly and breathily in a high—pitched voice do not appear as assertive
as those who speak more slowly using deeper voice tones．
那些语速较快、呼吸急促、音调较高的人似乎不如那些语速较慢、音调低沉的人更富有自
信力。
The lower pitch conveys control and confidence．
音调低沉说明具有一定的控制力和足够的自信心。
It would be ridiculous to suggest that from now on you self-consciously lower the tone of
your voice when you speak, but you can begin to achieve greater resonance by practicing the
way you breathe．
如果我们建议大家从现在开始，在今后的生活中讲话时有意识地降低音调，那样似乎 太荒
谬了。但您可以开始通过演练自己的呼吸方式来加强语音的共鸣感。
Try this . Stand in front of a mirror breathing naturally．
不妨尝试一下，站在一面镜子前自然地进行呼吸。
Now draw a deep breath. Does your chest expand ?
现在，深呼吸一口气，您的胸腔是否有所扩张?
Do your shoulders rise? I think so．
肩膀是否有所提升?我认为一定会的，
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You are breathing“high”，using your rib rather than your abdominal muscles.
因为您正在运用肋间肌，而非腹肌进行深呼吸。
Try again， this time putting your hands across your stomach.
请再试一次，这次将双手交叉放在胃部。
When you breathe in, consciously keep your shoulders lowered and fill your lungs from the
abdomen—you will feel your stomach expanding.
当您吸气时，有意识地降低自己的双肩，并使空气从腹部进入肺，这时您一定会感觉到胃
部正在扩张。
If you practice abdominal breathing， you will be utilizing all，not just the top，of your lungs.
which in itself must be beneficial．
如果您练习用腹肌进行呼吸，您将运用整个肺部，而不仅仅是肺的顶端，这样一定大有裨
益。
You will also be engaging your diaphragm more， and this in turn will the lower end of your
voice range and add resonance to your voice，conveying more authority.
您还可以更多地运用膈膜，这 样将更加有助于语音幅度中的低音，并增加语音的响亮度，
进而增强说服力。
Words delivered in a monotone soon become just that’monotonous!
采用单调、乏味的语音进行讲话，很快就会令人厌倦。
Your delivery will need light and shade if you want to keep the attention of your listener．
如果希望吸引听众的注意力，您的演讲风格中将需要加入一定的抑扬顿挫。
Assertive delivery requires smooth-flowing, resonant inflection； the voice will be relaxed
with enough volume to be heard distinctly[明白地，清楚地]without being overpowering. 自信型的演讲要求流畅自然、声音洪亮且富于变化，语音自然且音量适中,以便听者可以比
较轻松地 听清您讲话的内容。
However，there are some occasions when assertive behavior requires a little more power
than generally recommended for everyday conversations．
不过，有时自信型的行为模式需要比日常对话具有更大的影响力。
If you were to see a small child about to put her hand into an activated food-processor， it
would be inappropriate to say，in a low- pitched， relaxed way，“I’d prefer you not to put
your hand into that food-processor．”
若看到一名 儿童正在将手放入一台正在运转的食品加工机中，您就不应采用一种低沉、自
然的口气对她说：“我希望 你不要把手放入食品加工机中。”
Assertive，yes； practical，no!
这种方式属于自信型吗?属于!实用吗?不实用!
Obviously， there are occasions— when someone’s personal safety is at risk，for instance
—when more force of delivery is required．
显然，当他人面临一定的危险时，您的讲话方式应更加坚定有力。
The content of the communication doesn’t have to become r．
不过，讲话内容本身未必要带有一定的攻击性。
In the above example，a loud，sharp“NO”to stop the action immediately and demand
attention．
在上述例子中，合 理的做法应该是通过大声、尖利地说“不”，来及时劝阻这个儿童的危险
行为并引起他的注意。
followed by a forceful explanation of why that was a dangerous thing to do，would be an
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appropriate response，
随后有力地说明那样做为何十分危险。
whereas“Stop ! Don’t do that you stupid child!” would be an inappropriate (though
human and understandable)one．
然而，“停下，你这傻孩子，不要这样做!”却是一种不当的方式(尽管较人道并且可以理解)。
The whole child is labeled as“stupid”rather than the action itself being criticized．
因为这样做是在批评这个儿童是“傻孩子”，而不是批评行动本身。
Appropriate volume and intonation without aggressive tones will give the other person the
message that you mean business是认真的，谈正事的 .
适当的、不带攻击性和诋毁性的语音语调将能够促使对方意识到你这样做是“对事不对人!”
Another common failing is that when we are tense，overworked or just irritable，we often
respond with a force totally inappropriate to the situation．
另一个常见的误区是我们处于紧张状态、劳累过度或明显急躁时，往往 会采用一种根本不
适合当时具体情况的、比较烦躁的答复方式。
To give an example：you are reading an interesting article in the Sunday papers.
比如您正阅读《星期日时报》刊登的一篇有趣的文章中，
Your partner is reading the supplement(副刊)and constantly(不断地 ) interrupts( 插嘴 )，
reading aloud witty bits and snippets．
你的配偶正在阅读副刊并频繁地打搅您，大声地阅读着幽默短讯和新闻片段，
It’s breaking your concentration and making you disturbed．
不断干扰您的注意力并让您心烦意乱。
You say nothing， but when she then asks something which requires a response，like“Do you
want a coffee?”
您没说什么，但是当她向您提起了某个问题并要求您回答时，如“你想喝杯咖啡吗?”
you respond“No，I don’t；we only had one half an hour ago．Why are you so talkative ! ”
您回答到：“不，不想喝!我们半小时之前刚喝过。你可真算得上是喋喋不休!”
The intensity of the response reflects your annoyance at the previous interruptions and is
certainly unfair，and totally inappropriate to the situation.
这种严厉的答复方式表明您对配偶先前频繁打断自己的思路感到愤慨 ，当然，这样做对于
对方而言显然是不公平的，而且完全不符和当时的实情。
(It might also reflect irritation at your own lack of assertion when earlier you should have
said something like， “Can you read that to me 1ater ?This article is a bit complex and I
need to concentrate．”)
这或许也反映出您因缺乏自信而显出气愤，您早该说：你能否稍后再读 给我听?这篇文章比
较复杂，我需要全神贯注地阅读。
There are occasions in everyone’s life，social and business，when the skill of using
appropriate volume and force needs to be practiced．
在日常生活、社交及工作中，有时我们需要妥善地运用适度的音量和影响力的技能。
For example ,when you have given an assertive request in clear，level tones and that request
is ignored， you have two choices： give up the fight and put up with the situation as it is，
or make your request again， this time with a little more force．
比如当您用一种明确的平声调，满怀信心地提出某种要求时，而他人根本没有 理睬您的要
求，这时您有以下两种选择：放弃争论，听之任之；再次提出这一要求，这次需要加强一定的分量。
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If you take the latter course， you could either change the way of your request， making it a
directive which will give the message more“punchand／or increase volume，altering
intonation to match the emotion behind the delivery．
若采用后一种选择，您或者可 以通过改变方式来重新提出要求，使之更加具有命令性，从
而强调信息的重要性；或提高音量，改变音调 ，以便符合演讲背后的情感要求。
If you are interested in this，you can have a try．
若对此感兴趣，您不妨一试。


Unit9
Text A
The Web Lifestyle 网络生活方式

Today in the United States， there are over 22 million adults using the Web， about half of
whom access the Internet at least once a day．
当今美国有2200万个成年人在使用网络，他们中大约半数人要每天至少上互联网一次。
Meanwhile，the variety of activities on the Web is broadening at an amazing rate．
同时，网上活动方式正以惊人的速度变得更加多样化。
There is almost no topic about which you cannot find fairly interesting material on the Web．
任何一个主题你都能在网上找到与之有关的非常有趣的材料。
Many of these sites are getting excellent traffic flow．
许多网站正变成极好的商业交易渠道。
Want to buy a dog? Or sell a share? Or order a car? Use the Internet．
想买狗吗?或者卖股份?或者定购一辆汽车?那就用网络吧。
Where are we going to get the time to live with the Web ?
我们哪有时间消磨在网络上?
In some instances，people will actually save time because the Web will make doing things
more efficient than in the past，
一些实例表明应用网络能更节约时间，因为网络能使我们更有效率地处理一些事情，
being able to get information about a major purchase， for example，or finding out how
much your used car is worth， or what your cheapest way of getting to Florida is．
能搜索到某一重要购买品的信息，例如帮你判 定你那辆旧车的价钱，或者去佛罗里达州的
最便宜的方法。
That is easy to find on the Web，even today．
即使是现在，这些都很容易在网上找到答案。
In other instances， people will trade the time they now spend reading the paper，or
watching television，for information or entertainment they will find on the computer screen．
其他情况，人们会把现在花费在读报、看电视等获得信息或消遣的时间转用到电脑屏幕前
来。
Americans，particularly young ones，will spend less time in front of a television，more on the
Web．
美国人特别是年轻人花费在网络上的时间将比花费在电视上的时间多。
One great benefit of the Web is that it allows us to move information online that now resides
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in paper form．
网络的一大好处在于我们可以在线移动这些现在存在于纸上的资料。
Several states in America are using the Web in a profound way．
美国有几个州的网络运用的范围很广。
You can apply for various permits or submit applications for business licenses．
你可以在网上申请各种形式的许可证或提交营业执照申请书。
Some states are putting up listings of jobs——not just state government jobs，but all the jobs
available in the state．
一些州在网上张贴工作职位列 表——不仅仅有本州政府提供的工作，而且有本州所有可供
选择的工作。
I believe，over time， that all the information that governments print，and all those paper
forms they now have，will be moved on to the Internet． 我相信随着时间的变化，现在政府印刷出版的资料，以及所有以纸张形式存在的资料都将
会被转移到 互联网上。
Electronic commerce notches up month by month，too．
电子商务每月也在扩展。
It is difficult to measure， because a lot of electronic commerce involves existing buyers and
sellers who are simply moving paper-based transactions to the Web．
很难数清有多少，因为许多电子商务涉及到现存的买卖双方仅仅是(单纯地)把纸上交易转为
网 上。
That is not new business．
这不是新的商业形式。
Microsoft，for example，purchases millions of dollars of personal computers(PC)online
instead of by paper．
例如微软公司就是通过网络而不是纸上形式收购了数百万美元的液晶显示器。
However， that is not a fundamental change； it has just improved the efficiency of an
existing process．
但是这不是根本性的变化，因为它仅仅提高了现存交易过程的效率，
The biggest impact has occurred where electronic commerce matches buyers and sellers who
would not previously have found each other．
而电子商务最大的影响在于它使先前素不相识的买卖双方联系在一起。
When you go to a book site and find an obscure book that you never would have found in a
physical bookstore，that is a new type of commerce．
你进入某个网上书店并发现一本你在普通书店不容易找到的书，这是一种新型的商业。
Today, about half of all PCs are still not connected to the Web．
目前大约有半数的私人电脑还没有上网。
Getting communications cost down and making all the software simple will bring in those
people．
降低信息费并简化软件将吸引这部分人。
And that，in turn，will move us closer to the critical mass that will make the Web lifestyle
everyone’s lifestyle．
这样就能逐级接近使网络生活方式成为每个人的一种生活方式这一重要阶段。
One element people underestimate is the degree to which the hardware and software will
improve．
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人们往往低估硬件和软件发展程度这一因素。
Just take one aspect：screen technology．
仅仅举一个例子：显示器技术。
I do my e-mail on a 20-inch liquid crystal display(LCD)monitor．
我在20英寸的液晶显示器上发电子邮件，
It is not available at a reasonable price yet， but in two years it will be．
现在该显示器价格仍然不菲，但是不出两年就会便宜下来。
In ten years，a 40-inch LCD with much higher resolution will be commonplace．
不出10年，可能40英寸的高清晰度的液晶显示器就会很平常了。
The boundary between a television set an a PC will be blurred because even the set-top box
that you connect up to your cable or satellite will have a processor more powerful than what
we have today in the most expensive PC．
电视 与电脑之间的界限将会变得模糊起来，因为连接有线或卫星的顶置式电视机将来会安
装上一个处理器，它 的功能会比我们现在最昂贵的电脑还要强大。
This will，in effect，make your television a computer．
这实际上将使我们的电视成为电脑。
Interaction with the Web will also improve， making it much easier for people to be
involved．
网络与人之间的相互作用会日益加强，会更便于人们操作。
Today the keywords we use to search the Web often return to too many articles to sort
through， many of them out of context．
现在我们 在网上搜索关键词常常会得到太多的文章以至于我们无法从中归类选择，其中许
多是脱离背景毫不相干的 。
If you want to learn about the fastest computer chip available， you might end up getting
responses instead about potato chips being delivered in fast trucks．
比如你想了解目前运转速度最快的电脑芯片(computer chip)速度是多少，你得到的答案可能
是关于快运货车运送薯片(potato chips)的速度。
In the future，we shall be either speaking or typing sentences into the computers.
但是将来我们可以通过语音或手动输入句子到电脑。
If you ask about the speed of chips， the result will be about computers． not potatoes．
如果你再问“speed of chips”，答案会是关于电脑的而不再是关于马铃薯片的。
Speech recognition also means that you will be able to call in on a phone and ask if you have
any new messages，or check on a flight，or check on the weather．
语音识别系统意味着你可以通过电话输入询问最新消息或检查航班或天气。
To predict that it will take over ten years for these changes to happen is probably
pessimistic．
估计实现这些变化需要10年时间的话可能太悲观了。
We usually overestimate what we do in two years and underestimate what we can do in ten．
我们通常过高地估计了我们两年内要实现的目标，但对于10年目标又往往估计得过低。
The Web will be as much a way of life as the car by 2008．Perhaps before．
到2008年甚至更早一些，网络可能就像汽车一样成为我们的一种生活方式。
第九课
1、这些规章仍然有效。
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These regulations continue in effect（作用）.
2、政府应该在洪水过后为老百姓提供足够的资金用来重建。
After the flood（洪水）, the government should put up enough funds for the masses
to rebuild their hometown.
3、去年我们获得了棉花丰收。
Last year we brought in a good cotton harvest.
4、理论的基础是实践，又转过来为实践服务。
Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.
5、这次会谈以双方达成一致协议结束。
The negotiation ended up with signing the agreement. ( 我记单词闷了就找点乐子，记
得还很深！会谈negotiation这个单词的谐音是：“你狗屎一身”，是不是很好记？把它想成
你与随便一个讨厌的人会谈好了；还有starvation,可以想成星星(star) 为什么饿死？——)
不就是“饥饿”了吗？)
6、不要在上班时间来访。
Don't call in anybody on work.
7、新来的秘书是个敏捷的、效率高的工作人员，老板对她很满意。
The new secretary is a quick, efficient worker, and the boss is quite satisfied with
her.
8、你不需要下雨时外出，因为商店可以免费送货上门。
You don’t have to go out into the rain since the store delivers（递送） free of charge.
9、苍蝇在窗帘上跳来跳去，弄上了许多污点。
The flies tapped and blurred（弄脏） at the window curtain（门帘）.
10、你能从它的上下文说出这个词的意思吗？
Can you tell the meaning of this word from its context?
11、真正的权力属于人民。
The real power resides in the people.
12、科幻小说不能简单地看成是供消遣的，而实际上它给读者展示更深刻的内容。
A science（科幻） fiction（小说） cannot be regarded as a more entertainment（娱
乐）, but in fact it tells the reader much more.

CLOZE
1V．Cloze．Please pay attention that there are more words than are necessary? ‘
admit affect compete conflict degree
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enter essential future however influence
moreover position step think unimportant
The fact that I enjoy learning and gaining knowledge was my main reason for choosing
to enter college，but I must admit that it was not the sole(惟一的)reason．In today’s world,
a college education had become almost essential if one wishes to compete in the job
market．In the next several years，this trend will surely continue．with a bachelor’s(学
士)degree becoming almost indispensable(必不可少的)if one wishes to find a worthwhile(有
价值的) position，and a master’s(硕士) degree becoming highly desirable for advanced
positions． Although it may sound materialistic(唯物的)。I felt that attending college was a
practical and necessary step that I took to ensure a secure future for my family and myself．I
made my choice to study engineering primarily on the basis of my love of mathematics and
the physical sciences；however，the fact that it is a well-paid and respected profession did
have some influence on my final decision to study．
喜欢学习和获取知识是我选择进人大学的主要原因，但是我必须承认这不 是惟一的原
因。在当今的世界，如果想在工作中具有竞争力，那么拥有大学水平的教育是必需的。在未来的几年中，这种趋势肯定会继续下去，如果一个人想找到一个有价值的岗位，学士学
位已经变得 必不可少了，并且硕士学位对某些高级岗位来讲是非常合意的。尽管听起来是
唯物的，但是我感觉上大学 是必要的实践步骤，是用来保证我和我的家庭未来安全的。基
于对数学和自然科学的热爱，我选择学习工 程。然而，搞工程收入高和受到尊敬对我最后
做出决定确实有一些影响。
Text B
What Are Computers 计算机是什么

Since their first appearance on earth，men have gathered information and have attempted to
pass useful ideas to others．
自从人在地球上出现以来，就着手收集信息并设法将有用的想法传达给其他人。
The carvings of word-pictures on the walls of ancient caves as well as symbols on stone
tablets represent some of man’s earliest efforts to convey information．Scenes of hunting，
maps of battles，and stories of heroes were put down for all to see．
石碑上及古代岩洞壁上刻的图形文字和符号，都体现出人类早期传递信息 所做的努力。这
些狩猎场面、战斗地图和英雄故事被“记录”下来，供大家观看。
But as civilizations grew more complex， better methods of communication were needed．
但是，社会文明日趋复杂，人们需要有更好的通讯方法。
The written word，the carrier pigeon，the telegraph，and many other devices carried ideas
faster and faster from person to person．
文字、信鸽、电报和其他许多手段使人们之间传递消息越来越快。
In recent years one type of machine，the electronic computer， has become increasingly
important in the lives of all people in the industrialized nations of the world．
近年来，一种被称为“电子计算机”的机器，在世界各工业国家人们的生活中已变得愈来
愈重要。
Computers are now widely used aids for communication，calculation，and other
activities．Their effect becomes more important every day．
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计算机已经成为通讯、计算及其他活动中广泛使用的辅助工具，其作用日益重要。
Man has always been interested in extending the range of his senses and the power of his
mind．
人类一向希望扩大自己的感官和智力的范围。
Through the years，he has invented many instruments to help him see better and understand
more．
多年来，人类发明了许多仪器以便能够看得更清，懂得更多。
He invented the telescope．for example，to be able to look at faraway objects．
例如，为了能够观察远处的事物，人类发明了望远镜；
To see the very small things in the world．he developed the microscope．
为了观察世界上非常细小的东西，研制了显微镜。
Radios，telephones ,and telegraphs are means by which man has extended the range of his
senses of hearing and speech．
无线电、电话及电报都是人类赖以扩大自己的听觉和说话功能范围的手段。
While developing his power of thought，man first began to identify and count objects．
在发展思维能力的同时，人类首先开始学习识别和点数物件，
He began to ask the questions“What is it?”and“How many?’’
并且开始问：“这是什么?”“有多少?”等。
It was a long time ago that this numbering and comparing of things began．
这种将物体进行编号和比较的方法在很久之前就开始了。
Early man used his fingers and his toes as the first counting aid．
早期的人类最初利用手指和脚趾作为点数辅助工具。
Perhaps each of his fingers and toes represented one of the animals he owned， the measures
of grain he had stored， and the piles of firewood he needed each day．
也许他的每个手指和脚趾代表他 拥有的一头牲畜，是其谷物储藏量的计量单位，表示他每
天所需的木柴堆数。
Whatever it was that early man counted． he soon needed something more than his fingers
and toes to keep adequate records．
不管早期人类所 点数的是什么，很快他们就需要比手指和脚趾更有效的工具，以便记录做
得更详尽。
We know，for example，that in early times shepherds cut notches in their staffs as they led
their flocks to pasture．
例如，我们知道古时候牧羊人把羊群赶往牧场的时候，会在牧杖上刻V形凹痕，
Each notch probably represented one sheep．
每个刻痕就可能代表一只羊。
Regular checks showed when a ewe was left behind or when a new lamb was born．
定期检查，他们就可以了解一只母羊什么时候掉队的，一只羊羔是什么时候出生的。
Using a different method，a farmer might have had a pile of stones in front of his granary
representing the amount of grain stored．
另外一种不同的方法是，农夫可能在谷仓前堆放一堆石块，以代 表其贮藏谷物的数量。
More stones were added as more wheat was brought from the fields at harvest time．
收获季节从田野里新收获了小麦，就在石堆上加几块石头。
When craftsmen exchanged cloth or pots for the grain，stones were taken away from the
pile．
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当手艺．匠用布匹和陶罐来交换谷物时，农夫就从石堆上取掉几块石头。
The farmer then had a continuous record of the grain stored．
这样农夫对自己贮藏的谷物就有一个持续不断的记录。
As times changed and the number of people increased， potters and weavers moved into
cities and lived away from farmers in villages．
随着时代的变化和人数的增加，制罐匠和织布匠便从乡村移居城市，
The exchange of goods had to be done through a third person，the merchant．
货物交换不得不通过第三者——商人——进行。
Coins came into use， and records of exchanges were needed．
货币开始使用，货物交换需要记账，
Sailors boldly moving into unknown waters needed aids for efficient navigation．
贸然闯人陌生水域的水手需要有效的航海辅助工具，
Notched sticks or piles of stones would never do．
带刻痕的牧杖和石堆不足以满足这些要求。
New ways of helping with counting and recording information evolved．
用以计算和记录信息的新方式发展起来了。
Some marks were taken to represent certain quantities, and other marks were taken to
represent relationships between quantities．
一些符号用来代表一定的数量，其他一些符号则用来代表各数量间的关系。
New devices to aid in the manipulation of numbers were added to make jobs faster and more
accurate．
有助于数字操作的新装置应运而生，因此数据处理工作可以做做得更迅速、更精确。
Electronic computers are among the fastest and most versatile instruments now in use for
sorting and comparing．
电子计算机就是目前使用的一种最迅速、最通用的遴选比较仪器。
Computers provide the means for greater speed and accuracy in working with ideas than
was previously possible．
计算机的速度之快，精确度之高是以前的信息处理仪器比不上的。
With the development of these new tools，it is as if man has suddenly become a millionaire of
the mind．
由于这些新工具的研制成功，人类似乎突然成了智能百万富翁。
Although man has been growing mentally richer ever since he started to think，
自从开始思维，人类大脑日益发达，
the electronic computer allows and will continue to a11ow him to perform tremendous
“mental”tasks in a relatively short time．
但无论现在还是将来，电子计算机使人类在较短时间内完成各项庞杂的“脑力”工作。
Great scientists of the past produced ideas which were the basis for great advances，
科学先哲们提出的各种见解固然是重大进展的基础，
but their ideas sometimes had to wait for years before they were understood sufficiently well
to be of practical use．
但他们的见解有时候要等待数年方能被人充分理解，显现出其实用价值。
With the computer． the ideas of today’s scientists can be studied，tested，distributed，
and used more rapidly than ever before．
有了电子计算机，当代科学家们的设想可以比 先前更迅速地为人研究、验证、传播和运用。
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（ 运动已经开始改变我们的生活了。）

Unit10
Text A
Working Women --— East and West 东西方的职业妇
女
Work，for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under， involves responsibility( n.
责任，责任心；职责) for a household，a child or children，and a job outside the home as well
（也）．It all adds up to a busy life．
对于大 多数55岁或55岁以下的美国妇女和中国妇女来说，工作包括家务、照顾一个或几
个孩子以及一份家庭 以外的工作，所有这些加起来就是忙碌的生活。
How is it going for them — for us?
她们现在的情况怎么样?我们中国的情况又怎么样呢?
Experts have observed [ vt.&vi.观察] that life forms a different sort of (adv.有几分地a.有几
分地) pyramid for women in China than in the United States．
专家学者已经注意到，对中美两国妇女来说，生活形成的“金字塔”形状各不相同。
In China，nearly all young mothers are employed(被雇佣) outside the home， with their
numbers decreasing [ .n.减小，减少] as they approach middle age．
在中国，几乎所有年轻的母亲都有职业，但随着年龄步人中年，人数越来越少。
The reasons are clear： the second income of the woman is an absolute(绝对的) necessity(必
要性) for a young family with a child or two．
原因很清楚：对于有一两个孩子的夫妇来说，妻子的这第二笔收入绝对是必要的。
Later on，when the children grow up， the older couple [ n.夫妇；(一)对；几个] can more
easily live on the husband’s earnings plus the wife’s pension [n. 养老金 ]， and fewer
middle-aged women continue in employment．
以后，孩子长大了，老两口靠丈夫的收入加上妻子的养老金，生活就不太困难 了。中年妇
女继续工作者为数不多。
The pyramid for American women is the opposite ． with fewer young women employed ,
and the number increasing [增加] at older ages．
美国妇女的“金字塔”形状恰好相反：年轻妇女工作的人数较少，而岁数较大 时，人数却
增加了。
Man y young mothers have found it more efficient[有效的 ]to stay home，care for children
themselves， and then find employment [ n.就业] later when the children are older and more
independent.
许多年轻的母亲觉得呆在家里自己照顾孩子效果更好，等孩子长 大些后，能比较独立地生
活了，再去找工作。
But rising costs of living are requiring[要求] more young American women to help support
[vt.支撑；支持；维持]their families， and it is increasingly[ 逐渐地] true that young
American women want to have jobs．
但是 ，生活费用的增加需要更多的美国年轻妇女帮助养家，而且美国年轻妇女想出去工作
也日益成为事实。
But the American working mother often feels troubled by the complexity [n.复杂(性)] of
her life．
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但是，有工作的美国母亲往往对生活的复杂性感到苦恼。
Childcare is unreliable and expensive.
让人看小孩既不可靠费用又高。
Childcare workers have low status and are not well educated and are poorly paid—they are
often women who are unable to get better jobs．
保育员社会地位低下，没受过良好的教育，收入很低——这些人往往是找不到更好工作的
妇女。
Thus the American working mother always has the worry that her child is not being as well
cared for as she hopes， and the Cost of babysitters or private enterprise [ n.事业；企业]
daycare centers can cost half or more of her salary．
因此，美国有工作的母亲总是担心孩子不能像她希望的那样受到很好的照顾，而且保姆 费
或私营幼儿园的收费要花掉她工资的一半或者更多。
Other worries distract[分心] her from good performance{工作n.} at her job： What if the
babysitter gets sick?
还有其他的烦心事让她不能好好地工作：保姆病了怎么办?
What will her employer think if she has to stay at home with a sick child?
要是必须留在家里照顾生病的小孩，老板会怎么想呢?
What if the car ,necessary to get the child to the daycare center and herself to and from her
job，breaks down?
要是送孩子上幼儿园和自己上下班的汽车坏了怎么办?
Few people live close enough to their work or the childcare center to accomplish this on foot
or by bicycle，as in China．
很少有人能像在中国那样，住的离单位和幼儿园都很近，只要步行或骑车就行了。
In China，grandmothers play an invaluable role in taking care of children and households
while the young parents are at work．
在中国，年轻的父母工作，祖母在照看孩子和料理家务上起了不可估量的作用。
It seems like an ideal arrangement -- the grannies become important members of the family，
and they are housed and fed[吃] in return—although in crowded homes that most American
would not enjoy．
这好像是一种理想的安排：奶奶成了家庭中的重要成员，供吃管住是对她们的报答——虽
然住的地方很拥挤，大部分美国人不喜欢这样。
In America，an older woman who had to fill [填空；补缺]this role would be likely to feel she
was being made a kind of servant．
在美国，必须这样做的老年妇女可能有被当作佣人使用的感觉。
She may feel lonely sometimes， but generally is proud[骄傲] of being self—sufficient．
但尽管有时候觉得孤独，总的来说，美国老年妇女以自立而感到骄傲。
Both she and her family tend to feel she deserves[值得] to be free of childcare now，having
reared the large family of the 1950s baby boom．
经历了50年代的生育高峰，把很多子女都抚养大了，她和家人都感到她现在不应再看小孩
了。
On the job，Chinese women seem more confident，despite their traditional pretty manners，
than do American women in their work p1ace．
在工作单位，尽管中国妇女有传统的温文尔雅的举止，她们在工作中表现出的自信心似乎
比美国妇女更强。
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American women seem less inclined[倾向于??的]to speak up easily to the boss．
美国妇女似乎不愿向上司大胆表述自己的意见。
Young Chinese women at work seem more bold[清晰的]and less self- conscious．
中国的年轻妇女在工作中似乎更大胆、更自然。
The work unit is more like a large family， where the youngest workers feel at ease[i:z] with
the“mom”and“dad”of the group．
工作单位更像一个大家庭， 最年轻的工作人员和这个大家庭的“妈妈”、“爸爸”在一起工
作毫不感到拘束。
American women act either as if they doubt [怀疑]that they really belong at work among the
men，，or they are constantly[经常地，不断地]looking for evidence[特征] of discrimination[辨
别] against[反对] them．
美国妇女表现的要么好像怀疑自己竟然能同男子一样地工作 要么好像不停地寻找歧视妇女
的证据。
At home，while Chinese men seem to be performing[表演的 ]more household duties such as
cleaning，cooking，shopping and caring for children than they used to，
在家里，中国男 子在诸如打扫卫生、洗衣、煮菜烧饭、买东西、照顾孩子等家务活方面似
乎比过去做得多了，
and American men are also becoming much more willing to“help”，
而美国男子也比过去变得更加乐意去“帮助”做这些家务，
it seems only realistic to say that people the world over still regard these as basically women’
s tasks and therefore[因此] women’s responsibility，
但好像惟一现实的说法是：全世界的人仍然把这些工作看做本来就是妇女的事，是妇女的
责任，
no matter who may do them on any given day．
而不管是谁哪一天干了这些活。
They are a heavy burden on both Chinese and American women，but Chinese women seem
to shoulder them more firmly[ 坚定]and more cheerfully[高高兴兴地]．
这对中美妇女都是一个沉重的负担, 但是，中国妇女似乎更坚决、更乐意地挑起这副担子。
American women do have varied and complex concerns：
美国妇女确实有各种各样的复杂事情需要关心：
in addition to work at home and on the job，a woman feels that she must make an attractive
home that reflects her family’s status，
除了家务和工作之外，她还觉得必须整理收拾出一个能反映家庭社会地位的、吸引人的家；
she must present an attractive[吸引人的] appearance[外表] at work，and above all，she must
be a good companion to her husband．
工作时必须有讨人喜欢的外表；更重要的是必须做丈夫的好伴侣。
Chinese women are freer of the competition for status， especially as represented by their
homes and both men and women have a great deal of companionship in their work unit．
中国妇女没有那么多社会地 位上的竞争，特别是没有家庭代表的社会地位的竞争，而且，
不论男女，在各自的工作单位上都有许多朋 友交往。
Chinese women also look attractive at work， but they achieve [完成]it more casually [偶然
地]and simply， and do not seem to feel that their career progress[发展进步n. ]depends on
the way they look．
中国妇女在工作时也很漂亮，但只是比较随意、简单地梳妆打扮一下， 好像没有感到她们
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的事业取决于她们的外表。
Which system is better for the woman?
哪一种制度对职业妇女更好呢?
What we expect in life and what we are used to would strongly influence our evaluation．
生活中我们所期望的和我们已经习惯的一切都会对我们的评价有很大的影响。
Looking at women in both China and the United States， one cannot help but be
impressed[印象] with their- our-strength，competence and general good cheer． 看看中美两国妇女，人们不能不对她们的——我们的——力量、能力和总的乐观精神有深
刻的印象。
Our nations could not run without us．
我们两个国家，离了妇女谁也运转不了。
第十课
1、对于大多数55岁或55岁以 下的美国妇女和中国妇女来说，工作包括家务、照顾一个或
几个孩子以及一份家庭以外的工作。
Work, for most American and Chinese women age 55 and under, involves
responsibility（责任） for a household, a child or children, and a job outside the
home as well.
2、在中国，几乎所有年轻的母亲都有职业，但随着步入中年，人数越来越少。
In china, nearly all young mothers are employed outside the home, with their
numbers decreasing as they approach（接近） middle age.
3、以后，孩子长大了。老两口靠丈夫的收入加上妻子的养老金，生活就不太困难了。
Later on, when the children grow up, the older couple（夫妇） can more easily live
on the husband’s earnings plus（加上） the wife’s pension（养老金）.
4、美国妇女的“金字塔”形状恰好相反：年轻妇女工作的人数较少，而 岁数较大时，人数却
增加了。
The pyramid for American women is the opposite（相反的）, with fewer young
women employed, and the number increasing at older ages.
5、许多年轻的美国母亲觉得自己呆在家里照顾孩子效果更好，等孩子长大些 后，能比较独
立地生活了，在去找工作。
Many young American mothers have found it more efficient to stay home and care
for the children themselves, and then find employment later when the children are
older and more independent.
6、生活费用的增加需要更多的美国年轻妇女帮助养家。
The rising costs of living require more young American women to help support（支
撑、帮助） their families.
7、要是送孩子上幼儿园和自己上下班的汽车坏了怎麽办？
What if the car, necessary to get the child to the daycare center and herself to and
from her job, breaks down?
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8、在中国，年轻的母亲工作，祖母在照看孩子和料理家务上起了不可估量的作用。
In China, grandmothers play an invaluable role in taking care of children and
households while the young parents are at work.
9、奶奶成了家庭中的重要成员，供吃管住是对他们的报答。
Grannies become important members of the family, and they are housed and fed
return.
10、在美国，必须这样做的老年妇女可能有被当作佣人使的感觉。
In America, an older woman who had to fill this role would be likely to feel she was
being made a kind of servant.
11、她经历了50年代的生育高峰，把很多子女都抚养大了。自己感到现在不应再看小孩了。
She herself tends to feel she deserves 值得to be free of childcare now, having（非
谓语动词的现在分词主动，表已经完成） reared the large family of the 1950s baby
boom.
12、在工作单位里，尽 管中国妇女有传统的温而文雅的举止，她们在工作中表现出的自信
心似乎比美国妇女更强。
On the job, Chinese women seem more confident（自信的）, despite their traditional
pretty manners（风度）, than do American women in their work place.
13、同中国妇女相比，美国妇女似乎不愿向上司大胆表述自己的意见。
Compared with Chinese women, American women seem less inclined（倾向） to
speak up easily to the boss. （ 2006-4考过了）
14、中国妇女没有社会地位上的竞争，特别是没有家庭代表的社会地位的竞争。
Chinese women are free of the competition（竞争） for status（身份）, especially as
represented（表现） by their homes.
15、生活中我们所期望的和我们已经习惯的一切都会对我们的评价有很大的影响。
What we expect in life and what we are used to would strongly influence（影响） our
evaluation.

CLOZE
Ⅳ?Cioze．Please pay attention that there are more words than are necessary?
number increased rise decreased 1ast
employment present economy part。time expense
announced to full—time remained at
Twenty years ago，more than 60％ of the employed work force was male now it has
decreased to just 51％．
20年前，60％多的雇佣劳动者是男性，现在这一数目已降到了5l％。
During this twenty-year period there has been a 2.8-million fall in the number of men in
work， and a 2-Million rise in the number of women．
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20年间，男性雇佣劳动者减少了280万，而女性劳动雇佣者增加了200万。
At present there are 10.68 million male employees and 10.14 million women．
现在，有1068万男性雇佣劳动者，1014万女性劳动雇佣者。
Although many women workers are part-time workers, around 45％ of the total．
虽然许多妇女(约占总数的45％)是半日工，this represents the only source of earned income
for many households in areas where employment is depressed[沮丧的，凹陷的]．
她们的工资是许多劳动力市场萧条地区家庭的惟一收入来源。
Analysts say that much of the upturn in employment during the recovery of economy will be
in part-time jobs for women．
但分析家指出，在经济恢复期内，劳动力市场好转就是给妇女半日工种工作。
A big British shop，as well as British Airways，has recently announced plans to increase
part-time employment at the expense of full- time jobs．
英国航空公司和一家大型商店最近宣布，计划减少全日工种以提高半日工种的数量。
Txit B
Women’s Liberation 妇女解放运动
Have you heard of the women’s liberation movement?
你听说过妇女解放运动吗?
It began in the 1960s and was started by women who were concerned about their identity
[ n.同一，一致；身份，本体]， their role in society，their work，and the view of women that
many people held[保持]．
它开始于20世纪60年代，最初由一些妇女 发起。她们关心女性对自身的认识、女性的社
会角色、女性的工作及人们对女性的态度。
Now many American women are deeply concerned about these things．
现在，许多美国妇女都很关心这些问题，
These women would like better and more interesting lives for all women everywhere．
她们希望普天下所有的妇女都能过上更好、更有趣的生活。
There are many aspects [n.方面；样子，外表] of the women’s liberation movement．
妇女解放运动有许多方面。
Some women agree with all of the goals of women’s liberation．
有些妇女赞同妇女解放运动提出的所有目标，
They want full equality with men in every aspect of life．
想同男子在生活的各个方面都平等。
In marriage，they want husbands and wives to share [vt.分享 n.一份 vi. 分担] all of the
work and responsibilities of a home and family．
家庭中，她们希望夫妻二人共同操持家务，共同承担对家庭的责任；
In work，they want women and men to have the same jobs and the same chance to
succeed． They want women to be paid just as much as men for the same work．
工作中，她们希望男女同工同酬，有同样获得成功的机会。
Other women agree with only some of the ideas of women’s liberation．
有些妇女仅赞同妇女解放运动提出目标的一部分，
They want the same pay if they hold the same job as a man．
她们希望如果男女从事同样的工作，妇女能得到同男子一样的报酬，
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At home，however，they do not expect [vt.预料，预期；等待] their husbands to share in the
cleaning，cooking，and other household jobs．
但在家中，她们不指望丈夫帮忙做饭、打扫卫生和做其他的家务。
It is necessary to remember that the women’s liberation movement is not concerned only
with concrete issues．
应该记住，妇女解放运动不仅仅涉及具体问题，
The movement is also concerned with attitudes and beliefs．
还涉及女性自身的态度和观念。
One typical example of this concern is the issue of a woman’s identity．
一个典型的例子就是女性的自身认识问题。
A woman’s identity is what she thinks of herself as a person，who she thinks she is，and what
she thinks she can do.
女性自身认识指妇女作为个人，怎样看待自己，认为自己是谁，自己能干什么。
Some women do not think they are capable of doing anything important．
有些妇女认为自己什么重要的事情也干不了。
The women’s liberation movement would like to help these women improve their views of
themselves．
妇女解放运动旨在帮助她们改变对自身的看法。
Many women who are concerned with women’s liberation have taken jobs， have helped
others, have raised healthy children， and have done many other things to contribute to
their communities．
许多关心妇女解放运动的女性有自己的工作，帮助过别人，抚养了健康的孩子，为自己所
在的社区做了 许多事情。
They have shown that they are capable of being good leaders and of doing many important
things．
她们已经证明妇女能够做许多重要的事情。
A second issue of the women’s liberation movement is the question of women’s roles．
妇女解放运动的另一个问题就是妇女角色的问题。
Should a woman work outside the home?
妇女应该在外面工作吗?
Should she work if she is married and has children?
结婚有了孩子后是应该工作，
Or should she stay home to take care of her husband and children?
还是应该在家相夫教子?
What will the rest of society think of her if she enters a profession or has a career[事业]?
她如果踏人职业圈，社会上其他人会怎样看呢?
What will other people think if she wants to stay home and raise a family?
如果她想在家料理家务、相夫教子，其他人又会怎样看呢?
These questions do not have just one correct answer．Every woman must decide her own
role．
这些问题没有惟一正确的答案，每个妇女应该自己决定自己的角色。
The women’s liberation movement is trying to make it possible for a woman to decide what
she wants to do．
妇女解放运动就是要努力实现妇女自己能决定要做的事情，
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The movement also wants to make it possible for her to do the best and the most she possibly
can．
还要帮助妇女实现自己做得最好、最多。
If a woman decides to take a job outside the home， there are many important questions
which are raised．
如果一个妇女自己想在外面工作，这就出现了许多问题。
Can she get any job she is capable of and qualified for?
她是否能够得到她有能力且有资格去做的工作?
Or are some jobs closed[关闭的] to her because she is a woman?
是否因为她是女性，许多工作她就得不到?
If she gets a job and some of her fellow workers are men doing the same work， will she be
paid as much as they are?
如果她得到一份工作，同事中有男性和她做同样的工作，她能得到和他们一样多的报酬吗?
These issues are considered important in the United States．
在美国，人们认为这些问题非常重要。
The government has passed some laws to try to help women get any job for which they are
qualified， and to help them get the same pay as a man for doing the same work．
政府已经通过不少法令帮助妇女获得她们有资格去做的工作，帮助她们实现同工同酬。
The government has also passed a law to encourage businesses that get money from the
government to be fair to women and minority [n.少数；少数民族]groups．
政府还通过了一条法令，鼓励那些从政府处得到财政资助的商行平等地对待妇女和少数民
族，
This is called the Affirmative Action Law．
这条法令被称为“机会均等计划法案”。
It says that if a company is not fair to women and other minority groups， the government
will not do business with that company．
它规定，如果哪家公司对待妇女或少数民族有失公平，政府将停止对该公司的财政资助，
This encourages businesses to provide equal [a.相等的；平等的]opportunities [机会] for
women．
这样就鼓励了各商行为妇女提供平等的就业机会。
Many people agree with the ideas and goals of women’s liberation．
许多人都赞同妇女解放运动的观点和目标。
They feel that women ought to be considered equal to men in every way．
他们认为妇女在各方面都应得到同男子一样的待遇，
They feel that a woman should be able to decide to stay home and raise a family， or to stay
home and not raise a family， or to go out and work， or to have a job outside the home and
the family as well．
妇 女应该自己决定是在家相夫教子、操持家务；还是呆在家里，同丈夫做“丁克”一族；
还是出去工作；还 是工作孩子两不耽误。
They feel a woman should be able to do anything that she wants to do and can do．
他们认为妇女应该去做她们自己想做、自己能做的事情。
Other people are opposed [ vt.反对；反抗 ] to women’s liberation．
也有些人反对妇女解放运动，
They do not think that woman should have the same jobs and the same pay as men．
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在他们看来，男女不应同工同酬，
They believe that men should do all of the important work．
男子应做所有重要的事情，
They feel that women should stay at home，taking care of men and children．
妇女就该呆在家中照顾丈夫、孩子，
Many husbands do not want their wives to work outside the home．
他们不愿妻子出去工作。
Some women agree with these men．
有些妇女也赞同这些男子的观点。
People who support [支持]women’s liberation do not feel that it is bad for a woman to
remain at home if she wants to．
如果一个妇女愿意呆在家中，支持妇女解放运动的人并不感到这是坏事。
They believe that work in the home is important and should be respected[尊重]．
在他们看来，在家操持家务和在外工作一样重要，也应受到尊重。
But they want to make sure that a woman works at home because she wants to, and not
because she can’t get a job outside the home， or because she does not believe that she can
do anything useful in her community．
但这样的前提是妇女自愿在家，而不是因为在外 面找不到工作，或者她认为自己不能在社
区做任何有用的事情。
The women’s liberation movement is trying to give women a chance to show what they can
do．
妇女解放运动努力给妇女一个展示自身能力的机会。
Perhaps a woman will find the cure for our most serious disease．
或许哪位妇女能够找到治疗人类最严重疾病的方法，
Perhaps a woman will solve the energy crisis n.危机；存亡之际]．
或许哪位妇女能够解决能力危机
Perhaps women and men, working together，will be able to accomplish important things
better and sooner than men would if men were working alone．
或许男女共同工作比男子单独工作能更好、更快地完成重要的事情。
If the women’s liberation movement is successful, we will have a chance to find out．
如果妇女解放运动能够成功，我们就有机会找出这些假设的结果。
Each man and each woman must decide whether he or she agrees with the ideas of the
women’s liberation movement completely， partly， or not at a11．
每个 男子和每个女子都必须决定自己是否完全赞同妇女解放运动的观点，部分赞同妇女解
放运动的观点，还是 根本就不赞同妇女解放运动的观点。
Whether you agree or disagree with women’s liberation, you know that it has begun to
change our lives．
不管赞同与否，妇女解放运动已经开始改变我们的生活了。

Unit11
Text A
My Father's Shadow 父亲的影子

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My husband，Gary，and I were flying to Hawaii from New York City to show our
five-month-old son，Timmy，to our parents for the first time．
我和丈夫加里正由纽约飞往夏威夷，去让我父母见见我们刚出生五个月的儿子--蒂米。
But what should have been a mission of joy filled me with apprehension．
这本该是件快乐的事情，却令我十分忧惧。
For five years I'd hardly spoken to my father．
五年了，我几乎没和父亲说过话。
Loving but stern in the manner typical of Chinese fathers，he had made particular demands
on me， and though we were very much alike，we'd grown very far apart．
父亲具有典型的中国父亲的风格：慈爱而严厉，对我寄 予厚望。尽管我们的性格极为相似，
但父女关系却已变得很疏远。
When I became a teenager，my father held up my mother as a model of feminine behavior．
早在我的少女时代，父亲就让我把母亲作为女性的榜样。
But she was social，while I preferred books to parities．
母亲擅长社交，可我喜欢读书不愿扎堆。
He pressed me to mingle with his friends' children．
父亲强迫我与他朋友的孩子做朋友，
I insisted on choosing my own companions．
我却坚持自己选择伙伴。
He assured I'd follow in my mother's footsteps and enroll in the local university to study
teaching， and that I'd marry into one of the other long-established Chinese clans on the
islands and settle down，as he and my mother had．
父亲坚持认为我应该重复母亲的路， 读当地大学，学师范专业，嫁一位久居当地的华裔望
族，像他和母亲一样，定居在夏威夷。
But I didn't settle．
但我没有那样做。
As bullheaded as my father，I escaped to the University of California， where I fell in love
with a haole， as we called Caucasians from the mainland．
同父亲一样倔强，我逃到加利福尼亚大学读书，并爱上了一位外族人加里，就是我 们通
常所说的来自美国大陆的白种人。
Gary had blue haole eyes and sandy haole hair．
他有着白种人的典型特征--蓝眼睛、沙色头发。
I announced that we were getting married--in Berkeley，not Hawaii．
我宣布我们要在伯克利结婚，而不是夏威夷，
No large，clamorous clan wedding for me．
也没有盛大、热闹的家庭式婚礼。
My parents came and met Gary just two days before our small，simple wedding．
就在距我们不具规模、形式简单的婚礼只有两天的时候，我父母才来跟加里见了第一次面。
Afterward we moved to New York， as far from the islands as we could get without leaving
American soil．
婚后，我们搬到了纽约，尽可能远地离开了夏威夷，但又不用离开美国本土。
My father's subsequent silence showed his disapproval．
父亲随后的沉默反映出对我的不满。
He didn't visit；neither did I．
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他没来看过我们，我也没回去过。
When my mother telephoned，he never asked to speak to me，and I never asked for him．
母亲来电话时，他从不要求跟我讲话，我也从不要求跟他讲话。
We might have gone on like that. the habit of separation hardening into a permanent
estrangement．
我们可能会就这样僵持下去，分离的习惯渐渐硬化为永久的疏远。
Then Timmy was born，and I felt an unexpected tidal pull back to the is1ands．
后来蒂米出生了，我莫名其妙地产生了想回家看看的强烈愿望。
On the long flight to Hawaii， memories of my childhood. when I was my father's small
shadow．came flooding back．
在回夏威夷的漫长旅途中，孩提时的记忆潮水般涌上我的心头。
I was three years old，running behind him as he walked between the banana trees in the
plantation town where he taught high schoo1．
那时我才三岁，还是父亲的小东西。父亲在镇上一所 中学教书。每当他穿行于种植园的
香蕉树中间时，我则在他身后奔跑。
When grew tired，he carried me on his shoulders．
跑累了，父亲就让我坐到他的肩膀上，
From there I could see forever．
坐在他肩上我能看得很远很远。
。．
are gray．
这时他就会唱你是我的阳光，我惟一的阳光，天空阴霾密布，你依然令我幸福??
I laughed，taking his devotion as my due．
我大笑着，理所当然地享受着这份父爱。
Now the prodigal daughter was returning with the firstborn of the next of generation-a
hazel-eyed，golden-skinned hapa haole(half-white)child who looked little like his Chinese
ancestors．
现在浪子要回家了，怀中抱着他们的长孙- 一个长着淡褐色眼睛，拥有一半白人血统的
黄皮肤婴儿，这与他的中国祖先几乎毫不相似。
How would my father react? If he disapproved of Timmy，as he had of me．the separation
between us would be complete．I would never return．
父亲会有什么反应?如果他不喜欢蒂米，就像不喜欢现在的我一样，我们之间的关系就 会彻
底破裂，我将永远不再回来。
The plane landed． and I gradually placed a crying，hungry Timmy into my mother's eager
arms．
飞机着陆了。我慢慢地把正饿得哇哇大哭蒂米放入母亲热切的怀中。
Here was instant and unconditional acceptance of a child by his grandmother．
这是外祖母对外孙的毫不犹豫、无条件的接受。
My father's expression was passive and hard to read．
父亲显得有点被动，其表情让人难以读懂。
He greeted us politely：
他客气地同我们打招呼：路上顺利吧?
Then he peered cautiously at Timmy，who promptly began to cry．
然后凝视着蒂米，蒂米马上大哭起来。
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My father stepped in alarm．
父亲惊慌地走开了。
Did he find it disturbing that this crying stranger might be his own flesh and blood?
他是否在为这个号啕大哭的陌生小家伙竟是他的骨肉后代而感到不安呢?
After dinner at my parent's house，Gary and I retired to my old bedroom．
晚饭后，我和加里回到我以前的房间。
My mother tucked Timmy into a borrowed crib in a room down the hall．
母亲把蒂米安放在楼下的一个房间里，婴儿床是借来的。
Four hours later mother instinct pulled me from sleep．
四小时后，作母亲的本能使我从睡梦中醒来。
This was the time Timmy usually woke for a feeding bottle， but there were no cries of
hunger．
这通常是蒂米醒来要奶吃的时间，可是我没有听到他饥饿的哭喊声。
Instead，I heard only the sweet, soft gurgle of baby laughter．
相反，却是婴儿甜甜的咯咯笑声。
I tiptoed down the hall．
我蹑手蹑脚地走到楼下。
In the living room， Timmy lay on a pillow on the floor in a circle of light， his plump，tiny
fists and feet shaking happily．
客厅里，在一圈灯光下，蒂米躺在地板上的一个靠垫上。正欢快地摆动着胖嘟嘟的小 拳头，
踢动着小脚丫，
He studied the face bent over him，an Asian face burned dark by the Hawaiian sun，with
laugh wrinkles at the corners of the eyes．
眼睛盯着那张俯视着他的脸— 一张被夏威夷的阳光灼黑、眼角布满笑纹的亚洲人的脸。
My father was giving Timmy a bottle， tickling his tummy and singing softly， “You are my
sunshine．．．”
父亲一边给蒂米喂奶，一边搔着他的小肚皮，轻轻哼唱着：“ 你是我的阳光??”
I watched from the darkness， not wanting to break the scene and then crept back to my
room．
我在暗处静静地看着，不想破坏这动人的场面。我轻手轻脚地回到了自己的房间。
It was then that I began to suspect that my father had wanted to mend the breach as much
as I had．
从那一刻起我开始意识到父亲一直和我一样想弥补我们之间的裂痕．
Awkward and proud， he hadn't known how，and neither had I．
只因笨拙和自尊，他不知道怎么做，我也不知道怎么做。
Timmy became the bridge over which we could reach for each other．
蒂米成了我们之间沟通的桥梁。
For the rest of our stay, the tension slowly melted．
此后在家的日子里，紧张的气氛慢慢缓和了。
My father and I didn't discuss our rift directly．
我和父亲没有直接讨论我们的分歧。
Thanks to Timmy， we didn't need to．
多亏了蒂米，我们不需要讨论了。
Having claimed his hapa haole grandson，my father no longer defined our family by a
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uniform set of features．
因为已经接受了有一半白人血统的外孙-- 蒂米，父亲也不再用一套统一的特征来界定我们的
家庭了。
Curly- haired，hazel-eyed Timmy was loved for himself．
他自然而然地爱上了拥有一头卷发和一双褐色眼睛的蒂米。
We returned to the islands the following summer．
第二年夏天，我们又回到了夏威夷。
Timmy．now a toddler, splashed in the surf with his grandfather．
蒂米已开始蹒跚学步了，并时常同他的外祖父在浪花里扑腾。
The summer after that，they built a tree house out of scrap lumber and painted it blue．
第三年夏天，他们用废木料造了一所房子，并把它漆成了蓝色。
So pleased was my father with his new grandfather status that he took early retirement
when Timmy was four，to spend more time visiting his ．
父亲做了外祖父很高兴，以至于蒂米四岁时，他就提前退休，为了有更多的时间去纽约
的家。
My son and my father made a handsome pair as they walked together--the Chinese
grandfather happily followed by a different bouncing shadow.
父亲和我儿子走在一起时，这一对非常完美-- 快乐的中国祖父身后跟着一个不同种族的、蹦
蹦跳跳的影子．

第十一课
1、一名有自己风格的演员不应该效仿别人。
As an actor with one’s own unique（独特的） style（风格）, one should not follow
in other’s footsteps.
2、没有什麽东西能确保永久的幸福。
Nothing can assure（保证） permanent（永久的） happiness.
3、我父亲坚持认为我应该嫁给一个有名的艺术家。
My father insisted that I should marry into a famous artist.
4、据说，后来那个丑姑酿爱上了一个潇洒的王子。
It was said that later the ugly girl fell in love with a handsome（英俊的） prince.
5、她看起来更像她父亲，而不是她母亲。
She looks like her father rather than her mother.
6、多亏了你的帮助，否则我们是不能按时完成这项工作的。
Thanks to your help, or we couldn’t have finished the work on time.
7、那名学生恐惧地观看检查室的四周。
The student looked around the examination（细查） room with apprehension（恐惧）.
8、新来的邮递员在雾中仔细张望，设法寻找到他要找的那一家。
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The new postman peered（凝视） through the mist（薄雾）, trying to find the right
house.
9、充分考虑后，他决定接受那份工作。
After due consideration, he decided to accept the position（职位）.
10、这两座姐妹工厂相隔三英里。
The two sister plants are three miles apart.
11、她认为她的天职就是帮助老人和病人。
She believed that her mission（天职） in life was helping the old and the sick. 对
比：mission天职——admission允许进入
12、相信你的直觉，按你自己认为对的去做。
Trust your instincts（本能） and do what you think is right.

Text B
The Perfect Picture完美的照片
It was early in the spring about 15 years ago--a day of pale sunlight and trees just beginning
to bud．
大约是十五年前初春的一天，阳光惨淡，树木刚刚开始发芽。
I was a young police reporter，driving to a scene I didn't want to see．
我当时是一名年轻的案件报道记者，正驱车赶往一处我不愿看到的现场。
A man，the police-dispatcher's broadcast said，had accidentally backed his pickup truck over
his baby granddaughter in the driveway of the family home．It was a fatality．
警务调度广播说，一位老人在家门前的车道上倒车 时，意外地从他小孙女的身上压了过去。
孩子当场丧命。
As I parked among police cars and TV news cruisers．I saw a stocky，white-haired man in
cotton work clothes standing near a pickup．
当我把车停在警车和电视新闻采访车旁边时，看见 那位身着棉布工装、矮胖的白发老人正
站在一辆轻型货车旁。
Cameras were trained on him，and reporters were sticking microphones in his face．
照相机都对着他，新闻记者都把麦克风伸到他面前。
Looking totally bewildered， he was trying to answer their questions．
他一脸的迷惑，尽力回答着他们的问题，
Mostly he was only moving his lips，blinking and choking up．
但是多数时间里只是翕动着嘴唇，眨着眼睛，哽咽着说不出话来。
After a while the reporters gave up on him and followed the police into the small white
house．
过了一会儿，记者不再追问他了，他们跟着警察走进那座白色的小房子。
I can still see in my mind’s eye that devastated old man looking down at the place in the
driveway where the child had been．
至今，我脑海里依然能清楚地浮现出当时遭受 重大打击后老人低头望着车道上孩子倒下地
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方的画面。
Beside the house was a fresh spaded flower bed, and nearby a pile of dark．rich earth．
房子旁边是一块刚挖好的花圃，附近还有一堆肥沃的黑土。
，． though I had not
asked him anything． ．
我刚把车倒到那儿，想把肥土撒开，他对我说，尽管我没问他什么。我甚至不知道她在
屋外。
He stretched his hand toward the flower bed， then let it flop to his side．
他伸手指指花圃，随后又垂落下来，
He lapsed back into his thoughts， and I，like a good reporter， went into the house to find
someone who could provide a recent photo of the toddler．
再次陷入沉痛。我像所有正规的记者那样，走进屋子，想看看谁能提供给我 一张孩子的近
期照片。
A few minutes later，with all the details in my notebook and a three- by-five studio portrait
of the naive child tucked in my jacket pocket， I went toward the kitchen where the
police had said the baby was．
几分 钟后，我在笔记本上记下了所有的细节，并把那个可爱女孩在照相馆里拍的一张宽3
寸长5寸的照片放人 上衣口袋，我走进厨房，警察说孩子的尸体就在那儿。
I had brought a camera in with me-the big, bulky Speed Graphic which used to be the
newspaper reporter's trademark．
我带着一架相机--又大又笨的速照相机，当时这是新闻记者的标志。
Everybody had drifted back out of the house together family，police，reporters and
photographer．
孩子的家人、警察、记者和摄影师都慢慢地从屋子里走出来。
Entering the kitchen，I came upon this scene．
一走进厨房，我就看到了这样的场景：
0n a formica -topped table，backlighted by a frilly curtained window， lay the tiny body，
wrapped in a clear white sheet．
光线透过窗帘射进来，塑料贴面的桌子上，一床雪白的床单裹着孩子娇小的身体。
Somehow the grandfather had managed to stay away from the crowd．
不知老人是怎样避开了人群。
He was sitting on a chair beside the table， in profile to me and unaware of my presence，
looking uncomprehendingly at the swaddled corpse．
他坐在桌子旁边的椅子上，侧面对着我，没有意识到我的出现，他正不解地看着包裹着的
尸体。
The house was very quiet． A clock ticked．
屋子里很静，钟表滴答滴答地响着。
As I watched， the grandfather slowly leaned forward， curved his arms like parentheses
around the head and feet of the little form， then pressed his face to the shroud and
remained motionless．
我看到，老人慢慢向前 倾着身子，伸出胳膊从头到脚揽住了小尸体，并将脸贴在上面，一
动不动。
In that hushed moment I recognized the makings of a prize- winning news photograph.
在那肃静的一瞬间，我意识到一张获奖新闻照片即将产生。
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I appraised the light， adjusted the lens setting and distance， locked a bulb in the flashgun，
raised the camera and composed the scene in the viewfinder．
我估测了光线，调整好镜头和距离，拧 亮闪光枪上的灯泡，举起相机，将整个画面组合在
镜框内。
Every element of the picture was perfect：
这张照片的每一部分都很完美：
the grandfather in his plain work clothes，his white hair backlighted by sunshine，the child's
form wrapped in the sheet，the atmosphere of the simple home suggested by black iron
trivets and World's Fair souvenir plates on the walls flanking the window.
穿工装的老人，他阳光下闪耀的白 发，裹在白被单里的孩子，还有黑色铁三脚架和窗子两
边墙上的世贸会纪念盘所衬托出的这个家庭的简朴 气氛。
Outside， the police could be seen inspecting the fatal rear wheel of the pickup while the
child’s mother and father leaned in each other's arms．
窗外，可以看到警察正在检查小货车那夺命的后轮，孩子的父母伤心地依偎在一起。
I don’t know how many seconds I stood there， unable to snap that shutter．
不知道我在那儿站了几秒钟，却按不下快门。
I was keenly aware of the powerful story- telling value that photo would have， and my
professional conscience told me to take it．
我非常清楚地知道这张照片会有多大的叙事价值，职业感告诉我要拍下来。
Yet I couldn't make my hand fire that flashbulb and intrude on the poor man’s island of
grief．
然而，我却不忍心按动闪光灯，闯入这位可怜老人悲痛的内心世界。
At length I lowered the camera and crept away，shaken with doubt about my suitability for
the journalistic profession．
终于，我放下了相机，蹑手蹑脚地走出屋子，一时有些动摇，怀疑自己是否适合从事新闻
职业。
Of course I never told the city editor or any fellow reporters about that missed opportunity
for a perfect news picture．
当然，我从未告诉市里的编辑或任何一位同行我曾经错过了一张完美新闻照片的机会。
Every day，on the newscasts and in the papers， we see pictures of people in extreme
conditions of grief and despair．
每天，新闻广播中和报纸上，我们都能看到极度悲伤和绝望者的照片。
Human suffering has become a spectator sport．
人类的痛苦已经成了一种观赏性的运动。
And sometimes，as I'm watching news film，I remember that day．
而且有时，我看新闻照片时，就会想起那一天。
I still feel right about what I did。
我仍然认为我当时做得很对。

Unit12 Text A
Importance重 要 性
Many important things that contribute to our overall objectives and give meaning to life
don't tend to act upon us or press us．
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很多重要事情有助于实现我们的总目标，使生活有意义，但是它们不作用于我们.
They're not ''urgent，but they are the things that we must act upon．
它们并不紧迫，但它们却是我们必须做的事情。
In order to focus on the issues of urgency and importance more effectively， let's look at the
Time Management Table below．
为了更有效地把精力集中在紧急和重要的事情上，我们来看下面的时间管理分类表。
As you can see it divides our activities into four parts． We spend time in one of these four
ways：
该表将人的活动分为四部分，我们以其中任何一种方式度日。






Important重要

Urgent紧迫


I

Crises危机
Pressing Problems紧急问题

Dealine-driven projects,
meetings, preparations有最后
期限的项目、会议和准备工作



Not Urgent不紧迫


II

Preparation准备工作
Prevention预防工作
Values clarification价值分类
Planning计划
Relationship building确立人际关
系
True-creation真正的再创造



III
Interruptions, some phone calls
小插曲，某些电话
Some mail, some reports某些信
件、报告
Some meetings某些会议
Many proximate, pressing
matters许多迫在眉睫的事情
Many popular activities许多大
众活动


IV
Trivia ,busywork
Some phone calls某些电





Not Important不重
要

话
Time wasters消耗时间
的事情
“逃避
现实”的活动
Irrelevant mail不相关的
信件
Excessive TV过度看电
视


Part I represents things that are both ．
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第1部分表示既紧迫又重要的事情。
Here's where we handle an angry client，meet a deadline，repair a broken-down machine，
undergo a heart surgery，or help a crying child who has been hurt．
接待一位怒气冲冲的顾客、在截止期限内完成任务、抢修一台坏了的机器、接受 心脏手术、
帮助一位因受伤而号啕大哭的孩子，这些都归于此类。
We need to spend time in Part I．我们应该在这类事情上花一些时间。
If we ignore it， we become buried alive．
如果忽视这些事情，我们的生活就会乱做一团，终日忙碌地喘不过气来。
But we also need to realize that many important activities become urgent through delay，or
because we don't do enough prevention and planning．
同时，应该意识到很多重要事情由于耽误、计划不周或者事前预防不力而变得紧迫 。（注：
今年4月汉译英刚刚考过这一句）

Part 1I includes activities that are ，but not urgent．This is the Part of Quality．
第1I部分包括重要但不紧迫的事情，又被称为质量部分。
Here's where we do our long-range planning，anticipate and prevent problems，broaden our
minds，and increase our skills through reading and continuous professional development， < br>我们进行长期计划、预见和防治问题、开阔视野、通过阅读和专业方面的不断发展提高工
作技巧。
imagine how we're going to help a struggling Son or daughter，
想像我们去帮助奋斗中的儿女，
prepare for important meetings and presentations，
准备很重要的会议发言，
or invest in relationships through deep，honest listening．
或者通过深入、真诚地倾听别人讲话增进人际关系。
Increasing time spent in this part increases our ability to do．
增加花费在该部分的时间会提高我们做事的能力。
Ignoring this part feeds and enlarges Part I，creating stress and deeper crises for us．
忽视该部分就会扩大第1部分的范围，增加压力和深层危机。
On the other hand， investing in this part shrinks Part I．另外，加在该部分投入的时间会
缩小第1部分。
Planning，preparation，and prevention keep many things from becoming urgent．
增计划、准备和预防能够避免许多事情变得紧迫。
Part II does not act on us；we must act on it．
属于第1I部分的事情不会催促着我们去行动，我们应该对这些事情采取行动。
This is the Part of personal leadership．
这一部分又被称为个人领导部分。

Part Ⅲ is easily confused with (被动语态)Part I．
第1II部分极易与第1部分混淆。
It includes things that are ，but not important．
它包括那些紧迫但是不重要的事情。
This is the Part of Deception．
该部分被称作欺骗部分。
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The noise of urgency creates the illusion of importance．
紧迫给人制造重要的假象。
But the actual activities．if they're important at all， are only important to someone else．
如果说这些行动重要，它们只对其他人重要。
Many phone calls，meetings，and drop-in visitors fall into（落入，此处指属于） this type．
很多电话、会议和偶然来访者都属于这一类。
We spend a lot of time in partⅢmeeting other people's needs，thinking we're really in Part
I．
我们在第1Ⅱ部分花费大量时间满足别人的需要，却认为自己做的事情属于第1部分。

Part IV is reserved for those activities that are ．
第Ⅳ部分包括既不紧迫也不重要的事情。
This is the Part of Waste．这是一个浪费部分。
Of course，we really shouldn't be there at a11．
显然，我们不应该做属于该部分的事情。
But we get so battle-scarred from being tossed around in Parts I and III that we often
．
但我们往往为第1、第1II部分的事情焦头烂额、不堪重负，希望在第Ⅳ部分得以解脱。
What kinds of things are in Part IV?
那么，哪些事情属于该部分呢?
Not necessarily recreational things，because recreation in the true sense of re-creation is a
valuable PartⅡactivity．
并非休闲活动，因为真正的休闲活动具有再创造的意义，属于第1I部分有价值的活动。
Part IV is deterioration．该部分使人堕落。
We would find there's nothing there．
我们会发现这些事情本质上毫无价值。
We'd like to suggest that you look at the Time Management Table and think back over the
past week of your life．
我们建议你看一下时间管理分类表，回顾一周来的生活。
If you were to place each of your last week's activities in one of these parts，where would you
say you spent most of your time?
如果你将一周的活动归类到四个部分，你大部分时间花在哪个部分?
Think carefully as you consider Parts I and III．It's easy to think that if something is urgent,
it is important．
在涉及到第1、第ⅡI部分的时候要仔细考虑，我们很容易这样认为：某 件事若非常紧迫，
它就是重要的。
A quick way to differentiate between these two parts is to ask yourself if the urgent activity
will contribute to an important objective．
快速区分两者的途径是问问自己这件紧迫的事情是否有助于实现一个重要的目标。
If not，it probably belongs to Part Ⅲ．
如果答案是否定的，那它就属于第1II部分。
Think about the questions：思考一下这两个问题：
What is the one activity that you know if you did superbly well and consistently would
have significant positive results in your personal life?
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哪件事情，如果你做得非常出色并且经常去做，会对你的生活大有好处?
What is the one activity that you know if you did superbly well and consistently would
have significant positive results in your professional life?
哪件事情，如果你做得非常出色并且经常去做，会对你的工作极其有益?
Think about your answers to these questions．
思考一下你对这两个问题会如何做答。
Among the answers we get，a great majority（大多数）of them fall under six key
activities：
我们所得到的答案，可以分为六种主要类型：
1． Improving communication with people增强与人交流
2．Better preparation做好准备工作
3．Better planning and organizing很好地计划和组织
4．Taking better care of self照顾好自己
5．Seizing new opportunities抓住新机会
6．Personal development个人发展
All of these are in PartⅡ．They're important．这些都属于第1I部分，非常重要。
So why aren't people doing them? 大家为什么都不做呢?
Why aren't you doing the things you have identified from the questions above?
你又为什么不根据从上面问题中得出的答案做事呢?
Probably because they're not urgent． They aren't pressing．
这很可能是因为它们不紧迫，没有给你压迫感。
They don't act on you．You have to act on them．
它们不会让你有紧迫感，但是你必须对这些事情采取主动行动。

CLOZE
IV．Cloze．Please pay attention that there are more words than are necessary?
urgent in motion casual embarrassed
confused excuse overworked relaxed
satisfaction habitual exciting expect
used gratitude instead
The Urgency Addiction (瘾、沉溺) 紧张的癖好
Some of us get so used to the rush of handling crises that we become dependent on it for a
sense of excitement and energy．
我们当中有些人习惯于忙忙碌碌地处理紧急情况，以至于我们依赖这种忙碌让自己兴奋 和
精神饱满。
How does urgency feel ? Stressful ?Tense ?Exhausting ?Sure．
紧迫感是一种什么感觉呢?感觉有压力?紧张?当然是这样。
But let's be honest． It's also sometimes exciting We feel useful．We feel successful．
坦白地说，有时候紧迫使人兴奋、激动，让人感觉自己是能干的、成功的。
And we get good at it．It brings instant results and instant satisfaction．
我们变得擅长于此。紧迫能够带来即时的成就和满足感。
We get a temporary(临时的，暂时的)excitement from solving urgent and important crises．
解决紧迫并且重要的危急事件可以得到暂时的兴奋与激动。
Then when the importance isn't there，we would feel uneasy and we are drawn to anything
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urgent，just to stay in motion．
当事情的重要性不复存在，我们就会变得不自在，对紧迫的事情非常感兴趣，时刻处于行
动状态中。
People expect us to be busy and overworked．
其他人都希望我们一直忙碌，并且超负荷工作。
It's become a status symbol in our society-if we're busy，we're important；if we're not
busy，we're almost embarrassed to admit it．
这已经成为一个人社会身份的标志了：如果我们 非常忙碌，就说明我们非常重要；如果不
忙碌，我们几乎羞于承认这一点?
Being busy is where we get our security．It's validating，popular，and pleasing．
忙碌给人安全感，也是一种证明，说明你受欢迎、与人友善。
It's also a good excuse for not dealing with the first things in our lives．
同时它也是一个很好的借口，我们以此来为自己辩白为什么不去做生活中那些首要事情。
Urgency addiction is a self-destructive behavior that temporarily(临时地、暂时地)fills the
void created by unmet needs．
尽管紧迫的癖好能够暂时满足一些需求，但它是一种自我毁灭的行为。
And instead of meeting these needs，the tools and approaches of time management often feed
the addiction．
时间管理的各种工具和方法往往助长人的这种癖好，而不是解决存在的问题，
They keep us focused on daily ordering of the urgent．
它们使人的注意力集中于每天将这些紧迫的事情排序 。

第十二课
1、很多重要事情有助于实现我们的总目标，使生活更丰富更有意义。
Many important things contribute to our overall objectives and give meaning to life.
2、如果忽视这些事情，我们就会整日忙碌地喘不过气来，生活乱作一团。
If we ignore（不理睬） these things, we become buried（埋葬） alive.
3、紧迫给人制造重要的假象。
Urgency（紧急的事） creates the illusion（幻想） of importance.
4、很多重要事情由于耽误、计划不周或者事前预防不力而变得紧迫。
Many important activities become urgent（紧急的） through delay（耽误）, or because
we don’t do enough prevention（预防） and planning. （2006-4考过了）
5、真正意义上的休闲属于第二部分有价值的活动。
Recreation（娱乐） in its true sense is a valuable Part 11 activity.
6、快速区分两部分活动的途径是问问自己这件紧迫的事情是否有助于实现一个重要的目
标。
A quick way to differentiate（区分） between activities of the two part is to ask
yourself if the urgent（紧迫的） activity contributes to an important objective.
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7、你为什麽不根据从上面问题中得出的答案做事呢？
Why don’t you do the things you have identified（鉴别） from the questions above?
8、你的大部分时间花在哪个部分？
Where do you spend most of your time?
对比：
我们哪有时间消磨在网络上？
Where are we going to get the time to live with the Web? 第160页
9、计划、准备和预防能够避免许多事情变得紧迫。
Planning, preparation（准备）, and prevention（预防） keep many things from
becoming urgent.
10、忽视该部分就会扩大第一部分的范围，增加压力和深层危机。
Ignoring this part feeds and enlarges（扩大） part I, creating stress（压力） and
deeper crises（危险）.
Text B
The Three Generations of Time Management三代时间管理理念
In our effort to close the gap between the clock and the compass in our lives， many of us
turn to the field of ．
在努力缩小现实与目标之间差距的时候，许多人都将目光投向时间管理领域：
While just three decades ago there were fewer than a dozen significant(重大的；效果显著的;
具有特殊意义的；意味深长的)books on the subject， our most recent survey led us through
well over a hundred books and hundreds of articles．
三十年前，这方面的著作寥寥数册，最近调查结果表明已经有一百多本专著，相关 文章数
以百计。
It reflects something of a ，这便是爆米花现象：
with the increasing heat and pressure of the culture creating a rapidly exploding body of
literature and tools．
随着文化的升温和文化压力的增大，相关文献和工具数量急剧增加。
In making this survey， we read，digested（整理），and boiled down the information to（等
于；归结为）three ．
这次调查过程中，我们阅读了大量材料，将其整理、分类，得出三代时间管理理念。
Each generation builds on the one before it and moves toward greater efficiency and
contro1．
每一代理念都是建立在前一代基础之上的，并且朝着更加有效、更易控制的方向发展。
First Generation．第一代。
The first generation is based on ．
第一代是建立在提醒的基础之上的。
People try to keep track of things they want to do with their time— write the report，attend
the meeting，fix the car，clean out the garage．
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使用这种方法的人尽量记录自己想要做的事情——写报告、参加会议、修车、打扫车库。
This generation is characterized by simple notes and checklists．
该理念的特点是做一些简单的记录。
If you're in this generation， you carry these lists with you and refer to them，so you don't
forget to do things．
如果你属于该类型，你会随身带着这些记录，不时拿出来看看，以确保没有忘记什么。
Hopefully（抱着希望地；如果顺利的话；如果运气好的话），at the end of the day，you've
accomplished many of the things that you set out to do and you can cheek them off your list．
运气好的话, 一天下来，你会完成很多要做的事情，这样就可以把它们从记录清单中删除。
If those tasks are not accomplished，you put them on your list for tomorrow．
如果这些事情还未完成，那把它们放入第二天的记录中。
Second Generation．第二代。
The second generation is one of ．
第二代是计划、准备型，
It's characterized （被动语态）by setting goals and planning ahead． People schedule future
activities and events．
其特点是确定目标、事先计划安排好将来的活动。
If you're in this generation． you make appointments，write down commitments，identify
deadlines． and note where meetings will be held．
如果你属于该类型，你会定好约会、记下承诺、标明最后期限,注明会议在何处举行。
You may even keep this in the computer or the network．
你还可能将所有这些存入计算机或者网络。
Third Generation．第三代。
The third generation approach is ，ordering，and controlling．
第三代时间管理法是计划、排序、控制法。
If you're in this generation．you've probably spent some time clarifying your values and
priorities．
你若属于该类，你一定已经花了一些时间来理清你的价值观，并将它们排序。
You've asked yourself，
你也一定问过自己我想得到什么?
You've set long-．Medium-．and short-range goals to obtain these values．
并且确立了长期、中期和短期目标，来实现这些价值。
You order your activities on a daily basis．
你在日常生活的基础上将这些活动排序。
This generation is characterized by a wide variety of planning and organizing forms．
该管理法的特点是计划、组织的多样性。
In some ways， these three generations of time management have brought us a long way
toward increased effectiveness in our lives．
某种程度上，这三代时间管理理念已经使我们的生活效率大有提高。
Such things as efficiency，planning，ordering，values clarification，and goal setting have
made a significant difference．
诸如效率、计划、排序、价值分类、确立目标等已经使生活大有改观。
But for most people the gap remains between what's deeply important to them and the way
they spend their time．
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但是对大多数人来说，重要的事情和度日方式之间仍然存在差距。
In many cases，things are getting worse．
很多情况下，事情变得更糟糕。
“We're getting more done in less time，”people are saying，“how could we justify that we're
doing what matters most and doing it well?”
人们说：“我们在越来越短的时间内做越来越多的事情，怎样才能证明所做的事情是重要的，
我 们做得很出色呢?”
One thing is for sure： if we keep doing what we're doing, we're going to keep getting what
we're getting．
有一件事情是明确的：如果继续做现在所做的事情，我们得到的也将是目前所得到的。
One definition of insanity is ．
''不可理喻的一种解释方法是：做同样的事情却希望得到不同的结果。
If time management were the answer，surely the sheer abundance of good ideas would have
made a big difference by now．
如果时间管理法能够解决问题，那至今这些层出不穷的好主意应该已经奏效。
But we find that concerns about quality of life are just as likely to come from someone with a
high level of time management training as from someone without it．
但是，我们发现受过高等时间管理训练的人对生活质量的关注与未受过训练的人相差无几。
Time management—especially the third generation—sounds good．
时间管理-- 尤其是第三代理念，听起来非常不错。
It gives the promise of achievement，a sense of hope．
它使我们满怀希望，期待有所成就。
But it doesn't work．但它不见得奏效。
For many people，the third generation approach feels strict and impractical．
对很多人来说，第三代管理法太刻板、不现实。
The first thing many do when they get ready to go on vacation is to leave their planners—the
symbols of the third generation—at home!
很 多人准备度假的时候，要做的头一件事就是把自己的工作计划留在家里。而这些计划恰
恰是第三代管理法 的标志。
There's clearly a need for a fourth generation—one that embraces all the strengths of
generations l，2，and 3，but wipes out the weaknesses and moves beyond．
显然我们需要第四代时间管理理念，一 代包含了前三代理念的所有优点，去除其弱点，并
且超越前三代的时间管理理念。
This requires a fundamental break with less effective ways of thinking and doing．
这需要我们与低效率的思维、行为方式彻底决裂。
More than an evolution，we need a revolution．
这不仅仅是渐进，我们要进行变革，
We need to move beyond time management to life leadership—to a fourth generation based
on paradigms that will create quality-of-life results．
我们要超越时间管理，领导生活， 得出第四代时间管理理念，利用一些图表创造高质量的
生活。


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Unit 13 Text A
Live and Learn活到老，学到老
Good grades and a good job are easy to get. A good education is a different story.
好分数和好工作都不难获得，但接受良好的教育却是另一回事。
Her eyelids sank from lack of sleep, but Teresa’s exams were always perfect, 由于睡眠不
足，特丽萨的眼睑松垂，但她考试成绩总是出类拔萃，her writings longer than required（被
动语态）, 作文写得比要求的长，and her math problems rewritten to ensure cleanness. 数
学题目要再做一遍，以保证卷面整洁。
She played the violin and the piano, volunteered at the hospital, participated in various
school clubs and enjoyed none of them.
她拉小提琴、弹钢琴，去医院做志愿者，参加学校里 的各种俱乐部活动，虽然这些她一样
也不真的喜欢。
It seemed that she was born to succeed and was more than willing to sacrifice herself in the
name of achievement.
她好像天生就是为了取得成功，甘心情愿地把自己牺牲在成就名声当中。
I watched her as her laughter stopped.
我一直关注着她，直到她笑不出来。
And on Teresa’s graduation day, she wore the valedictory medal, but her eyes were empty.
特丽萨毕业的那天，她带着全优毕业生的奖章，双眼却空洞无神。
Many students today display a worrying tendency to choose universities, fields of study and
careers on the basis of earning potential. 当今许多学生表现出一种让人不安的倾向，他们基于将来能挣多少钱的考虑来选择院校、
研究领域和 职业。
In a large 1989 survey of college students all over the U.S., 72 percent of the students
reported that their primary goal in attending college was to make more money upon
graduation.
1989年对全美国大学生的一项调查显示，72％的学生承认他 们上大学的目的就是为了毕业
后多挣钱。
This state of mind came with the present generation.
这种精神状态同当代大学生一起而来。
Studies show that the majority of baby boomers attended college to develop themselves, their
critical（批判性的）thinking skills and their personal philosophies of life.
研究表明，1947-1961 年间人口生育高峰时出生的大学生上大学是为了自我发展，培养批判
思维能力和个人的人生哲学。
Nationally, the number of students going into business-related fields has sharply increased,
and this rise has been attributed primarily to the change in educational and career
emphases.
从整个国家来看，从事与经济相关工作的毕业生人数已明显增长。这一增长主要由于教育
和职 业重点的转变所致。
At Duke, economics is now the most popular major, attracting nearly 15 percent of the
undergraduates, while history majors are only 5 percent of the undergraduate population.
在杜 克大学，经济学是现在最热门的专业，吸引了大约整个学校15％的本科生，而历史学
系的学生仅占整个 本科生比例的5％。
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Thirty years ago the situation was reversed, with economic and business administration
majors together being 8.7 percent of the undergraduates and almost 12 percent of the
undergraduates declaring themselves history majors.
三十年前，情况恰好相反，主修经济学和商业管理的学生仅占本科生比例的7％，而 几乎
12％1~本科生是主修历史学的。
The number of English majors has also decreased, from 9 percent in 1969 to 5.5 percent
today.
现在，主修英语语言文学的学生数量也有所下降，从1969年的9％下降到当今的5．5％。
Degrees in economics are popular and likely to offer their holders high salaries without the
added effort of medical or law school.
经济 学学位现在很是吃香，很有可能让毕业生拿到高薪，也不用像攻读医学或法律那样需
要付出更多的努力。
And given the goals of the college students of this generation, such options are attractive.
从当代大学生的目标来看，经济学类确实很吸引人。
But certainly, everything has its price.
当然?办任何事情都要付出代价。
With this wrong idea of education, students convince themselves again and again that
learning is a mechanism by which one reaches other goals.
由于这种错误教育观点的误导，学生们更加相信学习是个机械的手段，通 过它可以实现其
他的目标。
Having accepted this idea, students learn to demand little from their courses, little from their
professors and little from themselves.
接受了这种观点之后，学生变得不愿再从所学课 程中学习知识，不愿再从老师、再从自己
那里学习知识。
They are satisfied with the game of institutionalized education – play by the rules, cheat in
the exams, win the degree.
他们满足于这种程式化的教育-- 按规则游戏，考试时作弊，最后获得学位。
Educational administration encourages this attitude with an overemphasis on grades and
standardized tests.
教育机构鼓励这种态度，过分强调考试成绩和标准化考试。
The college admission process, an imperfect science, can rarely distinguish between those
students committed to learning and those committed to other aims.
大学录取的过程并不完备，很难区分哪些学生是致力于学问研究的，哪些学生是想实现其
他目的的。
As a result, the selection process often unintentionally reinforces this overemphasis on
concrete indicators of achievement.
结果，录取过程无意间更加强调突出了学生的具体考分。
In this environment students are reminded that the measure of success in the GPA, and that
their energies are best spent in pursuit of the goal rather than an exploratory pursuit for
understanding.
在这种 环境下，学生提醒自己成功的标准就是各科成绩的平均积分点，把绝大部分精力花
在了追求目标而不是探 求知识的理解上。
More often than not, they destroy themselves in the process.
在这一过程中，他们经常毁了自己。
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Despite all the facts above, there is still hope to remain.
虽然有上面提到的各种现实, 但仍能看到希望存在。
Weak signs of idealism have been found in this generation, and strong individuals with deep
desires to learn remain calm by the goals of their fellows.
理想主义的微弱迹象已经在当代人身上发现。有人意志坚强，渴求知识，不为同伴的目标
吓倒。
Those students whose curiosity cannot be satisfied are few, but easy to identify in person.
这些求知欲难以满足的学生虽然数量不多，但能够相对容易地分辨出来。
They learn for the sake of learning, ask questions on any subject and regard each experience
as an opportunity for a mental adventure.
他们为知识而学习，提问涉及各学科的问题，把每一次经历都看做思维探险的机会。
It is both idealistic and practical to suggest that universities should encourage a “life of the
mind”.
大学应该鼓励思维生活，这既具理想化，又切合实际。
The person who likes to go to work in the morning will be more productive and more
creative, and he will stop working late in life.
喜欢一大早就工作的人更具有创造性，效率也高，直到晚年才会停止工作。
By finding joy in their work, many individuals teach by example, and those around them
develop a respect for education and an ability to find value and enjoyment in any situation.
他们在工作中找到了快乐 ，以自身为榜样，周围的人也对教育产生了敬意，逐渐有了一种
在任何情况下发现价值和快乐的能力。
The process of learning and developing is more important than the result.
学习和自我发展的过程要比结果重要，
Understanding this can help find potential happiness in every moment, while focusing only
on the result provides very short happiness upon achievement.
理解了这一点，就可以在每时每刻发现潜在的欢乐，而仅仅注 重结果只会在取得成就的瞬
间有即逝的快乐。
In treating learning as a means to an end, this generation has damaged the quality of their
education and consequently, the quality of their life.
当代人把 学习当做实现某一目的的手段，这损害了他们所受教育的质量，继而，他们生活
的质量也受到损害。
Unaware and unashamed, some students are sacrificing their loves and their inner lives to
pursue superficial goals, thereby, reinforcing social abnormalities which will persist until
every Teresa takes responsibility reversing the trend.
既没有这种意识，也不感到羞耻，一些学生牺牲了自己的爱和内心生活来追逐表 面的目标，
结果加强了教育的社会畸形发展，只有当每一个像特丽萨那样的人承担起责任时，这一社会潮流才会扭转。
第十三课
1、由于睡眠不足，特丽萨的眼睑松垂，但她考试成绩总是 出类拔萃，作文写得比要求的长，
数学题目要再做一遍，以保证卷面整洁。
Her eyelids（眼皮） sank from lack（因缺乏） of sleep, but Terasa’s axams were
always perfect（理想的）, her writings longer than required, and her math problems
rewritten to ensure cleanness,
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2、好像她天生就是为了取得成功，甘心情愿地把自己牺牲在成就名声当中。
It seemed that she was born to succeed and was more than willing to sacrifice
hereself in the name of achievement.
3、当今许多学生表现出一种让人不安的倾向，他们基于将来能挣多 少钱的考虑来选择院
校、研究领域和职业。
Many students today display a worrying tendency to choose universities, fields of
study and careers（事业） on the basis of earning potential（可能的）.
4、这一增长主要是由于教育和职业重点的转变所致。
This rise has been attributed（归因于） primarily（主要地） to the change in
educational and career（事业） emphases（重点）. 注：emphasis 复数 emphases
5、在杜克大学，经济学是现在最热门的专业， 吸引了大约整个学校15％的本科生，而历
史系的学生仅占整个本科生比例的5％。
At duke, economics is now the most popular major（专业）, attracting nearly 15
percent of undergraduates（大学生）, while history majors are only 5 percent of the
undergraduate population.
6、三十年前，情况恰好相反，主修经济学和商业管理的学生仅占本科生比例的7％，而几
乎12％的 本科生说是主修历史学的。
Thirty years ago the situation was reversed（相反的）, with economic and business
administration majors together being 7 percent of undergraduates and almost 12
percent of undergraduates declaring（宣称） themselves history majors.
注：reverse 同义词 opposite，见前面一个汉译英：
美国妇女的“金字塔”形状恰好相反：年轻妇女工作的人数较少，而岁数较大时，人数却增
加了。
The pyramid for American women is the opposite（相反的）, with fewer young
women employed, and the number increasing at older ages.
7、经济学学位现在很是吃香，很有可能让毕业生拿到高薪，也不用像攻读医学或法律那样
需要 付出更多的努力。
Degrees in economics are popular and likely to offer（vt.贡献）their holders（持有
者；所有人） high salaries without the added effort（努力） of medical（医学的） or
law school.
比较：economic形容词或名词 ；economics名词
8、从当代大学生的目标来看，经济学类确实很吸引人。
Given the goals（目标） of the college students of this generation（一代人）, such
options（选择） are attractive（吸引人的）.
9、由于这种错误教育观点的误导，学生们更加相信学习是个机 械的手段，通过它可以实现
其他的目标。
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With this wrong idea of education, students convince（使相信） themselves again
and again that learning is a mechanism（机械装置） by which one reaches other
goals.
10、大学录取的过程并不完备，很难 区分哪些学生是致力于学问研究，哪些学生是想实现
其他目的的。
The college admission（录取） process, an imperfect（有缺点的） science, can rarely
（很少地） distinguish（区别） between those students committee（忠于）d to learning
and those committed to other aims.
11、他们把绝大部分精力花在了追求目标而不是探求知识的理解上。
Their energies are best spent in pursuit（追求） of the goal rather than an
exploratory（探测的） pursuit for understanding. [exploratory a.——explore vt.]
12、虽然有各种不利的现实，但仍能看到希望之所在。
Despite the unfavorable（不顺利的） facts, there is still hope to retain.
13、他们为知识而学习，提问的问题涉及各学科，把每一次经历都看作思维探险的机会。
They learn for the sake（为了） of learning, ask questions on any subject and regard
each experience as an opportunity（机会） for a mental（智力的）adventure（冒险）.
14、理解了这一点，就可以在每时每刻发现 潜在的欢乐，而仅仅注重结果只会在完成任务
的瞬间又即逝的快乐。
Understanding this can help find potential（潜在的） happiness in every moment,
while focusing only on the result provides very short happiness upon achievement.
15、当代人把 学习当作是实现某一目的的手段，这损害了他们所受教育的质量，他们生活
的质量也受到损害。
In treating（处理） learning as a means to an end（达到目的的手段）, this generation
has damaged（被损害的） the quality of their education and consequently（从而）,
the quality of their life.


TEXT B
Save money for College on My Own自己挣钱上大学

I will never forget the day in my first year in high school.
我永远不会忘记读高一时的一天，
I was sitting on the stairs descending into the basement, putting my head in my hands and
crying out in despair to my parents that I would never be able to save enough money for
college.
我坐在通往地下室的楼梯上，双手抱着头，绝望地向父母哭诉说，我怎么也攒不够上大学
的钱。
My parents tried to console me, but it seemed impossible to save $$64,268, the cost for the
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private institution that I desperately wanted to attend.
父母极力安慰我，可当时要挣够64268美元(这是我迫切想上的那所私立大学的费用)，看来
是不可能的。
Now let me tell you the amazing story of how I earned this sum of money.
现在让我告诉你我挣这笔钱的令人惊异的过程。
It all began with a paper route in Ankeny, Iowa.
一切是从我在依阿华州安克尼市送报纸时开始的。
I hated delivering that route, but was determined to stick it out for six months until my
family moved to Wausau, Wisconsin.
我虽然很讨厌送报纸的那条路线，还是决定坚持下去，直到六个月后我们家搬往 威斯康星
州的沃索市。
With a few meager dollars from my paper route, my savings began to develop.
随着每次送报纸换来的几块钱，我的存款开始增加。
My next job was with an athletic company as a telephone customer service representative.
我的第二份工作是给一家运动员公司做电话客户服务代理。
The savings account continued to grow very slowly.
存折上的钱增长速度仍然很慢。
Then came the fall of my junior year of high school, and I began to work as a waitress at a
restaurant.
在我上高二的秋季，我开始在一家餐馆当服务生。
It was hard work, but the money began to roll in and this job paid at least twice as much
money per hour.
之后，工作很辛苦，但钱来得快，每小时的报酬至少要比原来多出一倍。
By the time my senior year arrived, I had saved a considerable amount of money.
等到了高三，我已经存了数目可观的一笔的钱。
This was encouraging, but I knew that I would also need some help, so I began the process of
applying for scholarships.
这颇让人鼓舞，但我知道这仍不够，所以就开始申请奖学金。
Sometimes it was discouraging because I was rejected again and again.
由于接二连三地遭到拒绝，有时我颇感沮丧。
Then, my first scholarship offer came in, $$2,000 a year to play tennis.
后来我等来了第一笔奖学金，每年2000美元，条件是我得为学校打网球。
This is only a small dent at a school that costs approximately $$14,000 a year, but it was a
start.
进这所大学每年需要高达14000美元的学费，这2000美元只是杯水车 薪，但仍不失为一个
良好的开端。
Several other academic scholarships also came my way and soon my scholarships were up to
$$9,050.
之后，我又获得了几项学科奖学金，很快，奖学金的总额达到9050美元。
With the scholarships and my savings, I had enough money for my first year!
有了奖学金，再加上我自己的存款，第一年的学费足够了。
Another interesting development emerged. I began testing out of classes.
随之又有了进展，很有意思。我开始参加不同科目的免修考试。
Running anxiously to the mailbox in anticipation of my test scores became part of my daily
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routine.
每天焦虑不安地冲向邮箱，盼望能取得考试成绩，这成了我生活的一部分。
Excitement mounted as test after test came back with passing results.
当一个又一个考试通过的通知寄来时，
Each passing result saved me approximately $$1,000 in tuition and then enabled me to
graduate a year early.
激动之情也与之俱增。每通过一门科目的 考试可节省约1000美元学费，还可以提前一年毕
业。
This would save room and board expenses as well.
这样又可以省下一笔住宿费和伙食费。
Finally, I entered the institution.
我终于进了大学。
Because of my careful savings, I did not have to work during the school year.
由于精打细算，大学第一年里我不用去打工。
Then, summer came and it was time to work harder than ever.
但等暑假到来时，我得拼命去打工。
I continued working as a waitress at night, instructed tennis camps several mornings a week
and worked as a secretary for a few hours in afternoons. .
我晚 上继续在餐馆当服务生，同时每周几个上午去网球夏令营当教练，下午再做几个小时
的秘书。
Being a little overzealous, I also decided to take a class at a community college.
我太心急，打工的同时又在社区大学修了一门课。
This class at the community college saved me $$650. it was an exhausting summer and made
me anxious to return to my relatively easy life at college
这 样，我又节省了650美元。夏季过完时，我已经疲惫不堪，盼望着开学后回到轻松一点
的大学生活。
During my second and third years of undergraduate schooling, I decided to work about five
hours per week in the campus admissions office answering phones.
大学的第二年和第三年，我决定在学校招生办公室每周工作5小时，接听电话。
This provided a little spending money and kept me from draining my savings.
这样我可以挣点儿零花钱，不必动用积蓄。
The overall situation looked hopeful as I approached my senior year as long as I could make
as much money as I had the previous summer.
等进入第四学年时，只要暑假能再挣到上一个暑假那么钱就够了，我对自己已经很有信心。
I wanted to go to Israel to study for 3 weeks, but I hesitated in making this decision because
it would cost me $$1,600 more to get the credits in Israel.
可我同时还想去以色列学习3个星期。 当时我犹豫不决，因为去以色列修学分要多花1600
美元。
About two weeks later my Mom called to tell me that I had $$1,600 in the bank that I had
forgotten about!
大约过了两个星期，我妈妈打电话告诉我，说我在银行里还存有1600美元，而我早把它忘
了!
One of my concerns about this trip was not only the cost, but the loss of time to make
money;
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关于以色列之行除了费用之外，我的另外一个顾虑是失去了挣钱的时间。
however, I made as much that summer in the ten weeks when I was at home as I had made
during the fourteen weeks when I was at home the summer before.
然 而，那个暑假我在家住了10个星期，10个星期中挣的钱相当于上个暑假在家14个星期
中挣的钱。
The way everything worked together to make this trip feasible was one of the most exciting
things that have ever happened to me.
各种巧合使得我的以色列之行得以实现，这是我一生所经历过的最激动人心的事情之一。
Finally my senior year of college came and to keep things satisfactory, I decided to buy a car.
最后我进入大学的第四学年。为了事事都称心，我决定买辆车。
I obviously did not have a lot of money to spend on a car and yet I wanted something reliable
to make the ten-hour trips between home and school not too tiring.
我显然不可能有太多的钱花在车上。但我需要一辆性能可靠的车，以便我能轻松地往 返于
家和学校之间(约10小时车程)。
I searched many newspaper ads and my father and I began searching for good used cars.
我开始搜寻报．纸上的广告。爸爸和我一起查找性能良好的二手车信息。
I was ecstatic when I found a crashed car that had been fixed up for only $$4,200.
最后，我找到一辆撞毁后重新修复的车，只需4200美元，我欣喜若狂。
Then, I also attended an eight-week course o marriage and family in Colorado.
后来我还参加了科罗拉多州的一个为期8周的关于婚姻和家庭的研习班。
This was an incredible experience that taught me a great deal about my worldview and how
to develop a healthy family.
这是一次不可思议的经历，它改变了我的世界观，并教会了我如何建立一个健康的家庭。
This experience was also very costly, ：$$4,000.
然而这次经历的花费也不低：4000美元。
I was surprised to find that I had graduated with no debt and so many remarkable journeys
along the way.
等我毕业时，我惊奇地发现，我没有任何负债，还在大学期间进行了那么多令人难忘的旅
行。
This experience has shaped me in many important ways.
这些经历在我身上产生了重大影响。
The first thing that I learned was the importance of a strong work ethic.
首先我学到了坚定的敬业精神的重要性。
Working long hours did a lot to mold my character and helped me learn the value of a
dollar.
连续工作数小时塑造了我的性格，并让我懂得了每一元钱的价值。
It also made me learn how to craft creative solutions to difficult dilemmas.
我还学会了在遇到难题时如何设计出富有创意的解决办法。
Whenever I am overwhelmed or afraid of the future, I can remember my $$64,268 miracle.
每当我对未来感到不知所措或惧怕时，我就会想到我那64268美元的奇迹。

Unit14Text A
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Man Will Prevail
人类必胜
I feel that this award was not made to me as a man, but to my work – life’s work in the
agony and sweat of the human spirit,
我感到这份奖赏不是授予我个人而是授予我的工作的——授予我一生从 事关于人类精神的
呕心沥血的工作。
not for glory and least of all for profit, but to create out of the materials of the human spirit
something which did not exist before.
我从事这项工作，不是为名，更不是为利，而是为了 从人的精神原料中创造出一些从前不
曾有过的东西。
So this award is only mine in trust. 因此，这份奖金只不过是托我保管而已。
It will not be difficult to find a dedication for the money part of it commensurate with the
purpose and significance of its origin.
要做出与这份奖赏原本的目的和意义相符，又与其奖金等价的献词并不困难，
But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too, by using this moment as a pinnacle
from which I might be listened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the
same anguish and travail,
但我还愿意利用这个时刻，利用这个举世瞩目的讲坛，向那些可能听到我说话并已 献身于
同一艰苦劳动的男女青年致敬。among whom is already that one who will some day stand
where I am standing.
Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we
can even bear it.
我们今天的悲剧是人们普遍存在一种生理上的恐惧，这种恐惧存在已久，以致我们已经习
惯了。
There are no longer problems of the spirit. 现在不存在精神上的问题，
There is only the question: When will I be blown up?
惟一的问题是：我什么时候会被炸得粉身碎骨?
Because of this, the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the
human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is
worth writing about, worth the agony and the sweat.
正因如此，今天从事写作的男女青年已经忘记了人类内心的冲突，而这本身就能构成好作
品。因为这是惟 一值得写、值得呕心沥血地去写的题材。
He must learn them again. 作家必须重新认识这些问题。
He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid;
他必须使自己明白世间最可鄙的事情莫过于恐惧。
and, teaching himself that, forget it forever,
他必须使自己永远忘却恐惧，
leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart,
在他的工作室里除了心底古老的真理之外，任何东西都没有容身之地。
the universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed – love and honor
and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice.
没有这古老 的普遍真理，任何小说都只能昙花一现，不会成功；这些真理就是爱、荣誉、
怜悯、自尊、同情与牺牲等 感情。
Until he does so, he labors under a curse. 不这样，他的气力终归白费。
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He writes not of love but of lust, of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value, of
victories without hope and, worst of all, without pity or compassion.
他不是写爱情而是写情欲，他写的失败是 没有人失去可贵的东西的失败,他写的胜利是没有
希望、更糟的是没有怜悯或同情的胜利。
His griefs grieve on no universal bones, leaving no scars. He writes not of the heart but of the
glands.
他的悲伤不是为了世上生灵，所以留下不深刻的痕迹。他不是在写心灵而是在写器官。
Until he learns these things, he will write as though he stood among and watched the end of
man.
在他重新懂得这些之前，他写作时，就犹如站在处于世界末日的人类中去观察末日的来临。
I decline to accept the end of man. 我拒绝接受人类末日的说法，
It is easy enough to say that man is immortal simply because he will endure:
因人类能延续而说人是不朽的，这很容易。
that when the last worthless rock hanging tideless in the last red and dying evening,
或者即使最后一次钟声已经消失，消失的再也没有潮水冲刷 的映在落日的余辉里的海上最
后一块无用礁石之旁时，
that even then there will still be one more sound: that of his puny inexhaustible voice, still
talking.
还会有一个声音，人类微弱的、不断的说话声，这也很容易。
I refuse to accept this. 但是我不能接受这种说法。
I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail.
我相信人类不仅能延续，而且能战胜一切而永存。
He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but
because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance.
人类不朽不是因为在万物中惟有他能永远发言， 而是因为他有灵魂，有同情心、有牺牲和
忍耐精神。
The poet’s, the writer’s, duty is to write about these things.
诗人和作家的责任就是把这些写出来。
It is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his heart,
诗人和作家的特权就是云鼓舞人的斗志、
by reminding him of the courage and honor and hope and pride and compassion and pity
and sacrifice which have been the glory of his past.
使人记住过去曾经有过的光荣-- 人类曾有过的勇气、荣誉、希望、自尊、同情、怜悯与牺牲
精神--以达到永恒。
The poet’s voice need not merely be the record of man, it can be one of the props, the pillars
to help him endure and prevail.
诗人的声音不应只是人类的记录，而应是使人类永存和走向胜利的支柱和栋梁。
第十四课
1、我正骑着自行车向前走，车胎突然爆了。
When I was riding the bike, the tire（轮胎） suddenly blew up.
2、她和我说话的神情，好像她早就认识我似的。
She spoke to me as though she knew me.
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3、他们的观点和我们的冲突。
Their viewpoints are in conflict with ours.
4、由于粗心大意，他的实验注定要失败。
His experiment will be doomed（注定） to failure because of carelessness. 7
月考过了
5、请提醒我九点前给她打个电话。
Please reminds me that I must call her up before nine.
6、物以稀为贵。
The rarer（更稀罕的） it is, the more it is worth.
此句类似于：
你越能接受他们，也就越不会动不动发脾气。
The better able you are to accept them, the less angery you’ll be.
7、在现代社会中，受教育不应该被看成是一种特权。
Education should not be considered to be a privilege（特权） in a modern society.
8、友谊增进欢乐，分担忧愁。
Friendships multiply（增加） joys and divide（分开） griefs（忧伤）.
9、海堤能抵挡海浪的冲击。
The sea wall sustains（撑住） the shock of the waves.
10、高失业率并不是技术发展的结果，而是消极公共政策的后果。
High unemployment is not the result of the pace（速度） of technological change but
the consequence（结果） of passive（被动的） public policy.

Text B
The New Frontier新 边 疆

John Kennedy July 15, 1960
约翰.肯尼迪 1960年7月15日
For I stand tonight facing west on what was once the last frontier.
因为我今晚在这儿向西而立，面对着那条曾经是最后的边疆。
From the lands stretch 3,000 miles behind me, the pioneers of old gave up their safety, their
comfort and sometimes their lives to build a new world here in the west.
在我身后连绵3000英里的土地上，旧 日的垦荒者们抛弃了他们的安全、舒适，乃至生命，
来到本部建设一个新世界。
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They were not the captives of their own doubts, the prisoners of their own price tags.
他们不是自己的疑虑的俘虏，不是自己的价格标签的囚徒。
Their motto was not “every man for himself” – but “all for the common cause.”
他们的座右铭不是人人为自己，而是一切为了共同的事业。
They were determined to make that new world strong and free, to overcome its hazards and
its hardships, to conquer the enemies that threatened from without and within.
他们决心使新世界强大而自由，决心克服新世界的艰难困苦，战胜从外部和 内部构成威胁
的敌人。
Today some would say that those struggles are all over – that all the horizons have been
explored – that all the battles have been won – that there is no longer an American
frontier.
今天，有人会说，这些斗争都已结束--所有的地平线都已勘探-- 所有的战斗都已打赢--不再
有一条美国的边疆了。
But I trust that no one in this vast assembly will agree with those sentiments.
但我相信，与会者中无人会同意这些看法。
For the problems are not all solved and the battles are not all won – and we stand today on
the edge of a new frontier – the frontier of the 1960’s – a frontier of unknown
opportunities and perils – a frontier of unfulfilled hopes and threats.
因为问题没有全部解决，战斗没有全部打赢：今天我们正站在新边疆的边缘-- 这是20世纪
60年代的边疆，充满未知机会和风险，没有实现的希望和威胁。
Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom promised our nation a new political and economic
framework.
伍德罗?威尔逊的新自由许诺给我们国家一种新的政治和经济体制。
Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal promised security and succor to those in need.
富兰克林?罗斯福的新政许诺给贫困者以保障和救济。
But the New Frontier of which I speak is not a set of promises – it is a set of challenges.
可是，我所说的新边疆不是一系列承诺--而是一系列挑战。
It sums up not what I intend to offer the American people, but what I intend to ask of them.
它所概括的不是我打算为美国人民提供的东西，而是我打算向他们索取的东西。
It appeals to their pride, not their pocketbook – it holds out the promise of more sacrifice
instead of more security.
它所需求的是他们的自尊，而不是他们的钱包——它所许诺的是更多的牺牲，而不是更多
的保障。
But I tell you the New Frontier is here, whether we seek it or not.
但是，我要告诉诸位，新边疆就在这里，无论我们是否寻找它。
Beyond that frontier are uncharted areas of science and space, unsolved problems of peace
and war, unconquered pockets of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty
and surplus. < br>在边疆的那一边，是未探索的科学的空间领域，未解决的和平与战争问题，未征服的无知
的偏见角 落，未解答的贫困和过剩问题。
It would be easier to shrink back from that frontier, to look to the safe mediocrity of the past,
to be lulled by good intentions and high rhetoric – and those who prefer that course
should not cast their votes for me, regardless of party.
在这条边疆前退缩，寻求过去的安稳平 庸，陶醉于良好意愿和漂亮言辞，是比较容易的—
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—选择这条路的人，不应将他们的选票投给我，无论他们属于哪一个政党。
But I believe the times demand invention, innovation, imagination, decision,
但我认为，时代需要发明、革新、想像和决定。
I am asking each of you to be new pioneers on that New Frontier.
我要求诸位都成为新边疆的新的开拓者。
My call is to the young in heart, regardless of age – to the stout in spirit, regardless of
party – to all who respond to the scriptural call:
我号召的是心灵上的年轻人-- 无论他有多大年纪；是精神上的强者--无论他属于哪一个政党；
是所有那些响应这个神圣号召的人：
“Be strong and of good courage; be not afraid, neither be dismayed.”
要坚强，要有勇气；你们不要害怕，也不要灰心。
For courage – not complacency – is our need today – leadership – not
salesmanship.
因为我们今天需要的是勇气，而不是自满；是领导才干，而不是推销术。
And the only valid test of leadership is the ability to lead, and lead vigorously.
而有关领导才干的惟一有效的检测标准是领导能力，强有力的领导。
A tired nation, said David Lloyd George, is a conservative nation – and the United States
today cannot afford to be either tired or conservative.
劳合?乔治说过，疲惫的国家是保守的国家--而今日之美国既不能疲惫，也不能保守。
There may be those who wish to hear more – more promises to this group or that –
more harsh rhetoric about the men in the Kremlin – more assurances of a golden future,
where taxes are always low and subsidies ever high.
也许有人希望听到更多-- 对这个或那个群体做出更多的承诺，对克里姆林宫的人做出更严厉
的抨击，对金色的未来做出更多的保证 --到那时，税收总是很低，补助金却相当高。
But my promises are in the platform you have adopted.
但是，我的承诺在你们通过的政纲中。
Our ends will not be won by rhetoric and we can have faith in the future only if we have
faith in ourselves.
我们的目标将不是靠豪言壮语达到；我们只有对自己充满信心，才能对未来充满信心。
For the harsh facts of the matter are that we stand on this frontier at a turning-point in
history.
因为，关于这个问题的严峻事实是，我们是在历史转折关头站在这条边疆上的。
We must prove all over again whether this nation – or any nation so conceived – can
long endure
我们必须再次证明，这个国家，抑或任何这样孕育的国家，是否能够长久存在下去；
– whether our society – with its freedom of choice, its breadth of opportunity, its range
of alternatives – can compete with the single-minded advance of the Communist
system.
– 证明我们的社会，及其选择的自由、广泛的机会、抉择的范围，是否能够同共产主义制
度竞争。
Unit15Text A
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