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称谓翻译有讲究 各种

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2020-11-02 12:56
tags:assistant是什么意思

盘点英文-描述自己的性格

2020年11月2日发(作者:解学龙)



称谓翻译有讲究 各种“副”职译法大
不同
2012年11月14日09:27沪江英语网我要评论(
0
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字号:T|T
副字在英语中可以用vice、deputy、assistant、ass ociate、under、sub
等词表示。
副总裁 Vice President
国防部副部长(美国) Deputy Secretary of Defence
副总经理 Assistant General Manager
副国务卿 Under Secretary of State
副州长(副总督) Lieutenant Governor
(学院)副院长 Sub-dean of School
根据我国的翻译实践,表达副的含义用的最广泛的是Vice 和Deputy。Vice
和Deputy 并无本质区别,在实际使用时究竟选用哪个,纯属搭配习惯。一般来
说,vi ce与president、 premier、 chairman、 minister、 governor 搭配;deputy
与director、 chief、head 、secretary、dean、mayor 搭配。似乎可以认为,
Vice比Deputy的搭配级别要高。如:
国家副主席(或大学副校长) Vice President
副主席(或系副主任等) Vice Chairman
副总理 Vice Premier
副部长 Vice Minister
副省长 Vice Governor
副领事 Vice Consul
副校长(中小学) Vice Principal
以下情况常用Deputy:
副局长 Deputy Director



副秘书长 Deputy Secretary-General
副书记 Deputy Secretary
副市长 Deputy Mayor
副县长 Deputy Chief Executive
副村长 Deputy Village Head
副院长(学院) Deputy Dean
副总编 Deputy Editor-in-Chief
associate用作副时一般用于职称。
副教授 Associate Professor
副研究员 Associate Research Fellow
副主编 Associate Editor-in-Chief
副编审 Associate Senior Editor
副研究馆员 Associate Research Fellow
副译审 Associate Senior Translator
副主任医师 Associate Senior Doctor
Assistant 也可作副解释,如:副经理 Assistant Manager
但我们知道,assistant 原本含义是助理。当我们把副经理译成assistant
manager 时,那么经理助理怎么译?另外,assistant manager和另一种副经
理deputy manager之间有什么区别?
要弄清以上情况, 先得看看Assistant 和Deputy在美国的用法,以美国联
邦财政部金融管理局(Financial Management Service)为例,该局局长称作
Commissioner,紧接着Co mmissioner的二号人物称 Deputy Commissioner,
相当于我们中国的第 一副局长,然后是多名分管各个不同科室的副局长,如分管
联邦金融事务的副局长(Assistant Commissioner, Federal Finance)、分管金
融运营事务的副局长(Assistant Commissioner, Financial Operations)、分管
政府部门会计事务的副局长(Assistant Commissioner, Governmentwide
Accounting)等等



无论是美国政府还是企业机构几乎都是一样,即Deputy 作为第一副职,往
往只设一个,而Assistant 却可以有多个。比如在一家美国公司里,既有Deputy
General Manager,又有Assistant General Manager,都可以译成副总经理,
但其地位是前者(相当于我们的常务副总)高于后者。
至于比“副总经理”地位更低的“总经理助理”,则可译为:Assistant to General
Manager。如:总经理私人助理-Personal Assistant to GM、总经理特别助理
-Special Assistant to GM。
在我国 的行政机构内,助理往往指的是未经过立法机关认可的副职,如“市
长助理”,其职责和级别相当于副市 长,但地位显然低一些。这跟英语中的情况
是相似的,本来也可套用上述译法,即将常务副市长、副市长 、市长助理分别译
作:Deputy Mayor、Assistant Mayor、Assistant to Mayor。但是,我们已经习
惯于将“副市长” 统统译成Deputy Mayor, “市长助理” 译成Assistant Mayor,而
将“常务副市长” 译成 First Deputy Mayor,此种译法已广泛接受,不宜改译。
·水落石出
有人照字直译为:As thewater level sinks, the stones are exposed。
这样说,恐怕老外还是听不懂。他们的说法是:
All secrets may eventually come tolight. (所有祕密最后总会曝光。)
也可以说:
Eventually, every secret will bedisclosed。
·烈火炼真金,患难见真情
有人译成:Fire is the test of gold;adversity is the test of friendship。
这句译文,虽然很好,老外也能了解,但是他们还有另外的说法:
Liquor brings out a person's truecolor。(烈酒能显示一个人真正的特色)
或者说:
Wine reveals a person's true heart。



虽然老外不用“烈火炼真金”的比喻,但有“路遥知马力”的说法:
By a long road, we know a horse'sstrength;at times of difficulty, we discover
a friend's true character。
·雷声大,雨点小
有人译为:
The thunder roars loudly, but little rain falls. 或者说:All we hear isthunder, but
no rain falls。
虽然这样直译比较容易理解,但是老外的说法是这样的:
Actions speak louder than words. (行动胜于言谈)
或Allwe hear is words, but there is no action. (只动嘴不动手)
或Actionsand words should go hand in hand. (言行必须一致)
另外,还有英语(论坛)里还有这样的说法:
An empty barrel makes biggest sound。(空洞的话说得太多了。)
·人不可貌相,海水不可斗量
有人译为:
A man can not be known by his look, nor can the ocean be measured by a
dipper。
这样的译法只是直译,如果能够稍加修改,老外就能了解:
A man can not be judged by his appearance, nor can the water in the sea b
emeasured by a bucket。



不过,老外通常的说法是这样的:
We can not judge a person by appearance only. 或 You can notjudge a book
by its cover。
(意思是:一本书的好坏取决于它的内容,而不是它的封面装帧的漂亮与否。)
·少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲
有人译成 If you neglect study when you are young, what may happento your
old age?
这句问句会把老外问得云里雾里,因为他们沒有“学而优则仕”的思想,也不认为功课差,< br>将来就会伤悲。他们劝告子女经常说的是Studying working hard can lead you to a br
ighter morepromising future. (努力用功会带给你光明的前程。)
当然也可以对年轻人说:
Study hard when you are young. It willpay off when you get older. (年轻时好
好努力,到老的时就会觉得学有所值。)
·一日为师,终身为父
有这样的译法:
He who teaches me for one day is myfather for life。
If you are my teacher for even one day,you will be my teacher (mentor) all m
y life。
He who teaches me may be considered myfather-figure for life。


< br>这几种译法意思都是“老师即使对我只有一天的教诲,也会让我一生都受用不尽。”外国
人也有他 们表达师生关系的谚语,如:
Teach others to fish and they will fishfor a lifetime. (授人以鱼,不如授人以渔)
Give a man fish, he will have a meal;teach him to fish, he will have food all
his life。
·近墨者黑,近朱者赤
有人直译为:
One who stays near vermilion getsstained red, and one who stays near ink g
ets stained black. (vermilion 是朱砂或鲜红色的意思)
也有人译成:
When you touch black, you become black;when you touch red, you become r
ed。
这种说法,恐怕老外一时无法理解真正含意。不过他们倒有这么说:
One takes the behavior of one'scompany. (一个人的行为,往往受到朋友的影响。)

One takes on the attributes of one'sassociates. (attributes 复数時是指品质、特
性;associates 指朋友、同事)
简单的说,就是:
Watch the company you keep! (小心交朋友!)
或者也可以说成:



As he who lies with dogs will ride withfleas, how could your son learn anythin
g good by mixing with those people? (你儿子跟那些人混在一起,能学出个好来?)(
朱自清(Zhu Ziqing)的《背影》(The Sight of Father’s Back)
原文:我看 那边月台的栅栏外有几个卖东西的等着顾客。走到那边月台,须
穿过铁道,须跳下去又爬上去。父亲是一 个胖子,走过去自然要费些事。我本来
要去的,他不肯,只好让他去。
译文:I caught sight of several vendors waiting for customers outside the
railings beyond a platform. But to reach that platform would require crossing
the railway track and doing some climbing up and down. That would be a
strenuous job for father, who was fat. I wanted to do all that myself, but he
stopped me, so I could do nothing but let him go.
张培基先生在这里没有用普通的see,watch,look,而是用了catch sight of
(看到,瞥见)。用sight来表达“看见”的词组常用的有以下几种:
* at first sight 乍一看,一见之下;立即
At first sight the difficulty looks greater than it really is.
乍看起来困难较大,但实际上并非如此。
* at(或on,upon)sight 一见(就)
The guard had orders to shoot on sight.
哨兵奉命见对象就开枪。
* catch sight of 看到,发现;意识到
catch sight of oneself in the mirror 在镜中看到自己
* in(或within)sight 看得见,被见到
No vehicle is in sight.
车子一辆也看不见。
* in sight of 在看得到……的地方;到看得见……的程度
We came in sight of the shore at midday.



中午时分,我们见到了海岸。
* lose sight of 不再看见
We lost sight of the boat in the fog.
雾中,我们再也看不到那条小船。
原文:他和我走到车 上,将橘子一股脑儿放在我的皮大衣上。于是扑扑衣上
的泥土,心里很轻松似的,过一会说,“我走了; 到那边来信!”我望着他走出去。
译文:After boarding the train with me, he laid all the tangerines on my
overcoat, and patting the dirt off his clothes, he looked somewhat relieved and
said after a while, “I must be going now. Don’t forget to write me from Beijing!” I
gazed after his back retreating out of the carriage.
“我望着他”译为I gazed after his back“看着他的背影”。总结一组近义词吧~
Look; gaze; glance; glare; ogle; peep; scan; stare
* look 看;注视
Look at this painting!
看这幅画!
* gaze (长时间)凝视,注视(具有吸引力的人或物)
We gazed at the majesty of the mountains.
我们凝望着雄伟的山脉。
* glance 扫视;瞥见;匆匆一看
I glanced back over my shoulder to make sure that no one was following
me.
我朝背后瞥了一眼,以确信没有人在跟踪我。
* glare 怒目而视
John glared at me when I mentioned his wife.
我提到他妻子时,约翰愤怒地瞪着我。
* ogle 送秋波,抛媚眼;色迷迷地看



She is fed up with being ogled by strange men.
她极其厌烦被陌生男人色迷迷地盯着看。
* peep 快速地看;瞥见
She peeped at him through her fringe.
她透过额发瞥了他一眼。
* scan 浏览;扫视;审视(有时可与glance互换使用)
She was anxiously scanning the newspaper to see if her name was
mentioned.
她急切地浏览着报纸,看自己的名字有没有被提到。
* stare (长时间地,有时指无礼地)盯着看,注视
He could not help staring at her.
他忍不住盯着她看。
1. Stop flattering me like that.
别再那样拍我马屁。
flatter:阿谀奉承,表贬义。
eg:I always distrust people who try to flatter me.
我总是不信任想奉承我的人。
2. I don't like Peter. He's such a brown- noser.
我不喜欢彼得。他真是个马屁精。
brown-noser:马屁精,是形容 一个人爱巴结讨好人家,甘愿亲人家的屁股,结果亲到鼻
子都变咖啡色了。这就是brown- noser的来源。
eg:You're such a brown-noser!
你真是个马屁精!
3. I know he's trying to butter me up, but I'm not buying it.
我知道他想要拍我马屁,但我才不吃那一套。
butter sb up就是过分的奉承,就像黄油很滑溜,就像那些奉承别人的话听起来那样顺耳。



eg:Harry is working hard to butter the boss up to get that promotion.
哈里为了被提升,正在想方设法地对老板拍马奉承。
4. In order to get the promotion, she kept apple-polishing the manager.
为了升迁,她一直在拍经理的马屁。
apple-polishing表示将苹果抛光,意为取悦别人,apple- polisher即为马屁精的意思。
eg:When you please your boss, you're apple polishing.
若你取悦你的老板,你就在拍马屁。
5. He started sucking up to the boss as soon as he got on board.
他一来公司就开始拍老板的马屁。
suck up就是试图得宠于某人,或者是巴结某人,拍某人的马屁。
eg:Stop sucking up to Harry!
停止向哈利拍马屁吧!

厕所
在美国一般都叫rest room或bath room(男女厕均可)或分别叫做 men?s room 或
ladies? room(=powder room),不过在飞机上,则叫 lavatory,在军中又叫 latrine。
至于 W.C.(water closet)仍是过去英国人用的,在美国,几乎没有人使用。
解小便
最普通的说法是 to urinate(名词是 urination),如果去看病,护士为了化验小便,就会
给你一个杯子说:「Will (could) you urinate in this cup?」医生或许也会问:「Do you
have trouble urinating?」=Do you have difficulty voiding?(小便有困难吗?)
此外,还有其他的说法:to piss = to take a piss = to take a leak = to void = to
empty。 例如:
I need to piss = I have to take a leak.
How often do you get up at night to void?(晚上起床小便几次?)
此外,john(j 小写时,不是男人名字)是 bath room 或 toilet 的意思(也叫 outhouse),
这通常是指在户外工作场地所使用的临时或流动性厕所(有时前面也加 portable 一字)。
不过也有老外把家里的厕所叫做 john。 例如:
There are several (portable) johns in the construction site.(在建筑场地有几个
临时厕所。)



He went to the john a few minutes ago.(他在几分钟前上了厕所。)
The manual labours have to use (portable) johns during their working hours.
(劳动者在工作时间内需要使用流动性厕所。)
不过,小孩多半用 to pee 。例如:
The boy needs to pee.
然而,「小便检查」又叫做 urine test,因为这里的 urine 是化验的样品(specimen)。
例如:
Do I need a urine test?
注意:to piss off 是片语,又是指对人生气或对事物的不满。不过这是不礼貌的片语,少
用为妙。 例如:
He pissed me off. = He made me angry.
He always pisses off (at) the society.(对社会不满)
如果「小便」有毛病,也可以告诉医生说:
My urine is cloudy and it smells strong.(有浊尿,味道很重)
I have pus (或air)in urine.(尿有泡沫) (pus = cloudy; air = bubble)
I dribble a little urine after I have finished urinating.(小便后还会滴滴答答。)(即
失禁毛病)
I am passing less urine than usual.(小便的量比平时少)
解大便
一般是用 to make(或 have)a bowel movement 或 to take a shit。如果看病,医
生常问:「Do you have regular bowel movement?」(大便正常吗?)(说得斯文些,
就是「大肠在转动」)
此外,还有其他的说法: to defecate =to discharge excrement(或 feces)=to take
feces (或 faeces)。 例如:
The patient needs to take a shit. (=to make a bowel movement)
不过,小孩多半是用 to make a poo poo 或 to make a BM. 。 例如:
The boy had a stinky BM.(大便奇臭。)
但是「大便检查」倒叫做 stool exam,因为 stool 也是一种化验的样品。 例如:
The doctor has to exam his stool.(医生要检查他的大便。)



放屁
在美语里最常用的是 to expel gas 或 to fart 或 to make (或 pass)gas。 例如:
医生有时问:「How often do you expel(或 make 或 pass)gas?」(你放屁的次数
很多吗?)
Is the gas expelled by belching?(是否打嗝后就会放屁呢?)(动词是 belch)
He said the more he ate, the more he farted.(吃的愈多,放屁也愈多。)
He has passed more gas than usual within the last two days.(过去两天中,他放
屁比平常多。)
Be careful not to fart in the public.(注意在公共场所不可放屁。)
至于消化不良,大便不通或拉肚子,也有不同的说法。 例如:
I have an upset stomach.(消化不良) = I have heartburn. = I have indigestion.
注意:Heartburn 是指胃不舒服,不是「心痛」(heartache)
Something has upset my stomach for two weeks.(胃不舒服有两星期了。)
He has(persistent)constipation.(或 irregularity)(他经常便秘。) 或
He has been unusually constipated.(便秘很反常。)或
He is having problem with irregularity.(或 constipation); 或 He has no bowel
movement for the past few days.
He has bouts of diarrhea.=He is having trouble with diarrhea.(他拉了一阵肚子。)
He can see trace of blood and pus or mucus in his stool(或 bowel movement)
(大便时可看到血丝和粘膜。)

不管在哪里,关系再好的两个 人也会有闹矛盾、吵架的时候。在办公室跟同事闹意见了以后
又想跟人家讲和,这个时候要怎么说呢?下 面这些就是讲和的时候可能会用到的句子。
Don't get so uptight.
别太当真嘛。
Don't get so worked up.
放松点儿。
Don't be so stiff.
别这么较真儿。



Loosen up.
放松点。
I didn't mean to hurt you. I meant no harm.
我没有故意伤害你的意思。
Can't we talk it over?
我们就不能好好谈谈吗?
Let's work it out.
我们好好解决这件事吧!
Let?s try to get along.
我们试着好好相处吧。
Let?s be nice to each other.
我们还是以礼相待吧。
Let's forgive and forget!
过去的事就让它过去吧。
Let by gones be bygones.
过去的就让它过去吧。
Can't we patch things up?
我们就不能和好吗?
Isn't there any way we can patch things up?
就没有什么办法让我们和好吗?
It might look like something the doctor ordered for a neck injury.
看起来是不是很像脖子受伤时遵医嘱带的设备?
But this odd contraption could provide a solution for commuters faced with the
embarrassing problem of falling asleep on fellow passengers.
但这款看起来 有点奇怪的装置,能为通勤的上班族解决一个非常尴尬的问题:他们再也不会
睡着歪倒在旁边乘客的身上 了。
According to manufacturers, The UpRight Sleeper, allows the user a 'peaceful
slumber while sitting up straight in a car, train or plane'. It is the latest in a line



of so called 'snooze accessories'.
根据生产商的介绍,这款名叫“直立睡眠器” 的贪睡支架可以让使用者“在车里和飞机上身体
保持直立状态也能享受舒适睡眠”。这款产品是该公司生产的一系列“贪睡神器” 的最新设
计。
The ?25 frame contraption, which looks remarkably similar to a neck brace, is
adjustable so it can sit under the chin or go up around the forehead.
这款支架售价25英镑,看起来非常像颈托,位 置可以低至下巴可以高到额头附近,使用
者可以根据自己的习惯自行调节。
It moves around to accommodate different head shapes and sizes, and a back
strap is fitted between the wearer's back and seat to keep everything in place.
贪睡支架可以灵活进行调整,可适用于各种不同的头部形状和尺寸,后面还有一根肩带可 以
将佩带者的背部和座椅固定在恰当位置。

It promises to revolutionise the way people sleep while travelling and put an end
to embarrassingly falling asleep on the shoulder of fellow passengers or having
to use a table as a pillow on planes and trains.
这款产品宣称要改变人们在旅途中的 睡觉方式:人们再也不会遭遇睡着后歪到旁边乘客肩
膀上的尴尬,在飞机或火车上睡觉的时候也不用趴在 桌子上。
A spokesperson for the firm said: 'It?s 100 per cent adjustable for every face
shape and size.
该公司的发言人表示:“这个支架可以完全适合所有脸型和大小。”
You simply throw the strap over your head. Tilt your head upward. Trap the strap,
which is patented, between your back and the seat. Lean back, relax your head
and go to sleep.'
“你 只要简单地用肩带将自己的头部固定住就行。头部保持直立状态,在背部和座位之间系
上肩带(这是我们 的专利产品),身体靠在椅背上,头部放松就可以入睡了。”
The bizarre product is even available with a decorative cover.
这款奇怪的产品甚至还有一个装饰用的罩子可以选择使用。

sphr-just


逐渐的近义词是什么-路易十一


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安详的意思-arouse


爱慕的拼音-well的用法


赢的成语-考雅思需多少钱


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