不期而遇什么意思-说话的拼音怎么写
2020年托福阅读官方评分标准
新托福阅读考试共三篇文章,每篇12-14道
题,如果遇到加试时从考试的
五篇文章中随机选取三篇计分。在这三篇文章中所有回答正确的题目数量加
起来就是你的“total points”。除重要观点题和归类题以外,每道题的分值
都是
1分。重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。考试所得分
数范围:0-30分。
正确题目个数 得分 正确题目个数 得分 正确题目个数 得分 正确题目个数 得分
10
9
8
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5
4
3
2
1
33
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
19
21
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19
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11
8
8
7
7
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5
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4
3
32
31
30
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22
18
17
16
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
45
44
13
42
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40
39
38
37
36
35
34
30
29
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
托福阅读应该计算实际拿到多少原始分“Raw Point Total(0-45)”,再
参照评分
表,计算最后的分数(0-30)。不同版本的试卷因难度不同有不同的
转换标准,所以新托福阅读是没
有固定的评分表的。
每篇文章700个字,对应14道题目。其中,13道题是基础信息和推断<
br>题,每道题1分。最后一道题是小结题,俗称大题,满分2分。大题一般情
况下是6选3,3个选
项错一个扣一分,扣完为止,即在答题中错2或3个
选项,这个题目不得分。
因此,每篇
文章对应14个题目,共15分。阅读部分整体42道题,对
应原始分数满分45分。根据如下表格,将
会给出原始分数与最终分数的对应。
托福阅读TPO33第2篇:铁路和商品化农业
Railroads and
Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century
United States
【1】By 1850 the United
States possessed roughly 9,000 miles of
railroad track; Ten years later it had over
30,000 miles, more than the
rest of the world
combined. Much of the new construction during the
1850s occurred west of the Appalachian
Mountains—over 2,000 miles
in the states of
Ohio and Illinois alone.
【2】The effect of
the new railroad lines rippled outward through
the economy. Farmers along the tracks began to
specialize in corps
that they could market in
distant locations. With their profits they
purchased manufactured goods that earlier they
might have made at
home. Before the railroad
reached Tennessee, the state produced
about
25,000 bushels (or 640 tons) of wheat, which sold
for less than
50 cents a bushel. Once the
railroad came, farmers in the same
counties
grew 400,000 bushels (over 10,000 tons) and sold
their crop
at a dollar a bushel.
【3】The
new railroad networks shifted the direction of
western
trade. In 1840 most northwestern grain
was shipped south down the
Mississippi River
to the bustling port of New Orleans. But low water
made steamboat travel hazardous in summer, and
ice shut down
traffic in winter. Products such
as lard, tallow, and cheese quickly
spoiled if stored in New Orleans’ hot
and humid warehouses.
Increasingly, traffic
from the Midwest flowed west to east, over the
new rail lines. Chicago became the region’s
hub, linking the farms of
the upper Midwest to
New York and other eastern cities by more than
2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the
value of goods shipped by
river to New Orleans
continued to increase, the South’s overall share
of western trade dropped dramatically.
【4】A sharp rise in demand for grain abroad also
encouraged
farmers in the Northeast and
Midwest to become more commercially
oriented.
Wheat, which in 1845 commanded $$1.08 a bushel in
New
York City, fetched $$2.46 in 1855; in
similar fashion the price of corn
nearly
doubled. Farmers responded by specializing in cash
crops,
borrowing to purchase more land, and
investing in equipment to
increase
productivity.
【5】As railroad lines fanned
out from Chicago, farmers began to
acquire
open prairie land in Illinois and then Iowa,
putting the fertile,
deep black soil into
production. Commercial agriculture transformed
this remarkable treeless environment. To
settlers accustomed to
eastern woodlands, the
thousands of square miles of tall grass were
an awesome sight. Indian grass, Canada wild
rye, and native big
bluestem all grew higher
than a person. Because eastern plows could
not
penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie
grass, the earliest
settlers erected
farms along the boundary separating the forest
from
the prairie. In 1837, however, John Deere
patented a sharp-cutting
steel plow that
sliced through the sod without soil sticking to
the
blade. Cyrus McCormick refined a
mechanical reaper that harvested
fourteen
times more wheat with the same amount of labor. By
the
1850s McCormick was selling 1,000 reapers
a year and could not keep
up with demand,
while Deere turned out 10,000 plows annually.
【6】The new commercial farming fundamentally
altered the
Midwestern landscape and the
environment. Native Americans had
grown corn
in the region for years, but never in such large
fields as did
later settlers who became
farmers, whose surpluses were shipped east.
Prairie farmers also introduced new crops that
were not part of the
earlier ecological
system, notably wheat, along with fruits and
vegetables.
【7】Native grasses were
replaced by a small number of plants
cultivated as commodities. Corn had the best
yields, but it was
primarily used to feed
livestock. Because bread played a key role in
the American and European diet, wheat became
the major cash crop.
Tame grasses replaced
native grasses in pastures for making hay.
【8】Western farmers altered the landscape by
reducing the annual
fires that had kept the
prairie free from trees. In the absence of these
fires, trees reappeared on land not in
cultivation and, if undisturbed,
eventually formed woodlots. The earlier
unbroken landscape gave
way to independent
farms, each fenced off in a precise checkerboard
pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem of
animals, woodlots, and crops,
whose large,
uniform layout made western farms more efficient
than
the more-irregular farms in the East.
托福阅读TPO33题目第2篇:铁路和商品化农业
ing to
paragraph 1, each of the following is true about
railroad track in the United States EXCEPT:
1850 the United States had less than 10,000
miles of railroad
track.
the end of the
1850s, Ohio and Illinois contained more
railroad track than any other state in the
country.
of the railroad track built in the
United States during the
1850s was located
west of the Appalachian Mountain.
1860
there were more miles of railroad track in the
United
States than in any other country.
can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the new
railroads had
which of the following effects
on farm communities?
new farms were located
along the tracks.
s began to grow wheat as a
commercial corp.
farmers decided to grow a
wider variety of crops.
for manufactured
goods increased among farmers.
word
in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in
meaning to
.
ant.
g.
.
ing to paragraph 3, in what way did the new
rail networks
change western trade?
estern farmers almost completely stopped shipping
goods by steamboat.
western goods began
to be shipped east by way of
Chicago rather
than south to New Orleans.
o largely
replaced New York and other eastern cities as
the final market for goods for the West.
value of goods shipped west soon became greater
than the
value of goods shipped east.
ing to paragraph 3, what was a disadvantage of
shipping
goods from northwestern areas to New
Orleans?
was no reliable way to get goods
from New Orleans to
eastern cities.
cost of shipping goods by river to New Orleans
continued
to increase.
shipped
from New Orleans' neighboring areas had a
significant competitive advantage because of
their lower
transportation costs.
temperatures and humidity.
aph 4 supports
the idea that the price of wheat more than
doubled between 1845 and 1855 because
price of corn nearly doubled during that same
period.
for grain increased sharply outside
the United States.
s in the Northeast and
Midwest began to specialize in
cash crops.
farmers had borrowed heavily to purchase
land and
equipment for raising wheat.
word
in meaning to
ted.
d.
ed.
d.
word in the passage (paragraph
5) is closest in
meaning to
for.
on.
red.
.
does author
point out that
and native big bluestem all
grew higher than a person
provide a reason
why people from the eastern woodlands of
the
United States were impressed when they saw the
prairie.
identify an obstacles to the
development of the railroad lines
fanning out
from Chicago.
explain why the
transformation of the prairies by commercial
agriculture was so remarkable.
provide
evidence supporting the claim that the prairies
had
fertile, deep black soil.
ing to
paragraph 5, the first settlers generally did not
farm open prairie land because
could
not plow it effectively with the tools that were
available.
e land was usually very
expensive to buy.
soil along boundaries
between the forest and the prairie was
more
fertile than the soil of the open prairie.
railroad lines had not yet reached the open
prairie when the
first settlers arrived.
word
meaning to
goods
cial goods
essed goods
ortable
goods
ing to paragraph 8, prairie farmers
changed the
landscape by doing all of the
following EXCEPT:
ng annual fires.
ng
the land into large, regularly-shaped lots.
ng trees that eventually formed woodlots.
g
off their farms.
13. Look at the four
squares [■] that indicate where the following
sentence could be added to the passage. Where
would the sentence
best fit? The problems were
not limited to routes of transport.
The new
railroad networks shifted the direction of western
trade.
■【A】In 1840 most northwestern grain was
shipped south down the
Mississippi River to
the bustling port of New Orleans. ■【B】But low
water made steamboat travel hazardous in
summer, and ice shut
down traffic in winter.
■【C】Products such as lard, tallow, and cheese
quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans' hot
and humid warehouses.
■【D】Increasingly,
traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, over
the new rail lines. Chicago became the
region's hub, linking the farms
of the upper
Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by
more
than 2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus
while the value of goods
shipped by river to
New Orleans continued to increase, the South's
overall share of western trade dropped
dramatically.
14. Prose Summary
The
huge expansion of rail lines in Midwestern United
States
during the 1850s had major economic and
environmental effects.
uction of new rail
lines into the Midwest had been
effectively
stopped by the Appalachian Mountains, but by 1850
improved construction technology had made
further advances
possible.
lines to
Chicago and on to the East made it easier to get
Midwestern goods to distant markets, while
growing demand
encouraged crop specialization
and led to higher crop prices.
e of the
growing volume of traffic coming by rail from
the Northeast and Midwest, the value of goods
arriving in New
Orleans for shipment to
markets abroad increased dramatically.
to
rail lines combined with the development of
more-efficient farming equipment allowed e
fertile land of the open
prairies to be used
for large-scale commercial agriculture.
ion of annual prairie fires allowed
trees to reappear, and
native grasses were
replaced by a few commercially grown plants as
previously unbroken grasslands were divided
into large fenced fields.
Americans had
grown corn on the prairies for years but
had
not produced large surpluses because the varieties
they planted
had far poorer yields than those
introduced by commercial farmers.
托福阅读TPO33第2篇答案:铁路和商品化农业
1.否定细节题:定位句 By 1850
the United States possessed roughly
9,000
miles of railroad track;对应 A 选项。定位句 Much of the
new
construction during the 1850s occurred
west of the Appalachian
Mountains E over 2.000
miles in the states of Ohio and Illinois
alone.
对应C选项,同时由于该句子中没有出 现有关Ohio and
Illinois比较的相
关信息.因此B选项错误。定位句then years later it
had over 30,000 miles,
more than the rest of
the world combined. 对应D选项。
2.推断题:定位句The
effect of the new railroad lines rippled
outward through the economy. Farmers along the
tracks began to
specialize in corps that they
could market in distant locations. With
their
profits they purchased manufactured goods that
earlier they
might have made at home.意思是说因为铁路建
设带动了经济,农民开始
有钱了,于是就开始买手工制品了。因此就可以推断出,农民有钱了就有了买东西的欲望和需求。
ng, 繁忙的,对应D。
4.细节题:定位句 The new railroad networks shifted the
direction
of western trade. Chicago became the
legion's hub, linking the farms
of the upper
Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by
more
than 2.000 miles of track in 1855.意思是铁路的建
设转移了西方贸易的方
向,芝加哥成为了贸易中心,取代了原先的新奥尔良。因此答案是B。
5.细节题:Thus while the value of goods shipped by
river to New
Orleans continued to increase,
the South's overall share of western
trade
dropped dramatically.意思是说因为虽然货物本身的价值在增加,但
是南部的市
场份额却在下降,就暗示了越来越少人的人愿意通过该途径运货,
即要么速度太慢要么成本太高。因此这
道题的答案是B。
6.细节题:定位句A sharp rise in demand for
grain abroad also
encouraged farmers in the
Northeast and Midwest to become more
commercially
oriented.国外的粮食需求猛增,然后该段最后出现的结果就
是价格上升。
orm,变形,对应B。
,建立,对应D。
9.修辞目的题:定位句As
railroad lilies fanned out from Chicago,
farmers began to acquire open prairie land in
Illinois and then Iowa,
putting the fertile,
deep black soil into production.该段的主旨:农民将
肥沃的黑土
投入生产中,题干中的信息是一个具体的例子,表明的是具体的
产物。
10.细节题:定位句 Because eastern plows could not
penetrate the
densely tangled roots of prairie
grass, the earliest settlers erected
farms
along the boundary separating the forest from the
prairie.原因是
梨不能穿透草地,因此答案只可能是A。
ses,剩余,多余的东西,选A。
12.否定细节题:定位句 Western
farmers altered the landscape by
reducing the
annual fires that had kept the prairie free from
trees.对应
A选项。定位句The earlier unbroken landscape
gave to independent
farms, each fenced off in
a precise checkerboard pattern.对应D选项。
定位句 The
earlier unbroken landscape gave to independent
farms.
each fenced off in a precise
checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial
ecosystem of animals, woodlots. and crops,
whose large, uniform
layout made western farms
more efficient than the more -irregular
farms
in the East, checkerboard pattern
棋盘格样式,对应B选项。C选
项错在没有提到planting trees。
13.句子插入题:原句的意思是问题不仅局限在道路运输上,因此我们可
以推 断出该句子的下一句应
该会提到其他的问题,因此第三个方框满足要
求。前面再讲水路问题,后面讲到了天气和湿度问题。插入
的句子正好起到
了承上启下的作用。
to rail lilies
combined with the development of more -
efficient fanning equipment allowed fertile
land of the open prairies of
the open prairies
to be used for large - scale commercial agricultur
e.
正确。对应第二、五段,铁路的发展带动经济,农民获得土地,改进农作用
具,提高农作物的产量。
Reduction of annual prairie
fires allowed trees to reappear, and
native
grasses were replaced by a few commercially grown
plants as
previously unbroken grasslands were
decided into large fenced
fields.
正确。对应第八段主旨,农民通过各式各样的方法改变地貌,发展农业。
E正确。对应第三段主要内容 The new railroad networks shifted
the
direction of western trade. Chicago became
the region's hub,linking
the farms of the
upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities
by more than 2.000 miles of track in 1855.
Thus while the value of
goods shipped by river
to New Orleans continued to increase, the
South's overall share of western trade dropped
dramatically.水利交通
的没落和铁路运输的兴起。
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