终极答案 加油

European Culture Final Exam Questions
is the definition of culture?
A mental phenomenon, consisting of the contents of minds, customs, living
styles…
aspects of our daily lives do culture influence?
Language, food, dressing, thinking pattern…
isn’t Europe part of Asia?
Because they are two separate continents. Sometimes the combined land area is
known as Eurasia, but Eurasia is not a continent.
is civilization?
Civilization is a form of human culture in which many people live in cities, have
mastered the art of smelting metals, and have developed a method of writing.
7 common features of civilization.
Division of labor, settled agriculture, domestication of animals, writing,
architecture, long-distance trade, governmentslaws
2 ancient civilizations left the largest legacy to Europe (i.e., what are the 2
main threads of European culture)?
Hebrews, ancient Greece
is the most important contribution of the Hebrew people to European
culture?
Religion
book becomes the backbone of European culture for much of its history
and provides Europe with stories and myths to explain the world?
The Bible

would the ancient Hebrews and Greeks differ on the meaning of life?
The Hebrews thought life was to serve God
The Greeks sought excellence and knowledge
some of the traits the Hebrews passed on to Europe:
Monotheism, Altruism, All life has value, the idea of being a missionary or
representative of God to others, etc.
is a city-state?
A city functions as a state
the ancient Greeks more prone to peace or war?
War
kind of values do a warrior people produce?
Competition, couragebravery, individual honor, success
one example of their love for competition.
The Olympic Games
are the Greek gods different from the Hebrew God?
The Greek gods had human personalities, they are willing to sacrifice.
2 city-states dominate ancient Greece?
Sparta, Athens
be the culture of Sparta and describe the culture of Athens.
Sparta: austerity, brave
Athens: elegance, philosophy, thoughts

are the main contributions of ancient Athens?
Textiles, Alcoholic, beverages, Soap, Flour, food and soft drinks, Leather goods,etc.
the three greatest (most important) philosophers of ancient Athens
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
were the ancient Greeks seeking from philosophy?
Knowledge, cultivated mind, explanation of the world
was Socrates (469 B.C. – 399 B.C.) and describe some of his
beliefsteachings.
*Why is Socrates important for the west?
A Greek philosopher
Unexamined life is not worth living
Might Makes Right
Truth should be determined
Questioning leads to knowledge
*
at the painting “Death of Socrates”. What is Socrates attitude in this
painting? Why doesn’t he escape?
Socrates' hand pointing to the heavens indicating his reverence of the gods and
fearless attitude to his death
Socrates believed that the rule of law was paramount, so he couldn’t disobey the
law.

is the philosophy of Plato (429 B.C. – 347 B.C.) different from the
philosophy of Aristotle (384 B.C. – 322 B.C.)?
Plato: reject the senses, truth is God
Aristotle: the way to truth is through the senses
24.*Why are they significant for the west?
the 6 Roman gods that I mentioned in my lecture.
Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Cupid, Marcus, Diana

*How is Rome influenced by the Greek and Hebrew cultures?
is imperialism and how did it benefit Rome?
Imperialism is to rule over a people or place through colonization, military power,
economic or political power.
*
did Rome do to keep territories under firm control?
Through violence, e.g. assassination
Violent punishment + military surpress
are gladiator games?
Arena, An armed combat aiming to entertain audiences in the Roman Republic
and Roman Empire between gladiators, wild animals and condemned criminals.
evidence is there of Rome being a violent culture?
Romulus
violent entertainment, such as the gladiator game, and brutal punishment
against opposers

32.*What is the Roman paradox? What good came from the Roman dominance of
Europe?
some good aspects of Roman society:
e.g., safe roads all over empire, aqueducts, sewage system, better buildings with
concrete, legal system, made Europe more unified etc.

are the Christians and how would you describe their relationship to the
Jews?
The Christians were a small but vigorous group, a product of the religious revivals
of the late 1700s and early 1800s.
*
was Mary and why is she important?
Jesus Christ’s mother
*

be where Jesus was born and why this is significant.
In a stable
His humble birth resonates with the many poor.
visited many towns. What did he do in these towns?
Spreading Christianity
He helped heal lame and blind, and he taught.
did Jesus teach?
Declare the good news to the poor

Universal love, help the poor converted to Christianity, kingdom of God, the
first emperor
is an apostle?
One of Jesus Christ's 12 closest disciples chosen by Jesus to preach the gospel.
was Judas?
One of the Twelve Apostles who betrayed Jesus.
wanted Jesus dead and why?
The Jewish people
Because he had spoken, blasphemy: saying he was God.
did the Romans do to Jesus and what do the Christians believe happened
afterwards?
They crucified him.
After 3 days, Jesus came back to life so as to save those who believed in him to
enter the kingdom of God
or what is the Devil (Also known as Satan or Lucifer)?
The major personified spirit of evil, ruler of Hell, and foe of God, a fallen angle.

43.*What is a martyr and a saint?

did Christianity spread after the death of Jesus?
The apostles preached
4 factors weakened Rome in the 5
th
century AD?
1. Decline in patriotism

2. Military run by mercenaries
3. Class welfare (rich vs. poor)
4. Economic decline

was the final event that led to the collapse of the Roman Empire?
Barbarian invasions
is the middle ages and why is it called the middle ages?
The Middle Ages is a period of European history encompassing the 5th to the 15th
centuries.
In between the Roman Empire and Renaissance
is the term “dark ages” often used to describe this period?
Because it was a period of decline
the 3 classes of people in the middle ages. Know their role in society.
1. Those who pray (Pope, bishops, monks)
2. Those who fight (nobles and knights)
3. Those who work (peasants, farmers)
is chivalry?
The medieval system, principles, and customs of knighthood. The qualities
idealized by knighthood, such as bravery, courtesy, honor, and gallantry toward
women.
would you describe life in the middle ages?
Routine, ploughing, religion

It’s a life in “darkness”, no electricity or education in middle ages, people were
with a very short life-span, in lack of knowledge about medicine that’s why so
many diseases and famines were spreading, besides, people never went more
than 30miles from their hometown.

institution dominates the middle ages?
The Medieval Church
was the objective or goal of the Crusades?
Jerusalem
is the “black death”?
The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history,
killing 12 of Europe's population.
In 1320s,50% of Europeans died from this disease, the fleas caused it and spread
the disease, the fleas would bite people so they were infested
animals,and fleas moved freely to human. Its symptoms are: high fever, aching
limbs and vomiting of blood.

6 transformations that get Europe out of the middle ages.
1. Agrarian Revolution: improved techniques of farming
2. Rise of towns: revival in trade
3. Rise of universities: kings need advisors, church need people who can read
4. Rediscovery of Aristotle: a scientific new way of thinking
5. Banking: start business, rise of great families

6. Printing press: ideas move much quicker, large libraries built, books to be
created easily, cheaply

was the Renaissance?
A rebirth of Greek and Roman art, learning, and culture
is Leonard DaVinci called a “Renaissance man”?
He almost can do everything well.
is the middle ages and why is it called the middle ages?
The Middle Ages is a period of European history encompassing the 5th to the 15th centuries. It is
normally marked from the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, accepted as the end of Classical
Antiquity, until the beginning of the Renaissance and Age of Discovery, which ushered in the Modern Era.
is the term “dark ages” often used to describe this period?
1 lack of information
2 collapse of government
3 lost knowledge
4 disunity
5 collapse of trade
6 deurbanization

the 3 classes of people in the middle ages. Know their role in society.
1 those who pray (pope, bishops, monks)
2 those who fight (nobles ,knights)
3 those who work (peasant famers)

is chivalry?
Chivalry, or the chivalric code,
training and service to others.
Over time its meaning has been refined to emphasize more ideals such as knightly virtues, honour and
courtly love, and less the martial aspects of the tradition

institution dominates the middle ages?
Feudalism
was the objective or goal of the Crusades?

答案：The Crusades were a series of religious expeditionary wars blessed by the Pope and the
Catholic Church, with the main goal of restoring Jerusalem
is the “black death”?
答案： The epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it
killed nearly half the people of western Europe.(英汉大词典翻译版)
老师版本：Erupted in the Gobi desert
Rats went on the ship to bite people，
Asian suffer the most。（我也不清楚。。。。。TAT）

6 transformations that get Europe out of the middle ages.
答案：
1. agrarian revolution，
2. rise of towns，
3. rise of the beginning of universities，
4. rediscovery of Aristotle，

5. the rise of banking，
6. painting press
was the Renaissance?
答案：the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the
modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th
centuries.(Rebirth of Greek culture)
is Leonard DaVinci called a “Renaissance man”?
答案：He is known as a renaissance man because he was not only a painter, but also a scientist
and engineer. He was talented in many different areas. He can do everything well and realize
full-potential to get as much as knowledge。

is a humanist and why are they called humanists?
答案：An advocate of the principles of humanism。
原因：Humanists believe in individual rights and freedoms.
Humanists believe that people can and will continue to find solutions to the
world's problems.
Humanists are positive.
Humanists believe that we have only one life ? it is our responsibility to make it a
good life, and to live it to the full.

is the Protestant Reformation?
答案：A split is on division in the church that weakens Christianity by dividing it.
It will dramatically change the politics, religion and culture of Europe. The split is
started by a dispute over the theology and doctrine.
was Martin Luther and why is he important?

? German theologian who led the Reformation; believed that salvation is granted on
the basis of faith rather than deeds (1483-1546)
? Reason: 1) he has many beliefs, people broke away and start other churches
2) political reason 3)prince and king believe in Lutherism
4)to depart from Christianity of paying 5) religion war

is theology and doctrine?
? Theology: the proper beliefs and practices of a Christian, the authentic teaching of
Jesus Christ
?
Doctrine: a belief(or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or
school.
It tells us what beliefs qualify as Christian beliefs. It also tells us how to
answer difficult religious questions.
a few ways the doctrines of the Protestants differed from the
doctrines of the Catholics.
? 1) How does a person get saved (get the right to go to heaven)?
Protestants: Individual through faith alone in Christ
Catholics: Through faith in Christ but also through the catholic sacraments
(e.g., communion, baptism, confession, pilgrimages etc.)
? 2) How important is Mary, the mother of Christ?
Protestants: Mary is not important at all…Only Christ.
Catholics: Mary is the mother of God and therefore is worthy also of worship
can intervene between God and a Christian.
? 3) What is the highest authority of Christianity?
Protestants: The Bible and the individual (sola scriptura).
Catholics: The Pope and the Catholic Church.
? 4) How should a Christian confess hisher sins?
Protestants: directly to God.
Catholics: to a priest.

? 5) Can a Christian work off hisher own sin debt?
Protestants: No. Only Christ can pay the debt.
Catholics: Yes, in purgatory or through special forgiveness by popes or bishops.
2 reasons why the reformation happened when it did.
? Martin Luther is the man most responsible for starting this revolution
? Rise of Nation-State’s
is the Protestant Reformation important?
? Because of the printing press, people are able to read the Bible for the first
time. They find support for doctrines that the Catholic Church never taught.
the first 3 nation-states of Europe.
? Spain, England, and France
is an absolute monarch? Give an example.
? An absolute monarch is a king or queen who has all the complete
authorities over the government and people in a kingdom.
? e.g. King Louis IV of France

were the “wars of religion” and why is it important?
The wars of religion were a series of wars waged in Europe from 1524 to 1648, following the onset of
the Protestant Reformation in Western and Northern Europe. All of these wars were strongly influenced
by the religious change of the period, and the conflict and rivalry that it produced.


was the “counter reformation” and what country was most vigilant in
supporting the “counter reformation”?

The Counter- Reformation was the period of Catholic revival, which is sometimes
considered a response to the Protestant Reformation.
Spain

was the scientific revolution?
The scientific revolution was when new thoughts and findings were released
concerning the various areas of science. These included physics, human anatomy,
chemistry, and most of the other modern areas of science.

were the main contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Newton and Bacon
to the scientific revolution?
Corpernicus: advanced the heliocentric theory.
Galileo: created his own telescope based on the Dutch model and used it to
identify shadows on the moon’s surface.
Newton: built upon the work of Kepler and Galileo. He showed that an inverse
square law for gravity explained the elliptical orbits of the planets, and advanced
the law of universal gravitation.
Bacon: philosophical advocate and defender of the scientific revolution.

a few contributions of the French to European culture.
Wines
Cheese
French cuisine
French fashion

Perfumes & cosmetics
French literature (Hugo, Dumas, Verne, Balzac, Flaubert, Zola, Proust...)
Philosophy
Painting (Renoir, Cezanne, Gauguin, Monet...)
Photography
…….

a few cultural influences of the “new world” in the 1500’s.
New animals: horses
Different food: potato chocolate tobacco
New disease: syphilis

was the Enlightenment?
The Age of Enlightenment was a cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe and America,
whose purpose was to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted science and intellectual
interchange and opposed superstition, intolerance and abuses in church and state.


were the roots or origins of the Enlightenment?
Renaissance,Scientific Revolution,Wars of Religion

did the Enlightenment thinkers want to oppose or fight against?
1) Intolerance
2) Ignorance
3) Religious fanaticism
4) Barbarism
5) Despotism Anything that remained of Medieval Europe or the “dark ages”

was the French Revolution?
the revolution in France against the Bourbons

were some of the causes of the French Revolution?
Poor LeadershipCorrupt tax lawsRise of the middle classEnlightenment ideas American
revolution

the 7 things decreed in the declaration of the rights of man.
1) All men born free and equal.
2) Freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly
3) Freedom of Religion
4) Right to petition government
5) Freedom from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment
6) Declares all power derived from the people and not from God or from the
king.
7)The king is forced to agree to a separation of powers
is Opera? What is a pub? What is a Café? What is a Gentlemen’s club?
a drama set to musica building with a bar and public roomsa place where you can buy drinks,
simple meals, and snacks. a members-only private club for British upper class men in the 18th
century

was the Industrial Revolution?
the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation

did it change European society and culture?
1) Work changes from the home to large factories. Loss of cottage industries
and small workshops. The workplaces of Europe become larger and larger.
2) People move from the countryside to the cities to provide labor for these
new factories. Growth of urban poor.
3) Work is often unpleasant and dangerous (child labor, unsafe).
4) Long hours.
5) Speed of life gets faster.
6) Goods are available for a larger groups of people.

7) New ways to communicate: 1)1850 - telegraph (updates news in minutes
instead of weeks). 2) 1876 – telephone. The world becomes smaller and
smaller.
8) Many new conveniences for Europe (e.g., electricity).
9) The IR caused a reaction in art (the romantic period) which remembered
simpler times in history (like the Middle Ages).

is Romanticism?
An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th
century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the
individual's expression,
st Enlightenmentrationalist values with Romantic values (essay
question)
1) Enlightenment viewed nature as something to tame and exploit. The
Romantics saw themselves as part of nature a
2) Enlightenment thinkers valued reason and common sense. Romantics value
emotion, feeling and passion.
3) Enlightenment thinkers looked for truth through the senses. Romantics
looked to intuition and visions
4) Enlightenment viewed the world like a machine that could be explained.
Romantics believed it was impossible to fully explain the world.
5) Enlightenment thinkers seek precision of thought and clarity of language;
Romantics prefer mystery, enigma and symbolism.
6) Enlightenment thinkers viewed the artist as the voice of reason. Romantics
viewed the artist as a visionary and seer;
7) Enlightenment viewed the individual as interchangeable (all the same) and
only different because of different educationsexperiences. Romantics
stress how unique each individual is and place great emphasis on difference.
8) Enlightenment valued moderation. Romanticism valued excess.
9) Romantics believed the conventions of society are worth sacrificing for love.

10) Romantics denied the unity (or objective nature) of all truth. But
valued the subjective nature of truth for each individual.


did the camera change art?
Cameras were used for viewing or drawing purposes. The 1st photograph was not
taken until 1814; Art has a new carrier and the new form.
was Van Gogh admired by Romantics?
Romantics is focused on strong emotions as the source of the aesthetic
experience, and began to emphasize such as anxiety, fear, mood, and Van Gogh
attempts to representation of the true feelings, that is, he like to show his feelings
about things, not what he saw as the visual image, this was similar to the
Romantics
were the impressionists?
Claude Monet Van Gogh Pierre-Auguste Renoir雷诺阿 Paul Cézanne 塞尚
Nietzsche 尼采
did Monet paint so many repetitive pictures?
he used many of the same subject matter paintings to experience with light color in
different. Monet had long-term exploration of light and air performance effect, often in
a different time and light,
the main reason why artists rejected beauty after 1914.
The horrors of the First World War led to widespread social trauma. The
disillusionment following the war manifested itself in a number of cultural
movements.

was the Belle ?poque（美好时代）?

Literally called
roughly the end of the Franco-Prussian War (1871) to the start of World War 1
(1914). It was an epoch of beautiful clothes and the peak of luxury living for a
select few - the very rich and the very privileged through birth. The Belle ?poque
was a period of joy and lack of concern with a good economic development as part
of the second industrial revolution. People believed in progress and a mass culture
was emerging.

change did the city of Paris undergo during the Belle époque? (后一句比
较重要应该)
During the Belle époque standards of living and security for the upper and middle
classes increased, leading to it retrospectively being labelled as a golden age by
them.

The peace and prosperity in Paris allowed the arts to flourish, and many
masterpieces of literature, music, theater, and visual art gained recognition. Paris
was truly the artistic and intellectual centre of the Belle ?poque.

do the rules of etiquette (that I read to the class) tell us about the
Victorian era? （╮(╯▽╰)╭ 我不知道他上课读了具体哪些，全部如下）
A lady should always be pure, chaste, refined, and modest.
She should avoid talk of all taboo subjects such as sex, undergarments, body
parts etc.
When introduced to a man, a lady should never offer her hand, merely bow
politely and say, “I am happy to make your acquaintance”.
A Gentleman may delicately kiss a lady’s hand if she offers it. But never on
the cheek or mouth.
A Lady should never engage in any rough play or games that may cause her to
be kissed or touched by a gentleman.
A lady should always have a chaperone or companion if forced to leave the
house. She should never be on the streets alone.
Always recognize the lady or gentleman, or the director of ceremonies with
becoming politeness: a salute or bow is sufficient.

A lady should always have an easy, becoming and graceful movement while
engaged in a quadrille or promenade. It is more pleasing to the gentleman.
If a gentleman, without proper introduction, should ask a lady with whom he is
not acquainted to dance or promenade, the lady should positively refuse.
An introduction in a public ball room must be understood by the gentleman to
be for that evening only, after which the acquaintanceship ceases, unless the lady
chooses to recognize it at any further time or place.
A lady should not attend a public ball without an escort, nor should she
promenade the ball room alone; in fact, no lady should be left unattended.

is racism（种族歧视）?
Racism is generally understood as either belief that different racial groups are
characterized by intrinsic characteristics or abilities and that some such groups are
therefore naturally superior to others, or as practices that discriminate against
members of particular racial groups, for example by perpetuating unequal access to
resources between groups.

did 2 World Wars effect the culture of Europe?
The horrors of the First World War led to widespread social trauma. This
Disillusionment following the war manifested itself in a number of ways, sparking
manifold artistic, literary, philosophical, musical, and cultural movements. In
contrast to pre-war artistic movements, such as Impressionism, post-war art
became bleak and cynical, changing the rules, abandoning tradition, experimenting
with the unknown, and, above all, exposing the sham of western civilization.
Abstract movements such as surrealism, minimalism and futurism flourished.
Modernist literature mirrored these new artistic movements, in its experimentation,
cynicism, and austerity. Additionally, the disenchanted populace turned to nihilism,
Dadaism, and various other radically sceptical philosophies. A newfound
disrespect for the elderly, who were seen by many youth to have caused the war,
led to the formation of a rebellious
popularisation of a defiant new style of music, jazz. Not all reduced themselves to

miserable moping, however. Horror at the war's atrocities also prompted
widespread pacifism and anti-nationalist sentiment. This led to the formation of a
revolutionary new global mediation body, of sorts, the ill-fated League of Nations.
There was also a sense that technology was turned against civilization and used for
many evils instead of for good. Belief in the “progress of civilization through
technology” was greatly hindered.
was the Holocaust(大屠杀)? How did it effect culture?
The Holocaust is the name Jews gave to the murder of six million of their people in
Europe during World War II. Over 95% of all the Jews in Europe died. This was
caused by Hitler inciting the German people against the Jews.
The first and biggest effect of the holocaust is that it increased the sense of
NATIONALISM among Jews. A second cultural change which occurred,
especially here in the US, is that Jews more than ever, began to identify with the
cause of civil liberties more and more.

Movie: Schindler's List
Movie: Amadeus
Movie:

Marie Antoinette
Identify (What is who is):
MosesTen commandments
Noah
David and Goliath
Homer (and Iliad)
Alexander the Great
Epicurean Philosophy

Stoic Philosophy
Existentialist Philosophy
Plato’s Philosophy
Aristotle’s Philosophy
Roman Engineering
Roman Entertainment
Julius Caesar
Caesar Augustus
John the Baptist
Jesus
Medieval Papacy
Charlemagne
Vikings
Crusades
Leonardo Da Vinci
Michelangelo
Rafael
European Exploration in the 1400’s
Titian
Caravaggio
Mannerism and the baroque

Lorenzo Bernini
England in the Victorian Age
Opera
Ballet
Louis XIV of France
Belle Epoch of France
Pablo Picasso
Vincent Van Gogh
Edith Piaf
Adolf Hitler
Winston Churchill
Festivals of Europe