动名词定义及作用

动名词

动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它 可以支配宾语，也能被
副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。

解释：动词的ing形式如果是名词，这个词称动名词。

动名词的作用
动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。

一、
动名词定义和作用

动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支 配宾语，也能被
副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。
解释：动词的ing形式如果是名词，这个词称动名词。

一、动名词的作用
动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。

二、
动名词的逻辑主语

带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的 逻辑主语与句子
的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名
词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上
的谓语。动名词复合结构 在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语
从句、宾语从句、表语从句。如：

Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他来帮忙鼓舞了我。 (=That
she came to help encouraged all of us.)
Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. 简这么粗心惹来了不

少麻烦。 (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)
What’s troubling them is their not having enough food. 烦扰他们的
是食物不足。 (=What’s troubling them is that they have not enough food.)
在口语中，如果动名词复 合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，
名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语 时不能这样来代替。如：
Would you mind myme using your computer? 用下你的电脑介意吗？
The father insisted on his son’shis son going to college. 爸爸坚
决要求儿子上大学。
Mary’s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 玛丽病了，
使她妈妈很着急。
His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽烟使他一家人非
常生气。

在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语：
a.无命名词
The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被
猛烈的关门声吵醒。
b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义
Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击
吗？
c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列
Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你记得你父
母和我都告诉过你这事吗？
三、
动名词作主语、宾语和表语

1、作主语
Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。

Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山是真有趣。
Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在这种
工作条件下工作不是愉快而是痛苦。
动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在
习惯句型中常用。如：
It is no useno good crying over spilt milk. 洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这
样的人加入真是浪费时间。
It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。
There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。
动名词作主语的几种类型
动名词可 以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分。在这里仅就动名词
在句子中作主语的情况进行讨论。
动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况：

1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如：
Swimming is a good sport in summer.

2. 用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。
动名词做主语时，不太常用 it 作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。
例如：
It is no use telling him not to worry.
常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有： better，wonderful，enjoyable，
interesting，foolish ，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。
注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。

3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如：
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。

4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如：
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ).
No parking.

5. 动名词的复合结构作主语
当动名词有自己 的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有
格，构成动名词的复合结构(——这时，名词或 代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主
语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如：
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.

6.例词
shopping fishing cycling这些都是很常见的动名词

二、动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较
动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相 近。但动名词多用来表示
泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较：
Smoking is not good for health.
It is not good for you to smoke so much.
注意：

1)在口语中，用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见。

2)在“It is no use...”，“It is no good...”，“It is fun...”，
“It is a waste of time...”等句型中，通常用动名词作真实主语：
It is no usegooda waste of time talking about that.
*It is no usegooda waste of time to talk about that.

3)在疑问句中，通常用动名词的复合结构，而不用不定式的复合结构作主

语：
Does your saying that mean anything to him?
*Does for you to say that mean anything to him?

4)在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语：
There is no telling what will happen.
It is impossible to tell what will happen.

5)当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时，要遵循前后一致的原则，主语
和表语在形式上要求统一：
Seeing is believing.
*To see is to believe.

2、作宾语
（1）作动词的宾语
某些 动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见
的此类动词有：advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give
up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off,
delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about,
succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, can’t stand, be used to,
get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down
to等。如：
They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他们继续走，说个不
停。
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。
（2）作介词的宾语
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑
为下学期制定新的计划。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是

开始干活？
（3）作形容词的宾语
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值
得多听几遍。
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来
的运动会忙着做准备。

3、作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或wh at引导的名词
性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可
互换位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the
windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)

4、作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：
a walking stick ＝a stick for walking=a stick which is used for
walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for
washing
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for
measuring
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
四、

worth 的用法

worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj. 意为值得。
1. worth： be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示
be worth doing sth.
The question is not worth discussing again and again.

2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示
be worthy to be done 某事值得被做
The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.

3. worth- while： be worth-while to do sth 值得做某事
worth while： It is worth while doing sth
It is worth while sb to do sth.

典型例题
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
-while while
答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组be worth-while to do sth.。
因此选C。




五、 动名词的时态和语态

动名词的时态和语态

动名词的时态和语态如下：
时态：主动语态，被动语态

一般式
writing
being written

完成式
having written
having been written

其否定形式是在doing前加上not

1、动名词一般式表 示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、
现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动 作同时发生的动作。如：
I hate talking with such people. 我讨厌与这样的人说话。
Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一个好习惯。

2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如：
I don’t remember having met him before. 我记不得以前见过他。
Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 谢谢你费力帮
忙。

3、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。
（1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。如：
I don’t like being laughed at in public. 在公共场合下，我不喜欢被
别人嘲笑。

（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：
I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很
高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。

（3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式 表示完成式，尽管动作发生在
谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。如：
Excuse me for being late. 我来晚了请你原谅。
I don’t remember ever meeting somewhere. 我记不得原来在什么地方见
过。
Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。

（4）在多数情况下都避免 使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，
以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。如：
I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我
曾被带到过这个动物园，可我忘了。

（5） 动名词被动语态一般式与现在分词被动语态一般式同形，但无进行意
义，being不可省略。如：
She is afraid of being taken to the public. 她怕被领到大众面前。


六、
动名词与现在分词的同与不同

动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词末加- ing。在现代
语法中，这两种形式同视为形式。 这两种形式的另一个相同之处是：它
们都是 由动词变化而成的，它们都保留了动词的某些特征，它们都能带自己的宾
语、状语，而构成动名词短语或 是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。例如：

Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .
（现在分词短语，作状语）他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。

She hates speaking in the public.
（动名词短语，作宾语）她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。

区别：
1?动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:
①作表语的动名词与主语指 的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常
把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语
与表语位置互换)
②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:
The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.

2?动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:
动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质?状
态或动作等?试比较:
①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,现在
分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a
suit for swimming , 动名词swimming表示suit 的用途?
②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping ,现
在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;而后者的意思是“卧
车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,动名词
sleeping 表示car 的用途?

被动语态
一、 被动语态的用法：
1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is am are + 及物动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard.
Knives are used for cutting things.

2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was were + 及物动词的过去分词
A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has have + been + 及物动词的过去分
词
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man- made satellites have been sent up into space by many
countries.

4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.

5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am is are + being + 及物动词的过
去分词

Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.

7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词
There are two books to be read. →
There are twenty more trees to be planted.

二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：
1. 先找出谓语动词；
2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；
3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；
4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。
例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce
every week.
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was
mended by Li Lei this morning.
3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written
by him so far.
4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by
them tomorrow.
5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy
now.
6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked
when you leave.

三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：

1. 不及物动词无被动语态。
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，
但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。
例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to
drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made
to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾 语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动
词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词 决定,或是间接宾语加被动语态再
加只接宾语。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. 或是I was given
a book by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. 或是i was
shown a ticket by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my
father. 或是Lwas bought a new bike by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢
掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him
every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken

care of by the nurse.